Towards Sustainable and Risk-Informed Land Management in ...
Towards Sustainable and Risk-Informed Land Management in ...
Towards Sustainable and Risk-Informed Land Management in ...
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<strong>Towards</strong> <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Risk</strong>-<strong>Informed</strong><br />
L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>in</strong> Europe<br />
CULTURE<br />
Dietmar MÜLLER<br />
Environment Agency Austria<br />
NATURE
How we started <strong>and</strong> developed up to now<br />
� early 80ies: public sc<strong>and</strong>als<br />
� zero risk tolerance (no uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties)<br />
� multifunctional use: sites, soil & groundwater<br />
� Can we afford it? How clean is clean?<br />
� l<strong>and</strong>-use related soil/environmental quality<br />
� What do we need to achieve? When?<br />
��<strong>Risk</strong> <strong>Risk</strong>-Based Based L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
� How do we achieve our goals?<br />
�susta<strong>in</strong>ability<br />
�environmental friendly practices<br />
1
Discuss<strong>in</strong>g needs<br />
Old <strong>and</strong> new challenges ask for <strong>in</strong>novative th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g<br />
… manag<strong>in</strong>g contam<strong>in</strong>ated l<strong>and</strong> …<br />
�geographical scales – site, region, river bas<strong>in</strong>,<br />
globe?<br />
�time scales – urgent (now!), mid- or long-term?<br />
�environmental friendly or/<strong>and</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able?<br />
�stakeholder <strong>in</strong>volvement – whom, how, when?<br />
�wider management frames <strong>and</strong> constra<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
� F<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g (polluter-pays-pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, l<strong>and</strong> markets, role<br />
of privatization, p-p-partnership <strong>and</strong>/vs. state aid)<br />
�� Long-term Long term Liability (If <strong>and</strong> how to share it?)<br />
2
Learn<strong>in</strong>g by identify<strong>in</strong>g deficits<br />
IRGC report: <strong>Risk</strong> Governance Deficits (2010)<br />
�Cluster A: 10 deficits related to assess<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g risks<br />
�� Do we share a common underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g?<br />
�Cluster B: 10 deficits relat<strong>in</strong>g to manag<strong>in</strong>g risks<br />
DO WE NEED TO LEARN TO …<br />
•improve our actions?<br />
•clarify new frames?<br />
•transform structures?<br />
content frames actions<br />
results<br />
(errors)<br />
<strong>in</strong>cremental improvement<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle-loop learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
refram<strong>in</strong>g<br />
double-loop learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
transform<strong>in</strong>g (structural change/transition)<br />
triple-loop learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“TRIPLE-LOOP-LEARNING”<br />
3
Underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g “risk” as a concept?<br />
� Use by different discipl<strong>in</strong>es<br />
� e.g. toxicology, eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, social sciences …<br />
� How it relates with …<br />
� uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty, “hazard” <strong>and</strong> “safety”<br />
� risk acceptance / tolerability<br />
� e.g. traffic-light-model (IRGC, 2005)<br />
� Common elements:<br />
� SOMETHING WE VALUE<br />
� a negative consequence (harm, loss or damage)<br />
� the probability of occurrence,<br />
� an alogarithm to aggregate & cont<strong>in</strong>gency (choices!)<br />
4
WHITE PAPER ON RISK GOVERNANCE (IRGC, 2005)<br />
<strong>Risk</strong> Governance Framework<br />
Decid<strong>in</strong>g Gett<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
broad picture<br />
of the risk<br />
Is the risk tolerable,<br />
acceptable or<br />
unacceptable?<br />
Pre-Assessment<br />
<strong>Management</strong> Communication<br />
Characterisation<br />
<strong>and</strong> Evaluation<br />
Is the risk simple,<br />
complex, uncerta<strong>in</strong><br />
or ambiguous?<br />
Appraisal<br />
Categoris<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the knowledge<br />
about the risk<br />
Introduc<strong>in</strong>g the IRGC’s <strong>Risk</strong> Governance Framework<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>Risk</strong><br />
assessment<br />
PLUS<br />
Concern<br />
assessment<br />
09
Underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g “susta<strong>in</strong>ability” as a concept?<br />
Wide variety of perspectives<br />
Germany (roots back to 15 th century <strong>and</strong> forestry)<br />
… describes the use of a regenerat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
system <strong>in</strong> such a manner, that this system<br />
conserves its fundamental capacities <strong>and</strong><br />
its stocks may be regenerat<strong>in</strong>g naturally.<br />
U.S. America (E.O. 13514; 2009)<br />
“… to create <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> conditions,<br />
under which humans <strong>and</strong> nature can exist<br />
<strong>in</strong> productive harmony, that permit fulfill<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the social, economic, <strong>and</strong> other<br />
requirements of present <strong>and</strong> future<br />
generations.”<br />
‘Development that<br />
meets the needs of<br />
the present without<br />
compromis<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
ability of future<br />
generations to meet<br />
their own needs’<br />
(1987, Brundtl<strong>and</strong>)<br />
6
<strong>Risk</strong> <strong>and</strong> Susta<strong>in</strong>ability<br />
What’s common? What’s different?<br />
<strong>Risk</strong> Susta<strong>in</strong>ability<br />
orig<strong>in</strong> / use economy / science ecology / policy<br />
based on … a mental construct an ethical construct<br />
objective transparency fairness<br />
Important • s<strong>in</strong>gle target<br />
• accountability<br />
• effectiveness<br />
• multi-objective<br />
• <strong>in</strong>terdependency<br />
• efficiency<br />
question Should we act? How can we act?<br />
support to … better decisions better action<br />
strategy prevent or limit synergy<br />
7
<strong>Risk</strong> <strong>and</strong> Susta<strong>in</strong>ability<br />
How to make it complementary?<br />
Clarify<strong>in</strong>g …<br />
�objectives (values)<br />
�system <strong>and</strong> system boundaries<br />
�pr<strong>in</strong>ciples<br />
�milestones along the l<strong>and</strong> management process<br />
� underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g risk prepares a judgement<br />
� susta<strong>in</strong>ability prepares management actions<br />
� risk & susta<strong>in</strong>ability control implementation<br />
WATCH OUT:<br />
�Not trad<strong>in</strong>g risks aga<strong>in</strong>st susta<strong>in</strong>ability!<br />
8
What we need to enhance …<br />
GOOD “GOVERNANCE”<br />
�Deals with identification, assessment, management <strong>and</strong><br />
communication <strong>in</strong> a broad context<br />
�<strong>in</strong>cludes all actors, rules, processes <strong>and</strong> mechanisms<br />
�pr<strong>in</strong>ciples are: transparency, effectiveness <strong>and</strong> efficiency,<br />
accountability, strategic focus, equity <strong>and</strong> fairness, respect<br />
for the rule of law, political <strong>and</strong> legal feasibility, ethical <strong>and</strong><br />
public acceptability<br />
MANAGING “LAND” (resources, soil & groundwater)<br />
�match<strong>in</strong>g human needs to natural capacities<br />
�cross<strong>in</strong>g geographical <strong>and</strong> time scales (site to globe <strong>and</strong><br />
back; short-, mid- <strong>and</strong> long-term)<br />
�promot<strong>in</strong>g synergies, avoid<strong>in</strong>g irreversibility<br />
9
Underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g our frames …<br />
… to prepare better decisions (2 nd loop)<br />
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK<br />
� <strong>Risk</strong>-Based L<strong>and</strong> Managment<br />
� Susta<strong>in</strong>ability: SuRF UK & NICOLE<br />
� Governance: <strong>Risk</strong> <strong>and</strong> Susta<strong>in</strong>ability<br />
ANALYTICAL TOOLS (aim<strong>in</strong>g to simulate different choices)<br />
� simple <strong>in</strong>dicators (e.g. carbon footpr<strong>in</strong>t, specific energy use)<br />
� complex environmental account<strong>in</strong>g/balance<br />
� match<strong>in</strong>g economic <strong>and</strong> ecological balances &<br />
organis<strong>in</strong>g stakeholder discourse<br />
METRICS (aim<strong>in</strong>g to condense simplified <strong>in</strong>formation)<br />
� organis<strong>in</strong>g complex <strong>in</strong>formation to provide the complete picture,<br />
e.g. Environmental footpr<strong>in</strong>t<br />
� use simple th<strong>in</strong>gs creat<strong>in</strong>g impacts, e.g. Carbon footpr<strong>in</strong>t<br />
10
Improv<strong>in</strong>g our actions …<br />
… to enhance efficiency (1 st loop)<br />
�Green<strong>in</strong>g Remediation<br />
� m<strong>in</strong>imiz<strong>in</strong>g the environmental footpr<strong>in</strong>t<br />
� adapt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> contribut<strong>in</strong>g to CO 2 - <strong>and</strong> energy-sav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� Practic<strong>in</strong>g Synergies<br />
� risk management-recycl<strong>in</strong>g-renewables<br />
� organised at regional scales<br />
� optimiz<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>eered solutions & “work<strong>in</strong>g with nature”<br />
� <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong>/Green Technologies<br />
� not a s<strong>in</strong>gle technology but a fan/variety of technologies<br />
� identify typical rout<strong>in</strong>e applications (small, wide-spread<br />
sites)<br />
WATCH OUT: time frames often drive cost & ecology!<br />
11
Need for a Triple-Loop?<br />
Transform<strong>in</strong>g towards better Governance …<br />
RISK-INFORMED (transparent <strong>and</strong> accountable)<br />
� natural capacities <strong>and</strong> ecosystem services (soil/sediments-watersatmosphere<br />
– from local to global - sites & planet) <strong>and</strong><br />
� societal system <strong>and</strong> processes (human well-be<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
SUSTAINABLE (fair, environmental friendly <strong>and</strong><br />
participatory)<br />
� corporate responsibility from local to global (“bottom-up”)<br />
� social learn<strong>in</strong>g (triple-loop-learn<strong>in</strong>g: improve, reframe, transform)<br />
� structured strategies to act on complexity, uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty, ambiguities<br />
� options & scenario-th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g (anticipat<strong>in</strong>g different futures)<br />
� from BAT to NEXT (‘next’ environmental technologies – “factor 4”)<br />
� enabl<strong>in</strong>g society to benefit from remediation while<br />
m<strong>in</strong>imiz<strong>in</strong>g negative consequences<br />
12
Actors<br />
IMPROVING PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES<br />
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT (IRGC, 2005)<br />
Type of participation<br />
Dom<strong>in</strong>ant<br />
characteristic<br />
Regulatory<br />
bodies/<strong>in</strong>dustry<br />
experts<br />
Use exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
rout<strong>in</strong>es to<br />
assess risks<br />
<strong>and</strong> possible<br />
reduction<br />
measures<br />
Simple<br />
External<br />
Scientists/<br />
Researchers<br />
Regulatory<br />
bodies/<strong>in</strong>dustry<br />
experts<br />
Maximise the<br />
scientific<br />
knowledge of<br />
the risk <strong>and</strong><br />
mitigation<br />
options<br />
Complexity<br />
Affected<br />
stakeholders<br />
External<br />
Scientists/<br />
Researchers<br />
Regulatory<br />
bodies/<strong>in</strong>dustry<br />
experts<br />
Involve all<br />
affected<br />
stakeholders to<br />
collectively<br />
decide best<br />
way forward<br />
Uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty<br />
Civil society<br />
Affected<br />
stakeholders<br />
External<br />
Scientists/<br />
Researchers<br />
Regulatory<br />
bodies/<strong>in</strong>dustry<br />
experts<br />
Societal debate<br />
about the risk<br />
<strong>and</strong> its<br />
underly<strong>in</strong>g<br />
implications<br />
Ambiguity<br />
As the dom<strong>in</strong>ant characteristic changes, so also<br />
will the type of stakeholder <strong>in</strong>volvement need to change<br />
Introduc<strong>in</strong>g the IRGC’s <strong>Risk</strong> Governance Framework 41
<strong>Towards</strong> <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Risk</strong>-<strong>Informed</strong> L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> Europe<br />
2012: SUSTAINABILITY CONFERENCE<br />
November 2012
THANKS FOR LISTENING<br />
Questions are welcome!<br />
<strong>Towards</strong> <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Risk</strong>-<strong>Informed</strong> L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> Europe