International Legal Evangelism: Intelligence, Reconnaissance & Missions

main theoreticians. Other current denominations for paradiplomacy and related
concepts are: multilayered diplomacy, substate diplomacy and intermestic affairs.
This latter concept expresses a growing trend to the internationalization of domestic
("intermestic") issues, which takes local and regional concerns to the center stage of
international affairs.
The intention of local governments is thus to promote development by exploring
complementarity with partners facing similar problems, with a view to joining forces to
arrive at solutions more easily. In addition, they explore opportunities alongside
international organizations that offer assistance programs for local development
projects.
History of The Decentralized International Cooperation
In its "decentralized" dimension, international cooperation is a phenomenon that
emerged following the Second World War, when local governments in Europe -
especially those in France, which were active coordinators of this new form of
interaction - signed twinning agreements, principally with German local governments, in
order to promote peaceful coexistence and the reconstruction of Europe. At that time,
the twinning agreements had a strong cultural and political character while
decentralized cooperation had the overarching aim of maintaining peace in the postwar
period. However, from the 1970s, the interdependence created by globalization in
different fields combined with the evolution of the concept of cooperation (from an
assistance-driven to a developmental approach) to elevate the nature of the
agreements to another level. At that point, local governments, as they acquired greater
autonomy, recognized the importance of international issues in their day-to-day
processes and saw decentralized cooperation as a means of overcoming their regional
limitations, whether economic, technological, social, or others. From then on, the
international participation of local governments has been increasingly evident in
practice.
Context
Paradiplomacy may be performed both in support of and in complementarity to the
central state conducted diplomacy, or come in conflict or compete with it. Duchacek
points out a distinction between: a) cross-border regional microdiplomacy, b)
transregional microdiplomacy and c) global paradiplomacy, to describe: a) contacts
between non-central units situated across borders in different states, b) contacts
between non-central units without a common border but situated in neighboring states
and c) contacts between units belonging to states without common borders. A
comprising view of the phenomenon should also consider contacts in a wide range of
multilateral associations of local authorities.
Non-central governments may formally develop official international relations by: a)
sending delegations in official visits; b) signing agreements, memoranda of
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