Art Moves Africa – Retracing Roots and Tracing New Routes: Mobility and Touring in North Africa

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62 Country-Specific Information 4. 3 Libya — QUOTE: « Most Libyans identify as Arabs. But Libya is a mixed country of Tamazight, Tabu, Tuareg and Arabs. When people from North African countries talk about people from the South, they say “Africans”. » Tewa Barnosa Visual artist and founder of WaraQ Art Foundation, Tripoli / Berlin — FAST FACTS Population 6.375 million (World Bank, 2017) Surface area Capital Large cities Languages 1.76 million km² Tripoli Benghazi, Misrata, Zliten, Bayda Modern Standard Arabic (official) Libyan Arabic (vernacular) Berber Dialling code +218 Currency Main international airports Visa requirements for Africans to enter Libya African countries’ visa requirements for Libya nationals Libyan dinar Mitiga International Airport (Tripoli) Benina Intenrational Airport (Benghazi) Misrata International Airport Visa-free access for nationals of Tunisia and Jordan Visa required for all other nationalities Visa-free access: Algeria, Mauritania, Tunisia, Benin e-Visa: Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Visa on arrival: Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Ghana, Madagascar, Mozambique, Senegal, Somalia, Togo
63 Country-Specific Information — GENERAL INFORMATION — Libya is the fourth-largest country in Africa and is among the 20 largest in the world. Spanning 1.770 km, its coastline is the longest of any of the Mediterranean countries. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya, while the second-largest city, Benghazi, is located in eastern Libya. Ninety percent of Libya’s population lives along its coast. What present-day Libya is has been inhabited by Amazigh tribes since the late Bronze Age. Libya was occupied by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Persians, Egyptians and Romans before the Islamic conquests. In the 20th century, Libya was under Italian rule between 1911 and 1947. Cinemas, theatres, libraries and cultural centres were built. The country declared its independence in 1951. Eight years later, the discovery of massive oil reserves transformed the until-then poor nation. In 1959, a group of rebel officers led by Muammar Gaddafi overthrew the government and established the Libyan Arab Republic, embracing the principles of Arab socialism. This coup-d’état was the beginning of a 42-year dictatorship, marked by bloody repression of opposition, invasion of all aspects of private life and negation of public space. Libya entered a civil war in 2011, as protests turned into a rebellion which was met with force by Gaddafi. A NATO offensive began in March 2011, bolstering the rebellion. Gaddafi was killed in October 2011. Since 2011, Libya has been torn among rival, armed militias affiliated with distinct regions, cities and tribes. The power vacuum has created an opening for tribal militias and jihadist groups to make incursions. There are currently two main rival governments: the Interim Government (IG), based in the East, formed in 2014; and the Government of National Accord (GNA), formed in 2016 under UN-led Initiative for a Libyan Political Agreement, based in the West. Presidential and parliamentary elections have been — L I B Y A — — QUOTE: « There are a couple old cinemas that were built by the Italians in the days of the Libyan kingdom but none of them are working. We have 6 – 7 but none are working. I found out that they’re destroying them. I felt ashamed and sorry. There is a cinema that’s one of the most amazing buildings in Libya, but it was burned down by the revolutionaries. Why? Gaddafi was using it for his things » Abdul Mohaimen Zarrough, photographer and cultural manager, Tripoli — planned since 2018, but have yet to be held. At the time of writing, the Libyan National Army, led by former Gaddafi general Khalifa Haftar, was leading a major offensive on the GNA-controlled city of Tripoli. Tens of thousands of people have been displaced and hundreds killed, including a significant number of African refugees. The relationship between modern Libya and Africa is difficult to dissociate from Gaddafiera politics and the migration crisis, as Libya has become an important passageway. Historically, nomadic Tuareg and Tabu communities link the South of Libya and areas to the South. Gaddafi is known (and sometimes even romanticized) as a prominent pan-Africanist. He was one of the founding fathers of the African Union and supported a number of liberation movements, including the African National Congress in South Africa. However, he also funded rebel groups in Sierra Leone and Liberia and plotted to invade Chad in 1980. Much of his pro-African policy centered on personal self-aggrandizement as an Arab king of Africa. Some commentators have suggested that anti-Gaddafi backlash may be fuelling anti-African sentiment in Libya (see Racism below). — ARTS AND CULTURE SECTOR — Libya’s present-day arts and culture sector has been shaped by the authoritarianism, censorship, and nationalism that prevailed under Gaddafi and the profound turmoil that has reigned since 2011. The 1973 Cultural Revolution instituted a climate of intense repression on the arts and culture, resulting in the arrest and prosecution of large numbers of cultural actors, the murder of opposition figures, the banning of foreign language books and musical instruments, the destruction of infrastructures left by Italian colonization and the criminalization of languages other than Arabic. In one of his speeches, Gaddafi stated that “artists are free but their freedom will end
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Retracing Roots and Tracing New Rou
Page 4 and 5:
4 Acknowledgments and Imprint This
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6 Foreword FORE — WORD In a world
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8 Introduction 1 — Fact : AMA did
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10 Introduction 1.1 Background of A
Page 12 and 13: 12 Introduction 1.2 Purpose of the
Page 14 and 15: 14 Introduction Arab identity was r
Page 16 and 17: 16 Introduction 1. 4 Overview of mo
Page 18 and 19: 18 Methodology 2 — Fact: This stu
Page 20 and 21: 20 Methodology — NORTH AFRICA —
Page 22 and 23: 22 Methodology 2.2 Limitations 1. T
Page 24 and 25: 24 Sunmmary of Outcomes 3 — QUOTE
Page 26 and 27: 26 Summary of Outcomes course remai
Page 28 and 29: 28 Summary of Outcomes The program
Page 30 and 31: 30 Summary of Outcomes Two programs
Page 32 and 33: 32 Summary of Outcomes — 3.1. 3 T
Page 34 and 35: 34 Summary of Outcomes As such, con
Page 36 and 37: 36 Summary of Outcomes High costs :
Page 38 and 39: 38 Summary of Outcomes — 3. LACK
Page 40 and 41: 40 Summary of Outcomes — 6. LACK
Page 42 and 43: 42 Summary of Outcomes — QUOTE:
Page 44 and 45: 44 Country-Specific Information 4
Page 46 and 47: 46 Country-Specific Information 4.1
Page 48 and 49: 48 Country-Specific Information des
Page 50 and 51: 50 Country-Specific Information CHE
Page 52 and 53: 52 Country-Specific Information —
Page 54 and 55: — A L G E R I A — Visas · Alge
Page 56 and 57: — GENERAL INFORMATION — Spannin
Page 64 and 65: 64 Country-Specific Information whe
Page 66 and 67: 66 Country-Specific Information Mus
Page 68 and 69: 68 Country-Specific Information the
Page 72 and 73: 72 Country-Specific Information Moh
Page 78 and 79: 78 Country-Specific Information Com
Page 86 and 87: 86 Country-Specific Information L
Page 90 and 91: 90 Country-Specific Information 4.7
Page 94 and 95: 94 Conclusion & Recommendations 5
Page 96 and 97: 96 Conclusion & Recommendations Ins
Page 98 and 99: — QUOTE: « There’s a growing c
Page 100 and 101: 4. Support the structuring of the a
Page 102 and 103: 102 Introduction Mapping and Backgr
Page 104 and 105: 104 Mapping TUNISIA MOROCCO ALGERIA
Page 106 and 107: 106 Mapping Installations & Equipme
Page 108 and 109: 108 Mapping Events & Festivals Alge
Page 110 and 111: 110 Mapping Tunisia Carthage 1 Jazz
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Events & Festivals Algeria Algiers
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Events & Festivals Venues Kelibia F
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Venues Falaki Theatre American Univ
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Venues Mahal Art Space 122, Avenue
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120 Acronyms APPENDIX A — QUOTE:
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122 Respondents APPENDIX B — Fact
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124 Respondents · Mohammed Hassan
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126 Bibliography APPENDIX C — Fac
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128 Bibliography 8. El Bennaoui, Kh
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130 — artmovesafrica.org —
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Art Moves Africa – Retracing Roots and Tracing New Routes: Mobility and Touring in North Africa

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