Urban Design Lab Handbook – Dialogue-oriented urban transformation processes and practical approaches from Latin America and the Caribbean
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<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
<strong>H<strong>and</strong>book</strong>
Panama City, Panama
Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Nassau<br />
Xalapa<br />
Campeche<br />
Montego Bay<br />
Santiago de los Caballeros<br />
Santo Domingo<br />
Quetzaltenango<br />
Managua<br />
San Jose<br />
Panama City<br />
Monteria<br />
Paramaribo<br />
Pasto<br />
Quito<br />
Jujuy<br />
La Serena / Coquimbo<br />
Goya<br />
Mendoza<br />
Valdivia<br />
Bahia Blanca<br />
Puerto Montt / Puerto Varas
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
<strong>H<strong>and</strong>book</strong><br />
<strong>Dialogue</strong>-<strong>oriented</strong> <strong>urban</strong> <strong>transformation</strong><br />
<strong>processes</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>practical</strong> <strong>approaches</strong> <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Markus Tomaselli (eds.)
Contents<br />
Introduction<br />
Preface Andres Blanco, Tatiana Gallego Lizon<br />
Introducing <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Markus Tomaselli<br />
The Need for an <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Lab</strong>oratory Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Daniela Sanjinés<br />
Emerging Topics in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>n <strong>and</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong> Cities Dominique Mashini, Emma Grün<br />
Photoessay 1 Ramón Zamora<br />
29<br />
30<br />
38<br />
42<br />
49<br />
A<br />
Evolution<br />
Community, Participation <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Transformation Alvaro Ramoneda, Patricio Jerez<br />
Habitat <strong>and</strong> Social Inclusion in <strong>Urban</strong> Planning: Participation <strong>and</strong> Investigation in <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> Methodology Alicia Gersovich, Olga Wainstein<br />
The <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>n Cities: A View <strong>from</strong> Academia Andreas Hofer<br />
Diagrams of Participatory <strong>Urban</strong>ism Luis Fern<strong>and</strong>o Castillo<br />
Tailor-Made <strong>Urban</strong>ism: <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> in Panama City<br />
Guest Contributors<br />
Ultra-Light Metropolis: The Ephemeral Megacity of <strong>the</strong> Kumbh Mela Rahul Mehrotra, Felipe Vera<br />
Culture as an Incubator for <strong>Urban</strong> Transformation Alfredo Brillembourg, Hubert Klumpner,<br />
Alexis Kalagas, Diego Ceresuela<br />
The City at Eye Level: Focusing on <strong>the</strong> Plinth Hans Karssenberg, Jeroen Laven,<br />
Mattijs van’t Hoff, Meredith Glaser<br />
Towards a Human-Scale City in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> Mayra Madriz<br />
Photoessay 2 Ramón Zamora<br />
68<br />
72<br />
74<br />
78<br />
80<br />
82<br />
86<br />
89<br />
93<br />
97<br />
B Methodology<br />
A Practical Approach to <strong>Urban</strong> Planning<br />
Research<br />
Stakeholder <strong>Dialogue</strong><br />
Project <strong>Design</strong><br />
Simple Toolbox for Participative Planning <strong>and</strong> <strong>Design</strong> Workshops<br />
Guest Contributors<br />
Medellín—A “City for Life” Jorge Pérez-Jaramillo<br />
Cultivating “<strong>Urban</strong> Complexity” in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> José Luis Vallejo, Belinda Tato<br />
The <strong>Design</strong> of Public Policy Fern<strong>and</strong>o de Mello Franco<br />
In Situ Planning: Moderating <strong>Urban</strong> Development Processes Locally Siri Frech<br />
116<br />
120<br />
124<br />
128<br />
132<br />
138<br />
142<br />
146<br />
149
C<br />
Solutions<br />
Integral <strong>Urban</strong> Strategies for <strong>the</strong> Regeneration of Central Areas<br />
Central Nassau <strong>Urban</strong> Regeneration Plan, Nassau, The Bahamas<br />
Integrated Housing <strong>and</strong> Mixed-Use Strategy for <strong>the</strong> Historic Center of Paramaribo, Suriname<br />
Vivimos Juntos: Integration <strong>and</strong> Densification of <strong>the</strong> Historic Center of Managua, Nicaragua<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Strategies for a Livable Downtown Montego Bay, Jamaica<br />
Volver al Centro: Integrated <strong>Urban</strong> Revitalization of <strong>the</strong> Historic City Center<br />
of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic<br />
Barrio Mercado: Rehabilitation Strategy of <strong>the</strong> Central Market of Monteria, Colombia<br />
Connected City: Pasto River Fluvial Park, Pasto, Colombia<br />
157<br />
158<br />
166<br />
174<br />
178<br />
184<br />
188<br />
194<br />
Neighborhood Revitalization <strong>and</strong> Sub-Centralities<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Regeneration Plan of <strong>the</strong> Calidonia District, Panama City, Panama<br />
Photoessay 3<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Renovation Plan of Barrio Infanta, Las Heras, Mendoza, Argentina<br />
Alto Comedero <strong>Urban</strong> Renovation: A Strategy for Social <strong>and</strong> Spatial Integration, Jujuy, Argentina<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Regeneration Plan of <strong>the</strong> Eje Pacífico—González Víquez, San José, Costa Rica<br />
Conceptual <strong>Design</strong> for <strong>the</strong> Improvement of Barrio Collico, Valdivia, Chile<br />
A New Sub-Center for <strong>the</strong> East of San Francisco de Campeche, México<br />
La Mariscal: Activation of Borja Yerovi Plaza, Quito, Ecuador<br />
199<br />
200<br />
209<br />
226<br />
232<br />
238<br />
246<br />
254<br />
258<br />
Transformation Strategies for Ab<strong>and</strong>oned Railway Infrastructure<br />
Improvement of Intercultural Center at Former Railway Station, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala<br />
Goya Central Park: Reinterpretation of <strong>the</strong> Former Railway Station, Goya, Argentina<br />
Nodo Spurr: Integration of Former Railway Station into System of Centralities,<br />
Bahia Blanca, Argentina<br />
Connecting Xalapa: Integrated Revitalization of Railway Corridor, Xalapa, Mexico<br />
265<br />
266<br />
272<br />
276<br />
282<br />
Integral Strategies for Metropolitan Areas<br />
Five-minute city—Ciudad Juan Bosch Metropolitan Extension Plan, Santo Domingo Este,<br />
Dominican Republic<br />
Metropolitan Public Space Integration Plan, Puerto Montt <strong>and</strong> Puerto Varas, Chile<br />
Metropolitan L<strong>and</strong>scape <strong>and</strong> Green Habitat: Rio Elqui <strong>and</strong> Parque El Culebrón,<br />
La Serena <strong>and</strong> Coquimbo, Chile<br />
Guest Contributors<br />
Community Capital in Action: New Financial Models for Resilient Cities Daniela Patti, Levente Polyak<br />
Digital Strategies for Low-Income Neighborhoods Katja Schechtner<br />
Photoessay 4 Ramón Zamora<br />
The Immanent Potential of Vacant Spaces Oliver Hasemann, Daniel Schnier, Anne Angenendt<br />
Airport L<strong>and</strong>scape Initiative Charles Waldheim<br />
287<br />
288<br />
296<br />
304<br />
312<br />
316<br />
321<br />
338<br />
341<br />
D<br />
Outlook<br />
Interview with Jorge Perez Jaramillo<br />
About <strong>the</strong> Contributors<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong>—Project Teams<br />
Colophon<br />
346<br />
350<br />
355<br />
363
Introduction<br />
Preface<br />
Andres Blanco, Tatiana Gallego Lizon<br />
Very often we are told that <strong>the</strong> main problem that cities in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
(LAC) are confronted with is lack of planning. The usual narrative goes like this: in <strong>the</strong> LAC<br />
region, <strong>the</strong> remarkable pace of <strong>urban</strong>ization (<strong>urban</strong> population rising <strong>from</strong> 25% of <strong>the</strong> total in<br />
1925 to 75% in 2000) has been coupled with an absence of l<strong>and</strong>-use plans; at <strong>the</strong> same time,<br />
<strong>the</strong> persistence of informal labor practices has resulted in chaotic <strong>urban</strong> growth characterized<br />
by, among o<strong>the</strong>r things, a housing deficit that affects 41 million <strong>urban</strong> households (32% of <strong>the</strong><br />
total); four out of five of <strong>the</strong>se households do not have access to any proper infrastructure,<br />
or are exposed to inadequate construction materials, overcrowding or insecurity of tenure.<br />
Yet <strong>the</strong>re has been no shortage of plans in <strong>the</strong> region. Some LAC cities are even close<br />
to a century of planning efforts. Coincidentally, it was an Austrian planner, Karl Brunner<br />
(1887<strong>–</strong>1960), who introduced planning in Chile, Colombia <strong>and</strong> Panama. Not only did he direct<br />
<strong>the</strong> creation of some of <strong>the</strong> first l<strong>and</strong>-use plans, which he preferred to call planes reguladores,<br />
but he also played a crucial role in <strong>the</strong> establishment of <strong>urban</strong> planning academic programs.<br />
Every planning professional doing background research in <strong>the</strong> LAC region has been<br />
much surprised to encounter an impressive stack of old plans or attempts at planning. Indeed,<br />
<strong>the</strong> problem has not been a lack of plans but very weak implementation, which has h<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
over <strong>the</strong> role of defining <strong>the</strong> way in which <strong>the</strong> built environment is produced to formal developers,<br />
pirate subdividers or squatters.<br />
Partly, <strong>the</strong> reason why “lot by lot <strong>urban</strong>ism” characterizes most LAC cities is <strong>the</strong><br />
missing piece between l<strong>and</strong>-use plans at city level <strong>and</strong> real-estate projects at building level.<br />
There are some exceptions to this, namely <strong>the</strong> few areas, usually of formal expansion, that<br />
have been regulated by partial or master plans. These areas are easy to pinpoint because<br />
<strong>the</strong>y often look out of place compared with <strong>the</strong> rest of <strong>the</strong> city—featuring adequate services,<br />
good public spaces <strong>and</strong> suitable connections with <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong> fabric.<br />
The <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> (UDL) bets on this middle level of planning, one that is also<br />
people-centered <strong>and</strong> highly participatory. Thanks to <strong>the</strong> UDL methodology, communities,<br />
academia <strong>and</strong> practitioners can imagine <strong>urban</strong> space on a broader scale than <strong>the</strong> individual<br />
parcel. An important feature has been <strong>the</strong> combination of Austrian experts with local<br />
academics as a way to balance technical expertise with place knowledge <strong>and</strong> to build up<br />
local capacities.<br />
As with any good method, <strong>the</strong> UDL has grown by adapting to new contexts <strong>and</strong> reflecting<br />
on lessons learned—<strong>the</strong> chapters of this book attest to that. The unsettled issue that is still<br />
in doubt is actual implementation. The case of Santo Domingo Este shows <strong>the</strong> latest iteration<br />
of <strong>the</strong> methodology, combining <strong>the</strong> experimental approach of <strong>the</strong> newly created Cities LAB<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank (IDB) with <strong>the</strong> UDL’s participatory process. We hope<br />
that <strong>the</strong> introduction of tactical <strong>urban</strong>ism <strong>approaches</strong>—as promoted by <strong>the</strong> Cities LAB—will<br />
not only help with design but also increase <strong>the</strong> likelihood of implementation. This will allow <strong>the</strong><br />
UDL to continue benefiting both cities <strong>and</strong> citizens in <strong>the</strong> LAC region <strong>and</strong> to make a lasting<br />
impact.<br />
29
Introducing <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Markus Tomaselli<br />
Introduction<br />
The <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> (UDL) has acted in more than twenty emerging cities in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong> as a moderator of dialogue-<strong>oriented</strong> <strong>urban</strong> planning, exploring <strong>urban</strong> imaginaries<br />
<strong>and</strong> collecting creative ideas in order to translate <strong>the</strong>m into design solutions. Each<br />
of <strong>the</strong>se <strong>processes</strong> was unique <strong>and</strong> unpredictable—enriched by <strong>the</strong> participation of a diverse<br />
group of actors coming toge<strong>the</strong>r as co-designers within highly complex <strong>urban</strong> contexts.<br />
After working on-site in <strong>the</strong>se cities over <strong>the</strong> past four years, we are now eager to share<br />
our experience <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> knowledge that we collectively built up—within a framework allowing<br />
for inclusive <strong>and</strong> innovative <strong>urban</strong> <strong>processes</strong>. We would like to encourage <strong>the</strong> readers of this<br />
h<strong>and</strong>book to make use of our toolbox, tailor it to <strong>the</strong>ir needs <strong>and</strong> start similar <strong>processes</strong> in<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir own cities. Thanks to <strong>the</strong>ir high degree of flexibility, our tools may be combined in various<br />
ways <strong>and</strong> adjusted to local conditions—thus generating tailor-made planning <strong>processes</strong>.<br />
This publication delves into <strong>the</strong> UDL methodology—<strong>and</strong> related projects—in depth. It<br />
also paints a broader picture of emerging <strong>urban</strong> challenges, <strong>the</strong> ongoing <strong>the</strong>oretical discourse,<br />
<strong>and</strong> creative solutions to complex problems. To do justice to <strong>the</strong> variety of possible <strong>approaches</strong>,<br />
we invited colleagues met along <strong>the</strong> way to contribute articles.<br />
Rapid global <strong>urban</strong>ization <strong>and</strong> ongoing informal <strong>processes</strong> are continuously challenging<br />
both inhabitants <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> authorities in charge of large cities. It would be far-fetched to<br />
believe that top-down planning can lead to a sustainable, livable <strong>urban</strong> environment in <strong>the</strong><br />
30
Introduction<br />
21st century. Hence we focus on integration <strong>and</strong> collaboration between communities <strong>and</strong><br />
neighborhoods, as well as with entrepreneurs <strong>and</strong> planning institutions. We are deeply<br />
convinced that any <strong>urban</strong> project needs <strong>the</strong> support <strong>and</strong> acceptance of <strong>the</strong> affected population<br />
if it is to improve <strong>the</strong>ir quality of life.<br />
As a corollary, we will highlight <strong>the</strong> potential of co-designing to ensure a more sustainable<br />
<strong>urban</strong> <strong>transformation</strong>.<br />
Last but not least, cities have a strong emotional dimension <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
<strong>H<strong>and</strong>book</strong> reflects this. Beyond evident similarities in <strong>the</strong> challenges faced by <strong>the</strong> region’s<br />
<strong>urban</strong> centers, every city we worked in possessed unique features; a particular cultural <strong>and</strong><br />
social fabric was embedded in every <strong>urban</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scape. The unique spirit of each of <strong>the</strong>se built<br />
environments is depicted in <strong>the</strong> photo essays scattered throughout <strong>the</strong> <strong>H<strong>and</strong>book</strong>.<br />
The UDL takes a proactive approach to investigating <strong>and</strong> testing <strong>urban</strong> planning <strong>and</strong><br />
design tools. This is achieved by deploying design-based solutions in emerging cities <strong>and</strong><br />
developing real cases with real people. The most important lesson that <strong>the</strong> UDL has taught<br />
us is <strong>the</strong> need for adaptable, flexible, non-static planning tools that can catalyze transformative<br />
<strong>urban</strong> <strong>processes</strong>. It is for this reason that we are presenting our findings in a h<strong>and</strong>book.<br />
This is not a book of recipes for success but ra<strong>the</strong>r an invitation to adapt, transform, <strong>and</strong> enrich<br />
our insights through constant dialogue between <strong>urban</strong> practitioners, academics, public<br />
administrators, local stakeholders, <strong>and</strong> communities across <strong>the</strong> world.<br />
Public spaces have always been at <strong>the</strong> heart of <strong>urban</strong> life. We are convinced that,<br />
regardless of how design <strong>and</strong> architecture principles may change over time, improved <strong>urban</strong><br />
environments will be experienced by both visitors <strong>and</strong> residents through <strong>the</strong>ir public spaces.<br />
People have a need for proximity to facilities <strong>and</strong> services that are found in <strong>urban</strong> centers,<br />
but also crave interaction among <strong>the</strong>mselves. Over <strong>the</strong> past few years, many projects have<br />
showed us that <strong>the</strong> quality of public space ranks as one of <strong>the</strong> main issues for residents.<br />
Indeed, improvements in <strong>the</strong> built environment are not enough. We are convinced that a<br />
better spatial configuration, higher environmental quality <strong>and</strong> greater usability of space are<br />
among <strong>the</strong> key factors for successful <strong>urban</strong> development.<br />
We argue that <strong>urban</strong> planning, <strong>urban</strong> design, <strong>and</strong> architecture have to start <strong>from</strong> a<br />
people-centered perspective <strong>and</strong> fit in with <strong>the</strong> specific local context. Before <strong>the</strong> first drop<br />
of paint even touches <strong>the</strong> canvas—before <strong>the</strong> first line of any architectural sketch is drawn—<br />
any <strong>urban</strong> strategy should be developed through continuous interaction <strong>and</strong> dialogue with<br />
a vast swa<strong>the</strong> of neighbors <strong>and</strong> community members. Drawing on thorough on-site research<br />
<strong>and</strong> a plethora of project experience gained during <strong>the</strong> past four years, we have refined a<br />
methodology <strong>and</strong> compiled a catalog that, hopefully, will provide some inspiration for your<br />
<strong>urban</strong> projects <strong>and</strong> research.<br />
The <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> <strong>H<strong>and</strong>book</strong> is not meant to be read <strong>from</strong> cover to cover—it is a<br />
collection of useful tools <strong>and</strong> case studies. The first chapter of <strong>the</strong> book, “Evolution”, provides<br />
an overview of ongoing <strong>urban</strong> challenges in <strong>the</strong> LAC (<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong>)<br />
region <strong>and</strong> of <strong>the</strong> development of <strong>the</strong> UDL. The second chapter, “Methodology”, is <strong>the</strong> user<br />
manual of <strong>the</strong> UDL planning methodology. In <strong>the</strong> third chapter, “Solutions”, we describe <strong>the</strong><br />
outcomes of UDL projects in more than twenty LAC cities. Finally, <strong>the</strong> last chapter, “Outlook”,<br />
presents a vision for contemporary planning <strong>and</strong> deals with <strong>the</strong> new role played by architects<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> planners. In between <strong>the</strong>se chapters, you will read about projects <strong>and</strong> <strong>approaches</strong><br />
by friends of <strong>the</strong> UDL who inspired our work; <strong>the</strong>se were used as starting points for <strong>the</strong> development<br />
of our own methodology.<br />
This book was made possible by an initiative of <strong>the</strong> Austrian Ministry of Finance (BMF),<br />
which established a collaboration between <strong>the</strong> Institute of <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape Architecture<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Vienna University of Technology <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank<br />
(IDB). BMF funding enabled activities in more than a dozen countries in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong>. We would also like to thank all our o<strong>the</strong>r partners <strong>and</strong> donors, who made it possible<br />
to offer numerous design studios, study trips <strong>and</strong> seminars, thus enriching <strong>the</strong> curriculum<br />
of TU Wien students, <strong>and</strong> to draw several <strong>urban</strong> development experts into higher education<br />
over <strong>the</strong> past years. Special thanks also go to Prof. Dr. Andreas Hofer (TU Wien), who was<br />
decisively involved in <strong>the</strong> development of UDL tools <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> very beginning. This research-led<br />
teaching enabled us to develop this <strong>H<strong>and</strong>book</strong>, along with contributions by many local <strong>and</strong><br />
international experts, <strong>the</strong> work of our consultants, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> financial support of <strong>the</strong> Austrian<br />
government.<br />
31
Introduction<br />
EUROPE +<br />
Summer Workshop<br />
St. Ägyd am Neuwalde,<br />
Austria<br />
(18 to 20 August 2014)<br />
Fast Forward City Symposium<br />
Lessons <strong>from</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>’s<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Growth,<br />
Vienna, Austria (23 April 2015)<br />
Ars Electronica<br />
Festival “Post City”,<br />
Linz, Austria<br />
(September 2015)<br />
CENTRAL AMERICA / CARRIBEAN<br />
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Managua/Appear/ÖAD<br />
Research Project<br />
(October 2012 to September 2014)<br />
MONTEGO BAY, JAMAICA<br />
Action Plan <strong>Design</strong><br />
(August 2013 to October 2013)<br />
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA<br />
Action Plan <strong>Design</strong><br />
(February 2014 to May 2014)<br />
QUETZALTENANGO, GUATEMALA<br />
Action Plan <strong>Design</strong>,<br />
first <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
December 2012 to February 2014)<br />
PANAMA CITY, PANAMA<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(December 2014 to August 2015)<br />
Model Building Workshop <strong>and</strong><br />
Public Hearing in Panama City<br />
(23 to 26 June 2015)<br />
2013 2014 2015<br />
SOUTH AMERICA<br />
MONTERIA, COLOMBIA<br />
Mercado Central Project<br />
(May to October 2014)<br />
VALDIVIA, CHILE<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(February to March 2015)<br />
XALAPA, MEXICO<br />
CAMPECHE, MEXICO<br />
QUETZALTENANGO, GUATEMALA<br />
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA<br />
PASTO, COLOMBIA<br />
SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, DOMINICAN REP:<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(November 2014 to February 2015)<br />
32
UN-HABITAT Expert Group Meeting<br />
“<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Lab</strong>s: A tool for integrated <strong>and</strong><br />
participative <strong>urban</strong> planning”,<br />
Barcelona, Spain<br />
(2 to 3 February 2016)<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Future Conference,<br />
Graz, Austria<br />
(2 to 3 March 2016)<br />
Casablanca Smart City<br />
Conference <strong>and</strong> Expo,<br />
Casablanca, Morocco<br />
(18 to 19 May 2016)<br />
NASSAU, THE BAHAMAS<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(October 2015 to August 2016)<br />
Introduction<br />
Lecture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Design</strong> Review:<br />
Bogotá <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Lab</strong>oratory —<br />
New Typologies to Reclaim<br />
Public Space, ETH Zurich,<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Think-Tank,<br />
Chaired by Brillembourg <strong>and</strong> Klumpner<br />
(11 October 2017)<br />
Mayors Symposium —<br />
Streng<strong>the</strong>ning Local<br />
Government Capacity<br />
in South-East Europe,<br />
Vienna (Austria),<br />
World Bank Group<br />
(26 to 27 February 2018)<br />
SANTO DOMINGO,<br />
DOMINICAN<br />
REPUBLIC<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(May to<br />
September 2018)<br />
2016 2017 2018<br />
XIV Bienal Internacional<br />
de Arquitectura<br />
“Derecho a la Ciudad”,<br />
SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA<br />
(23 to 25 May, 2018)<br />
GOYA, ARGENTINA<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(March to July 2016)<br />
LAS HERS/MENDOZA, ARGENTINA<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(February to June 2017)<br />
BAHIA BLANCA, ARGENTINA<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(March to July 2016)<br />
SAN SALVADOR DE JUJUY, ARGENTINA<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(February to June 2017)<br />
PUERTO MONTT /<br />
PUERTO VARAS, CHILE<br />
Metro<strong>Lab</strong><br />
(December 2015 to April 2016)<br />
QUITO, ECUADOR<br />
Habitat III Village <strong>and</strong> El Cubo:<br />
Cine <strong>Urban</strong>o Festival +<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> Workshop<br />
PARAMARIBO, SURINAME<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(June to October 2017)<br />
Festival Internacional de Innovación Social (FIIS),<br />
Santiago de Chile (5 to 8 December 2017)<br />
COQUIMBO /<br />
LA SERENA, CHILE<br />
Metro<strong>Lab</strong><br />
(December 2015 to April 2016)<br />
SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
(November 2016 to October 2017)<br />
El Cubo: San Jose <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> Cine <strong>Urban</strong>o Festival<br />
(23 to 25 March 2017)<br />
33<br />
XX Bienal de Arquitectura y <strong>Urban</strong>ismo<br />
“Diálogos Impostergables”,<br />
VALPARAISO, CHILE<br />
(26 October to 10 November 2017)
Introduction<br />
Pasto, Colombia<br />
Pasto, officially called San Juan de<br />
Pasto, is a city located in southwestern<br />
Columbia <strong>and</strong> has an estimated population<br />
of 500,000 (2018). Columbia is<br />
divided into thirty-two regions <strong>and</strong> a<br />
capital district; Pasto is <strong>the</strong> capital city<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Nariño region. The city lies at an<br />
altitude of 2,897 meters above sea level.<br />
The economy of Pasto is mainly based<br />
on trade <strong>and</strong> service industries, but<br />
tourism also plays a significant role.<br />
Goya, Argentina<br />
Goya is a city in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Argentina<br />
<strong>and</strong> has a population of 77,349 (2010).<br />
It is located on <strong>the</strong> eastern shore of <strong>the</strong><br />
Parana River. Goya offers some touristic<br />
activities, such as visiting tobacco <strong>and</strong><br />
rice mills or sport fishing, <strong>and</strong> tourism has<br />
become its most important economic<br />
sector. The city also has a small inl<strong>and</strong><br />
port.<br />
Quito, Ecuador<br />
Quito is <strong>the</strong> capital city of Ecuador <strong>and</strong> has<br />
a population of 2,671,191 (2011). It lies at an<br />
altitude of 2,850 meters above sea level,<br />
which makes it <strong>the</strong> second-highest capital<br />
city in <strong>the</strong> world. The economy of Quito is<br />
mainly based on textiles, metals <strong>and</strong> agriculture.<br />
Quito is at <strong>the</strong> heart of <strong>the</strong> most<br />
important economic region in <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
Mendoza, Argentina<br />
Mendoza is a city in <strong>the</strong> west of Argentina<br />
<strong>and</strong> has a population of 115,041<br />
(2010), with over one million in <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
metropolitan area. It is <strong>the</strong><br />
capital city of <strong>the</strong> province of Mendoza.<br />
Its economy is mainly based on <strong>the</strong><br />
export of wine—several vineyards are<br />
located in <strong>the</strong> region. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong><br />
city also exports petroleum, oil, gas<br />
<strong>and</strong> petrochemical products, along with<br />
olives, fruit <strong>and</strong> vegetables.<br />
Valdivia, Chile<br />
La Serena, Chile<br />
La Serena is <strong>the</strong> capital city of <strong>the</strong><br />
Coquimbo region in <strong>the</strong> north of Chile<br />
<strong>and</strong> has a population of 198,163 (2012),<br />
with over 400,000 in <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
metropolitan region. The economy of La<br />
Serena is mainly based on tourism. In <strong>the</strong><br />
summer months, <strong>the</strong> population doubles<br />
as a result of <strong>the</strong> many people coming<br />
to visit <strong>the</strong> city’s attractions—mainly <strong>the</strong><br />
beaches. La Serena shares a common<br />
metropolitan area with Coquimbo.<br />
Coquimbo, Chile<br />
Coquimbo is a city with more than 200,117<br />
(2012) inhabitants; it is located on <strong>the</strong><br />
Pan-<strong>America</strong>n Highway. The gold <strong>and</strong> copper<br />
industries led to <strong>the</strong> city’s importance<br />
in <strong>the</strong> middle of <strong>the</strong> eighteenth century.<br />
Today, <strong>the</strong> city is an industrial <strong>and</strong> shipping<br />
center undergoing rapid economic <strong>and</strong><br />
population growth. Coquimbo shares its<br />
metropolitan area with La Serena.<br />
Valdivia is a city in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Chile with<br />
a population of 154,432 (2012). The<br />
economy of Valdivia is mainly based on<br />
forestry-related activities, as well as <strong>the</strong><br />
metallurgical industry, naval construction,<br />
agriculture, cattle breeding, aquaculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> food processing. Tourism<br />
also plays an important role, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re<br />
are several universities <strong>and</strong> schools,<br />
both public <strong>and</strong> private.<br />
Puerto Montt, Chile<br />
Puerto Montt is <strong>the</strong> capital city of <strong>the</strong><br />
Los Lagos region in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Chile<br />
<strong>and</strong> has a population of 218,858 (2012).<br />
The Calbuco volcano—one of <strong>the</strong> most<br />
active volcanos in Chile—is located<br />
thirty kilometers to <strong>the</strong> east of <strong>the</strong> city;<br />
it last erupted in 2015. The economy<br />
of Puerto Montt is mainly based on<br />
forestry-related activities, as well as<br />
agriculture, cattle breeding <strong>and</strong> tourism.<br />
Puerto Montt shares a common metropolitan<br />
area with Puerto Varas.
Introduction<br />
Monteria, Colombia<br />
Monteria is a city located in <strong>the</strong> north of<br />
Colombia <strong>and</strong> has a population of<br />
454,032 (2015). Colombia is administratively<br />
divided into thirty-two districts <strong>and</strong><br />
Monteria is <strong>the</strong> capital of <strong>the</strong> district of<br />
Córdoba. The city is located along <strong>the</strong><br />
Sinú River, which connects its inl<strong>and</strong> seaport<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sea. The economy<br />
of Monteria is mainly based on cattle<br />
farming <strong>and</strong> a relatively strong, booming<br />
commercial district.<br />
Paramaribo, Suriname<br />
Paramaribo is <strong>the</strong> capital <strong>and</strong> largest city<br />
of Suriname. Located in <strong>the</strong> north of <strong>the</strong><br />
country, it has a population of 240,924<br />
(2012). It is situated on <strong>the</strong> 480 km long<br />
Suriname River, which flows across <strong>the</strong><br />
country. The economy of Paramaribo is<br />
mainly based on <strong>the</strong> business <strong>and</strong> financial<br />
sectors, but tourism is increasingly growing<br />
in importance. The historic inner city<br />
of Paramaribo has been a UNESCO World<br />
Heritage Site since 2002.<br />
Jujuy, Argentina<br />
Jujuy, officially called San Salvador de<br />
Jujuy, is a city in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
<strong>and</strong> has a population of 257,970 (2010).<br />
Argentina is divided into 23 provinces<br />
<strong>and</strong> one autonomous city: Buenos Aires.<br />
Jujuy is <strong>the</strong> capital of Jujuy Province. It is<br />
located near <strong>the</strong> Andes at <strong>the</strong> junction of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Xibi River <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Río Gr<strong>and</strong>e de<br />
Jujuy at 1,238 meters above<br />
sea level.<br />
Goya, Argentina<br />
Goya is a city in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Argentina<br />
<strong>and</strong> has a population of 77,349 (2010). It is<br />
located on <strong>the</strong> eastern shore of <strong>the</strong> Parana<br />
River. Goya offers some touristic activities,<br />
such as visiting tobacco <strong>and</strong> rice mills or<br />
sport fishing, <strong>and</strong> tourism has become its<br />
most important economic sector. The city<br />
also has a small inl<strong>and</strong> port.<br />
Puerto Varas, Chile<br />
Puerto Varas is a city in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Chile<br />
with a population of 41,255 (2012). The<br />
city is located on <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn shore<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Llanquihue Lake, which is <strong>the</strong><br />
second-largest lake in Chile. Various<br />
activities related to <strong>the</strong> Llanquihue Lake<br />
attract tourists thus <strong>the</strong> economy of<br />
Puerto Varas is mainly based on tourism.<br />
Puerto Varas shares its metropolitan<br />
area with Puerto Montt.<br />
Bahia Blanca,<br />
Argentina<br />
Bahia Blanca is a city in sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Argentina <strong>and</strong> has a population of<br />
301,572 (2010). Argentina is divided into<br />
23 provinces <strong>and</strong> one autonomous city:<br />
Buenos Aires. Bahia Blanca is located<br />
in <strong>the</strong> province of Buenos Aires. Its<br />
seaports are among <strong>the</strong> most important<br />
in Argentina, with an average natural<br />
depth of 15 meters. As a result, <strong>the</strong><br />
economy of Bahia Blanca is mainly<br />
based on industries related to <strong>the</strong> ports.
Introduction<br />
58
Photoessay 1<br />
59
A<br />
Evolution<br />
The <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>n Cities:<br />
A View <strong>from</strong> Academia<br />
Andreas Hofer<br />
Joining contemporary global discussions on key topics<br />
such as “how to organize <strong>the</strong> living environment in<br />
<strong>urban</strong> agglomerations” is a central element within <strong>the</strong><br />
study of architecture at <strong>the</strong> Vienna University of Technology.<br />
Since we would like our students to actively<br />
join this global discourse on <strong>urban</strong> issues, we also aim<br />
to equip <strong>the</strong>m—besides <strong>the</strong> formal, conceptual <strong>and</strong><br />
functional part of <strong>the</strong>ir education—with social skills to<br />
interact <strong>and</strong> engage with “<strong>the</strong> people out <strong>the</strong>re”. This<br />
is why <strong>the</strong> educational m<strong>and</strong>ate of our large school of<br />
architecture (we host more than 6,000 students in<br />
a small country like Austria, with a population of eight<br />
million inhabitants) is based on growing international<br />
networks, partnerships, <strong>and</strong> cooperation programs with<br />
research <strong>and</strong> teaching institutions across <strong>the</strong> globe.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong> city of Vienna, with its<br />
long <strong>urban</strong> history based on inclusive social development,<br />
constitutes an informative laboratory “outside<br />
<strong>the</strong> classroom” that skillfully interconnects <strong>urban</strong><br />
design, architecture <strong>and</strong> social dem<strong>and</strong>s in all its <strong>urban</strong><br />
development <strong>processes</strong>. This interface between global<br />
<strong>and</strong> local <strong>approaches</strong> to research <strong>and</strong> teaching inspired<br />
<strong>the</strong> creation of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> within our academic<br />
environment.<br />
The second central element behind <strong>the</strong> creation<br />
of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> was influenced by early twentieth<br />
century pioneer work by European architects in<br />
<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>. The Austrian architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong><br />
designer, Karl Brunner, <strong>and</strong> his contemporaries Alfred<br />
Agache, Werner Hegemann or Le Corbusier are synonymous<br />
with <strong>the</strong> intercontinental exchange of knowledge<br />
about <strong>urban</strong> design between <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
Europe at that time. Brunner introduced <strong>practical</strong><br />
<strong>urban</strong> design solutions for rising metropolises such as<br />
Bogotá, Santiago de Chile <strong>and</strong> Panamá in <strong>the</strong> 1930s<br />
<strong>and</strong> 1940s (Hofer, 2003), gaining worldwide reputation<br />
with his Manual de <strong>Urban</strong>ismo (Brunner, 1940). Since<br />
<strong>the</strong>n, research on his accomplishments has led to<br />
several academic partnerships <strong>and</strong> cooperation projects<br />
between <strong>the</strong> TU Wien on <strong>the</strong> one h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
individuals <strong>and</strong> institutions in several regions of <strong>Latin</strong><br />
<strong>America</strong> on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>. A constantly growing<br />
network of research <strong>and</strong> teaching—combining <strong>the</strong>ory<br />
<strong>and</strong> practice—has been emerging <strong>from</strong> this during<br />
<strong>the</strong>last two decades.<br />
The academic roots of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
The <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> is a methodology aiming to<br />
trigger <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong> <strong>transformation</strong> of a neighborhood or<br />
district. Based on a participatory approach involving<br />
<strong>the</strong> local community, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> entails<br />
various methodological steps towards a general <strong>urban</strong><br />
development strategy <strong>and</strong> specific design projects.<br />
As a staff member of <strong>the</strong> Department of <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong><br />
74
A<br />
Evolution<br />
<strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape Architecture of <strong>the</strong> TU Wien I joined<br />
<strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank’s (IDB) Emerging<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) program<br />
<strong>from</strong> 2014 to 2016. Given <strong>the</strong> growing interest of our<br />
students <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> transdisciplinary requirements that<br />
surfaced along <strong>the</strong> work process, we invited two more<br />
departments of <strong>the</strong> TU Wien (i.e. <strong>the</strong> Department of<br />
Housing with Helmut Schramm <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Department<br />
of L<strong>and</strong> Use <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong> Management with Arthur<br />
Kanonier) to join <strong>the</strong> ESCI program.<br />
We decided to join <strong>the</strong> program mainly for two<br />
reasons: firstly, we already had an established academic<br />
network in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> to rely on <strong>and</strong>, secondly we<br />
could build on two recent experiences of academic<br />
cooperation projects with <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>n universities.<br />
The first project, “<strong>Urban</strong> Managua” (2012 <strong>–</strong> 2014), was<br />
developed in partnership with <strong>the</strong> Universidad Centroamericana<br />
(UCA) in Nicaragua to upgrade an informal<br />
settlement in <strong>the</strong> center of Managua. Within <strong>the</strong> framework<br />
of <strong>the</strong> second project, “<strong>Urban</strong> Voids. Practice<br />
of Social Inclusion: Vienna-Buenos Aires” (Gerscovich,<br />
2015) we researched <strong>the</strong> <strong>practical</strong> implications of<br />
brownfield developments in both cities in partnership<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Universidad de Buenos Aires. The strong community-based<br />
design <strong>processes</strong> in both <strong>the</strong>se projects<br />
left a profound impact not only in terms of <strong>the</strong> project<br />
results but also owing to direct interaction with <strong>the</strong><br />
local community—this made a lasting impression on<br />
many of <strong>the</strong> participating students.<br />
Following <strong>the</strong> guidelines of <strong>the</strong> ESCI program to<br />
develop an innovative <strong>urban</strong> <strong>transformation</strong> process<br />
we created <strong>the</strong> term <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> during a kickoff<br />
workshop in <strong>the</strong> Austrian village of St. Aegyd in<br />
August 2014. There, we also developed <strong>the</strong> conceptual<br />
framework <strong>and</strong> defined <strong>the</strong> specific methodological<br />
steps <strong>and</strong> corresponding tools needed to implement<br />
such a laboratory approach. Our choice of tools was<br />
strongly influenced by our first work experience within<br />
<strong>the</strong> program in July 2014, when we developed an<br />
<strong>urban</strong> <strong>transformation</strong> strategy for <strong>the</strong> market district<br />
in Montería (Colombia). There, under <strong>the</strong> lead of<br />
Colombian <strong>urban</strong> designer Fern<strong>and</strong>o Cortés, we tried<br />
out <strong>and</strong> modified several methods <strong>and</strong> tools used in<br />
<strong>urban</strong> sociology to accompany <strong>the</strong> process.<br />
The term “laboratory” already indicates <strong>the</strong><br />
experimental, flexible nature of such an approach: goals<br />
are defined <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> focus is directed towards results—<br />
but <strong>the</strong> process of how to get <strong>the</strong>re needs to be<br />
flexible enough to respond to local needs, interests,<br />
<strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>s along <strong>the</strong> way. This academic approach<br />
innately reflects <strong>the</strong> contemporary global trends of<br />
<strong>urban</strong> design, which are increasingly taking into account<br />
social inclusion, human scale, <strong>and</strong> energy- saving guidelines.<br />
The <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore st<strong>and</strong>s for an<br />
open-minded working environment as opposed to a<br />
closed space inside academia where experiments are<br />
conducted without any reference to reality.<br />
75
A<br />
Evolution<br />
Culture as an Incubator for <strong>Urban</strong> Transformation<br />
Alfredo Brillembourg, Hubert Klumpner, Alexis Kalagas, Diego Ceresuela<br />
In November 2016, <strong>the</strong> Colombian government <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolutionary Armed<br />
Forces of Colombia (FARC) announced a peace agreement that brought an<br />
official end to <strong>the</strong> country’s fifty-year armed conflict. Decades of war, kidnapping,<br />
<strong>and</strong> sexual violence had resulted in <strong>the</strong> forced internal displacement<br />
of more than 7.5 million people, equivalent to 15 percent of <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
population. Although <strong>the</strong> Colombian Congress subsequently ratified <strong>the</strong><br />
deal, a previous version of <strong>the</strong> agreement had been rejected by more than<br />
50 percent of voters in a national referendum held only six weeks earlier. In<br />
short, <strong>the</strong> nation remains divided on <strong>the</strong> way forward. But even as it is faced<br />
with <strong>the</strong> serious challenge of reintegrating former combatants <strong>and</strong> finding<br />
a lasting solution for los desplazados, Colombians can begin to look ahead<br />
to a new era of peace <strong>and</strong> inclusive development.<br />
86
A<br />
Guest Contributors<br />
These are not just social <strong>and</strong> economic challenges—<strong>the</strong>y are also<br />
<strong>urban</strong> challenges. Much of <strong>the</strong> displacement in Colombia has been <strong>from</strong><br />
rural to <strong>urban</strong> areas, transforming what was a predominantly agrarian so -<br />
ciety into one of <strong>the</strong> most <strong>urban</strong>ized countries in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>. Informal<br />
settlements exp<strong>and</strong>ed swiftly during this period, <strong>the</strong> legacy of successive<br />
waves of desplazados seeking shelter <strong>and</strong> security on <strong>the</strong> edge of major cities<br />
<strong>and</strong> of deep-rooted inequalities. But after years of decay, Barranquilla, an<br />
important port <strong>and</strong> industrial hub on <strong>the</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong> coast, is experiencing a<br />
revival, following an overhaul of local finances <strong>and</strong> public policy, <strong>and</strong> an<br />
infusion of international development assistance. In <strong>the</strong> midst of a period of<br />
unprecedented growth, <strong>the</strong> city’s task is to develop integrated, sustainable<br />
forms of infrastructure that will benefit all while acting as catalysts for<br />
broader regeneration <strong>processes</strong>.<br />
<strong>Urban</strong>-Think Tank has been active in Barranquilla since 2013, a fiveyear<br />
period of engagement that will soon culminate in <strong>the</strong> realization of <strong>the</strong><br />
“Fábrica de Cultura: BAQ” project. Developed within <strong>the</strong> framework of <strong>the</strong><br />
Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank’s (IDB) “Emerging <strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities<br />
Initiative” <strong>and</strong> supported by <strong>the</strong> Swiss State Secretariat for Economic<br />
Affairs (SECO), this project will provide a new home for <strong>the</strong> Escuela Distrital<br />
de Arte y Tradiciones Populares (EDA). The current EDA program widens<br />
access to cultural education throughout <strong>the</strong> city <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> new facility has <strong>the</strong><br />
potential to become a catalyst for change in an impoverished neighborhood,<br />
Barrio Abajo. The design, which utilizes local materials <strong>and</strong> pre-fabrication<br />
<strong>processes</strong>, has adopted open building principles to establish a framework<br />
that can be modified <strong>and</strong> reprogrammed by users over time. It has prioritized<br />
open, versatile spaces that not only respond to a fluid mode of development,<br />
but also constitute a flexible, sustainable building prototype that<br />
can be replicated throughout <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Culture <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arts represent far more than an aes<strong>the</strong>tic encounter.<br />
Home to a World Heritage-listed carnival, Barranquilla already enjoys a<br />
rich cultural heritage. But enhanced networks <strong>and</strong> systems of cultural production<br />
have <strong>the</strong> potential to play both a social <strong>and</strong> economic role. Looking<br />
to <strong>the</strong> future, cultural education <strong>and</strong> activity can contribute to community-based<br />
<strong>processes</strong> of integration <strong>and</strong> reconciliation. Similarly, a chance<br />
exists to leverage <strong>the</strong> city’s creative <strong>and</strong> cultural assets in order to boost a<br />
range of opportunities within <strong>the</strong> “orange economy”. According to <strong>the</strong> IDB,<br />
this undervalued sector has <strong>the</strong> ability to create new jobs with relatively low<br />
levels of investment, as well as bridge deep social divides. Offering a dedicated<br />
facility for <strong>the</strong> teaching of marketable skills, Fábrica de Cultura: BAQ<br />
will ultimately cater to 1,000 students annually through <strong>the</strong> EDA program.<br />
87
B<br />
Methodology<br />
Research<br />
During <strong>the</strong> initial, preparatory phase, <strong>the</strong> lab is set up <strong>and</strong> organized<br />
in partnership with <strong>the</strong> local municipality. The planning team arrives<br />
in <strong>the</strong> city, forms a temporary team with local planners <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
municipality <strong>and</strong> familiarize <strong>the</strong>mselves with <strong>the</strong> context. Throughout<br />
this phase, it is essential for planning topics, perimeter, <strong>and</strong> scope of<br />
<strong>the</strong> work to be clearly identified jointly with <strong>the</strong> municipality. Existing<br />
material is ga<strong>the</strong>red <strong>and</strong> various municipal departments share <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
insights. Ideally, <strong>the</strong> planning team is seen as a part of <strong>the</strong> planning<br />
department of <strong>the</strong> municipality, which enables access to information<br />
<strong>and</strong> secures <strong>the</strong> full participation of local planners in <strong>the</strong> project.<br />
Once a preliminary stakeholder map, including local actors <strong>and</strong><br />
professionals, has been sketched, interviews are carried out in order<br />
to gain a better underst<strong>and</strong>ing of <strong>the</strong> local context <strong>from</strong> different<br />
perspectives <strong>and</strong> to begin identifying challenges <strong>and</strong> potentialities.<br />
Interviewees are <strong>the</strong> initial members of <strong>the</strong> Local Support Group, a<br />
group that will sit permanently throughout <strong>the</strong> duration of <strong>the</strong> planning<br />
process. Quick analysis of <strong>the</strong> interviews yields a preliminary<br />
bunch of emerging topics, which will guide us through <strong>the</strong> planning<br />
process. During this phase, research <strong>and</strong> analysis of good practices<br />
will provide insights into how o<strong>the</strong>r cities tackled similar challenges.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> first phase, we have identified <strong>the</strong> relevant<br />
stakeholders, are familiar with <strong>the</strong> local context <strong>and</strong> are prepared<br />
to carry out <strong>the</strong> workshops with <strong>the</strong> communities, academic sector,<br />
<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r professionals.<br />
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Methodology<br />
Activity 1: Identification of <strong>the</strong> planning area<br />
• To-do list: Set up a process design; set up an agenda<br />
for <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong> lab; define workshop format; identify<br />
planning area<br />
• Duration: One week<br />
• Stakeholders: Planning team, Local Support Group<br />
• Output: Agenda <strong>and</strong> framework for <strong>the</strong> stakeholder<br />
consultation <strong>and</strong> planning process, specified<br />
planning area, possible venue for workshops<br />
The planning team arrives in <strong>the</strong> partner city <strong>and</strong><br />
defines <strong>the</strong> setting for <strong>the</strong> lab toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> staff<br />
of <strong>the</strong> local municipality. The municipality prepares a<br />
temporary office <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> team gets installed on site.<br />
This will be <strong>the</strong> local think tank for <strong>the</strong> next four<br />
months. The planning methodology <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> planning<br />
topic, as well as <strong>the</strong> agenda <strong>and</strong> format for <strong>the</strong> workshops,<br />
are jointly discussed, defining <strong>the</strong> framework<br />
for <strong>the</strong> creative planning process to come. Toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with <strong>the</strong> municipality, <strong>the</strong> exact planning perimeter is<br />
defined. The selection of <strong>the</strong> planning area is crucial in<br />
<strong>the</strong> initial process of <strong>the</strong> lab <strong>and</strong> can range <strong>from</strong> small<br />
areas of 3 hectares to large areas of up to 100 hectares.<br />
The scale of <strong>the</strong> results depends very much on<br />
<strong>the</strong> size of <strong>the</strong> planning area. The main criteria to<br />
define <strong>the</strong> planning area is <strong>the</strong> potential social impact,<br />
<strong>the</strong> feasibility of <strong>the</strong> project <strong>and</strong> implementation of <strong>the</strong><br />
strategies <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> consistency between <strong>the</strong> socioenvironmental<br />
interventions in relation to <strong>the</strong> visions<br />
projected by <strong>the</strong> municipality. In this sense, it is paramount<br />
that <strong>the</strong> expectations of <strong>the</strong> municipality be<br />
articulated. What is <strong>the</strong> expected result of <strong>the</strong> lab?<br />
What kind of impact would an intervention have on<br />
potential planning areas? Is it feasible to implement a<br />
strategy in <strong>the</strong> area considering l<strong>and</strong> use regulations<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> norms? Prepare a work plan for <strong>the</strong> next four<br />
months <strong>and</strong> seek approval by <strong>the</strong> municipality.<br />
1<br />
Activity 2: Stakeholder mapping <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> local support<br />
group<br />
• To-do list: List <strong>and</strong> regularly update important<br />
stakeholders, collect contact information<br />
• Duration: Throughout <strong>the</strong> whole planning process<br />
• Stakeholders: Planning team, Local Support Group<br />
• Output: List of relevant stakeholders (stakeholder<br />
diagram with contact information)<br />
Toge<strong>the</strong>r with local planning professionals, a list of<br />
important stakeholders <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first members of <strong>the</strong><br />
Local Support Group is drafted. The Local Support<br />
Group, which will accompany <strong>the</strong> planning process<br />
through its entire duration, involves local authorities, a<br />
community made up of people who reside, work or use<br />
services in <strong>the</strong> area, NGOs, public agencies, <strong>the</strong> private<br />
sector, civil society, <strong>and</strong> anyone else who has a stake<br />
in <strong>the</strong> development of <strong>the</strong> project. This group of actors<br />
should be diverse <strong>and</strong> multidisciplinary, with representatives<br />
<strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> public, private, <strong>and</strong> academic sectors<br />
as well as <strong>from</strong> civil society. The stakeholders<br />
should be organized in <strong>the</strong>matic groups, such as education<br />
(academic sector, schools, etc.), public sector<br />
(government, municipality, etc.), private sector, religion,<br />
chamber of architects, NGOs, etc.<br />
In order to organize <strong>the</strong> workshops, it is important<br />
to work closely with <strong>the</strong> Local Support Group<br />
to inform networks <strong>and</strong>, most importantly, reach out<br />
to <strong>the</strong> communities. During <strong>the</strong> planning process, it<br />
becomes crucial to contact relevant local experts who<br />
can contribute <strong>the</strong>ir knowledge to <strong>the</strong> project. The<br />
most important experts are <strong>the</strong> stakeholders. It is<br />
essential to map <strong>the</strong> stakeholders, to keep a database<br />
of contact details h<strong>and</strong>y to easily facilitate information<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Local Support Group, to inform <strong>the</strong>m about<br />
<strong>the</strong> project, <strong>the</strong> planning process <strong>and</strong> progress, <strong>and</strong><br />
to disseminate <strong>the</strong> results.<br />
2<br />
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Methodology<br />
1 RESEARCH<br />
2<br />
STAKEHOLDER DIALOGUE<br />
Identification of planning area<br />
Stakeholder mapping<br />
<strong>and</strong> local support group<br />
Collection of baseline information<br />
Collective exploration of<br />
planning area<br />
Stakeholder interviews <strong>and</strong> analysis<br />
Case studies research<br />
Workshop preparation<br />
Institutional workshop<br />
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Methodology<br />
3<br />
PROJECT DESIGN<br />
Local community workshop<br />
Creative academic workshop<br />
Development of logical framework<br />
Development of integral<br />
<strong>urban</strong> strategy<br />
Collective feedback workshop<br />
Communication <strong>and</strong> public<br />
intervention—el cubo<br />
<strong>Design</strong> of sub-projects<br />
Construction of<br />
large-scale model<br />
Development of <strong>urban</strong><br />
governance strategy<br />
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Solutions<br />
Integrated Housing <strong>and</strong> Mixed-Use Strategy for <strong>the</strong><br />
Historic Center of Paramaribo, Suriname<br />
Paramaribo’s historic center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage<br />
Site (WHS) in 2002 thanks to its wealth of colonial-style wooden buildings<br />
erected during <strong>the</strong> city’s foundation by <strong>the</strong> Dutch back in <strong>the</strong> seventeenth<br />
century. While <strong>the</strong> concentration of monuments holds a great potential for<br />
<strong>the</strong> sustainable development of Paramaribo’s historic center, <strong>the</strong> inner city<br />
is in a state of <strong>urban</strong> decay <strong>and</strong> neglect. Many buildings are in a poor physical<br />
condition. Residential <strong>and</strong> commercial functions strongly declined over <strong>the</strong><br />
past decades as people gradually moved to <strong>the</strong> suburbs. Due to <strong>the</strong> lack of<br />
functional diversity <strong>and</strong> permanent residents, <strong>the</strong> historic center turns into<br />
a deserted area after office hours. Residents <strong>from</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r neighborhoods<br />
do not like to visit <strong>the</strong> historic center for shopping or recreational purposes.<br />
This creates a perception of ab<strong>and</strong>onment <strong>and</strong> insecurity.
C<br />
Solutions<br />
EMERGING TOPICS<br />
Activate heritage monument<br />
Many buildings, including protected heritage monuments,<br />
are in a very poor physical condition. The renovation<br />
<strong>and</strong> maintenance of historic wooden buildings is<br />
very costly <strong>and</strong> house-owners cannot afford necessary<br />
investments. Unclear ownership structures as well as<br />
a lack of subsidies <strong>and</strong> regulations contribute to <strong>the</strong><br />
situation. Moreover, fire hazard poses a great threat to<br />
wooden structures.<br />
Arts <strong>and</strong> culture as a catalyst<br />
Paramaribo has a rich cultural heritage <strong>and</strong> diversity.<br />
Culinary events, sports <strong>and</strong> crafts are very important<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Surinamese population. While some neighborhoods<br />
around <strong>the</strong> historic center are strongly influenced<br />
by <strong>the</strong> cultural background of <strong>the</strong>ir residents<br />
(shops, restaurants <strong>and</strong> street markets), Paramaribo’s<br />
inner city lacks activities that st<strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> country’s<br />
rich culture.<br />
Stop monofunctionality<br />
The historic center lacks diversity as regards functions<br />
<strong>and</strong> activities—most buildings accommodate (government)<br />
offices that close in <strong>the</strong> early afternoon. Many<br />
buildings are disused. There is a very limited number of<br />
residents in <strong>the</strong> core zone of <strong>the</strong> historic center, which<br />
is why <strong>the</strong> inner city turns into a dead place in <strong>the</strong><br />
afternoons <strong>and</strong> at night.<br />
Life at eye level<br />
While <strong>the</strong>re are lively commercial neighborhoods<br />
around <strong>the</strong> historic center <strong>and</strong> in <strong>the</strong> suburbs, <strong>the</strong> inner<br />
city itself lacks businesses, shops, restaurants <strong>and</strong><br />
creative spaces. The ground floor areas are in a state<br />
of decline. Shopkeepers find it unattractive to open a<br />
business due to high rental costs <strong>and</strong> a lack of customers.<br />
This contributes to <strong>the</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned character of<br />
<strong>the</strong> historic city.<br />
Introduce affordable housing<br />
The historic center counts only a limited number<br />
of residents. L<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> rental prices are too high<br />
for regular households. People also prefer to live in<br />
st<strong>and</strong>-alone buildings with a garden <strong>and</strong> parking<br />
space. However, <strong>the</strong> revitalization of <strong>the</strong> inner city<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> creation of new housing typologies could<br />
attract certain groups—including tourists, expats,<br />
elderly people, or young couples <strong>and</strong> families—to<br />
move to <strong>the</strong> historic center.<br />
Lack of public space<br />
Apart <strong>from</strong> a few public spaces, <strong>the</strong>re is a clear lack<br />
of attractive recreational areas in <strong>the</strong> historic center.<br />
Open spaces within <strong>the</strong> inner city lack shade, street<br />
furniture or facilities for children <strong>and</strong> youngsters. The<br />
absence of trees providing shade make walking <strong>and</strong><br />
strolling through <strong>the</strong> city center inconvenient, which<br />
is why even short distances are travelled by car.<br />
Ineffective mobility<br />
During office hours, <strong>the</strong> historic city faces great traffic<br />
problems. The public transportation system is ineffective,<br />
<strong>and</strong> most people rely on <strong>the</strong>ir cars. This creates<br />
traffic jams, noise <strong>and</strong> pollution—especially along <strong>the</strong><br />
main transport corridors, <strong>and</strong> contributes to <strong>the</strong> tight<br />
parking situation in <strong>the</strong> inner city. Cars often block<br />
sidewalks, which makes walking inconvenient.<br />
Security as a concern<br />
Public safety is a great concern. Some areas are recognized<br />
as “no-go” zones at night time. This is partly<br />
related to <strong>the</strong> high numbers of homeless people, some<br />
of whom appear to suffer <strong>from</strong> drug addiction or mental<br />
illness, sleeping on porches or inside vacant buildings.<br />
Paramaribo’s red light district is a disreputable place<br />
located in <strong>the</strong> historic center, <strong>and</strong> people particularly<br />
avoid this area at night.<br />
GOALS<br />
The vision of <strong>the</strong> project for <strong>the</strong> historic center of Paramaribo<br />
is to create a lively place with sustainable housing<br />
projects <strong>and</strong> interconnected public spaces that<br />
facilitate human scale mobility, <strong>and</strong> to enhance <strong>the</strong><br />
historic center by activating commercial, cultural <strong>and</strong><br />
social values that create a vibrant economy. Therefore,<br />
population size shall be increased in an attractive<br />
<strong>urban</strong> environment suitable for different target groups<br />
by creating more proximity between housing, parks<br />
<strong>and</strong> working places. A system of green, safe public<br />
spaces shall be created to provide shade <strong>and</strong> light in a<br />
walkable streetscape, as well as recreational areas for<br />
residents, customers, <strong>and</strong> visitors. Through mixed-use<br />
developments, especially in ground-floor zones, job<br />
opportunities in <strong>the</strong> creative <strong>and</strong> technology sector<br />
(start-ups, entrepreneurs, etc.), restaurants, cafés <strong>and</strong><br />
shops should be created. A community-building process<br />
shall be incentivized by creating civic networks<br />
to enhance intangible heritage <strong>and</strong> cultural values, <strong>and</strong><br />
to manage a process supporting functional diversity<br />
<strong>and</strong> mixed use in <strong>the</strong> historic center.<br />
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Solutions<br />
1<br />
Integral Strategies for Regeneration of Central Areas<br />
importance that should be preserved <strong>and</strong>/or rehabilitated<br />
as l<strong>and</strong>marks.<br />
URBAN STRATEGY<br />
To achieve <strong>the</strong> general planning goals, strategic<br />
activities shall be undertaken that will be addressed in<br />
integrated projects. The three local projects are:<br />
• New Waterfront;<br />
• Integral Neighborhood Upgrading Strategy <strong>and</strong> Pilot<br />
Downtown Housing Project; <strong>and</strong><br />
• Revitalization of <strong>the</strong> Charles Gordon Market.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r recommended actions as part of <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong><br />
strategy are<br />
• <strong>the</strong> Downtown Walkability Project, a pedestrianfriendly<br />
corridor between <strong>the</strong> most important spots<br />
in <strong>the</strong> city center;<br />
• <strong>the</strong> Rehabilitation Project of Historic L<strong>and</strong>marks<br />
aims to preserve l<strong>and</strong>marks <strong>and</strong> proposes <strong>the</strong><br />
revitalization of heritage sites in order to support<br />
<strong>the</strong> local identity <strong>and</strong> create new sources of income<br />
for <strong>the</strong> people of Montego Bay;<br />
• <strong>the</strong> Sustainable Mobility Program proposes a properly<br />
designed public transportation system <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> introduction of bus routes to efficiently serve<br />
<strong>the</strong> communities—this will meaningfully improve<br />
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Solutions<br />
<strong>the</strong> quality of life of residents by contributing to<br />
public order <strong>and</strong> reducing congestion in <strong>the</strong> city.<br />
PROJECTS<br />
New Waterfront<br />
To connect <strong>the</strong> city of Montego Bay with <strong>the</strong> sea while<br />
helping protect it <strong>from</strong> coastal hazards, <strong>the</strong> strategy<br />
will develop <strong>the</strong> area along <strong>the</strong> approximately twokilometer<br />
stretch of coast <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old Hospital Park<br />
to <strong>the</strong> River Bay Fishing Village into a boardwalk park<br />
including public beaches <strong>and</strong> seaside recreational<br />
facilities, such as cafes, beach volleyball, etc. This<br />
project will include activities for: (I) beach enhancement<br />
to improve <strong>the</strong> amenity value of beaches; (II)<br />
shoreline stabilization <strong>and</strong> erosion control works to<br />
protect against storm surge <strong>and</strong> coastal erosion; <strong>and</strong><br />
(III) coastal access works to provide continuous safe<br />
public access along <strong>the</strong> shoreline. The waterfront park,<br />
which is susceptible to storm surge, will act as a buffer<br />
zone between <strong>the</strong> sea <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> constructed city. In<br />
addition to increasing <strong>the</strong> quality of life for residents<br />
by providing <strong>the</strong>m with a pleasant place for recreation<br />
2<br />
3<br />
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Solutions<br />
Improvement of Intercultural Center at Former<br />
Railway Station, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala<br />
The Intercultural Center of Quetzaltenango, a site covering 2.5 hectares, is<br />
strategically located at <strong>the</strong> heart of <strong>the</strong> “La Democracia” district. In 1930 <strong>the</strong><br />
station <strong>and</strong> railway infrastructure were inaugurated; unfortunately in 1933 a<br />
very powerful storm destroyed <strong>the</strong> railroad tracks, which were subsequently<br />
dismantled by <strong>the</strong> government, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> station was ab<strong>and</strong>oned. By 2004 <strong>the</strong><br />
property was vacated <strong>and</strong> gifted to <strong>the</strong> Municipality of Quetzaltenango, which<br />
in turn ceded it to <strong>the</strong> Intercultural <strong>and</strong> Sports Council in 2005. Among <strong>the</strong><br />
current uses of <strong>the</strong> Intercultural Center are <strong>the</strong> headquarters of <strong>the</strong> Autonomous<br />
Sports Confederation of Guatemala, <strong>the</strong> Mayan Costume Museum, <strong>the</strong><br />
Octavio Ciani Railway Museum, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Humberto Garavito Art School. In<br />
addition, <strong>the</strong>re is a library specialized in history, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Museum of Painting,<br />
currently in very poor condition.
C<br />
Solutions<br />
EMERGING TOPICS<br />
GOALS<br />
Lack of public space<br />
Quetzaltenango has very little public space to offer its<br />
citizens. Its central area does contain a few parks <strong>and</strong><br />
open spaces, but <strong>the</strong>se do not fully satisfy <strong>the</strong> need<br />
for public spaces. Additionally, recreational <strong>and</strong> sport<br />
facilities are needed, but are not available. Once a<br />
month, one of <strong>the</strong> main arteries in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood<br />
is partially closed for cycling <strong>and</strong> walking.<br />
Potential of art <strong>and</strong> culture<br />
The Intercultural Center has already positioned itself<br />
as an incubator for museums, galleries, art schools,<br />
etc. However, <strong>the</strong> poor condition of <strong>the</strong> buildings <strong>and</strong><br />
lack of maintenance are affecting <strong>the</strong> quality of <strong>the</strong><br />
displays. The current exhibition program is hosted in<br />
a very small part of <strong>the</strong> Intercultural Center, leaving<br />
most of it ab<strong>and</strong>oned or underused.<br />
Creative industries as an economic catalyst<br />
During <strong>the</strong> workshops that were held in <strong>the</strong> Intercultural<br />
Center many participants claimed that arts <strong>and</strong><br />
crafts could be a potential engine for local economic<br />
development in <strong>the</strong> city, especially as regards <strong>the</strong><br />
Intercultural Center. As most of <strong>the</strong> area is underused,<br />
a temporary use program could be developed to test<br />
new ideas: creative industries in <strong>the</strong> context of rural<br />
hubs.<br />
Affordable housing in <strong>the</strong> central area<br />
Quetzaltenango has a spatial growth rate of approximately<br />
nine percent per year, i. e. some 60 hectares of<br />
l<strong>and</strong> are being <strong>urban</strong>ized on <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong> fringe annually.<br />
People claim that <strong>the</strong> housing market is under a certain<br />
amount of pressure because <strong>the</strong>re are no housing<br />
developments for apartment buildings in <strong>the</strong> central<br />
area. The district is losing its inhabitants <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
housing stock is not undergoing renewal.<br />
Weak connectivity <strong>and</strong> accessibility<br />
Quetzaltenango is a trove of heritage buildings, mostly<br />
dating back to <strong>the</strong> prosperous times of coffee export.<br />
Hence <strong>the</strong>re are historical parks <strong>and</strong> plazas that attract<br />
thous<strong>and</strong>s of locals every day. However, <strong>the</strong> added<br />
value of frequented public spaces is not used to de -<br />
velop socio-economic hubs. The Intercultural Center<br />
has <strong>the</strong> potential to combine quality public spaces,<br />
a public transportation hub, <strong>and</strong> socio-economic<br />
attractors. A diverse, accessible cultural space for all<br />
will serve as an emblematic meeting place both at <strong>the</strong><br />
local <strong>and</strong> city levels.<br />
The general objective is to improve <strong>the</strong> Intercultural<br />
Center as a cultural hub in Quetzaltenango characterized<br />
by a diversity of activities <strong>and</strong> accessibility for all.<br />
The Center will be transformed into a new centrality,<br />
a place for identity-building <strong>and</strong> exchange for citizens.<br />
Specific objectives include <strong>the</strong> integration of <strong>the</strong> Intercultural<br />
Center into <strong>the</strong> public transportation system,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enhancement of, <strong>and</strong> connection to public<br />
spaces. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, new social infrastructure shall<br />
be provided by revitalizing <strong>and</strong> providing new uses for<br />
heritage buildings—creating a permeable <strong>and</strong> accessible<br />
<strong>urban</strong> space for all. The stock of housing in <strong>the</strong><br />
central area has to be renewed by upgrading existing<br />
buildings <strong>and</strong> erecting new multifamily homes.<br />
URBAN STRATEGY<br />
The Intercultural Center constitutes an emblematic,<br />
diverse, accessible, active renovation project for <strong>the</strong><br />
city of Quetzaltenango. It has <strong>the</strong> potential to become<br />
an integral model of economic revitalization by enhancing<br />
<strong>the</strong> role of culture as a public <strong>and</strong> economic good.<br />
This can be achieved through <strong>the</strong> commercialization<br />
of creative industries, with <strong>the</strong> support of <strong>the</strong> visual<br />
arts, crafts, audiovisuals, design, <strong>and</strong> new media. The<br />
Center can also offer creative services such as architecture,<br />
culture <strong>and</strong> recreation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> promotion of<br />
research <strong>and</strong> development. Heritage buildings will be<br />
rehabilitated, non-historical <strong>and</strong> culturally irrelevant<br />
buildings will be demolished. New uses—such as technology,<br />
cultural activities, sport <strong>and</strong> residential uses—<br />
will be introduced into <strong>the</strong> Intercultural Center.<br />
PROJECTS<br />
Revitalization of heritage buildings<br />
The proposal seeks to revitalize <strong>and</strong> adapt two heritage<br />
buildings inside <strong>the</strong> former central railway station, <strong>and</strong><br />
to implement new uses for <strong>the</strong>m within a future art <strong>and</strong><br />
culture hub. Inside <strong>the</strong> first building, refurbished spaces<br />
for new <strong>and</strong> existing museums <strong>and</strong> commercial art galleries<br />
will be provided. The second building will house<br />
an extension to <strong>the</strong> existing art school. Both spaces will<br />
integrate <strong>the</strong>ir program into <strong>the</strong> city’s cultural agenda.<br />
Technology <strong>and</strong> knowledge hub<br />
Through strategic alliances with <strong>the</strong> academic sector,<br />
spaces for <strong>the</strong> development of technology, innovation,<br />
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1<br />
<strong>and</strong> knowledge will be developed. The first module<br />
will provide digital support for innovation. The second<br />
module will be an interactive library with services<br />
for <strong>the</strong> public providing documentation <strong>and</strong> communication<br />
devices for interactive learning.<br />
Vertical gym <strong>and</strong> recreational center<br />
The project proposes <strong>the</strong> <strong>transformation</strong> of current<br />
sports facilities into a vertical gym. This building will<br />
include recreational spaces such as basketball courts,<br />
a gym, <strong>and</strong> an athletics track in a flexible multistorey<br />
building. The function of sport will be “verticalized”<br />
<strong>and</strong> valuable l<strong>and</strong> will thus be saved for o<strong>the</strong>r important<br />
uses in <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
Housing, commercial <strong>and</strong> office space<br />
Buildings for uses such as student residences, housing,<br />
office space <strong>and</strong> creative industries are also included.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, in some of <strong>the</strong> spaces allocated to local<br />
commerce within <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong> blocks, <strong>the</strong> project will<br />
promote eating-<strong>and</strong>-drinking places. The area has <strong>the</strong><br />
potential to develop more than 350 residential units<br />
for Quetzaltenango families.<br />
Regeneration of neighborhood<br />
Interventions in public space around <strong>the</strong> Intercultural<br />
Center will not only enhance <strong>the</strong> heritage structures<br />
<strong>and</strong> proposed new buildings but will also integrate<br />
<strong>the</strong>m into <strong>the</strong> surrounding <strong>urban</strong> fabric. These series<br />
of spaces will be: access plazas where bus stops <strong>and</strong><br />
bicycle racks will be located; a central plaza for events;<br />
an open air <strong>the</strong>atre for artistic performances; room<br />
for recreational activities; a reading space; <strong>and</strong> several<br />
green areas including a “sound garden” that will provide<br />
a passive rest zone linked to <strong>the</strong> commercial <strong>and</strong><br />
restaurant area.<br />
Transformation Strategies for Ab<strong>and</strong>oned Railway Infrastructure<br />
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“Investing resources<br />
into <strong>the</strong> renewal,<br />
valorization <strong>and</strong><br />
commercial revitalization<br />
of <strong>the</strong> center<br />
can serve as a trigger<br />
for a true cultural<br />
revolution not only<br />
with local impact<br />
but also of regional<br />
<strong>and</strong> national importance.”<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
1 Master plan for <strong>the</strong> <strong>transformation</strong><br />
of <strong>the</strong> former railway<br />
station into a new centrality<br />
in Quetzaltenango<br />
2 Perspective drawing showing<br />
all projects that will<br />
change <strong>the</strong> neighborhood<br />
3 Strategy for <strong>the</strong> integration<br />
of <strong>the</strong> project into <strong>the</strong> existing<br />
situation<br />
4 Definition of investment projects<br />
for heritage buildings,<br />
technology hub, vertical gym,<br />
housing <strong>and</strong> public space<br />
5 A new main plaza in <strong>the</strong><br />
Democracia neighborhood<br />
will activate public life on<br />
4th Street<br />
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Five-minute city—Strategy for <strong>the</strong> territorial<br />
integration of Ciudad Juan Bosch, Santo Domingo<br />
Este, Dominican Republic<br />
The Dominican Republic’s capital city, Santo Domingo, already has some<br />
three million inhabitants <strong>and</strong> is still growing at a rapid pace. As a result of<br />
<strong>the</strong> steady expansion of <strong>the</strong> metropolitan area, an <strong>urban</strong> strategy <strong>and</strong> planning<br />
are required, especially in <strong>the</strong> eastern parts. Ciudad Juan Bosch is one<br />
of <strong>the</strong> few large-scale, planned, <strong>urban</strong> extension projects of <strong>the</strong> Dominican<br />
Republic’s government. <strong>Urban</strong> growth in this area is characterized by its<br />
informal nature—with very low-density development patterns. Low-income,<br />
informal settlements were attracted to areas in <strong>the</strong> close vicinity of Ciudad<br />
Juan Bosch, which is suitable for approx. 100,000 middle-income residents.<br />
Ciudad Juan Bosch has not adequately reacted to its low-income surroundings<br />
<strong>and</strong> is ra<strong>the</strong>r isolated, with no proper connection to public mass transportation.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> local level, weaknesses in infrastructure can be found in all<br />
informal residential developments in <strong>the</strong> surrounding area. The labor market<br />
does not provide sufficient opportunities, nei<strong>the</strong>r for <strong>the</strong> local population<br />
nor for new residents, <strong>and</strong> this creates an unstable financial situation.
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Solutions<br />
“Santo Domingo<br />
Este boasts extensive<br />
sport facilities<br />
<strong>and</strong> natural areas,<br />
but <strong>the</strong>y are not<br />
interconnected<br />
or acces sible for<br />
pedestrians.”<br />
EMERGING TOPICS<br />
Lack of basic infrastructure<br />
Basic infrastructure is not provided by <strong>the</strong> municipality.<br />
The community has had to install its own power system,<br />
water supply <strong>and</strong> street lighting. Many streets<br />
are unpaved or have no sidewalks. As a consequence,<br />
dark streets at night create an unsafe environment<br />
for <strong>the</strong> inhabitants. Since <strong>the</strong>re is no school close to<br />
<strong>the</strong> neighborhood, children have to walk a long way to<br />
school.<br />
Lack of educational opportunities<br />
Study results show that a number of residents of<br />
Nuevo Renacer require a school or educational center.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> moment, children have to walk long distances<br />
on unsafe roads to <strong>the</strong>ir school every day. The lack of<br />
educational facilities also affects adults, who would<br />
like a space for fur<strong>the</strong>r education <strong>and</strong> a place to meet<br />
inside <strong>the</strong>ir own community.<br />
Weak public spaces<br />
Santo Domingo Este boasts extensive sport facilities<br />
<strong>and</strong> natural areas, but <strong>the</strong>y are not interconnected<br />
or accessible for pedestrians. On <strong>the</strong> neighborhood<br />
scale, public space in <strong>the</strong> master plan of Ciudad Juan<br />
Bosch has been reduced to parking lots with very few<br />
functional areas for leisure or public activities. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> surrounding informal neighborhoods, it is made<br />
up of <strong>urban</strong> voids or spontaneous social relations.<br />
Lack of social housing<br />
Some l<strong>and</strong> has been reserved for social housing within<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ciudad Juan Bosch project; however, this has<br />
not been developed according to a law or policy that<br />
guarantees access to affordable housing. Hence <strong>the</strong><br />
properties built in Ciudad Juan Bosch do not correspond<br />
to <strong>the</strong> socio-economic level of <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
settlements. O<strong>the</strong>r social housing projects have been<br />
developed on <strong>the</strong> periphery of <strong>the</strong> city, but suffer<br />
<strong>from</strong> weaknesses in terms of connectivity, <strong>and</strong> lack<br />
a comprehensive vision of habitat adaptation.<br />
Inadequate public transportation<br />
The roads that connect <strong>the</strong> sector with <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
part of <strong>the</strong> city are in poor condition. From <strong>the</strong> center<br />
of <strong>the</strong> municipality to San Isidro, <strong>the</strong>re is no formal<br />
public transportation covering passenger dem<strong>and</strong>,<br />
thus car dependency in <strong>the</strong> area is high. The only<br />
means of public transportation are <strong>the</strong> motoconcho<br />
(motorcycles) <strong>and</strong> informal buses. In <strong>the</strong> long term,<br />
it is planned to extend Line 2 of <strong>the</strong> subway along<br />
Carretera Mella.<br />
Lack of suitable local jobs<br />
The main economic activity of <strong>the</strong> population living in<br />
<strong>the</strong> informal settlement of Nuevo Renacer is provided<br />
by <strong>the</strong> nearby military base, a zona franca (free trade<br />
zone), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> public transportation center. In addition,<br />
an industrial development is emerging near <strong>the</strong> northsouth<br />
connection (Samaná highway). However, <strong>the</strong>se<br />
sectors do not fulfil existing dem<strong>and</strong> for jobs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
local population is not considered as a suitable human<br />
resource by new industrial companies.<br />
Uncoordinated <strong>urban</strong> development<br />
Santo Domingo Este has been developed without any<br />
provision for basic infrastructure. The creation of<br />
Ciudad Juan Bosch has acted as a magnet for informal<br />
settlements, owing to <strong>the</strong> supply of facilities lacking in<br />
<strong>the</strong> rest of <strong>the</strong> area; this is reflected in <strong>the</strong> densification<br />
of irregularly occupied l<strong>and</strong>s. Most of <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> was<br />
owned by <strong>the</strong> State Council for Sugar (CEA), which<br />
granted residential plots to people without any l<strong>and</strong>use<br />
planning.<br />
GOALS<br />
The strategy seeks to transform <strong>the</strong> area around<br />
Ciudad Juan Bosch into a city on a human scale, with<br />
a network of central services <strong>and</strong> short-distance<br />
public spaces that promote an inclusive <strong>urban</strong> life.<br />
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Community Capital in Action: New Financial Models<br />
for Resilient Cities<br />
Daniela Patti, Levente Polyak<br />
Two years ago, <strong>the</strong> cultural center La Casa Invisible collected over 20,000<br />
euros for <strong>the</strong> partial renovation of a nineteenth-century building in <strong>the</strong><br />
center of Málaga, including <strong>the</strong> installation of fire doors <strong>and</strong> electric equipment<br />
to ensure its safety. A few months later, East London’s Shuffle Festival,<br />
operating in a cemetery park at Mile End, collected 60,000 pounds for <strong>the</strong><br />
renovation <strong>and</strong> community use of The Lodge, an ab<strong>and</strong>oned building at <strong>the</strong><br />
corner of <strong>the</strong> cemetery. In order to implement <strong>the</strong>ir campaigns, both initiatives<br />
used <strong>the</strong> online platforms Goteo <strong>and</strong> Spacehive, which specialize in<br />
<strong>the</strong> financing of community projects. The fact that many of <strong>the</strong> hundreds of<br />
projects supported by civic crowdfunding platforms are community spaces<br />
underlines two phenomena: <strong>the</strong> void left behind by a state that gradually<br />
withdrew <strong>from</strong> certain community services, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong> impact of community<br />
capital created through <strong>the</strong> aggregation of individual resources.<br />
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Guest Contributors<br />
European municipalities have responded to <strong>the</strong> challenge of <strong>the</strong> economic<br />
crisis in a variety of ways. Some cities, like A<strong>the</strong>ns, began to examine<br />
how to adjust <strong>the</strong>ir regulations to enable <strong>the</strong> functioning of community<br />
organizations, while o<strong>the</strong>rs created new legal frameworks to share public<br />
duties with community organizations in contractual ways, as in Bologna<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Regulation of <strong>the</strong> Commons. In several o<strong>the</strong>r cities, administrations<br />
began experimenting with public infrastructure crowdfunding, as in<br />
Ghent or Rotterdam (where municipalities offer match funding to support<br />
successful campaigns), or with participatory budgeting, as in Paris, Lisbon<br />
or Tartu.<br />
Alternatively, some cities chose to support <strong>the</strong> local economy <strong>and</strong><br />
create more resilient neighborhoods with self-sustaining social services<br />
through grant systems. The City of Lisbon, for instance, having identified a<br />
number of “priority neighborhoods” that needed specific investments to im -<br />
prove social inclusion <strong>and</strong> local employment opportunities, launched <strong>the</strong><br />
BIP/ZIP program, which grants selected civic initiatives up to 40,000 euros.<br />
The funded projects, selected through an open call, have to prove <strong>the</strong>ir economic<br />
sustainability; <strong>the</strong> full amount must be spent in one year.<br />
The BIP/ZIP project, operating since 2010, has given birth to a number<br />
of self-sustaining civic initiatives, including social kitchens that offer<br />
affordable food <strong>and</strong> employment to locals, or cooperative hotels that use<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir income <strong>from</strong> tourism to support social <strong>and</strong> cultural projects.<br />
In 2015 <strong>the</strong> BIP/ZIP matured into a Community-Led Local Development<br />
Network (CLLD), as identified by <strong>the</strong> European Union’s Cohesion<br />
Policy 2014<strong>–</strong>2020, which will grant <strong>the</strong> network access to part of <strong>the</strong> Structural<br />
Funds of <strong>the</strong> City of Lisbon. The CLLD is a unique framework for <strong>the</strong><br />
democratic distribution of public funds: it provides for <strong>the</strong> management of<br />
<strong>the</strong> funding to be shared between administration <strong>and</strong> partners, both private<br />
<strong>and</strong> civic, none of <strong>the</strong>m holding a majority of shares <strong>and</strong> votes.<br />
While, as <strong>the</strong> previous cases demonstrate, <strong>the</strong> public sector plays an<br />
important role in streng<strong>the</strong>ning civil society in some European cities, many<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs have witnessed <strong>the</strong> emergence of new welfare services provided by<br />
<strong>the</strong> civic economy completely outside, or without any help <strong>from</strong>, <strong>the</strong> public<br />
sector. On some occasions, a community contribution takes <strong>the</strong> shape of a<br />
philanthropic donation to support <strong>the</strong> construction, renovation, or acquisition<br />
of playgrounds, parks, stores, pubs, or community spaces. In o<strong>the</strong>rs,<br />
community members act as creditors or investors in an initiative that needs<br />
capital, in exchange for interest, shares or <strong>the</strong> community ownership of<br />
local assets, for instance shops in deprived neighborhoods. Crowdfunding<br />
platforms may also help coordinate <strong>the</strong>se <strong>processes</strong>: <strong>the</strong> French Bulb in<br />
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Interview with Jorge Perez Jaramillo<br />
A city is a long-term project that must involve <strong>the</strong><br />
diverse actors that inhabit it. Starting <strong>from</strong> this premise,<br />
José Pérez Jaramillo, architect <strong>and</strong> former director<br />
of <strong>Urban</strong> Planning at <strong>the</strong> municipality of Medellín<br />
(2012<strong>–</strong>2015), shares his perspective on <strong>urban</strong> development<br />
in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>. In <strong>the</strong> following interview,<br />
he reflects on his experience with, <strong>and</strong> knowledge<br />
about <strong>the</strong> <strong>transformation</strong> of <strong>the</strong> metropolitan area of<br />
Medellín.<br />
What are <strong>the</strong> sustainable <strong>urban</strong> development<br />
challenges faced by local governments of intermediate<br />
cities?<br />
JPJ: They can be summarized into four challenges.<br />
The first one is <strong>the</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing that sustainable<br />
<strong>urban</strong> development is an extremely important priority<br />
that cannot be limited to a short-term agenda. In o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
words, cities are long-term projects. This involves<br />
creating planning <strong>processes</strong> with a high level of community<br />
involvement so that <strong>the</strong>re is a shared long-term<br />
vision, <strong>and</strong> so that common leadership <strong>and</strong> abilities<br />
emerge across all sectors of society involved in <strong>the</strong><br />
project.<br />
The second aspect is that <strong>urban</strong>ization is here<br />
to stay, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> habitat of <strong>the</strong> future is <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong><br />
habitat. Therefore, developing <strong>the</strong> concept of cities as<br />
<strong>the</strong> scope of human life, as proposed by Aníbal Gaviria<br />
in Medellín, is vital. It is understood that “cities for life”<br />
are our common challenge.<br />
The third aspect is to integrate <strong>the</strong> idea that<br />
cities are not to be understood solely as <strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong>ized<br />
area. Cities are a much more complex territory, which<br />
on <strong>the</strong> one h<strong>and</strong> is social <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> is<br />
natural. This implies <strong>the</strong> inclusion of <strong>the</strong> rural world<br />
<strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> strategic ecosystems which provide<br />
<strong>the</strong> environmental goods <strong>and</strong> services that sustain<br />
<strong>the</strong> city. Proper territorial management on multiple<br />
scales must <strong>the</strong>refore be ensured because a municipal<br />
district on its own is insufficient to have a future.<br />
A fourth relevant aspect is that <strong>the</strong> city of <strong>the</strong><br />
twenty-first century is metropolitan in character.<br />
Today, <strong>the</strong> footprint of almost any large <strong>urban</strong> agglomeration<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>s beyond its municipal district. This<br />
metropolitan phenomenon does not recognize administrative<br />
political jurisdictions or lines drawn on maps.<br />
Therefore, <strong>the</strong> metropolitan phenomenon is a challenge<br />
we face as a society in <strong>the</strong> contemporary world. One of<br />
<strong>the</strong> things that we have not developed yet are relevant<br />
tools for government <strong>and</strong> supra-municipal management.<br />
We are still organizing <strong>the</strong> planet with mayors<br />
at <strong>the</strong> municipal level, whereas <strong>the</strong> dynamics <strong>and</strong><br />
complexities of <strong>urban</strong>ization occur on multiple scales.<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong>se challenges, <strong>the</strong>re are achievements<br />
that show social resilience in times of crisis.<br />
For example, <strong>the</strong> society of <strong>the</strong> Valley of Aburrá, which<br />
includes Medellín <strong>and</strong> its metropolitan region, once<br />
faced an infeasible project, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> reaction was collective.<br />
The complexity <strong>and</strong> magnitude of this crisis<br />
was not simply a matter of making joint decisions—a<br />
collective self-assessment <strong>and</strong> an overhaul of many<br />
social <strong>and</strong> institutional structures had to be done; <strong>the</strong><br />
severity of <strong>the</strong> crisis provided <strong>the</strong> framework in which<br />
to carry <strong>the</strong>se out.<br />
This demonstrates that along with looking at<br />
infrastructure <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> design projects, which are<br />
more well-known, we must also look at <strong>the</strong> process<br />
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through which a society ready for change has come<br />
about. It is necessary to underst<strong>and</strong> that this process<br />
has involved a broad consensus, with an in-depth<br />
diagnosis, but above all an agreement on a long-term<br />
vision, supported by good leadership. So, in <strong>the</strong> middle<br />
of my complex response, what I’m trying to demonstrate<br />
is that <strong>the</strong> City Project is not simply a problem<br />
for <strong>urban</strong>ists <strong>and</strong> planners, but it is a political project,<br />
a social project <strong>and</strong>, above all, a collective project.<br />
That is <strong>the</strong> most important thing we have learned in<br />
Medellín.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>n context, how can municipalities<br />
<strong>and</strong> local <strong>urban</strong> planners respond to informal <strong>urban</strong><br />
growth <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> deficit in inclusive public space?<br />
JPJ: To be able to respond effectively, it is necessary<br />
to work with agendas <strong>and</strong> long-term visions deliberately.<br />
Primarily this has two implications: a structural<br />
shift in our underst<strong>and</strong>ing of life, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> involvement<br />
of a diverse range of actors, in order to come to<br />
agreements.<br />
Structural change in our underst<strong>and</strong>ing of life<br />
supposes moving away <strong>from</strong> our historic dependence<br />
on Messianic warlordism, which resolves things with<br />
a photo <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> personal heroism of <strong>the</strong> mayor or <strong>the</strong><br />
governor. Traditionally, this implies that responses to<br />
<strong>the</strong> complex dynamics of <strong>urban</strong>ization are managed in<br />
an absurd, incomplete, <strong>and</strong> illogical way over periods<br />
of a maximum of four or five years. However, <strong>the</strong><br />
structural problems of social, economic, political, <strong>and</strong><br />
territorial order which we face—as a phenomenon of<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ization in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>—dem<strong>and</strong> shared, co-led,<br />
long-term agendas. In o<strong>the</strong>r words, agendas with<br />
continuity, coherence <strong>and</strong> harmony covering various<br />
periods of government.<br />
Establishing agreement requires policies that<br />
are built upon an active society <strong>and</strong> citizenry. Academia,<br />
social sectors, community organizations, <strong>and</strong><br />
working <strong>and</strong> business classes need to view <strong>the</strong> city as<br />
a project. Collaboration between society <strong>and</strong> citizenship<br />
produces good results that benefit all: a better,<br />
more charitable city for vulnerable communities, as<br />
well as for <strong>the</strong> working <strong>and</strong> productive classes, <strong>and</strong> for<br />
academia.<br />
What are <strong>the</strong> roles of architecture <strong>and</strong> real estate<br />
development in <strong>the</strong> sustainable, inclusive, responsible<br />
development of <strong>the</strong> built environment?<br />
JPJ: In general, architecture <strong>and</strong> infrastructure are<br />
<strong>the</strong> special containers of social, political <strong>and</strong> cultural<br />
events in many cities around <strong>the</strong> world, <strong>and</strong> throughout<br />
history. It is <strong>the</strong>n clear that architecture is <strong>the</strong><br />
representation of <strong>the</strong> built environment as an effort<br />
towards social <strong>and</strong> political change.<br />
From <strong>the</strong> experience of Medellín, we learned<br />
that infrastructure, <strong>urban</strong> planning, <strong>and</strong> architecture<br />
are instruments of social change. They are <strong>the</strong> habitat<br />
necessary to regain public <strong>and</strong> democratic life, social<br />
integration, coexistence—all of this in a society that<br />
was <strong>the</strong> opposite: undemocratic, hardly inclusive,<br />
hardly coexisting.<br />
However, it is necessary to point out that <strong>the</strong>re<br />
are several political, social <strong>and</strong> institutional <strong>processes</strong><br />
that must be carried out first, so that architecture,<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ism, <strong>and</strong> infrastructure can really represent<br />
change. It is not <strong>the</strong> case that one day a mayor can<br />
visit a vulnerable community <strong>and</strong> erect a building, <strong>and</strong><br />
by doing so, changes society. Selling <strong>the</strong> idea that a<br />
single variable, such as architecture or <strong>urban</strong> planning<br />
or infrastructure, can change a phenomenon as<br />
complex <strong>and</strong> difficult as <strong>the</strong> current <strong>urban</strong> crisis in<br />
<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>, is irresponsible.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> case of Medellín, building went h<strong>and</strong><br />
in h<strong>and</strong> with democratic change, with a change in <strong>the</strong><br />
institutional framework, with a decentralization process,<br />
<strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> generation of local autonomy.<br />
This allowed <strong>the</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>ning of citizen participation<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> establishment of shared planning across all<br />
sectors. All <strong>the</strong> catalytic projects in engineering, <strong>urban</strong><br />
planning, architecture, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> social sciences were<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r. This meant that we also learned to make projects<br />
for communities, as well as construction works<br />
<strong>and</strong> interventions in <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
In conclusion, <strong>processes</strong> involving planning,<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ism, <strong>and</strong> architecture projects should be part<br />
of an effort that includes institutional streng<strong>the</strong>ning,<br />
as well as changes to <strong>the</strong> constitutional frameworks<br />
of local governments as regards planning, local<br />
democracy, etc., to achieve what needs to be consolidated<br />
in cities.<br />
What types of tools <strong>and</strong> planning strategies are<br />
needed to respond appropriately to <strong>the</strong> complexities<br />
of <strong>urban</strong> development <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lack of economic<br />
resources?<br />
JPJ: That’s a question I call “define universe <strong>and</strong> provide<br />
three examples,” because it tries to be <strong>the</strong> syn<strong>the</strong>sis of<br />
a large number of problems, but I think we can attempt<br />
some answers.<br />
The first thing is to agree that <strong>the</strong> city is a challenge.<br />
We live on a continent where more than 80% of<br />
<strong>the</strong> territory is <strong>urban</strong>ized, <strong>and</strong> where four out of every<br />
five <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>ns already live in <strong>the</strong>se <strong>urban</strong> areas.<br />
Contemporary society, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>n society<br />
in particular, has to consider this phenomenon as a<br />
priority, <strong>and</strong> it must be put on <strong>the</strong> agenda. To this<br />
end, development tools must be created at country,<br />
region, <strong>and</strong> municipality levels, along with a more<br />
metropolitan underst<strong>and</strong>ing, in order to govern, plan<br />
<strong>and</strong> manage.<br />
The second thing is that we need projects, real<br />
actions. Planning by itself does not solve problems,<br />
even though it is a structural component in creating<br />
agendas for problem-solving. Therefore, it is necessary<br />
to vindicate <strong>and</strong> revalue a type of planning that allows<br />
for <strong>the</strong> implementation of strategic projects, that<br />
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About <strong>the</strong> Contributors<br />
Sarah Benton<br />
Sarah Benton has been an <strong>urban</strong> planner <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Housing <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Development Division of <strong>the</strong><br />
Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank (IDB) since 2015,<br />
<strong>and</strong> supports <strong>the</strong> new Cities LAB <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Emerging<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities program. Prior to working at <strong>the</strong><br />
IDB, Sarah obtained a Master’s degree in <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
Regional Planning <strong>and</strong> a Master’s degree in <strong>Latin</strong><br />
<strong>America</strong>n Studies, both <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> University of Florida.<br />
Her specializations were in sustainable development<br />
<strong>and</strong> planning technologies such as GIS. She received<br />
her Bachelor’s degree <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> University of Virginia,<br />
where she studied Spanish, <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>n Studies,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>and</strong> Environmental Planning.<br />
Andres G Blanco<br />
Andres G Blanco is Lead Specialist in <strong>Urban</strong> Development<br />
<strong>and</strong> Housing at <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development<br />
Bank (IDB). Currently, he is coordinating <strong>the</strong> implementation<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Cities LAB, a laboratory of <strong>Urban</strong><br />
Innovation at IDB. Previously, Andres was an Assistant<br />
Professor in <strong>the</strong> Department of <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>and</strong> Regional<br />
Planning at <strong>the</strong> University of Florida. His work centers<br />
on <strong>the</strong> economic aspects of planning in areas such as<br />
housing, l<strong>and</strong> use, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> economics, <strong>and</strong> local<br />
economic development. He received his Bachelor’s<br />
degree in Economics in 1999 <strong>and</strong> his Master’s of<br />
Science in Regional Development Planning in 2005<br />
<strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá. In 2010,<br />
he received his doctoral degree in City <strong>and</strong> Regional<br />
Planning <strong>from</strong> Cornell University.<br />
Alfredo Brillembourg <strong>and</strong> Hubert Klumpner<br />
Alfredo Brillembourg <strong>and</strong> Hubert Klumpner founded<br />
<strong>the</strong> interdisciplinary design practice <strong>Urban</strong>-Think<br />
Tank (U-TT) in Caracas (Venezuela) in 1998. In 2007,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were appointed as adjunct professors at Columbia<br />
University, where <strong>the</strong>y founded <strong>the</strong> Sustainable Living<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Model <strong>Lab</strong>oratory (S.L.U.M. <strong>Lab</strong>). Since 2010,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y have held a joint Chair of Architecture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> at ETH Zürich, where Klumpner also previously<br />
served as <strong>the</strong> Dean of <strong>the</strong> Department of Architecture.<br />
In 2015, Brillembourg <strong>and</strong> Klumpner co-curated <strong>the</strong><br />
Bi-City Biennale of <strong>Urban</strong>ism/Architecture in Shenzhen.<br />
As co-principals of U-TT, <strong>the</strong>y received <strong>the</strong> 2010<br />
Ralph Erskine Award, <strong>the</strong> 2011 Holcim Gold Award for<br />
<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>, <strong>the</strong> 2012 Holcim Global Silver Award,<br />
<strong>and</strong> were part of <strong>the</strong> Golden Lion winning team at <strong>the</strong><br />
2012 Venice Biennale of Architecture.<br />
Luis Fern<strong>and</strong>o Castillo<br />
Luis Fern<strong>and</strong>o is an architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong>ist who graduated<br />
<strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> University of San Carlos (Guatemala).<br />
He holds an MSc <strong>from</strong> Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya<br />
(UPC) in <strong>urban</strong> development, strategic <strong>urban</strong><br />
planning <strong>and</strong> sustainable mobility. Luis Fern<strong>and</strong>o has<br />
been a professor of <strong>urban</strong> planning <strong>and</strong> architecture<br />
since 2009 at <strong>the</strong> Centro Universitario de Occidente<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>from</strong> 2009 until 2014 at <strong>the</strong> Mesoamerican University.<br />
Luis Fern<strong>and</strong>o served as a consultant for <strong>the</strong><br />
Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank in <strong>the</strong> Emerging<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities Initiative in 2014 <strong>and</strong> 2015.<br />
He is <strong>the</strong> founder <strong>and</strong> a collaborator of several student<br />
<strong>and</strong> citizen initiatives.<br />
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Diego Ceresuela Weismann<br />
Diego Ceresuela Weismann is a Swiss-Spanish architect<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> designer <strong>and</strong> leads <strong>the</strong> Colombian<br />
<strong>urban</strong> design projects at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Think Tank Chair<br />
of Architecture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong>, ETH Zürich. His<br />
work is focused on iterative design, <strong>the</strong> integrated<br />
infrastructures of <strong>the</strong> U-space, <strong>and</strong> drivers for innovative<br />
city <strong>transformation</strong>s. With previous experience<br />
in Berlin, New York, <strong>and</strong> Madrid, his work has received<br />
a number of awards.<br />
Tamara Egger<br />
Tamara Egger is an architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> designer who<br />
graduated <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vienna University of Technology.<br />
Her focus is on public space design, temporary use,<br />
bottom-up initiatives <strong>and</strong> user-based <strong>urban</strong>ism. Over<br />
<strong>the</strong> last years she worked on several <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong><br />
projects on-site in various cities in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Caribbean</strong>. Currently Tamara is working as a consultant<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Housing <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Development Division<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank (IDB).<br />
Siri Frech<br />
Siri Frech is a l<strong>and</strong>scape architect <strong>and</strong> graduate of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Technical University of Berlin (Germany) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich<br />
(Switzerl<strong>and</strong>). After several years of working in <strong>the</strong><br />
fields of l<strong>and</strong>scape architecture <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arts in Germany<br />
<strong>and</strong> Switzerl<strong>and</strong> she became an early member of<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Catalyst in 2005. Over twelve years, toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with <strong>the</strong> team she developed new planning tools in order<br />
to establish a new co-productive planning approach.<br />
Today Siri works as a self-employed planner <strong>and</strong><br />
moderator in <strong>the</strong> field of <strong>urban</strong> <strong>and</strong> rural development;<br />
she lectures at international conferences <strong>and</strong> has<br />
published several books.<br />
Tatiana Gallego Lizon<br />
Tatiana Gallego Lizon became <strong>the</strong> head of <strong>the</strong> Housing<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Development Division at <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n<br />
Development Bank in June 2017. Prior to this, she was<br />
Director of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Development <strong>and</strong> Water Division,<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia Department, at <strong>the</strong> Asian<br />
Development Bank. Between 2002 <strong>and</strong> 2014, she led<br />
policy <strong>and</strong> strategy, as well as project development<br />
<strong>and</strong> implementation work, in more than 20 countries,<br />
selecting strategy <strong>and</strong> policy development assignments<br />
in <strong>the</strong> areas of subnational lending <strong>and</strong> disaster<br />
risk management at ADB. Prior to 2002, she worked<br />
in industry <strong>and</strong> research.<br />
Alicia S. Gerscovich<br />
Alicia Gerscovich is an architect specialized in Technology<br />
<strong>and</strong> Production of Habitat at <strong>the</strong> Faculty of<br />
Architecture, <strong>Design</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong>ism, Universidad de<br />
Buenos Aires. Alicia is a former fellow at CONICET, <strong>and</strong><br />
an adjunct professor <strong>and</strong> principal researcher at <strong>the</strong><br />
Center of Housing <strong>and</strong> Habitat Studies (CEHyV-FADU-<br />
UBA). Alicia is a director of interdisciplinary <strong>and</strong><br />
international research projects, <strong>and</strong> has worked as a<br />
consultant for IDB <strong>and</strong> UNDP. She is <strong>the</strong> author <strong>and</strong><br />
co-author of several publications, as well as a supervisor<br />
<strong>and</strong> evaluator of multiple articles <strong>and</strong> research<br />
projects. Alicia has received numerous awards for her<br />
research <strong>and</strong> work on public offices.<br />
Meredith Glaser<br />
Meredith Glaser is an <strong>urban</strong> planner <strong>and</strong> mobility<br />
expert based in <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s since 2010. She<br />
specializes in analyzing <strong>urban</strong> <strong>processes</strong>, strategies,<br />
<strong>and</strong> design perspectives that prioritize people <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
communities. Currently a PhD c<strong>and</strong>idate at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong><br />
Cycling Institute at <strong>the</strong> University of Amsterdam,<br />
she is researching how <strong>urban</strong> mobility policies <strong>and</strong><br />
practices are learned <strong>and</strong> transferred <strong>from</strong> one context<br />
to ano<strong>the</strong>r. Next to her research, Ms. Glaser also hosts<br />
international professional delegations during cycling<br />
<strong>and</strong> mobility study tours. She lives in Amsterdam with<br />
her husb<strong>and</strong>, daughter, four bikes <strong>and</strong> no car.<br />
Emma Grun<br />
Emma Grun is a Nicaraguan-Dutch <strong>urban</strong>ist with over<br />
ten years of experience in <strong>the</strong> fields of <strong>urban</strong> design<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> planning in <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> US. She<br />
received a Master’s in Architecture, Construction<br />
Sciences <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong>ism of <strong>the</strong> Technological University<br />
of Delft (TU Delft) cum laude <strong>and</strong> holds a Bachelor’s<br />
degree in Architecture <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Central <strong>America</strong>n University<br />
UCA-Managua, where she is currently teaching<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>urban</strong> design <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> planning courses to<br />
fourth-year architecture students. At present, she<br />
works as an independent researcher <strong>and</strong> a consultant<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Housing <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Development Division<br />
(HUD) of <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank, based<br />
in Managua (Nicaragua).<br />
Oliver Hasemann, Daniel Schnier <strong>and</strong> Anne Angenendt<br />
Oliver Hasemann, graduate engineer in spatial planning<br />
<strong>and</strong> Daniel Schnier, graduate engineer in architecture,<br />
founded <strong>the</strong> AAA (Autonomes Architektur Atelier)<br />
in 2006. Since 2015 Anne Angenendt, MA in art <strong>and</strong><br />
cultural mediation, has been part of <strong>the</strong> team. Toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>the</strong>y initiate <strong>and</strong> supervise <strong>urban</strong> walks <strong>and</strong> temporary<br />
projects in Bremen <strong>and</strong> write reports for o<strong>the</strong>r cities<br />
on <strong>the</strong>ir expertise in <strong>the</strong> use of vacant spaces. Since<br />
2009 <strong>the</strong>y have been implementing <strong>the</strong> ZZZ-Zwischen-<br />
ZeitZentrale Bremen, an agency that develops <strong>and</strong><br />
tests temporary uses <strong>and</strong> new collaborations in interim<br />
uses, which can serve as a test run for <strong>the</strong> development<br />
of long-term projects.<br />
Andreas Hofer<br />
Born in St. Aegyd (Lower Austria) in 1963, his current<br />
position is Assistant Professor at <strong>the</strong> Department of<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape Architecture at Vienna<br />
University of Technology. He pursued Architectural<br />
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Studies in Vienna <strong>and</strong> Bogotá, obtained a PhD in in<br />
<strong>Urban</strong>ism in 2000, <strong>and</strong> an honorary doctorate award<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Faculty of Architecture of Lviv Polytechnic<br />
University in 2008. Currently he coordinates academic<br />
partnership programs in <strong>urban</strong> studies of <strong>the</strong> Vienna<br />
University of Technology with <strong>the</strong> Universidad Nacional<br />
de Colombia, as well as with <strong>the</strong> Lviv Polytechnic<br />
University; he also conducts research <strong>and</strong> consulting<br />
activities, especially in <strong>the</strong> fields of strategic <strong>urban</strong><br />
development, <strong>urban</strong> design <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> renewal.<br />
Patricio Jeréz<br />
Patricio is a psychologist who graduated <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Catholic University of Chile with a degree in Government<br />
<strong>and</strong> Public Management, <strong>and</strong> received a Master’s<br />
degree in Political Science <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> University of<br />
Chile. Patricio worked as a psychoanalytically-<strong>oriented</strong><br />
clinical psychologist in <strong>the</strong> public health primary care<br />
service. Later he worked as a team leader in <strong>the</strong> areas<br />
of citizen participation <strong>and</strong> social development in <strong>the</strong><br />
Municipality of Santiago. Currently he participates in<br />
<strong>the</strong> formulation of public policies in <strong>the</strong> Under Secretariat<br />
for Human Rights of <strong>the</strong> State of Chile. His areas<br />
of study <strong>and</strong> interest are innovation in citizen participation<br />
<strong>processes</strong>, inequality <strong>and</strong> local development.<br />
Alexis Kalagas<br />
Alexis Kalagas is a writer <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> strategist. He<br />
spent four years managing a range of projects at <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Think Tank Chair of Architecture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>, ETH Zürich, including co-editing Reactivate<br />
A<strong>the</strong>ns: 101 Ideas (Ruby Press, 2017) <strong>and</strong> guest editing<br />
three editions of SLUM <strong>Lab</strong> magazine. His writing<br />
has appeared in numerous publications, including AD,<br />
Perspecta, trans magazin, a+t, <strong>and</strong> Harvard <strong>Design</strong><br />
Magazine.<br />
Hans Karssenberg<br />
Hans Karssenberg is a founding partner of Stipo,<br />
team for <strong>urban</strong> strategy <strong>and</strong> development. He advises<br />
cities, housing providers, developers <strong>and</strong> NGOs in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> internationally. Hans works on<br />
complex <strong>urban</strong> (re)development, placemaking, <strong>and</strong><br />
co-creation <strong>processes</strong>, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong> project manager<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Rotterdam Plinth Strategy.<br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs<br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs is an Austrian <strong>urban</strong> planner <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong>ist<br />
who develops strategic action plans for cities to tackle<br />
<strong>urban</strong> growth. Rol<strong>and</strong> holds an MSc in <strong>urban</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
regional planning <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vienna University of Technology<br />
<strong>and</strong> received an MBA in strategic management<br />
(MBA) <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Universidad de Belgrano (Argentina).<br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> is a consultant for <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development<br />
Bank (IDB), World Bank Group (WBG) <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong><br />
Lead Expert for <strong>the</strong> URBACT III program. Since 2011<br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> has been a lecturer at <strong>the</strong> Institute of <strong>Urban</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape Architecture at <strong>the</strong> TU Wien.<br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> is co-founder <strong>and</strong> art dirtector of superwien<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ism.<br />
Jeroen Laven<br />
Jeroen Laven is a partner at Stipo, a board member of<br />
Re:Kreators, Vereniging Verenigd Schouwburgplein,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a founder of <strong>the</strong> European Placemaking Network.<br />
Jeroen works in many countries on co-maker projects<br />
focused on making better cities. The focus of his international<br />
work is <strong>the</strong> city at eye level, in particular public<br />
space, ground floor schemes <strong>and</strong> public development.<br />
Jeroen combines projects at <strong>the</strong> international level<br />
through Re:Kreators with projects in <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
where he works on <strong>the</strong> management of strategic<br />
<strong>processes</strong>—<strong>from</strong> housing visions to area plans, often<br />
for government bodies.<br />
Mayra Madriz<br />
Mayra Madriz is an Associate at Gehl, a global leader<br />
in people-centric <strong>urban</strong> design. She has managed<br />
mobility <strong>and</strong> public space projects in more than twenty<br />
cities, helping governments, developers <strong>and</strong> NGOs<br />
address <strong>the</strong> socio-cultural dimension of <strong>the</strong>ir projects.<br />
Mayra is an <strong>urban</strong> planner with ten years of expertise<br />
in addressing <strong>the</strong> socio-cultural dimension of <strong>urban</strong><br />
revitalization projects in <strong>the</strong> US <strong>and</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong>.<br />
She is interested in how people experience <strong>the</strong> public<br />
realm, how changes in <strong>the</strong> built environment affect<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> how to engage a broad range of stakeholders<br />
meaningfully in planning decisions.<br />
Dominique Mashini<br />
Dominique Mashini is a Chilean architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong>ist<br />
with a Master’s degree <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pontificia Universidad<br />
Católica de Chile. She is a consultant for <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong><br />
<strong>Lab</strong>, where she has applied participatory methods to<br />
<strong>urban</strong> design strategies for cities in Argentina, Chile,<br />
Costa Rica <strong>and</strong> Panama. She is currently a member of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Housing <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Development Division (HUD)<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank (IDB), where<br />
she has participated in <strong>the</strong> implementation of <strong>the</strong><br />
Emergent <strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities Methodology <strong>and</strong><br />
technical cooperation projects with cities across <strong>the</strong><br />
region.<br />
Rahul Mehrotra<br />
Rahul Mehrotra is a Professor of <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
Planning at <strong>the</strong> Harvard University Graduate School of<br />
<strong>Design</strong>. He is a practicing architect, <strong>urban</strong> designer,<br />
<strong>and</strong> educator. His firm, RMA Architects, was founded<br />
in 1990 in Mumbai; it has designed <strong>and</strong> executed<br />
projects for clients that include governmental <strong>and</strong><br />
non-governmental agencies, as well as corporate entities<br />
<strong>and</strong> private individuals <strong>and</strong> institutions. Rahul is<br />
a member of <strong>the</strong> steering committee of <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Asia Initiative at Harvard, <strong>and</strong> curates <strong>the</strong>ir series on<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ization.<br />
About <strong>the</strong> Contributors<br />
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Fern<strong>and</strong>o de Mello Franco<br />
Fern<strong>and</strong>o de Mello Franco holds a PhD in Architecture<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong>ism <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> University of São Paulo. He is<br />
<strong>the</strong> director of <strong>the</strong> Institute of <strong>Urban</strong>ism <strong>and</strong> Studies<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Metropolis (URBEM), an NGO focused on<br />
structuring <strong>urban</strong> projects with a social impact. From<br />
2013 to 2016 he served as <strong>the</strong> secretary of <strong>Urban</strong><br />
Development at <strong>the</strong> Municipality of São Paulo <strong>and</strong><br />
president of SP <strong>Urban</strong>ismo. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, Fern<strong>and</strong>o is<br />
a founder of MMBB Architects (1990<strong>–</strong>2012). He was a<br />
Visiting Professor for <strong>the</strong> Post Graduation course at<br />
Mackenzie University in São Paulo <strong>from</strong> 2008 to<br />
2011, a Visiting Professor at Harvard GSD in 2009 <strong>and</strong><br />
Assistant Professor at <strong>the</strong> School of Engineering,<br />
University of São Paulo, <strong>from</strong> 1992 to 2004.<br />
Daniela Patti<br />
Daniela Patti is an Italian-British architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong><br />
planner. She has studied in Rome, London <strong>and</strong> Porto,<br />
<strong>and</strong> holds a PhD in <strong>urban</strong>ism <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vienna University<br />
of Technology. She is a co-founder <strong>and</strong> director of<br />
Eutropian Research & Action both in Rome <strong>and</strong> Vienna,<br />
an organization supporting collaborative planning <strong>processes</strong><br />
between public administrations <strong>and</strong> civic groups.<br />
She worked for <strong>the</strong> Rome Municipality in 2014<strong>–</strong>2015,<br />
coordinating European projects such as <strong>the</strong> URBACT<br />
“Temporary Use as a Tool for <strong>Urban</strong> Regeneration”.<br />
Since 2012 she has been a board member of <strong>the</strong> Wonderl<strong>and</strong><br />
Platform for European Architecture, running<br />
its collaborative planning series.<br />
Jorge Pérez-Jaramillo<br />
Jorge Pérez-Jaramillo is based in Medellín (Colombia),<br />
practicing as an architect <strong>and</strong> planner since 1987. Jorge<br />
is <strong>the</strong> former Planning Director of Medellín 2012<strong>–</strong>15<br />
<strong>and</strong> Mayor in charge of <strong>the</strong> city in May 2013. He led <strong>the</strong><br />
new general plan for <strong>the</strong> city (POT 2014<strong>–</strong>2027) <strong>and</strong><br />
represented Medellín as <strong>the</strong> awarded city for <strong>the</strong> Lee<br />
Kuan Yew World City Prize Medellín 2016. From 1993<br />
to 2001, he was <strong>the</strong> Dean of <strong>the</strong> Facultad de Arquitectura<br />
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB) Medellín,<br />
at a time when FAUPB became an inspiring laboratory<br />
addressing Medellín’s <strong>urban</strong> crisis. Recently he was a<br />
Visiting Fellow at King’s College in Cambridge (UK).<br />
Levente Polyak<br />
Levente Polyak is an activist, <strong>urban</strong> planner, researcher<br />
<strong>and</strong> policy adviser. He studied architecture, <strong>urban</strong>ism<br />
<strong>and</strong> sociology in Budapest <strong>and</strong> Paris, <strong>and</strong> holds a PhD<br />
in sociology <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Central European University.<br />
Levente was a Visiting Lecturer at <strong>the</strong> Moholy-Nagy<br />
University of Art <strong>and</strong> <strong>Design</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Budapest University<br />
of Technology, <strong>and</strong> TU Wien. He was a Visiting Fellow<br />
at Columbia University <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> École nationale<br />
supérieure d’architecture Paris-Malaquais. He is <strong>the</strong><br />
editor of Cooperative City; a co-founder of Eutropian<br />
Research & Action, a collaborative planning research<br />
<strong>and</strong> action agency (Vienna <strong>and</strong> Rome); <strong>and</strong> a board<br />
member of <strong>the</strong> KÉK, Hungarian Contemporary<br />
Architecture Centre (Budapest).<br />
Alvaro Ramoneda<br />
Alvaro is a psychologist <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Autonomous University<br />
of Madrid <strong>and</strong> holds a Master’s in Intervention <strong>and</strong><br />
Environmental Management <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> University of<br />
Barcelona. Alvaro researches on public space <strong>and</strong> its<br />
relationship with people. He works with municipalities<br />
in Chile in <strong>the</strong> areas of participation <strong>and</strong> studies, <strong>and</strong><br />
is <strong>the</strong> director of <strong>the</strong> Barrio Franklin Master Plan. His<br />
work deals with participation in projects within <strong>the</strong> city,<br />
<strong>the</strong> development of methodologies for ga<strong>the</strong>ring information<br />
<strong>and</strong> promoting participation, good practices<br />
within commercial neighborhoods, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>processes</strong><br />
of forming socio-spatial links.<br />
Daniela Sanjinés<br />
Daniela Sanjinés is an architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> planner<br />
currently member of ETH Zürich-Wohnforum—CASE<br />
Centre for Research on Architecture, Society & <strong>the</strong><br />
Built Environment. She has worked for <strong>the</strong> city of<br />
Bogotá <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> government of Colombia on topics<br />
ranging <strong>from</strong> <strong>urban</strong> renewal strategies <strong>and</strong> national<br />
housing policies to <strong>the</strong> implementation by Findeter of<br />
<strong>the</strong> IDB’s Emerging <strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities Initiative.<br />
Additionally, she has worked for <strong>the</strong> United Nations on<br />
<strong>the</strong> design of <strong>urban</strong> upgrading strategies for refugee<br />
camps on <strong>the</strong> West Bank.<br />
Katja Schechtner<br />
Katja Schechtner is an <strong>urban</strong>ist who holds a dual<br />
appointment at MIT <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> OECD to develop new<br />
technologies <strong>and</strong> shape innovative policies to keep<br />
cities on <strong>the</strong> move. Previously she worked at <strong>the</strong> Asian<br />
Development Bank implementing transport technology<br />
projects across Asia; formulated smart public space<br />
strategies for <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank<br />
in Costa Rica <strong>and</strong> Argentina; advised <strong>the</strong> European<br />
Commission on Smart City programs <strong>and</strong> ran an applied<br />
research laboratory for Dynamic Transportation Systems<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Austrian Institute of Technology. Katja<br />
also holds a Visiting Professorship at <strong>the</strong> TU Wien <strong>and</strong><br />
curates <strong>urban</strong> tech exhibitions across <strong>the</strong> globe.<br />
Markus Tomaselli<br />
Markus Tomaselli is an Austrian architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong>ist.<br />
He holds <strong>the</strong> position of Head of Department for<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape Architecture, TU Wien.<br />
He is <strong>the</strong> founder <strong>and</strong> owner of BLOK ZT KG <strong>and</strong> holds<br />
a PhD in architecture, entitled: “In-Between Spaces<br />
in Architecture <strong>and</strong> City Planning” (TU Wien, 2001).<br />
Markus is coordinator of <strong>the</strong> “<strong>Urban</strong>ism” module,<br />
which is part of <strong>the</strong> graduate program for architects<br />
at TU Wien. He also coordinates a partnership program<br />
between UFRGS, Porto Alegre (Brazil) <strong>and</strong> TU Wien.<br />
Markus has written numerous publications in <strong>the</strong> field<br />
of <strong>urban</strong> renewal <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong> <strong>transformation</strong>.<br />
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Jose Luis Vallejo <strong>and</strong> Belinda Tato<br />
Jose Luis Vallejo <strong>and</strong> Belinda Tato are co-founders <strong>and</strong><br />
directors of <strong>the</strong> firm ecosistema <strong>urban</strong>o, established<br />
in 2000 in Madrid. They have led workshops, lectured<br />
<strong>and</strong> taught at <strong>the</strong> most prestigious institutions worldwide.<br />
Since 2010 <strong>the</strong>y have been faculty members<br />
at Harvard University Graduate School of <strong>Design</strong> in<br />
Cambridge <strong>and</strong> Columbia University Graduate School<br />
of Architecture, Planning <strong>and</strong> Preservation in New<br />
York. The ecosistema <strong>urban</strong>o office is specialized in<br />
<strong>urban</strong> consultancy projects (architecture <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong><br />
design) <strong>and</strong> public space quality assessment. It<br />
leads <strong>urban</strong> <strong>transformation</strong> <strong>processes</strong> (<strong>from</strong> initial<br />
conceptualization to final implementation), working<br />
for local authorities, national governments <strong>and</strong><br />
multilateral agencies.<br />
Mattijs van ’t Hoff<br />
Mattijs van ’t Hoff is an <strong>urban</strong>ist who graduated <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Delft University of Technology (1998) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reafter<br />
specialized in <strong>the</strong> field of <strong>urban</strong> economy at<br />
IHS Erasmus University Rotterdam (2013). He has<br />
worked for <strong>the</strong> planning <strong>and</strong> development department<br />
of <strong>the</strong> municipality of Rotterdam on various projects<br />
involving <strong>urban</strong> design <strong>and</strong> neighborhood <strong>transformation</strong>.<br />
Mattijs joined Stipo in 2011 as an associate<br />
advisor, besides working as a self-employed <strong>urban</strong>ist.<br />
He is involved in projects relating to <strong>urban</strong> interaction,<br />
business districts <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> city at eye level.<br />
Felipe Vera<br />
Felipe Vera is a Chilean architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong>ist. He<br />
is a member of <strong>the</strong> Housing <strong>and</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> Development<br />
Division (HUD) at <strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development<br />
Bank (IADB), where he has contributed to <strong>the</strong> implementation<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Emergent <strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities<br />
Program. Felipe collaborated in lending operations in<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong> non-reimbursable technical<br />
cooperation projects with countries across <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
He was trained as an architect <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong>ist at Universidad<br />
de Chile <strong>and</strong> holds a Master’s in <strong>Design</strong> Studies<br />
(MDes) in <strong>Urban</strong>ism, L<strong>and</strong>scape & Ecology <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Harvard Graduate School of <strong>Design</strong>.<br />
Lisa Vlasak<br />
Lisa Vlasak is an Austrian <strong>urban</strong> planner who graduated<br />
<strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> TU Wien. Lisa holds an MSc in Global<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> Development <strong>and</strong> Planning <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> University<br />
of Manchester. Her focus lies on <strong>urban</strong> development<br />
<strong>and</strong> regeneration in cities of <strong>the</strong> global South. Lisa has<br />
worked in different international organizations, including<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong> within <strong>the</strong> framework of <strong>the</strong><br />
Emerging <strong>and</strong> Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) at<br />
<strong>the</strong> Inter-<strong>America</strong>n Development Bank (IDB), for which<br />
she developed an Integrated Housing <strong>and</strong> Mixed-<br />
Use Strategy for <strong>the</strong> Historic Center of Paramaribo,<br />
Suriname.<br />
Olga Wainstein-Krasuk<br />
Olga Wainstein-Krasuk studied architecture at Universidad<br />
de Buenos Aires; she received a Master’s in Local<br />
Economic Development <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Universidad Autónoma<br />
de Madrid <strong>and</strong> a Master’s in Local Development <strong>from</strong><br />
UNSAM. She currently serves as <strong>the</strong> Director of <strong>the</strong><br />
Center of Housing <strong>and</strong> Habitat Studies (CEHyV-FADU-<br />
UBA), Director of Interdisciplinary Research Projects<br />
<strong>and</strong> Social Urgency, <strong>and</strong> Director of National <strong>and</strong> International<br />
Cooperation. She is also <strong>the</strong> Director, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
Professor, of <strong>the</strong> postgraduate program on Inclusive<br />
Cities at <strong>the</strong> Universidad de Buenos Aires. She has<br />
worked as a consultant for <strong>the</strong> IDB, UNDP, OAS, Chancellery<br />
Argentina, public <strong>and</strong> private organizations,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Fund.AVINA, amongst o<strong>the</strong>rs. She is <strong>the</strong> author<br />
<strong>and</strong> co-author of several publications, <strong>and</strong> has received<br />
numerous awards for her professional <strong>and</strong> research<br />
work.<br />
Charles Waldheim<br />
Charles Waldheim is a North <strong>America</strong>n architect,<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ist, <strong>and</strong> educator. Waldheim’s research examines<br />
<strong>the</strong> relations between l<strong>and</strong>scape, ecology, <strong>and</strong> contemporary<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ism. He coined <strong>the</strong> term “l<strong>and</strong>scape<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ism” to describe <strong>the</strong> emergent discourse <strong>and</strong><br />
practices of l<strong>and</strong>scape in relation to design culture <strong>and</strong><br />
contemporary <strong>urban</strong>ization. Waldheim is John E. Irving<br />
Professor at Harvard University’s Graduate School of<br />
<strong>Design</strong>, where he directs <strong>the</strong> School’s Office for <strong>Urban</strong>ization.<br />
He is recipient of <strong>the</strong> Rome Prize Fellowship<br />
<strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>America</strong>n Academy in Rome; <strong>the</strong> Visiting<br />
Scholar Research Fellowship at <strong>the</strong> Study Centre of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Canadian Centre for Architecture; <strong>the</strong> Cullinan<br />
Chair at Rice University; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> S<strong>and</strong>ers Fellowship<br />
at <strong>the</strong> University of Michigan.<br />
About <strong>the</strong> Contributors<br />
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<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong>—Project Teams<br />
Montego Bay, Jamaica<br />
August to October, 2013<br />
Authors: Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Sabrina Ehrenhöfer,<br />
Klaus Kodydek, Peter Scheibstock<br />
Contributors: Trevion Manning, Sean Rowe<br />
Quetzaltenango, Guatemala<br />
December, 2012 to February, 2014<br />
Authors: Johanna Ettl, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Marco Chavez,<br />
Victoria Tiu, Andreas Hofer<br />
Contributors: Abraham Petz, Adolfo Quiej Quan, Alba<br />
Carrasco, Alvaro Herrera, Ana Marcela Yoc, Ana María<br />
González, Anabella Acebedo, Antonio Ramón, Axel<br />
Ixquiac, Bequer Ortiz, Brayan Castro, Carlos Lucas,<br />
Daniel Sosa, Diego Albizures, Diego Mejía, Donald<br />
Urizar, Dora Reyna Zimeri, Edwin Escobar, Edy Nolasco<br />
López, Isabel Coxaj, Jeison Argueta, Karla Ruiz, Ligia<br />
Ruiz, Luis Fern<strong>and</strong>o Castillo, Luis Fern<strong>and</strong>o Gómez,<br />
Manuel Amezquita, Marcela S<strong>and</strong>oval, Marco A.<br />
Nimatuj, Marcos García, María Nievez Miguez,<br />
Maximiliano Florex, Oscar Soto, Patty De Guzmán,<br />
Pedro Moreno, Raquel García, Rodrigo Diaz,<br />
Rodulfo Palacios, Santiago Argueta, Silvia Rivera<br />
Managua, Nicaragua<br />
February to May, 2014<br />
Authors: Do Huber, Emma Grün, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs,<br />
Andreas Hofer<br />
Contributors: Alvaro Jesus Castañeda Guiterrez, Ana<br />
María Castillo Castro, Andrea J. Garcia Perez, Andrea<br />
Kamila Belli Reynosa, Andrés Muñoz, Angel Román<br />
Espinoza A., Balbina Suazo, Belkis Gadea Gonzalez,<br />
Carla Patricia Ruiz Bl<strong>and</strong>on, Carlos Eduardo Linarte<br />
Cáliz, Chilo-Maria Auxiliadora Reyes, Cinthya A.<br />
Escobar Hernández, Deborah Araixz Martinez, Deylin<br />
Aquiles Báez Pravia, Emma Grun, Emmanuel<br />
Detrinidad, Erick Canales, Ericka Alfaro Cortez, Ericka<br />
Lorena Avendaño Benavida, Evelyn Castillo Ramirez,<br />
Everet Baltodano U., Fern<strong>and</strong>o Palma, Francisco<br />
Gonzalez, Francisco R. Gonzalez, Gilberto Martinez,<br />
Harley Daniel Muñoz M., Hector Manuel Flores Díaz,<br />
Heiker Palacios Centeno, Heyliz Idania Sáenz Sáenz,<br />
Jefferson Silva Rocha, Jeffry Alex<strong>and</strong>er Perez<br />
Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, Jelsin-Betania-Valle-Lopez, Jesus Roberto<br />
Gonzales Al-mendárez, Johannes Kranz, José Benito<br />
Montoya Montoya, Josselin Massiel Darcy Moreno,<br />
Judith A. Bolaños Morales, Karen Bonilla, Karina Del<br />
Carmen Torrez Monje, Ka<strong>the</strong>rine Suazo Montiel, Kevin<br />
Torrez Monje, Keyen Pastora Delgadillo González,<br />
Leonardo Icaza, Lizayarav. Salgado Trujillo, Manuel<br />
Alej<strong>and</strong>ro Echeverria King, Mayerling Delgadillo<br />
Gonzalez, Nestor Saul Lopez Irias, Noel Sampson, Nora<br />
Argentina Monje Espinoza, Olga Ligia Ruiz Rocha,<br />
Pedro Joel Marin, Perla Sánchez Uriarte, Rosa Maria<br />
Perez Castillo, Santos Mariano Pinera Alvarez, Tania<br />
Monje Martinez, William Montano, Yarling Jesenia<br />
Aguirre Rodriguez, Yoel Antonio Espinoza Ramos, Yosi<br />
Andreina Sotelo<br />
Monteria, Colombia<br />
May to October, 2014<br />
Authors: Fern<strong>and</strong>o Cortés Larreamendy, Andreas<br />
Hofer, Astrid Erhartt-Perez, Claudia Marcela Duque,<br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Lina Teresa Buitrago, Sebastian<br />
Sattlegger, Nacira Palomo, Duley Meza, Deborath<br />
Lucía Gascón Olarte, Valentín Alej<strong>and</strong>ro Urbina<br />
Palmera, Marleny Sánchez<br />
Contributors: Deley Cristina Meza, Elena Mitrenova,<br />
Evamaria Schmidthaler, Lina Buitrago, Marleny<br />
Sanchez, Edgar Mauricio Sabogal, Deborath Garzón<br />
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Pasto, Colombia<br />
May to October, 2014<br />
Authors: Laura Scharf, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Edna Escobar,<br />
Sebastian Sattlegger, Jafet Garnica, Arturo Bolaños<br />
Contributors: Jaime Fonseca <strong>and</strong> students<br />
Xalapa, Mexico<br />
May to October, 2014<br />
Authors: Lisa Mittelberger, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Andreas<br />
Hofer<br />
Contributors: Acoyani Adame, Alberto Robledo<br />
L<strong>and</strong>ero, Angelica Moya, Carlos Dario Arroyo, David<br />
Islas Bravo, Fern<strong>and</strong>o Francisco Montiel, Gustavo<br />
Bureau Roquet, Heriberto Ponce Miguel, Hugo Vergara<br />
León, Isabel Carreras-Baquer, Ivette Olmedo, Javier<br />
Gonzalez, Juan Carlos Flores, Ramón Hernández Salas,<br />
Raúl Reynoso Rodriguez, Ricardo De Vecchi, Tonantzin<br />
Obrador, Wilfrido Estrada, Yeudiel Zabdiel<br />
Campeche, Mexico<br />
May to October, 2014<br />
Authors: Kerstin Pluch, Andreas Hofer, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs<br />
Contributors: Abraham Cruz Gomez, Adán Navarrate<br />
Pimentel, Adrian Quej Solis, Aida Amine Casanova,<br />
Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Castro Gongora, Alvaro Buenfil Bermudez,<br />
Andre Adrian Poor Marin, Andreas Mas Cen, Andrés<br />
Poot Marin, Angelica Lara, Berenice Isabel Castillo<br />
Can, Bian Lin Wong Cruz, Carlos Abelardo Solis<br />
Salgado, Carlos Ivan Cancheve, Christiani Emmanuel<br />
Canche Uc, Clarissa De Los Angeles Tejere Sosa,<br />
Claudia Valladares, Cristian Acosta Gutierrez, Cristina<br />
Barrera Rodriguez, Doreydi Mendoza Caamal, Eduardo<br />
Tovar Perez, Esmeralda Concepción Balan Chan,<br />
Estephanie Jazmin Mex Can, Eunice Auigai Pech Ucan,<br />
Francisco Hipolito Hern<strong>and</strong>ez Juarez, Guadalupe<br />
Adelaida Varguez Tuyub, Ikeydi Arayanky Chan Ortiz,<br />
Irene Pastrana Pleites, Isabel Carreras-Baquer, Jamile<br />
Moguel Coyoc, Jauneth Del Carmen Dzib Yerbes, Javier<br />
Alfonso Chan Centella, Javier Del Carmen May Huchin,<br />
Jesus Enrique Garcia May, Jonatan Dzib Ucan, José<br />
Aldana, Jose Del Jesus Chin Calderon, Jose Isai Medina<br />
Esqueda, Josue Martin Uribe Ucan, Juan Antonio<br />
Vazquez, Juan Carlos Torres Chavez, Julia Elena Leon<br />
Moscoso, Karime Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Clan Chin, Karla Geliste<br />
Sanchez Sosa, Librado Mir<strong>and</strong>a M., Manuel Marquez<br />
Torres, Mariela Chan Avalos, Martin Antonio Gongora<br />
Rodriguez, Masilema Zazueta, Miguel A. Akechable,<br />
Napoleon Quime Cex, Nicte-Ha Hernández Kú, Pedro<br />
D. Solo Caballero, Pedro Ivan Caamal Quen, Reynaldo<br />
Herrera, Ricardo De Vecchi Galindo, Rigel Jair Ar<strong>and</strong>a<br />
Montero, Rosario Aracely Cahuich Poat, Sheyla<br />
Guadalupe Ramirez Rosado, Vianeq Ruz Quiñones,<br />
Victor Guzman Samodio<br />
Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic<br />
May to October, 2014<br />
Authors: Tamara Egger, Andreas Hofer, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs<br />
Contributors: Carlos Fondeur, César Payamps,<br />
Christine Larraque, Cuqui Batista, Daniel Cherubin,<br />
Daritza Nicodemo, David Prieto, Edwin Espinal, Fausto<br />
Ortíz, Gre<strong>the</strong>l Castellanos, Hipólito Gómez, Jochy<br />
Sánchez, Juan Almonte, Julio Corral, Marcos Gómez,<br />
María Isabel Beltrán Villavicencio, María Ligia Grullón,<br />
María Luisa Tavarez, Martina Tolentino, Mauricio<br />
Estrella, Michela Da Rodda, Milagros De Jesús De Feliz,<br />
Mirtha Saleta, Rafael Almánzar, Rafael Emilio Yunén,<br />
Raimundo López, Reynaldo Peguero, Rosemary<br />
Franquiz, Tak Kon Ng, Toni Jáquez, Vhanessa Victoria<br />
Panama City, Panama<br />
June, 2014 to August, 2015<br />
Authors: Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Marco Chávez, Dominique<br />
Mashini, Sebastian Sattlegger, Andreas Hofer, Álvaro<br />
Uribe, Peter Scheibstock<br />
Contributors: Aalia Shalabi, Aless<strong>and</strong>ra Treuherz,<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Wild, Alex<strong>and</strong>ra Höbarth, Amy Coronado,<br />
Ana Caballero, Andrés Martínez, Ariel Arauz, Carlos<br />
Eduardo Rodriguez, Carlos Stomer, Caterina Epiboli,<br />
Deika Aguilar, Eduardo Tejeira, Erika Santimateo,<br />
Federico Scodelaro Bilbao, Gabriel Rivera, Gianina<br />
Rodríguez, Giorgia Pierleoni, Hanna García, Helmut<br />
Schramm, Hugo González, Irasema Callejas, Isaac<br />
Castillo, Israel Barrios, Jenny Betancourt, Jonathan<br />
Batista, José Barber, José Orocu, Josip Dusper, Juan<br />
Manuel Leano, Judith Lehner, Julia Puchegger, Kamila<br />
Drsata, Katharina Kuchler, Litzy Ruiz, Luis Soto,<br />
Madelaine Jaén, Manuel Trute, María Camaño, Maria<br />
Myskiw, Marina Violin, Marión Zorilla, Max Barria,<br />
Michelle Espino, Milagros Rodríguez, Natalie Milord,<br />
Nerys Margarita Gaitan, Olivia Campbell, Prudencia<br />
Martínez, Reina Nieto, Renato Niero, Ricardo Ortega,<br />
Richard Mendoza, Rita Aichinger, Romina Díaz, Rosalie<br />
Exenberger, Rupert Gruber, Shirley Chávez, Stefanie<br />
Mras, Valesca Ramos, Wilmer López<br />
Valdivia, Chile<br />
February to March, 2015<br />
Authors: Dominique Mashini, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Sebastian<br />
Sattlegger, Tamara Egger<br />
Contributors: Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Márquez, Álvaro Palacios, Ana<br />
Velásquez, Andrea Núñez, Andrea Valenzuela, Antonio<br />
Zumelzu, Brenda Riffo, Daniel Cruchet, Enrique Rivera,<br />
Felipe Spoerer, Francisca Jara, Francisco Acuña,<br />
Javiera Maira, Jose Luis Marcos, Leonardo S<strong>and</strong>oval,<br />
Martin Soulier, Mauricio Hodges, Mónica Rojas, Pablo<br />
Avendaño, Roberto Delgado, Rodrigo Burgos, Rodrigo<br />
Cofré, Romina Flores, S<strong>and</strong>ra Ramírez, Sebastian Lew,<br />
Sebastián Navarro, Valeria Hidalgo, Walter Perez<br />
Puerto Montt-Puerto Varas, Chile<br />
December, 2015 to April, 2016<br />
Authors: Sebastian Sattlegger, Lisa Mittelberger,<br />
Dominique Mashini, Guillermo Müller Videla, Andreas<br />
Hofer, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs<br />
Contributors: Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Paineo, Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Pavez,<br />
Álvaro Berger Schmidt, Andrea Mades, Andrés<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong>—Project Teams<br />
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Saldivia, Anita Perez, Arturo Sánchez, Bárbara Correa,<br />
Benjamín Eyzaguirre Del Real, Carlos Francke, Carlos<br />
Moreno Ortiz, Carlos Ojeda, Christian Pavez, Cindy<br />
Soto A., Claudia Leyton, Claudia Oyarzún, Clémentine<br />
Boy, Colomba Merino, Daniel Reyes, Daniela<br />
Bustamante, Edita Sepulveda, Elena Barría M., Eliana<br />
Chavez Igor, Eliana Soto Maldonado, Elizabeth Rosas<br />
Alvear, Enedina Oyarzo, Enriquo Wellmann, Felix<br />
Toledo Vera, Fern<strong>and</strong>o Burgos Gallegos, Francisca<br />
Machado, Francisco Barriento, Francisco Orellana,<br />
Fredy Barria, Gervoy Paredes Rojas, Gladis Espinoza<br />
Mesina, Gloria González Sáez, Haroldt Solervicens,<br />
Hector Muñoz, Ibett Baez G., Ingrid Almonacid, Ingrid<br />
Ojeda, Ingrid Wetzel Ruiz, Ivo Toledo, Jacqueline<br />
Ponce, Javier Soto Villarroel, Jeanette Kinzel, Jimena<br />
Cofré Avello, Jorge Cárcamo, Jorge Guzmán, Josefina<br />
Gallardo H., Juan Merino, Juan Pablo Edwards, Juan<br />
Sebastián Alcayaga Claussen, Julián Mingo, Karina<br />
Alvarado, Leidi Uarac, Leonardo De La Prida Sanhueza,<br />
Liliane Gallardo F., Luis Felipe Vera Benítez, Luis<br />
Urrutia, Madeleine Fagalde Bidart, Manuel Jarpa,<br />
Margarita Gallardo M., Margarita Oro, Maria Antonieta<br />
Vera Alvear, María Ester Sepúlveda Briceño, Maria Ines<br />
Flores Z., María Jose Alcaíno, Maritza Contreras,<br />
Martín Nicolás Soulier Faure, Mauricio Soler, Maximo<br />
Matamala Almonacid, Mayra Madriz, Miguel Huala,<br />
Nelly Jimenez O., Nicolás Solís De Ov<strong>and</strong>o, Noemí<br />
Parcet A., Noemí Velásquez, Oscar García, Pablo<br />
Toledo, Paola Ducci, Paola Vallejos Ruiz, Patricia<br />
Benavides, Paula Diaz Gallardo, Paula Vidal, Pedro C.<br />
Andrade, Pia Mancilla, Ricardo Matamala Montiel,<br />
Riola Gallardo, Rocío Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Wilhelm Núñez, Rocío<br />
Wilhelm Nuñez, Rodrigo Borja, Rodrigo Rivas, Rodrigo<br />
Yáñez V., Rosa Manríquez, Rosa Pereira, Rosvita<br />
Mancilla, Roxana Asenjo, Santiago Roberto, Sebastián<br />
Lew, Solange Pino, Soledad Millas, Tamara Tolora,<br />
Tomás Valdivieso, Vanessa Cayo, Yanett Mansilla<br />
La Serena-Coquimbo, Chile<br />
December, 2015 to April, 2016<br />
Authors: Tamara Egger, Marion Frotzbacher,<br />
Dominique Mashini, Andreas Hofer, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs,<br />
Peter Scheibstock, Tugyan Ertürk<br />
Contributors: Alberto Dentice, Aldo Carpanetti,<br />
Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Vio G., Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Viogorget, Alej<strong>and</strong>ro<br />
Orellana, Alej<strong>and</strong>ro Torrejon, Ana Canihuante, Ana<br />
Ordenes, Andrea Alfaro, Andrea Alfaro Muñoz, Andrea<br />
Montoya, Angela Gómez, Benjamin Castro, Benjamín<br />
Eyzaguirre Del Real, Bernardo Salinas, Bruno<br />
Henriquez Barrera, Camilia Valencia, Camilo Mir<strong>and</strong>a,<br />
Carlos Galleguillos Castillo, Carlos Guerrero, Carlos<br />
Zuleta, Cecilia Cortés, Célica Ramos, Claudia Acciri,<br />
Claudia Maturana Pérez, Claudia Villagran Tapia,<br />
Claudio Bouchette, Constanza Lagos, Cristian Muñoz,<br />
Cristina Palacios F., Cristofher Diaz, Daniela Espoinoza,<br />
Daniela Herrera, Daslar Bremer, Diego Morales,<br />
Dionisio Cortes, Eduardo Lazo, Elia Iturrieta, Elier<br />
Tabilo, Emiliana Flores, Enrique Rojas, Enrique Ulloa,<br />
Eric Troncoso, Erwin Olguín, Eulogio Cortés, Evelyn<br />
Ramos, Fabian Tejeda, Fabiola Machuca, Felicida<br />
Melendez, Felipe Maldonado R., Felipe Mendez, Felipe<br />
Sfeir, Felipe Vera, Fern<strong>and</strong>o Rojas, Flabio Pastín,<br />
Francisco Zamora, Frank Vicencio, Freddy Sepulveda,<br />
Gemme Vasquez, Gloria Gonzalez, Gonzalo<br />
Galleguillos, Hector Navarro, Hugo Barraza, Ignacio<br />
Abé, Irene Machuca, Isadora Salas, Isaías Cortés, Isis<br />
Sfeir, Jacqueline Ardiles, Jacqueline Ardiles G., Jaime<br />
Cuevas, Jaime Jimenez Cortes, Jaime Mopreno, Jaime<br />
Rivera, Jaime Villafaña, Jastin Muñoz, Javiera Lara,<br />
Jesus Parra, Johan Rojas, Johan Rojas Guerra, Jorge<br />
Figueroa, Jorge Ramirez L., Jorge Ramirez Lemus, Juan<br />
Carlos Contreras, Juan Carlos Flores, Juan Carlos<br />
Rojas, Juan Romero, Juan Sebastián Alcayaga<br />
Claussen, Julia Molina, Julia Urbina, Julian Gómez<br />
Brizuela, Karina Millán Pérez, Ka<strong>the</strong>rine Pasten, Laura<br />
Kaikkonen, Luciano Silva, Luis Felipe Vera Benítez,<br />
Luis Henriquez Gutierrez, Luis Martinez, Luis Vlada,<br />
Lyzette György, Madeleine Fagalde, Marcela Soto,<br />
Marcelo Fuenzalida, Marcelo Muñoz, Marcelo<br />
Rivadeneira, Maria Godoy Silva, Maria Gomez, Maria<br />
Inés Godoy, Maria Muñoz Reyes, Maria Ortiz, Maria<br />
Pereira, Mario Neira, Marisol Leiva P., Martin Nicolas<br />
Soulier Faure, Mauro López, Monserrat Cordero,<br />
Nancy Olivares, Natalia López, Nelson Sepulveda,<br />
Norman Letura, Olivia Fox, Pablo A. Oyanedel, Pablo<br />
Alcayaga, Paloma Nuñez, Pamela Garay, Paola<br />
Sant<strong>and</strong>er, Patricia Caceres, Patricia Pereira Céspedes,<br />
Patricia Rios F., Patricio Barahona, Patricio Rubio L.,<br />
Paula Martinez Vega, Pedro Castro, Pedro Pablo<br />
Ugalde, Pedro Valencia Cortés, Pedro Zepeda, Ralph<br />
Stintz, Raúl Dinamarca, Ricardo Vasquez, Rina Araya,<br />
Roberto Geraldo, Rosa Leiva Letura, Rosa Olivares,<br />
Rubén Castillo Ortiz, Rubi Manuela Martinez, Salvador<br />
Gutierrez, Sebastian Bravo, Sebastián Lew, Sergio<br />
Honores, Sergio Rojas, Soledad Garote, Tatiana<br />
Cardenas, Utalszka Paleczek, Valeska Plaza Rivera,<br />
Victor Bravo, Victor Pastén Marambio, Victor Prado,<br />
Wilma Sanchez, Yol<strong>and</strong>a Rodriguez<br />
Nassau, The Bahamas<br />
October, 2015 to August, 2016<br />
Authors: Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, David Kostenwein, Sarah<br />
Benton, Andreas Hofer, Daniela Sanjines, Arthur<br />
Kanonier, Valaria Pintard-Flax, Andrés Blanco, Arturo<br />
Samper, Peter Scheibstock, Marco Chavez, Vicky<br />
Grijalva, Peter Scheibstock, Basilis Neururer, Vlad<br />
Popa, Ida Jusic, Marina Mitrovic, Marlies Findening,<br />
Philipp Stiassny, Johanna Lindinger, Romina Priesner<br />
Contributors: Alina Schönhofer, Annalecia Prinder,<br />
Anne-Ca<strong>the</strong>rine Kauffman, Anthony Jervis, Ashay<br />
Dorsett, Athaliah Rampersaud, A<strong>the</strong>na Constintakis,<br />
Breanne Grant, Brett Lashley, Camille Davis-<br />
Thompson, Danielle Hutchinson, David Steinschaden,<br />
Ellis Juan, Emmitt Francis, Errin Francis, Florian Baier,<br />
Gilberto Chona, Helmut Schramm, Iva Shokoska,<br />
Johnania Gardiner, Jordan Williams, Karin Stiefelmeyer,<br />
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Kendelynn Pennerman, Lafran Smith, Magdalena Süss,<br />
Marga Jann, Maria Wasserburger, Matio Cleare,<br />
Michelle Bereaux, Monika Eigert, Moritz Grabmayr,<br />
Nicola Virgill-Rolle, Omar Adderley, Otis Cooper,<br />
Pamela Burnside, Patricia Glinton-Meicholas,<br />
Rosemary C. Hanna, Samantha Rolle, Sebastian<br />
Hagedorn, Sigrid Ronacher, Stefanie Wagner,<br />
Terrinique Bullard, Whitney Sturrup, Winston Von Engel<br />
Goya, Argentina<br />
March to July, 2016<br />
Authors: Verena Schaidreiter, Miguel Lopez Solís,<br />
Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Mariángeles Cotorruelo, Guillermo<br />
Müller Videla, Dominique Mashini, Markus Tomaselli,<br />
David Kostenwein<br />
Contributors: Aldo Pucheta, Alej<strong>and</strong>ro Fernández,<br />
Alej<strong>and</strong>ro Iribarren, Ángela Oviedo, Angélica Segovia,<br />
Antonio Díaz, Antonio Rodríguez, Aurora Fernández,<br />
Carlos López Soto, Carlos Pintos, Carlos Vázquez,<br />
Claudia Ortiz, Daniel Benítez, Diego Núñez Brest,<br />
Diego Rolón, Edgardo Insaurralde, Emilio Rodríguez,<br />
Erwin Nosmor, Fabián Barrientos, Fabián González,<br />
Florencia Bustelo, Francisco Descalzo, Francisco<br />
López, Gabriela Ebel, Gabriela González, Gabriela<br />
Tomasella, Gerardo Bassi, Gustavo Gabbiasi, Gustavo<br />
Paz, Horacio Saucedo, Hugo Molinari, Hugo Pereyra,<br />
Idalina Moreira, Iris Mussio, Iván Ramírez, Jorge<br />
Sánchez, Jose Monzon, Juan Borghi, Juana Escobar,<br />
Karina Ramírez, Luciana Guster, Luis Vicentin, Maira<br />
Ruiz, Manuel Fernández, Manuel Fernández Angélica<br />
Segovia, María José P<strong>and</strong>o, María Laura Fernández,<br />
María Virginia Coria, Mariano Maciel, Martín Nicolás<br />
Soulier Faure, Martin Soulier, Maximiliano Leguiza,<br />
Miguel Gracco, Nicolás Villalba, Norma Beatriz Benítez,<br />
Norma Benítez, Osvaldo Radío, Pablo Celes, Romina<br />
Aparicio, Rosa Ar<strong>and</strong>a, Santiago Grenón, Sebastián<br />
Arriola, Sebastián C<strong>and</strong>ia De Biasio, Sebastián Lew,<br />
Silvia Fern<strong>and</strong>ez, Soledad Pereto, Victor Arriola,<br />
Violeta Sánchez, Walter Arizaga<br />
Bahia Blanca, Argentina<br />
March to July, 2016<br />
Authors: Chistof Ma<strong>the</strong>s, Valentin Hofer, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs,<br />
Dominique Mashini, Markus Tomaselli, David<br />
Kostenwein, Emiliano Reale, Arrigo Reale, Isabella<br />
Faggiano, Matias Llorens Mazzanti, Marina Taborda,<br />
Federico Rudolf, Mariano Rudolf, Olga Wainstein, Alicia<br />
Gerscovich<br />
Contributors: Bernardo Stortoni, Constanza Rivas<br />
Godio, Florencia Bustelo, Ignacio Fermín Caspe, Lucas<br />
Tartara, Luis Pites, Martin Nicolas Soulier, Sebastián<br />
Lew, Horacio Terraza<br />
Mendoza, Argentina<br />
February to June, 2017<br />
Authors: Karolina Petz, Chisaki Melissa Guibo,<br />
Álvaro De La Iglesia, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Dominique<br />
Mashini, Olga Wainstein, Alicia Gerscovich, Tamara<br />
Egger, Katja Schechtner<br />
Contributors: Ana Flores, Mariana Poskus, Martin<br />
Nicolas Soulier,<br />
Jujuy, Argentina<br />
February to June, 2017<br />
Authors: Soledad Di Croche, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Dominique<br />
Mashini, Katja Schechtner, Pablo Ávalos, Olga<br />
Wainstein, Alicia Gerscovich, Tamara Egger<br />
Contributors: Adriana Diaz, Lucía Barreto, Luciano<br />
Córdoba, Mariana Poskus, Martin Nicolas Soulier<br />
Quito, Ecuador<br />
October, 2015<br />
Authors: Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Markus Tomaselli, Christof<br />
Ma<strong>the</strong>s, Tamara Egger, Horacio Terraza<br />
Contributors: Ana Carolina Mesías, Antonio Báez,<br />
Beatriz A. Tazal Papa, Belén Molina, Blanca Rivadeneira<br />
Auz, Carlos Balarezo, Catalina Lizarzaburo, Cristina<br />
Loya, Dayana Chávez, Edwin Torres, Emily Mir<strong>and</strong>a,<br />
Fátima Marcillo, Frank Cortez, Ionana Fierro, Isabel<br />
Delgado, Janna Lasso, Jean Pol Armijos, Jean-Pierre<br />
Pantoja, José Gavilanes, Joyce Sotalín, Karina Paucar,<br />
Karla Lucia Morales, Lorena Torres, Luis Buefe, Flor<br />
Clle, Manuel Calle, María Agusta Cajas, Nadyezhol<br />
Loza Munuz, Naika Mero Jiménez, Natalia Durán, Pablo<br />
Maldonado Bravo, Patricio Zambrano Barragan, Paulo<br />
Morales, Rocio Ayala Cevallos, Santiago Del Hierro<br />
Kennedy, Sebastián Ricuarte, Sofía Camacho, Sonia<br />
Rivadeneira Auz, Valeria Estrella<br />
San José, Costa Rica<br />
November, 2016 to October, 2017<br />
Authors: Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Dominique Mashini, Emma<br />
Grün, Marco Chavez, Teodolinda Molina, Melanie<br />
Aichinger, Verena Tochtermann, Anton Falkeis, Katja<br />
Schechtner, Federico Cartín, Wendy Molina, Josephine<br />
Dusapin, Christof Ma<strong>the</strong>s, Luis Diego Quirós Pacheco,<br />
Dana Víquez-Azofeifa, José Vargas Hidalgo, Sabrina<br />
Ehrenhöfer, Marina Mitrovic, Peter Scheibstock<br />
Contributors: Alison Villalobos, Ana Gabriela Cruz<br />
Herrera, Carolina Arias, Danny Araica, Eric Porras,<br />
Gean Carlos Cerdas Vega, José Pablo Chavarría<br />
González, Marcelo Madrigal, Marcia Garro Rojas,<br />
Stefan Snedeker, Arie Itzhacki, Andres Badilla, Maria<br />
Valentina Pérez, Yuliana Saavedra Hernández, Juan<br />
Diego Castillo Cascante, María Elena Salas Suárez,<br />
Valeria María Aragonés Salas, Jossie Aguilar<br />
Cameronero, Fabian Antonio Escala Sanchez, Ricardo<br />
Cifuentes Chacón, Stephan Reise Yglesias, Aurelia<br />
Rodríguez Acuna, Ana Catalina Slon Ramírez, Susana<br />
Wu, Carolina Vargas González, Allan Sánchez Urbina,<br />
Diego Carrasco Ramírez, María José Chaves López,<br />
Ricardo Rojas<br />
Paramaribo, Suriname<br />
June to October, 2017<br />
Authors: Ida Jusic, Lisa Vlasak, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs, Markus<br />
<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>Lab</strong>—Project Teams<br />
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D<br />
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Tomaselli, Marco Chavez, Tamara Egger<br />
Contributors: Johan Martinus, Angelika Namdar, Bibi<br />
Mustapha, Marten Schalkwijk, Femia Wesenhagen,<br />
Adriana Smets, Chiara Vishnudatt, Dayenne Gesser,<br />
Xaviera Vaseur, Dieuwke Cappaert, Dionne Gesser,<br />
Doerwishen Gangapersad, Jenny Nizamali, Jiantie<br />
Poeran, Karishma Piarisingh, Luciano Doest, Mairah<br />
Tirtamenawi, Milton Ferdin<strong>and</strong>, Naven Ramdat, Nila<br />
Autar, Ormildo Vell<strong>and</strong>, Paresh Gena, Priscilla Alendy,<br />
Yovanca Adjako, Renisha Ramkhelawan, Rohini<br />
Briedjlal, Rugshaar Ishaak, Safoera Mohab-Ali, Vedanta<br />
Baldewsingh, Aline De Bruyne, Lisa Molemans, Simone<br />
Brunings<br />
García, Juan Elias Rijo, Jasmine Marte, Carla Cabrera,<br />
Camila Raful, Andy M. Suazo, Anirelys Rodriguez<br />
Vargas, Ambar Mirambeaux, Abigail Alcántara Jimenez,<br />
Heidi Gonzalez, Eimi Duarte, Albania Rodriguez,<br />
Yennifer Dume, Samantha Fern<strong>and</strong>ez, Hernan Vicco,<br />
Isueli Ventura, Yamilet Gomez, Patricia Fadul, Audry<br />
Rodriguez, Arabella Michelen, Genesis Javier, Heidi de<br />
Moya, Virgilio Veras, Edward Moreta, Paola Luna<br />
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic<br />
February to September, 2018<br />
Authors: Bettina Plainer, Stefan Kasmanhuber, Tamara<br />
Egger, Sarah Benton, Sharina Espinal, Rol<strong>and</strong> Krebs,<br />
Markus Tomaselli<br />
Contributors: Monika Sanchez, Marcelle Martinez<br />
Bonetti, Leidy Montero, Sina del Rosario, Annabel<br />
Hiraldo, Luichy S. Diaz, Carlos Rol<strong>and</strong>ry Sosa Baez,<br />
Mabel de la Cruz Guerrero, Keisy Cid Vasquez, Karen<br />
Judith Reyes Casado, Genesis Yudith Rosario Santiago,<br />
Elvyn Ramos, Enmanuel Heredia Beard, Luis Rafael<br />
Ortiz, Yasser N. Genao A, Sheila de la Rosa, Raul Duluc,<br />
Milagros Cabrera, Maria Cabral, María Fern<strong>and</strong>a Uceta,<br />
Lisbette T. Sanchez, Lia Sosa, Jose Enrique Marrero P.,<br />
Indra Castillo, Gustavo Toribio, Glenmarie Soto, Evely<br />
P. Peguero Arcángel, Marco Ant. Gomez, Daritza<br />
Nicodemo, Michelle Valdez, Milé González, Teresa<br />
Moreno, Gustavo Valdez, Amaya Guzman, Yolenny<br />
Reyes Lizardo, Samael Sánchez De León, Scarlet<br />
Sanchez, S<strong>and</strong>ra Medina Sánchez, Rosangélica<br />
Valenzuela Olaverría, Rosalí Carmona Reynoso,<br />
Mairene Santa Tapia, Mabeli Pujols Lantigua, Leyris S.<br />
Ruiz Cuevas, Josue Rodriguez Kelly, Erinelsy Guzman<br />
Figuereo, Emely L. Rosario Astacio, Jose Luis<br />
Apolinario Moscoso, Hector Castillo, Ruth Meighen<br />
Baez, Teofilo Vicente, Mara Jimenez, Sebastian<br />
Lithgow, O’Brien Mora Diaz, María T. Méndez, Miguel<br />
Santana, Johan Ant. Mejía Peralta, Jeremy Brayan Soto<br />
Ferreira, Saulo Herrera Disla, Francina Alt. Castillo Gil,<br />
Pavel E Guerrero, Maritza Estrella, Ysidro E. Santana J.,<br />
Nicole Rijo Castro, Natalia Ulloa, Mayser Reyes<br />
Montilla, Luis Rafael Morel, Josué Pimentel M.,<br />
Ka<strong>the</strong>rine R. Ramos Ventura, John Rafael Zorrilla S,<br />
Gilselys González Rosa, Genesis Droz, Enmanuel Mota,<br />
Francesco Gravina, Belkis Rodriguez, Alej<strong>and</strong>ro<br />
Vazquez, Mabel Rivera, Jaxwell Gomez, Viviana<br />
Ferraris, Vicmely Santos, Simona Vega, Paola Ayala<br />
Camarena, Monserrat Felix, Nicole Herrera, Maria del<br />
Pilar Carrasco, Shantal Jerez Cepeda, Elsa Maria<br />
Garabito, Francis Frometa, Eduardo Amarante, Daniela<br />
Pichardo, Claudia Gomez, Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Rivas, Shaolin<br />
Saint-Hilaire, Paloma Castillo, Melvin Martinez, Jose M.<br />
Torres C., Laura E. Peña Bonnet, Kuinibel De La Cruz<br />
Berroa, Kimberly Reyes G., Gianny Karina, Guerrero<br />
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San Jose, Costa Rica
Puerto Montt, Puerto Varas, Chile