programming-for-dummies

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Contents at a Glance Chapter 1: Getting Started Programming a Computer ........................................................7 Chapter 2: Different Methods for Writing Programs..........................................................29 Chapter 3: Types of Programming Languages ....................................................................49 Chapter 4: Programming Tools ............................................................................................83 Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects with Software Engineering....................................107
Chapter 1: Getting Started Programming a Computer In This Chapter Understanding how computer programming works History of computer programming Discovering programming Getting started Believe it or not, if you can write a recipe on an index card, you can program a computer. At the simplest level, computer programming is nothing more than writing instructions for a computer to follow, step by step. The most important part of programming isn’t in knowing how to write a program or how to use a particular programming language, but in knowing what to create in the first place. Some of the most popular and useful computer programs were created by people who didn’t have any formal training in math or computer science. Dan Bricklin invented the spreadsheet while studying for his MBA at Harvard Business School. Scott Cook, who worked in marketing and product development at Proctor & Gamble, created the popular money-management program Quicken after hearing his wife complain about the tedium of paying bills. Nineteen-year old Shawn Fanning created Napster, the first peer-to-peer filesharing network, after hearing a friend complain about the difficulty of finding his favorite songs on the Internet. The point is that anyone can figure out how to program a computer. What’s more important than knowing how to program a computer is knowing what to do with your programming skills. As Albert Einstein said, “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” After you have an idea for a program, you can use programming to turn your idea into reality. How Computer Programming Works Computer programming is nothing more than problem solving. Every program is designed to solve a specific problem. The more universal the problem (calculating formulas in a spreadsheet, managing your money, or searching for music files over the Internet), the more useful and popular the program will be.
Page 1 and 2: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 3 and 4: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 5 and 6: About the Author I started off as a
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments This is the part of
Page 9 and 10: Contents at a Glance Introduction .
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Introduction.....
Page 13 and 14: Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
Page 15 and 16: Table of Contents xiii Playing with
Page 17 and 18: Table of Contents xv Using Structur
Page 19 and 20: Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
Page 21 and 22: Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
Page 23 and 24: Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
Page 25 and 26: Introduction If you enjoy using a c
Page 27 and 28: How to Use This Book 3 means they
Page 29: Book I Getting Started
Page 33 and 34: How Computer Programming Works 9 De
Page 35 and 36: The History of Computer Programming
Page 41 and 42: Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
Page 43 and 44: Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
Page 45 and 46: Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
Page 47 and 48: Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
Page 49 and 50: Getting Started with Programming 25
Page 51 and 52: Knowing Programming versus Knowing
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
Page 55 and 56: Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
Page 57 and 58: Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
Page 63 and 64: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 65 and 66: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 67 and 68: Organizing a Program with Object-Or
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
Page 75 and 76: Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
Page 77 and 78: Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
Page 79 and 80: Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
Page 81 and 82:
Teaching Languages 57 near future.
Page 83 and 84:
Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
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Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 63
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
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Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
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Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
Page 337 and 338:
Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
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Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
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Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
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Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
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Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
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Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
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Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
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The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
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Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
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Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 491 and 492:
The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 493 and 494:
Defining the Background 469 Adding
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Making Tables 471 The anchor point
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Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
Page 503 and 504:
Creating Style Classes 479 color :
Page 505 and 506:
Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
Page 507 and 508:
Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
Page 509 and 510:
Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
Page 511 and 512:
Declaring Variables 487 need to def
Page 513 and 514:
Using Operators 489 The relational
Page 515 and 516:
Branching Statements 491 To make th
Page 517 and 518:
Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
Page 519 and 520:
Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
Page 523 and 524:
Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
Page 525 and 526:
Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
Page 527 and 528:
Branching Statements 503 Command; }
Page 529 and 530:
Creating Functions 505 If you don
Page 531 and 532:
Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
Page 535 and 536:
Using Operators 511 # long time to
Page 537 and 538:
Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
Page 539 and 540:
Looping Statements 515 Command else
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Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
Page 543 and 544:
Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
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Book VI Programming Language Syntax
Page 547 and 548:
Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
Page 549 and 550:
Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
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Declaring Variables 527 All integer
Page 553 and 554:
Using Operators 529 Relational oper
Page 555 and 556:
Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
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Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
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Data Structures 535 If a function d
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Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
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Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
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Declaring Variables 543 The double
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Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
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Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
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Data Structures 553 If the function
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Data Structures 555 You can create
Page 581 and 582:
Using Objects 557 So if you created
Page 583 and 584:
Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
Page 585 and 586:
Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
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Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
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Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
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Python Data Structures 571 Creating
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Using Objects 573 After you define
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Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
Page 601 and 602:
Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
Page 603 and 604:
Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
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Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
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Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
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Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
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Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
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The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
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Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
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Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
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Branching Statements 599 The preced
Page 625 and 626:
Creating Subprograms and Functions
Page 627 and 628:
Data Structures 603 Data Structures
Page 629 and 630:
Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
Page 631 and 632:
Book VII Applications
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Chapter 1: Database Management In T
Page 635 and 636:
The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
Page 637 and 638:
The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
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Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
Page 645 and 646:
Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
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Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
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Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
Page 651 and 652:
The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
Page 653 and 654:
Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
Page 655 and 656:
Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
Page 659 and 660:
Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
Page 661 and 662:
Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
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Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
Page 669 and 670:
Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
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Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
Page 679 and 680:
Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
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Picking an Operating System 659 opt
Page 685 and 686:
Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
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Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
Page 693 and 694:
The Programming Language of the Fut
Page 695 and 696:
Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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