PS400 Cognitive Psychology Exam 8 Answers (Ashworth College)
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<strong>PS400</strong> <strong>Cognitive</strong> <strong>Psychology</strong> <strong>Exam</strong> 8<br />
<strong>Answers</strong> (<strong>Ashworth</strong> <strong>College</strong>)<br />
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<strong>PS400</strong> <strong>Cognitive</strong> <strong>Psychology</strong> <strong>Exam</strong> 8 <strong>Answers</strong> (<strong>Ashworth</strong> <strong>College</strong>)<br />
Question<br />
5 / 5 points<br />
1<br />
Mental set operates at which stage of problem solving?<br />
Question options:<br />
Problem representation<br />
Generation of solutions<br />
Problem identification<br />
Applying solutions<br />
5 / 5<br />
Question<br />
points<br />
2<br />
According to the Gestalt psychologists, the sudden and successful restructuring of problem elements is termed:<br />
Question options:<br />
the law of effect.<br />
subgoal analysis.<br />
insight.<br />
problem space restructuring.<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
3<br />
Which of the following is NOT generally considered to be a component of a problem?<br />
Question options:<br />
A goal<br />
A reward<br />
A set of constraints<br />
A set of obstacles to overcome<br />
Question<br />
5 / 5 points<br />
4<br />
The vastness of problem space associated with many problems:<br />
Question options:<br />
is the result of the application of algorithms.<br />
is "cut down" when a problem solver uses algorithms.<br />
makes algorithms the best approach for solving most problems.<br />
renders algorithms impractical for solving many problems.<br />
5 / 5 points
Question<br />
5<br />
Which approach to problem solving attempts to minimize the "distance" between an initial state and a goal<br />
state by breaking the problem down into a series of subgoals?<br />
Question options:<br />
Gestalt approach<br />
Behaviorist approach<br />
GPS approach<br />
Structuralist approach<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
6<br />
Looking at a sequence of numbers (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8) and trying to figure out the correct next number in the<br />
sequence would be considered:<br />
Question options:<br />
an arrangement problem.<br />
a divergent problem.<br />
a transformation problem.<br />
an induction problem.<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
7<br />
Using problems that have already been solved as aids for representing and solving the problem currently being<br />
faced is termed:<br />
Question options:<br />
an algorithm.<br />
reasoning by analogy.<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
8<br />
Suppose I am planning a wedding with 200 guests, and everyone is going to have a designated place at 22<br />
different dinner tables. Trying to figure out who is going to sit where, and with whom, would be considered:<br />
Question options:<br />
an arrangement problem.<br />
a divergent problem.<br />
a transformation problem.<br />
a deduction problem.<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
9<br />
"Correct specification of the problem space" would be the way in which<br />
the General Problem Solver framework describes:<br />
Question options:<br />
functional fixedness.<br />
creativity.<br />
problem representation.<br />
problem solution.<br />
Question 0 / 5 points<br />
10<br />
Which of these is NOT one of the assumptions of the<br />
information-processing (GPS) approach to problem- solving?<br />
Question options:<br />
Solution involves a sudden realization or breakthrough<br />
Solution involves a serial process that moves one closer and closer to the ultimate goal<br />
Solution involves breaking a problem down into manageable parts<br />
Problem solving involves movement through what is termed "problem space"
Question<br />
5 / 5 points<br />
11<br />
Algorithm is to heuristic as __________ is to __________.<br />
Question options:<br />
right; wrong<br />
efficient; inefficient<br />
computers; humans<br />
science; math<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
12<br />
In a study on stereotype threat, Quinn and Spencer (2001) had female and male participants engage in<br />
mathematical reasoning tasks. In one condition (group A), participants were told that the test was gender fair,<br />
yielding equivalent performance between men and women. The other group (group B) was given no such<br />
instruction. The results showed that:<br />
Question options:<br />
men outperformed women, but only in group B.<br />
men outperformed women, but only in group A.<br />
men outperformed women in both groups.<br />
women outperformed men in both groups.<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
13<br />
What did German and Defeyter (2000) find regarding development and functional fixedness?<br />
Question options:<br />
Younger children are more likely than older children to demonstrate functional fixedness.<br />
Older children are more likely than younger children to demonstrate functional fixedness.<br />
There is no difference in functional fixedness demonstration between children and adults.<br />
Children do not demonstrate functional fixedness, only teenagers and adults.<br />
Question<br />
5 / 5 points<br />
14<br />
Trying to think of as many uses for a paper clip as you can would be considered:<br />
Question options:<br />
an arrangement problem.<br />
a divergent problem.<br />
a transformation problem.<br />
a deduction problem.<br />
Question<br />
5 / 5 points<br />
15<br />
In the classic study of using analogies to aid in problems, Gick and<br />
Holyoak (1983) found that only one condition was successful in<br />
triggering participants to notice and successfully apply an analogy.<br />
Which condition was it?<br />
Question options:<br />
The condition in which they were given a diagram of the source problem.<br />
The condition in which they were given two source problems and had to map out their<br />
relationship.<br />
The condition in which they were given a source problem and a statement of the underlying<br />
general principle.<br />
None of the analogy conditions was better than just presenting the participants with the<br />
target problem alone.<br />
Question<br />
5 / 5 points
16<br />
Surface features are to structural features as __________ is to __________.<br />
Question options:<br />
analogy; means-end analysis<br />
surface structure; deep structure<br />
successful application of analogy; unsuccessful application of analogy<br />
radiation problem; commander problem<br />
Question<br />
5 / 5 points<br />
17<br />
Verbal protocols are __________ and represent a return to the early methods espoused by __________.<br />
Question options:<br />
step by step recordings of exactly what a person did in solving a problem; behaviorists<br />
step by step recordings of exactly what a person did in solving a problem; structuralists<br />
"thinking aloud" reports by the problem solver as they work on the problem; behaviorists<br />
"thinking aloud" reports by the problem solver as they work on the problem; structuralists<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
18<br />
Which of these processes is NOT necessary for the successful use of analogies?<br />
Question options:<br />
Noticing<br />
Mapping<br />
Schema development<br />
Integration<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
19<br />
Well-defined is to ill-defined as __________ is to __________.<br />
Question options:<br />
anagram with a short word; anagram with a long word<br />
long division; writing a paper<br />
unclear; clear<br />
essay; multiple choice<br />
Question 5 / 5 points<br />
20<br />
According to the mere effort account of the stereotype threat effect, invoking a stereotype:
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