ultrasound diagnosis of fatal anomalies

UROGENITAL TRACT
Fig. 7.25 Ovarian cysts. Same fetus at 36 + 1
weeks. The cyst has increased in size to about 120 mL
and contains low-level echoes representing internal
bleeding. The hemoglobin level in the cystic fluid was
5.6 g%.
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References
Abolmakarem H, Tharmaratnum S, Thilaganathan B.
Fetal anemia as a consequence of hemorrhage into
an ovarian cyst. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17:
527–8.
Amodio J, Abramson S, Berdon W, et al. Postnatal resolution
of large ovarian cysts detected in utero: report of
two cases [published erratum in Pediatr Radiol 1988;
18: 178]. Pediatr Radiol 1987; 17: 467–9.
Bagolan P, Giorlandino C, Nahom A, et al. The management
of fetal ovarian cysts. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37:
25–30.
Bagolan P, Rivosecchi M, Giorlandino C, et al. Prenatal
diagnosis and clinical outcome of ovarian cysts. Pediatr
Surg 1992; 27: 879–81.
Born HJ, Kiihnert E, Halberstadt E. Diagnosis of fetal
ovarian cysts: follow-up or differential diagnosis?
Ultraschall Med 1997; 18: 209–13.
Crombleholme TM, Craigo SD, Garmel S, Dalton ME.
Fetal ovarian cyst decompression to prevent torsion.
J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32: 1447–9.
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Definition: A teratoma localized in the sacrococcygeal
region. Forty-seven percent are located
externally, outside the pelvic cavity; 34%
are external with some components reaching
into the pelvis presacrally, and 19% are located
only within the pelvic cavity in front of the
sacrum. Eighty percent are benign, 20% are undifferentiated
and malignant.
Incidence: One in 40 000 births.
Sex ratio: M:F=1:3.
Giorlandino C, Rivosecchi M, Bilancioni E, et al. Successful
intrauterine therapy of a large fetal ovarian cyst.
Prenat Diagn 1990; 10: 473–5.
Heling KS, Chaoui R, Kirchmair F, Stadie S, Bollmann R.
Fetal ovarian cysts: prenatal diagnosis, management
and postnatal outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
2002; 20: 47–50.
Mahomed A, Jibril A, Youngson G. Laparoscopic management
of a large ovarian cyst in the neonate. Surg
Endosc 1998; 12: 1272–4.
Perrotin F, Potin J, Haddad G, Sembely-Taveau C, Lansac
J, Body G. Fetal ovarian cysts: a report of three cases
managed by intrauterine aspiration [review]. Ultrasound
Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 655–9.
van der Zee DC, van Seumeren IG, Bax KM, Rovekamp
MH, ter Gunne AJ. Laparoscopic approach to surgical
management of ovarian cysts in the newborn. J Pediatr
Surg 1995; 30: 42–3.
von Schweinitz D, Habenicht R, Hoyer PF. Spontaneous
regression of neonatal ovarian cysts: a prospective
study. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1993; 141: 48–52.
Clinical history/genetics: Mostly sporadic, rarely
familial with an autosomal-dominant inheritance,
sometimes aberration of chromosome 7 q-.
Teratogens: Not known.
Embryology: There are theories regarding the
development of teratomas: 1, during the phase
of migration from the yolk sac, there are some
residual omnipotent cells that do not develop
further into normal mesoderm, with the resulting
teratomas lying axially or para-axially; 2,
parthenogenetic cells that arise from a single
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