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20<br />
The Principles of Beautiful Web Design<br />
Figure 1.18. Unity among the monkeys<br />
Although less of an issue these days, unity is one of the many reasons why web designers have always<br />
despised HTML frames. It’s important that unity exists not only within each element of a web page,<br />
but across the entire web page—the page itself must work as a unit. We can use a couple of approaches<br />
to achieve unity in a layout (aside from avoiding frames): proximity and repetition.<br />
Proximity<br />
Proximity is an obvious, but often overlooked, way to make a group of objects feel like a single unit.<br />
Placing objects close together within a layout creates a focal point towards which the eye will<br />
gravitate. Take a look at the digital painting in Figure 1.19. While composed of a seemingly random<br />
assortment of strokes, the five strokes that are the closest to each other appear to form a unified<br />
object.<br />
Figure 1.19. Creating a group using proximity<br />
We practice the concept of proximity on the Web when we start setting margins and padding for<br />
elements. For instance, when I define the CSS style rules for sites, I usually change the default<br />
margin that exists between common HTML elements such as headings (h1, h2, h3 …), paragraphs,<br />
blockquotes, and even images. By altering these values, I can cause more or less space to appear<br />
between elements, thereby creating groups.<br />
If you look at the two columns of text in Figure 1.20, you’ll notice that they look similar. The only<br />
difference is in the placement of the headings. In the column on the left, the word “Unkgnome” is