Historic St. Louis: 250 Years Exploring New Frontiers

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Detail from the John Mitchell Map of 1755, one of several versions in the Library of Congress; pictorial editing of a reprint in the author’s collection. That British cartographer anticipated the Paris treaties of 1763, 1783, and 1803 in which “Greater Virginia” expanded aggressively westward into French and Spanish territory according to its early seventeenth-century sea-to-sea royal charters. “The time is not far distant…when the uncultivated wilds of the interior part of the continent, which is now only inhabited by the tawny sons of the forest, …will be exchanged for… agriculture…[and] turn those sterile wildernesses into rich, cultivated…fields.” –American William Fisher, 1812 C H A P T E R 2 EXPLORING ST. LOUIS AS CAPITAL OF THE AMERICAN WEST On the evening of August 6, 1803, St. Louisans received sudden and shocking news when an American courier arrived from Vincennes and delivered a dispatch to Carlos Dehault Delassus, the last Spanish lieutenant governor of Upper Louisiana. It was a note from General William Henry Harrison, the Virginia-born governor of the Indiana Territory, announcing “the entire cession of New Orleans and the whole of Louisiana to the United States.” As darkness descended on that distressful evening, the Chouteau clan feared that their extensive fortune and expansive family had reached the twilight of their dominance under Bourbon administrators. H I S T O R I C S T . L O U I S 32
The bitter disappointment of being sold to the Americans was considerably magnified because French St. Louisans had spent the previous nine months anticipating a “golden age” of cultural rebirth and expanded commerce under Emperor Napoleon. He had reclaimed the Louisiana territory from Spain in 1800, but his ambitious plans for a new French-American empire were dashed by a successful slave revolution in Haiti and war with Great Britain. Those St. Louisans who remembered being abandoned by France in 1763 especially resented Napoleon’s insincere “regret” in not reuniting with “those who have been Frenchmen.” When U.S. officials replaced the national banners of Spain and France with the stars and stripes in the March 1804 “Three Flags Ceremony,” it seemed like a final, bitter surrender to Anglo-Americans. An eyewitness reported that “the cheers of the [French] crowd were faint and few, as many, many of the people shed bitter tears of regret at being transferred…to a strange government, with whose manners, habits, language, and laws they were not familiar.” It was Captain Amos Stoddard, the first U.S. commandant in St. Louis—not Napoleon— who expressed his delight with St. Louis in 1804: “The town contains about 200 houses, mostly very large and built of stone; it is elevated and healthy, and the people are rich and hospitable; they live in a style equal to those in the large seaport towns, and I find no want of education among them.” Despite an anti-Indian prejudice that refused to credit the Osages for St. Louis’s success, Stoddard predicted that the city would “soon become a star of no inconsiderable magnitude in the American constellation.” And he was right. Even though American officials originally regarded New Orleans as the most desirable city in the Louisiana Purchase Territory, St. Louis would prove far more influential in developing the potential of that gift from Napoleon. The Louisiana Purchase was a transformative event that quickly revolutionized and completely traumatized French and Indian populations in the West. The acquisition and initial, partial exploration of those 828,000 square miles Left: Portion of the “Town Layout in 1804,” by Dr. Robert Moore of the National Park Service at the Gateway Arch. USED WITH PERMISSION. Below: Nineteenth-century portrait of Auguste Chouteau. COURTESY, MISSOURI HISTORY MUSEUM, ST. LOUIS (1869 001 0001). C H A P T E R 2 3 3
Page 1 and 2: HISTORIC ST. LOUIS 250 Years Explor
Page 3 and 4: HISTORIC ST. LOUIS 250 Years Explor
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 5 INTRODUCTION by UMSL Cha
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION The history of St. Lou
Page 9 and 10: PROLOGUE A C I T Y W H E R E T H E
Page 11 and 12: achieved national fame that is dese
Page 13 and 14: But for decades, public schools hav
Page 15 and 16: W H A T ’ S I N A N A M E ? Pierr
Page 17 and 18: As a teenager, Pierre enrolled at t
Page 19 and 20: and French Creoles acclimated to th
Page 21 and 22: ethnic commercial alliances ever. F
Page 23 and 24: S T . L O U I S ’ S F O U N D I N
Page 25 and 26: The frequent presence of Osage hunt
Page 27 and 28: without any serious violence. In 17
Page 29 and 30: L A C L E D E ’ S B O O K S H E L
Page 31 and 32: Thanks to lax Spanish enforcement o
Page 33: The 1914 Statue of Laclede by Georg
Page 37 and 38: The Lewis and Clark Expedition brok
Page 39 and 40: A M O T L E Y M I X O F M I G R A N
Page 41 and 42: militiamen. Following the war, Clar
Page 43 and 44: (30 percent) who migrated to Missou
Page 45 and 46: “reclusive [and] irrelevant, clin
Page 47 and 48: completed in 1834. Known today as t
Page 49 and 50: C O R E D I S C O V E R I E S B Y S
Page 51 and 52: “No country on earth, of equal ex
Page 53 and 54: Reflecting the prominence, pride, a
Page 55 and 56: from New York invested in meatpacki
Page 57 and 58: Eighteen German families were also
Page 59 and 60: Another group of immigrants in St.
Page 61 and 62: when he arrived in 1834 to found th
Page 63 and 64: Daguerreotype of Henri Pierre Chout
Page 65 and 66: Washington Irving, Francis Parkman,
Page 67 and 68: steamboat theater and a museum pack
Page 69 and 70: as the six-story Barnum’s Hotel i
Page 71 and 72: encouragement from Baptist minister
Page 73 and 74: verdict two years later. The U.S. S
Page 75 and 76: President Lincoln’s Cabinet in ea
Page 77 and 78: y superior numbers, General Frost s
Page 79 and 80: Another humanitarian contribution o
Page 81 and 82: C H A P T E R 3 7 9
Page 83 and 84: Once the Civil War ended, the energ
Page 85 and 86:
dropping it to an accurate sixth pl
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C H A P T E R 4 8 5
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housed the Central Police Station,
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In 1890, the $3,000,000 Merchants T
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W H O A C T U A L L Y B U I L T S T
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C H A P T E R 4 9 3
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But the desperate discontent of ind
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commercial center on the face of th
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to raise $10,000,000 locally and $1
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C H A P T E R 4 1 0 1
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were native Caucasians with U.S.-bo
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Memorial Building as the home of th
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“St. Louis is a city that outgrew
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C H A P T E R 5 1 0 9
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C H A P T E R 5 1 1 1
Page 115 and 116:
World War I Red Cross Poster, 1917.
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the site where St. Louis veterans f
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egional recession a decade before t
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Temporarily distracting St. Louisan
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T H E P A S T W A S P R E S E N T F
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ace a major factor in ranking resid
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World War II brought massive, urgen
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T R I U M P H A N T C A R D I N A L
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Although African Americans comprise
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job discrimination on local project
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eleven-story buildings in 1954. Ele
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President Lyndon Johnson kicked off
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S T . L O U I S ’ S L O N G E S T
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elevance of having the Santa Maria
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C H A P T E R 5 1 4 1
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The human life cycle typically last
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ecession has worsened racial dispar
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them was the late Bob Cassilly, who
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co-developer with Dorsey of “Squa
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E P I L O G U E 1 5 1
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A M O D E R N B U I L D I N G B O O
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gourmet dining by noted chefs, nati
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Top, left: Balloon Glow in Forest P
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Powell Symphony Hall, The Contempor
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acclaimed humanitarianism of St. Lo
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E P I L O G U E 1 6 3
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SHARING THE HERITAGE H i s t o r i
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QUALITY OF LIFE H e a l t h c a r e
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weather a period of political turmo
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halls; the Evans’ Commons, a 119,
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Left: Seigle Hall, an interdiscipli
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Accomplishments during Danforth’s
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It is said that one day while the s
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In mid-Missouri, SSM Health Care op
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of tenure and tenure-track faculty
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BLANCHE M. TOUHILL PERFORMING ARTS
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In the 1960s the St. Louis region
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The construction of the Gateway Arc
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Dubourg’s successor, Joseph Rosat
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St. Louis Community College expands
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Left: Webster’s students are loca
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ST. LUKE’S HOSPITAL For nearly 15
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Projects included the “50 Million
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Charles Litterest was stunned as he
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The inaugural season required that
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Fontbonne University conducted its
Page 207 and 208:
The Great Decisions Series consists
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BJC is one of the leading supporter
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days. Judd, the executive director,
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In 2013, Rawlings Sporting Goods Co
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Twelve Missouri Synod laymen joined
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Since their arrival in St. Louis in
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ever-changing impressive display th
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13,000 square foot exhibition space
Page 223 and 224:
of wildlife education, animal manag
Page 225 and 226:
Since its beginning as an instituti
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ST. MARY OF VICTORIES CHURCH (1843)
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The German Catholic immigration to
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When the first Sisters of Mercy arr
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ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY The St. Lo
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THE MARKETPLACE S t . L o u i s ’
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The independently owned and operate
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This year’s winner was the hotel
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More than 5,500 people crowded into
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Abraham Lowenhaupt moved to St. Lou
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egan operations with six officers a
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enrich the St. Louis area. The Busi
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The 1940s saw the Redbirds return t
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office seven years later in Memphis
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The company has a penchant for bein
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“It’s about St. Louis County at
Page 257 and 258:
Wells Fargo Advisors is the heir to
Page 259 and 260:
Above: Scottrade Founder and CEO Ro
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Anheuser-Busch continues a traditio
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Vi-Jon is a company whose name may
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For more than a century, business o
Page 267 and 268:
On December 9, 1878, a thirty-one y
Page 269 and 270:
Residence Inn by Marriott St. Louis
Page 271 and 272:
Care-Tech ® Laboratories, Inc., a
Page 273 and 274:
BUILDING A GREATER ST. LOUIS S t .
Page 275 and 276:
The project was truly massive: •
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active in the cities and towns we s
Page 279 and 280:
come with them, was that success wa
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of the upper floors of the twenty-s
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that local resident James Kirkwood
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chosen after a national search by A
Page 287 and 288:
Megamet Solid Metals, Inc. provides
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In 1917 the company moved to St. Lo
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organization and continues to provi
Page 293 and 294:
eplica took its place on the dome.
Page 295 and 296:
In 2012, Local 36 invested $23 mill
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He was joined at Watlow in 1963 by
Page 299 and 300:
they prefer. The company’s portfo
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In 1995, PARIC was featured in a co
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product demonstrations and sales su
Page 305 and 306:
Surendra and Karen started American
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GRAYBAR ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC. Gray
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More than half a century ago, Peabo
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St. Louis at night, January 27, 200
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McCarthy Building Companies, Inc...
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LEADERSHIP SPONSORS Historical Publ
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Historic St. Louis: 250 Years Exploring New Frontiers

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