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Diabetes PhD Research Proposal Sample

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SAMPLE<br />

PHD RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON<br />

To successfully review the research on the effectiveness of physical exercise on regulation of type 1<br />

diabetes, we must first define what is diabetes mellitus or diabetes, which are the kinds of physical<br />

activity and how each activity affects the regulation of the disease itself. In this paper, we<br />

DIABETES<br />

will<br />

especially rely on type 1 diabetes. Sugar disease is a disease that develops due to lack of insulin. Insulin<br />

is a hormone that secretes the pancreas, which then goes into the blood and acts all over the body. Its<br />

main function is to reduce the amount of glucose in the blood. Insulin acts on a cell membrane, which<br />

becomes permeable to glucose. When glucose enters the cell, it burns and releases the energy<br />

necessary for the life of each cell. An important feature of diabetes mellitus is elevated blood glucose<br />

levels because there is not enough insulin to store glucose in the cells. We differentiate between two<br />

types of diabetes. Type 1 or "youthful" pancreas diabetes has completely or almost completely stopped<br />

producing insulin, so it does not exist in the body. That is why this type of diabetes is called insulindependent<br />

diabetes. In insulin type 2 diabetes, there are sometimes very many, but he is not worthy<br />

enough to do his job, or the person is overweight, and large fatty cells need much more insulin to miss<br />

glucose and let it burn. Therefore, type 2 diabetes is also called insulin-free diabetes. Type 1 does not<br />

go to older age in type 2, but if one who has a type 1 diabetic type of diabetes is getting heavily<br />

contracted, it will require a much larger amount of insulin. Why should he be treated? There are two<br />

reasons, the first is that you are good now and the other is good for you all your life. If blood glucose<br />

values are high over several days, it binds to the protein. Especially he likes to attach to the proteins on<br />

the blood vessels wall. The protein glucose changes the function. Such blood vessels, especially those<br />

small, no longer carry out their task, do not feed the surrounding tissue, and without food the tissue<br />

will fail. Complications on the eyes, kidneys and nerves, and elsewhere in the body, are created. If a<br />

person is well treated, he is actually healthy. Therefore, all forms of treatment should be well known.<br />

The only drug that a man with diabetes needs is insulin. Additionally, it is important to have proper<br />

nutrition and of course exercise. Exercise can now be carried out in different ways, at different times,<br />

with or without different types of equipment, with different intensity and extensibility. Physical<br />

exercise can be divided into recreational and professional. In the recreational mode of physical<br />

exercise, it is sufficient interest and motivation for physical exercise and the lack of health<br />

contraindications for certain physical activity. On the other hand, there is also a professional or<br />

top sport that is characterized by: a strong focus on achieving goals, selectivity in the selection of<br />

those for whom it is intended, the professionalization of most of its participants (athletes, trainers,<br />

judges and other sports workers) and specific technology for preparation, implementation and control<br />

of training process. Regardless of the type and degree of physical activity, it is important that every<br />

man knows his goal. Whether it is a health status, physical appearance, a psychological sense of a<br />

higher quality of life, a person's physical activity must be carried out regularly, continuously and<br />

under the control of an expert. Especially when it comes to some more complex kinesiological<br />

activities. In the case of simple activities such as nature hiking, cycling, etc., it is essential for a person


Medical.<strong>PhD</strong>researchon.com<br />

PHD RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON DIABETES<br />

activities and spend them as often as complex activities such as sports games, exercise in fitness<br />

centers and the like person to practice in consultation with professionals who we consider doctors,<br />

kinesiologists, kinesiotherapists, physiotherapists, trainers etc. The aim of this thesis is to study<br />

professional literature, books, journals and scientific papers to prove that physical activity is very<br />

helpful in regulating Type 1 diabetes. It also aims to awaken all people who read this work about the<br />

importance of physical exercise in life, the beneficial effects of exercise on the health of the body and<br />

the prevention of many diseases, and when we talk about diabetes, prove that physical activity has a<br />

great function in preventing type 2 diabetes in regulation of type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetics, prove<br />

that physical activity is beneficial lower blood glucose, reduce insulin delivery, improve blood HbA1c<br />

hemoglobin, and many other beneficial effects that physical activity causes in diabetics.<br />

According to the records found, which originate from the time before our era, diabetes is<br />

obviously known to humans. However, it was not until the beginning of this century that it was<br />

successfully treated with insulin (Codella, Terruzzi & Luzi, 2017). Realizing that these patients wet a<br />

lot of sweet urine, her old doctors gave her the name of diabetes mellitus. <strong>Diabetes</strong> in Greek means<br />

flow, and mellitus in Latin sweetness. The disease is usually more common in adults than in children,<br />

but while in adults it often occurs in a milder form and does not require continuous insulin use, in<br />

children, insulin therapy is practically always necessary. The disease is by no means rare in<br />

childhood, and frequency differs in different regions and various ethnic groups. The goal of diabetes<br />

treatment is to eliminate hyperglycemia symptoms, reduce or eliminate chronic microvascular and<br />

macrovascular complications of diabetes, and enabling a more normal lifestyle. <strong>Diabetes</strong> mellitus is a<br />

metabolic disease, or a disorder in which a substance is disturbed in the body. Among the many<br />

metabolic processes in the body, one of the most important is the conversion of food to energy and<br />

heat. Metabolic processes release energy from the food and use it for muscle work, creating heat, and<br />

restoring billions of cells from which the organism is built. Three are the main food ingredient:<br />

carbohydrates or sugars, proteins and fats. In the process of digestion before they enter the<br />

bloodstream, carbohydrates are mostly degraded into simple sugars (glucose), proteins break down<br />

into amino acids, and fat in fatty acids. To allow blood glucose to enter the cells, the pancreas, the<br />

organ located in the abdominal cavity secretes into the blood hormone insulin, which binds to the<br />

surface of some cells. Glucose enters only those cells on whose surface the insulin is bound (some<br />

cells are brain exclusion because they use glucose and no insulin present). Entering into the glucose<br />

cell immediately turns into energy by the process of "burning" with the oxygen we breathe or stored<br />

inside the cell and serves as a reserve of energy. This creation of energy reserves is necessary,<br />

because to maintain life the organism must always have at its disposal certain amounts of energy<br />

(Colberg et al., 2016). The liver is responsible for the synthesis of most of the circulating blood<br />

proteins, and is a body that plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels. The body's glucose<br />

needs are recorded in the liver, and glucose provides the body with food digestion or by<br />

degradation of glycogen-storage sugar in the liver and muscles. In the case of prolonged hunger,<br />

when glucose is not possible with the gastrointestinal tract and liver reserves are consumed, the<br />

process triggers the process of producing glucose from the amino acids or other molecules.<br />

Hormones are substances that are created in special organs called so-called glands with internal<br />

excretion. One of them is insulin that is produced in the pancreas. of glycogen-storage sugar in the<br />

liver and muscles. In the case of prolonged hunger, when glucose is not possible with the<br />

gastrointestinal tract and liver reserves are consumed, the process triggers the process of producing<br />

glucose from the amino acids or other molecules. Hormones are substances that are created in<br />

special organs called so-called glands with internal excretion. One of them is insulin that is produced


Medical.<strong>PhD</strong>researchon.com<br />

PHD RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON DIABETES<br />

in the pancreas. Traveling by blood, it binds to different cells (muscular, liver, fatty, etc.) and acts like a<br />

key that opens the door lock through which glucose can enter each cell. Large amounts of insulin are<br />

excreted into the blood, especially after a meal, because there are many glucose in the blood that must<br />

enter the cells. At this time, no glucose is released in the liver and muscles, but a reverse process occurs,<br />

i.e. the excess of glucose is stored in the liver and the muscle cells, in order to create energy reserves for<br />

the hunger condition. If the liver and muscles are sufficiently supplied with these glucose reserves, the<br />

excess is converted into fat and stored in the fat cells. At the time of starvation the processes go in<br />

reverse. When insulin performs its function, it breaks down and is excreted from the body, which<br />

explains the need for constant replacement of insulin in the blood, especially after a meal when the<br />

need is greatest. Type 1 diabetes occurs in 5 to 10% of cases of this disease, characterized by insulin<br />

deficiency attributable to inability to produce pancreatic beta-cells. In Type 2 diabetes, insulin<br />

receptors become insensitive or insulin resistant and therefore glucose cannot enter the cells, resulting<br />

in hyperglycemia. In the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, there is usually a double disorder. The first is a<br />

decrease in insulin receptors in the cells and the inability of insulin to transport glucose to the cells<br />

(insulin resistance), especially in fatty tissue, liver, skeletal muscle cells. Insulin resistance disrupts<br />

normal glucose entry into cells, and also affects increased glucose uptake in the liver. Insulin resistance<br />

is partly a genetic disorder, but external factors such as obesity, increased concentration of free fatty<br />

acids in the blood, reduced body activity, older age ... contribute to its development. Thus, blood<br />

glucose levels increase, and the pancreas begins to gain higher levels of insulin to amplify glucose entry<br />

into the cells, initially solving problem-soluble glucose in the blood and this time referred to as<br />

impaired glucose tolerance (Nguyen et al., 2015). As the cells continue to have insulin resistance, the<br />

process further goes into a circle with increasing insulin secretion, the pancreas is exhausted over time,<br />

and the secretion of insulin is reduced, which ultimately has the onset of diabetes<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Codella, R., Terruzzi, I., & Luzi, L. (2017). Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly?.<br />

Acta Diabetologica, 1 - 16.<br />

Nguyen, T., Obeid, J., Walker, R. G., Krause, M. P., Hawke, T. J., McAssey, K. & Timmons, B. W. (2015).<br />

Fitness and physical activity in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus in good or poor glycemic<br />

control. Pediatric diabetes, 16 (1), 48 - 57.<br />

Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C. & Tate, D. F.<br />

(2016). Physical activity/ exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American <strong>Diabetes</strong><br />

Association. <strong>Diabetes</strong> Care, 39 (11), 2065 – 2079.

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