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Quantifying Myosin Networks and Their Roles in Morphogenesis Cole Allan, cja2160@columbia.edu SEAS ‘21, Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University Supervising Faculty, Sponsor, and Location of <strong>Research</strong> Dr. Karen Kasza, Bonomi Summer Scholar, Kasza Living Materials Laboratory, Columbia University Abstract Morphogenesis is a process during embryonic development in which cells and/or tissues develop their shape. These morphogenetic events utilize a network of motor proteins, non-muscle myosin II, to generate forces. Thus, being able to identify and characterize this network makes it possible to synthetically control tissue folding, and, potentially in the future, build robust tissue architectures out of 2-dimensional tissue sheets. The goal of this study, completed virtually in the Kasza Living Materials Laboratory, was to develop a software tool that would identify the myosin networks within Drosophila embryos at various stages of development and to quantitatively assess how the myosin networks influence the propensity of tissues to remodel. Using confocal microscopy, supracellular myosin networks were fluorescently tagged in high resolution movies. Some of the properties analyzed in the developed software include measuring the network connectivity, measuring the flexibility of each network edge, and identifying regions of rapidly changing myosin. These properties are essential to characterize the structure of myosin networks. Specifically, we found that myosin segments became less tortuous when there was tissue elongation in the same orientation. Additionally, the cell velocity was tracked to identify distinct regions of tissue that behaved more fluid-like. In the future, with this understanding of myosin networks and cellular movement, we are hopeful that we will be able to coordinate cell behavior and manipulate the mechanical properties within tissues. Keywords Morphogenesis, Drosophila melanogaster, Myosin Networks 4
Alternating Bubbles Emerging from Two Interacting Vertical Gas Jets in a Liquid Boyuan Chen, bc2878@columbia.edu SEAS ’23, Chemical Engineering, Columbia University Supervising Faculty, Sponsor, and Location of <strong>Research</strong> Dr. Christopher Boyce, Bonomi Summer Scholarship, Columbia University Abstract Optical imaging experiments of two vertical gas jets injected into a liquid demonstrate that bubbles pinch off from these jets in an alternating (180 degrees out of phase) pattern. Image analysis demonstrates that this alternating pattern occurs only at sufficiently high Froude numbers and sufficiently low ratios of the separation distance between orifices to the orifice diameter. Otherwise, the bubbles from the two jets breakoff at uncoordinated times relative to one another. A physical mechanism is proposed in which the alternating pattern occurs due to a growing jet pushing liquid between the two jets towards the second jet, such that the second jet pinches off, forming a bubble. This mechanism is used to formulate a simplified coupled harmonic oscillator model which predicts qualitatively the transition from uncoordinated to alternating bubble breakoff. Keywords Gas jets, asynchronous break-off, coupled oscillator 5
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