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Horticulture Principles and Practices

FIGURE 6 Parallel

FIGURE 6 Parallel Design–Parallel designs use parallel stem placement of groupings of flowers. This design would be considered a “decorative” parallel, because much of the negative space (which is typical in parallel designs) between the groupings is massed with additional materials. (Source: Wm. J. McKinley) FIGURE 7 Vegetative Design–Vegetative designs use plant materials in a naturalistic manner to resemble plants growing together in specific environments. Most commercial vegetative designs, such as the one shown, are not “pure” vegetative designs, but rather adaptations for easier marketability that appeal to customer aesthetics. (Source: Wm. J. McKinley) Vase life–the length of time a cut flower or foliage will be aesthetically pleasing after being harvested. Transpiration–the loss of water through small openings (stomata) on the leaves and flowers Underwater Cutting–cutting the stem ends of flowers/foliage under water to prevent air from entering the stems References Johnson, James L., McKinley, William J., Benz, M (Buddy), Flowers: Creative Design (2001). College Station, TX: San Jacinto Publishing Co. Society of American Florists, Flower Therapy, retrieved May 15, 2007 from, www.aboutflowers.com/flowertherapy/information.htm Society of American Florists, Flowers=Happiness, retrieved May 15, 2007 from, www.aboutflowers.com/happier.html Society of American Florists, Mother Nature’s Social Security, retrieved May 15, 2007 from, www.aboutflowers.com/seniorstudy.htm The AIFD Guide to Floral Design - Terms, Techniques, and Traditions (2005). The American Institute of Floral Designers, Baltimore, MD. 24.3 Flower Arranging 693

Proportion and Scale Proportion describes the desired relationship between size and shape among objects (or parts of objects) displayed together. Scale, a component of proportion, deals with relative size of objects displayed together. Several elements go into producing a proportional design—the characteristics of the flowers, container, table (where applicable), and room. Although tall containers can be used for tall displays, low containers should not hold tall flowers. The general recommendation is that the arrangement be about one and a half to two times the container height or width. The display should not overwhelm the table or the room. An oversized display is out of place in a small room, and a tiny display is ineffective in a large room or on a large table. Accent Plant A plant strategically located in a landscape to draw attention to a particular feature in the area. Focal Point and Accent Rather than creating a design with all-around appeal, it is best to have emphasis or dominance in which one or several parts generate most interest. A focal point can be created by including an exotic or very attractive flower (accent plant) in the design. This flower could be described as a conversation piece that draws the immediate attention of viewers. In lieu of such a specimen, a designer can use other techniques such as repetition and massing to draw attention to a design. A focal point should be located at the top of the container. Contrast Without contrast, a design can be monotonous and boring. Flowers differ in color, size, texture, and shape; these characteristics should be used to enhance the arrangement. Unity If a designer observes the principles of good balance, proportion, scale, and contrast and includes an effective focal point, the resulting creation blends together to produce an effective display that is aesthetically pleasing and functional. Unity is achieved in a design when the viewer gets the sense that all elements are working together. The design elements are not seen individually when there is unity. The Role of Containers Containers serve important roles in flower arranging other than just holding flowers. In some displays, they can hardly be seen. In many others, however, they provide a background for the arrangement. The size of the container determines the size of the finished product (remember that the arrangement should be one and a half to two times the size of the container). Containers can be ceramic, plastic, crystal, or some other material (Figure 24–2). Bright colors should be avoided and preference given to shades of white, green, gray, or beige. Solid colors should be chosen, although simple patterns may add to the display; elaborate patterns distract from the floral display and should be avoided. FIGURE 24-2 Containers for cut flowers. There is variety and room for creativity in selecting containers. 694 Chapter 24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design

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    HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic

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    HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic

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    With love to Theresa, quarterback;

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    Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T

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    Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND

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    5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4

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    8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276

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    12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

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    PART 6 Summary 541 References and S

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    22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668

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    Preface Horticulture is the area of

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    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful

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    PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT

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    1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND

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    (a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many

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    FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of

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    CYCADS Many people mistake these pr

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    FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran

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    FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on

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    FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu

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    1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS

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    1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic

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    TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export

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    Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te

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    What Is Horticulture? This site pro

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    Examples of botanical gardens http:

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    2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu

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    Eight major taxa are commonly used

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    TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King

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    HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F

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    AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events

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    possible system of nomenclature. Ho

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    TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N

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    2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O

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    2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun

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    Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B

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    FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by

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    2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES

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    (a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George

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    FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So

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    FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras

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    such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj

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    c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t

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    Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level

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    ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an

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    called cristae; this extreme foldin

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    By virtue of its position, the prim

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    Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem

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    (a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross

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    Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul

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    Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU

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    usually occur in xerophytes. In cer

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    FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma

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    FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti

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    absorption of water and minerals fr

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    Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T

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    Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41

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    Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4

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    PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.

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    4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT

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    concentration in the atmosphere.A c

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    TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se

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    and upward. Another important gener

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    Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr

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    and plants that flower under only c

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    times of the year. Growers start th

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    content. This section is sometimes

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    TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es

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    Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic

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    Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio

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    4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources

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    One of the most commonly used contr

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    Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l

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    Fertilizers may be applied before p

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    It is neither practical nor safe to

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    Solution: How much of ammonium nitr

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    1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu

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    Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl

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    Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water

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    FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le

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    can self-install an underground irr

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    1. Surface drainage. Surface draina

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    Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i

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    (a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source

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    texture. The most commonly used gra

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    TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes

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    Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri

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    Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio

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    5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE

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    Growth in an organism follows a cer

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    5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH

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    waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o

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    5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis

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    CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of

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    Growth and Development The general

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    TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero

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    Certain plants are adapted to dry e

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    conditions exist to sustain growth

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    Shoot Elongation In certain plants,

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    for success, since high temperature

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    FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh

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    Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla

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    conditions—pertaining to light, m

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    them to maturity. The major process

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    6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR

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    Similarly, there can be no plant br

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    APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE

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    hit with target DNA. Therefore, it

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    Generally, within ten days of exper

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    Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200

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    (b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R

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    e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele

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    eeder’s equation. Simply stated,

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    Before the seed or product becomes

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    6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE

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    2. Political disagreement. There ar

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    REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac

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    PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA

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    7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur

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    8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways

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    is also a root parasite that obtain

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    LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal

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    Example Integrated cultural, physic

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    7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec

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    Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins

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    sucking insects (also found with so

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    FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S

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    TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases

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    7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,

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    FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P

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    fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,

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    SUMMARY Insects are a major class o

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    For the home growers or those who c

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    for consumers and the environment).

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    TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an

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    gibberellic acid spray overcomes st

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    In a competitive industry, a variet

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    Chemicals gain access to humans thr

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    2. Pesticide management. Controllin

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    Every organism has its natural enem

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    TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol

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    1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr

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    6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous

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    Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi

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    under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa

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    FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye

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    8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO

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    application, a particular herbicide

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    Further, they do not provide unifor

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    SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us

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    Sulfur may be applied for both prev

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    8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES

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    PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL

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    9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX

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    Anther Microspore Megaspore mother

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    Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa

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    FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal

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    Germination Test In laboratory prac

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    FIGURE 15 The essential structures

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    processing into flour or meal). How

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    physiologically immature seeds must

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    seeds may be treated in this way be

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    The two basic modes of seedling eme

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    locations in the field. Home garden

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    FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:

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    (a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed

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    y the gardener or grower. Whatever

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    REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co

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    species enables vegetative propagat

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    for rapid rooting. There are two ba

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    Cutting involving one node (e.g., s

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    This practice is especially importa

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    10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting

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    (a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl

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    10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting

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    Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar

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    MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD

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    MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA

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    Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU

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    variety of ways. In air layering, a

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    FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop

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    Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi

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    The technique is used widely in cro

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    PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT

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    11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND

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    TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo

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    Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To

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    Window Displays Plants in windows e

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    CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR

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    annuals and hardy perennial species

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    of the large container filled with

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    perfection about four to six weeks

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    FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th

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    TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo

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    The lighting condition near these w

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    Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh

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    may be used for one pot or a group

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    garden rooms, atriums, or a large c

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    The photoperiod affects when the ho

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    patted firm to keep the plant erect

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    Other Materials Apart from clay and

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    (a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan

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    TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House

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    • Keep soil moist all the time

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    • Prefers high temperatures • P

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    amount and quality of light. If sup

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    12 Controlled-Environment Horticult

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    6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do

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    Detached greenhouses have several a

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    12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b

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    horticultural business a less-expen

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    Texas, Hawaii, and California. The

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    source of heat for times when the t

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    FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production

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    FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing

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    Research program on greenhouse engi

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    greenhouses equipped with a variety

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    FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per

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    This system was demonstrated in a 5

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    FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut

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    Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini

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    or object to be warmed. Failure to

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    objects in its path (e.g., the floo

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    FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation

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    FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade

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    FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium

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    Source of Water The quality of loca

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    FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr

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    Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants

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    However, in winter, greenhouse vent

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    OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the

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    . Foliage or green plants. Foliage

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    2. Labor. The size of the labor for

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    FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o

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    FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte

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    13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS

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    (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc

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    14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E

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    FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen

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    frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu

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    TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S

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    (a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel

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    14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C

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    FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai

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    FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:

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    FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle

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    Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI

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    PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA

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    15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS

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    8. Create recreational grounds. Suc

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    knowledge, with concern for resourc

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    (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre

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    GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV

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    the landscape. Some very successful

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    Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a

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    FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e

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    How frequently do they entertain? A

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    the patio should be located on the

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    15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner

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    Plant Arrangement in the Landscape

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    Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree

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    SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su

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    3. Supply materials on a timely bas

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    such as preparation rooms (for mixi

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    of environmental fluctuations. Furt

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    FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli

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    17 Installation of the Landscape PU

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    for walks, driveways, and patios (F

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    Planting may be limited to accentin

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    17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s

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    FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i

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    SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely

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    TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T

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    TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras

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    they determine the success and surv

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    12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t

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    pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s

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    y winds. A stake, which is often a

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    TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever

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    TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru

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    Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub

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    Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci

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    may be divided such that each secti

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    FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah

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    Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In

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    Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo

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    Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and

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    The seed should be free from weeds

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    Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup

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    A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging

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    way, plants are able to adapt to th

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    form of a can placed on the lawn wi

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    TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur

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    even surface soil surface for layin

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    MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns

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    Pruning is sometimes done in conjun

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    4. Pruning may be done to reduce th

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    19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t

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    defeat the purpose of pruning. The

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    Bud withers as cut end dries back d

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    19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR

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    Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a

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    3. In the third and subsequent year

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    (a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step

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    Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab

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    TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT

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    Summer pruning eliminates an energy

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    a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple

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    FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can

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    FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to

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    years to promote continued lateral

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    Horizontal Espalier The horizontal

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    19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are

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    FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas

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    pyramid-like form that is wider at

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    After selecting the appropriate spe

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    PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG

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    20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP

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    The National Agricultural Statistic

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    (This item omitted from WebBook edi

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    growers should take to determine an

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    pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da

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    square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ

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    High tunnels help increase the prof

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    (This item omitted from WebBook edi

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    20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V

  • Page 654 and 655:

    Establishing the Crop Planting into

  • Page 656 and 657:

    home water supply from the tap. Thi

  • Page 658 and 659:

    Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean

  • Page 660 and 661:

    6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe

  • Page 662 and 663:

    variable, ranging from creamy yello

  • Page 664 and 665:

    There are two general production pr

  • Page 666 and 667:

    This toxin is heat resistant and no

  • Page 668 and 669: large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
  • Page 670 and 671: REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
  • Page 672 and 673: TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
  • Page 674 and 675: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
  • Page 676 and 677: 22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
  • Page 678 and 679: 22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
  • Page 680 and 681: and the specific materials to be us
  • Page 682 and 683: 22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
  • Page 684 and 685: preemergent or early postemergent o
  • Page 686 and 687: Composting is a deliberate activity
  • Page 688 and 689: 22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
  • Page 690 and 691: Moisture Supply Water is required b
  • Page 692 and 693: Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
  • Page 694 and 695: As microbial decomposition proceeds
  • Page 696 and 697: Establishment and Management of an
  • Page 698 and 699: night, freezing can occur in spring
  • Page 700 and 701: accomplished by stratification. It
  • Page 702 and 703: transmitted by the dagger nematode
  • Page 704 and 705: PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
  • Page 706 and 707: 24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
  • Page 708 and 709: to more than four-fold in standard
  • Page 710 and 711: Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
  • Page 712 and 713: FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
  • Page 714 and 715: Principle Definition Types (or Uses
  • Page 716 and 717: pH value-a measure of the acidity o
  • Page 720 and 721: 24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
  • Page 722 and 723: 3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
  • Page 724 and 725: Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
  • Page 726 and 727: 24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
  • Page 728 and 729: 25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
  • Page 730 and 731: FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
  • Page 732 and 733: FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
  • Page 734 and 735: 25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
  • Page 736 and 737: (a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
  • Page 738 and 739: TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
  • Page 740 and 741: 26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
  • Page 742 and 743: Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
  • Page 744 and 745: 26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
  • Page 746 and 747: 27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
  • Page 748 and 749: whereas oranges are picked (they ha
  • Page 750 and 751: (b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
  • Page 752 and 753: To reduce packaging injury, contain
  • Page 754 and 755: is replaced by the by-product of re
  • Page 756 and 757: Stored produce may lose some color,
  • Page 758 and 759: with pricing. When selling by volum
  • Page 760 and 761: (a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
  • Page 762 and 763: APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
  • Page 764 and 765: APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
  • Page 766 and 767: APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
  • Page 768 and 769:

    Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa

  • Page 770 and 771:

    GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from

  • Page 772 and 773:

    Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th

  • Page 774 and 775:

    Floriculture The science and practi

  • Page 776 and 777:

    M Macronutrient An essential elemen

  • Page 778 and 779:

    Root cap A mass of hard cells cover

  • Page 780 and 781:

    INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A

  • Page 782 and 783:

    defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434

  • Page 784 and 785:

    Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re

  • Page 786 and 787:

    color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M

  • Page 788 and 789:

    color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (

  • Page 790 and 791:

    color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (

  • Page 792 and 793:

    color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (

  • Page 794 and 795:

    color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (

  • Page 796 and 797:

    color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow

  • Page 798 and 799:

    color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

  • Page 800 and 801:

    color plate 15 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

  • Page 802 and 803:

    color plate 17 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

  • Page 804 and 805:

    color plate 19 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

  • Page 806 and 807:

    color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)

  • Page 808 and 809:

    color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)

  • Page 810 and 811:

    color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)

  • Page 812 and 813:

    color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)

  • Page 814 and 815:

    color plate 29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

  • Page 816 and 817:

    color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d

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