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Afghanistan, but only assumed that Afghanistan used 2.1 km³ of water annually. In addition,Afghanistan has not been involved in any regional institutions on water managementsince the Central Asian Republics gained their independence. 11 Ahmand and Wasiq 2004, CPHD 2011, FAO 2010, King and Sturtewagen 2010, AQUASTAT, WDI.Transboundary waters in the six states of the Aral Sea33
KazakhstanB A S I C I N F O R M AT I O NTotal areaIrrigated landPopulation (2011)Population growthMedian ageGross domestic productper capita (2010)2 724 900 km 235 560 km 216.6 mlnKazakhstan is the largest of the Central Asiancountries. More than two-thirds are coveredby deserts and semi-deserts; the rest is mainlysteppes and low hills, with some high mountainranges at the eastern and southeasternborders.Kazakhstan has 48 800 lakes and reservoirs.The largest inland body of water isLake Balkhash (18 810 km²), which consists ofa western part with fresh water and an easternpart with salt water. The average depth of the lake is only six meters. The countryhas eight river basins with over 7 700 rivers. The biggest ones are the Syr Darya, theIrtysh and the Ishim (flowing into Russia), the Ural (flowing from Russia), Chuo andTalas (flowing from Kyrgyzstan). Seven of the eight basins are transboundary. The mainwater inflow comes from Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and Uzbekistan. Almost half of thesurface water available in Kazakhstan (about 100.5 km³) originates in one or more of itsneighbouring countries.The Kazakh part of the Syr Darya Basin stretches along 1 127 km from the Shardarareservoir on the border to Uzbekistan, through the southeastern part of the country tothe Aral Sea. Seventeen percent of the Kazakh population lives in this basin, most in ruralareas. Thus, only a small part of the country belongs to the Aral Sea Basin (345 500 km²of 2 224 400 km²). Nevertheless, being a downstream country, Kazakhstan relies ontimely water discharge from the upstream water reservoirs in Kyrgyzstan and the passagethrough Uzbekistan during the growing period. As these releases could not alwaysbe ensured, Kazakhstan built the Koksaray reservoir. With this additional reservoir justdownstream from the Shardara reservoir, it is able to store water released in winter untilspring and reduce harmful winter floods downstream, as well as dependence on upstreamwater releases. While these measures have eased the situation at the lower reaches ofthe Syr Darya in Kazakhstan, they present a risk for the Aydar-Arnasay lakes system inUzbekistan. This is a wetland that has emerged from overflow of water in winter from theShardara and drainage water and serves as an important habitat for water birds. In addition,a newly built reservoir allowed Uzbekistan to use the overflow water for irrigation.With the Koksaray reservoir, Kazakhstan can store the previously released water itself forlater usage or flow into the Aral Sea, putting this newly created but ecologically importantwetland at risk. Therefore, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have reached an agreement onan annual minimum flow. Kazakhstan has undertaken considerable efforts to revive theNorthern Aral Sea (see p.20/21). For Kazakhstan, the situation in the Ili-Balkhash Basin isof much greater concern than that of the Syr Darya. This basin is shared with China, whichis increasing its water usage, putting the fragile ecological balance of Lake Balkhash at risk.Kazakhstan is endowed with abundant natural resources, including significantdeposits of oil, natural gas, uranium, chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, and copper. Oil1.4%29 years$ 8 76434 Kazakhstan
Page 1 and 2: From the Glaciersto the Aral SeaWat
Page 4 and 5: Preface 5Introduction 7Water manage
Page 6: PrefaceCentral Asia is a fascinatin
Page 9 and 10: iClimate change affects waterCentra
Page 11 and 12: i The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya:
Page 13 and 14: Amu Darya’s linear schemeGarm (TJ
Page 15 and 16: Syr Darya’s linear schemeUp Naryn
Page 17 and 18: well as destructive power of water.
Page 19 and 20: In the 1860s, Central Asia-then cal
Page 21 and 22: i From the Aral Sea to the Aralkum:
Page 23 and 24: and «a vivid testament to what (..
Page 25 and 26: still applied. The water loss from
Page 27 and 28: CountryKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikist
Page 29 and 30: The second important inter-republic
Page 32 and 33: Transboundary watersin the six stat
Page 36 and 37: and gas production have increased r
Page 38 and 39: After the delivery of coal and gas
Page 40 and 41: a severe energy crisis today. In wi
Page 42 and 43: irrigation is the main water consum
Page 44: fears that the filling of the reser
Page 47 and 48: Whose rights and which principle ha
Page 49 and 50: forecasting, environmental monitori
Page 51 and 52: their disposal. These conditions le
Page 53 and 54: discharge times and amounts, as wel
Page 55 and 56: - taking into account climate chang
Page 57 and 58: EC IFAS received a total of 335 pro
Page 59 and 60: boundaries, introduce public partic
Page 61 and 62: Within the «Transboundary Water Ma
Page 63 and 64: cooperation in the Central Asian wa
Page 65: The way forwardAll over the world,
Page 69 and 70: 68
Page 71 and 72: Pamir / Amu DaryaThe Pamir still fa
Page 73 and 74: 72 Lake Sarez, Pamir, Tajikistan
Page 75 and 76: 74 Top: Pamir Mountains Bottom: Hig
Page 77 and 78: 76 Fedchenko Glacier, Pamir, Tajiki
Page 79 and 80: 78 Glacier on a mountain slope, Pam
Page 81 and 82: 80 Glaciers in the Pamir Mountains,
Page 83 and 84: 82 Top: Border river Panj near Khor
Page 85 and 86:
84 Vaksh Valley, Tajikistan
Page 87 and 88:
86 Nurek overflow into the river Va
Page 89 and 90:
88 Nurek Dam overlooking the power
Page 91 and 92:
90 New construction projects along
Page 93 and 94:
92 Girlfriends in Dushanbe, Tajikis
Page 95 and 96:
94 Rogun advertisement with Preside
Page 97 and 98:
96 Cotton harvest in Central Asia
Page 99 and 100:
98 Market along the city walls, Khi
Page 101 and 102:
100 Transporting watermelons, Uzbek
Page 103 and 104:
102 Kalta Minor, Unfinished Minaret
Page 105 and 106:
104 Wooden pillars in the Djuma Mos
Page 107 and 108:
106 Women from the Ferghana Valley
Page 109 and 110:
108 Life at the turn of the century
Page 111 and 112:
110
Page 113 and 114:
KarakumWhen I arrived in Ashgabat i
Page 115 and 116:
114 Camels in the midday heat, Mari
Page 117 and 118:
116 Weir at the Murghab River near
Page 119 and 120:
118 Top: Gore Tepe, World Heritage
Page 121 and 122:
120 Afternoon tea of an old Turkman
Page 123 and 124:
122 Preparations for festivities, G
Page 125 and 126:
124 Karakum Canal near Ashgabat and
Page 127 and 128:
126 Street scenes in Ashgabat, Turk
Page 129 and 130:
128 Central square in Ashgabat with
Page 131 and 132:
130 Market scene in Ashgabat, Turkm
Page 133 and 134:
132 Top: Women in national costumes
Page 135 and 136:
134 Men, women and children in nati
Page 137 and 138:
136 Parliament, Ashgabat, Turkmenis
Page 139 and 140:
138 Ashgabat at night, Turkmenistan
Page 141 and 142:
140 Darvaza gas crater in the middl
Page 143 and 144:
142 Young Turkmen girl on the edge
Page 145 and 146:
144 Salt mine. Karabogas Gol, Turkm
Page 147 and 148:
146 View of the Amu Darya on the fl
Page 149 and 150:
148
Page 151 and 152:
Alai / ZarafshanThe Zarafshan River
Page 153 and 154:
152 Views of the valley and glacier
Page 155 and 156:
154 Oasis above the Zarafshan River
Page 157 and 158:
156 Top: Old mountain residents sit
Page 159 and 160:
158 Workers at construction site of
Page 161 and 162:
160 Water point in the middle of th
Page 163 and 164:
162 Colorful clothes in the yard, D
Page 165 and 166:
164 Staying in Dashdi Obodon, Tajik
Page 167 and 168:
166 Village school, Dashdi Obodon,
Page 169 and 170:
168 Boys in the school in Dashdi Ob
Page 171 and 172:
170 Registan Square in Samarkand at
Page 173 and 174:
172 Entrance to the Ulugbek Madrasa
Page 175 and 176:
174 Kalyan Minaret Kalon Mosque, Bu
Page 177 and 178:
176 Young men in Bukhara, Uzbekista
Page 179 and 180:
178 Fortress of Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Page 181 and 182:
180 Women in Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Page 183 and 184:
182 Women in Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Page 185 and 186:
184
Page 187 and 188:
Tian Shan / Syr DaryaEndless glacie
Page 189 and 190:
188 View from the helicopter: Inylc
Page 191 and 192:
190 Inylchek Glacier, Kyrgyzstan
Page 193 and 194:
192 Melting ice, Kyrgyzstan
Page 195 and 196:
194 Kumis drinkers (mare’s milk)
Page 197 and 198:
196 Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan
Page 199 and 200:
198 Singing dunes at Ily River in A
Page 201 and 202:
200 Small Kyrgyz girl herding goats
Page 203 and 204:
202 Top: Girls herding goats Bottom
Page 205 and 206:
204 Top: Yurt in the mountains Bott
Page 207 and 208:
206 Mountain river in Kyrgyzstan
Page 209 and 210:
208 Rice farmers in the Ferghana Va
Page 211 and 212:
210 Rice farmers in the Ferghana Va
Page 213 and 214:
212 Scenes in the countryside near
Page 215 and 216:
214 Market of Khujand
Page 217 and 218:
216 Market scenes
Page 219 and 220:
218 Market in Khujand, Tajikistan
Page 221 and 222:
220 Downtown Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Page 223 and 224:
222 Making a phone call in the step
Page 225 and 226:
224 Salinization of soils in the vi
Page 227 and 228:
226
Page 229 and 230:
Aral SeaIn early 1992, while travel
Page 231 and 232:
230 Canned fish from the local fact
Page 233 and 234:
232 Old fish cannery from the outsi
Page 235 and 236:
234 Vessel on the Aral Sea bottom n
Page 237 and 238:
236 Ships in the sand near Moynak,
Page 239 and 240:
238 Top: Scholars on the first day
Page 241 and 242:
240 Top: The main street of Karater
Page 243 and 244:
242 Kokaral Dam, Aral Sea, Kazakhst
Page 245 and 246:
244 Fishing below the weir, Kokaral
Page 247 and 248:
246 Fisherman, Aral Sea, Kazakhstan
Page 249 and 250:
248 Northern Aral Sea in the evenin
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgement of generous contrib
Page 253 and 254:
IFAS 2003: IFAS: The way to regiona
Page 255 and 256:
List of abbreviationsASBPBVOCPHDGIZ
Page 257 and 258:
Edited by Alfred Diebold 2012© for
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