The Global Water Crisis: Addressing an Urgent Security - Unu-inweh ...

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2. Emerging U.S. Energy-Water Issues and Challenges In 2005, the U.S. Congress funded the Department of Energy to prepare an energy-water report to Congress 1 to identify and quantify emerging energy and water challenges and interdependencies, and to conduct a series of regional workshops to identify the science and technology needed to address and reduce the identified emerging energy and water challenges. Both efforts were coordinated by Sandia National Laboratories with support from all the U.S. national laboratories, the U.S. Department of Energy, and from an external advisory board composed of federal water agencies including the U.S. Geologic Survey, the Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, energy and water research agencies such as the Electric Power Research Institute, the Water Research Foundation, and the Water Reuse Foundation, the University of New Mexico’s Utton Center (a transboundary water law center), and indigenous groups. The information collected from both efforts is available on the Sandia web site at www.sandia.gov/energy-water. As identified in the U.S. energy-water report to Congress, over 50% of current daily water withdrawals in the U.S. and about 25% of all current daily non-agricultural freshwater consumption are for energy-related uses (DOE, 2007). As the population and economy of the U.S. grow, the demand for both energy and water are also expected to grow. While the water needs to meet the growth for electric power generation and production of transportation fuels will depend on the type and number of power plants built, cooling technologies used, air and carbon emissions capture and sequestration requirements, and the type and quantity of alternative fuels used, estimates suggest that water consumption in the energy sector could grow by a factor of three to four by 2035, increasing from about 4.3 billion gallons of water per day (BGD) (17 billion litres per day) in 1995, to about 12-15 BGD (47-60 billion litres per day) by 2035 (Pate, 2007; NETL, 2008). This would make the energy sector the largest non-agricultural water-consumption sector in the U.S. The projected growth in water demand for energy generation and development over the next two decades will occur at a time when the nation’s freshwater supplies are becoming increasingly stressed. These water issues were summarized in a U.S. General Accountability Office report on water availability: “National water availability and use has not been comprehensively assessed in 25 years, but current trends indicate that demands on the nation’s supplies are growing. In particular, the nation’s capacity for storing surface-water is limited and groundwater is being depleted. At the same time, growing population and pressures to keep water in stream for fisheries and the environment places new demands on the freshwater supply. The potential effects of climate change also create uncertainty about future water availability and use” (GAO, 2003: 1). Figure 1 summarizes the results of a survey of state water managers in the U.S. showing a general, nation-wide, concern about future water shortages by 2013 under average water supply conditions (GAO, 2003). According to the GAO survey, 36 of the 47 states responding expect some portion of their state to experience shortages under average climate conditions by 2013 (GAO, 2003). Water managers indicated that their states were vulnerable to shortages because: they did not always have the infrastructure to store and distribute water when and where it was needed; they are relying more on groundwater supplies that are being depleted; or, because population growth has outpaced existing water storage and delivery capacity in some regions of their states. The data in Figure 1 highlight the growing concerns over freshwater supplies in the U.S., and suggest that water problems are no longer just a concern in the southwestern U.S. but that they have become a national concern. While the data in Figure 1 shows a growing national concern about water supplies, even more important might be the impact of drought conditions on water supplies and impacts on energy development. Figure 2 is a map of the nominal periods of severe and extreme drought in the U.S. by region for 1895-1995 using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), prepared by the U.S. National Drought Mitigation Center, and is available online 2 . 1 U.S. Department of Energy, 2006. Energy Demands on Water Resources. Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy and Water. 2 See: http://drought.unl.edu/Planning/Monitoring/HistoricalPDSIMaps.aspx. 20 The Global Water Crisis: Addressing an Urgent Security Issue
shortage Statewide Regional Local None No response or uncertain Figure 1. States with expected water shortages by 2013 under average climatic conditions (GAO, 2003). % of time PDSI ≤ -3 Less than 5% 5% to 9.99% 10% to 14.9% 15% to 19.9% 20% or greater Figure 2. Percentage of time watersheds in severe or extreme drought 1895-1995 (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2012). The data in Figure 2 suggest that severe to extreme drought is likely to occur from 10% to greater than 20% of the time in much of the western U.S., and occur 5%-10% of the time in much of the eastern U.S. This means that in many places, droughts will occur once every 5 to 10 years, which will put even greater stress on water resources than identified in Figure 1. According to the GAO study (2003), the water shortage effects are expected to broaden under drought conditions, with 46 of the 47 state water manager respondents suggesting that their states are expected to experience water shortages under drought conditions. In 40 of those states, the projections were for regional to state-wide water shortages, this despite many efforts in place to prepare for these shortages. These results suggest that the competition for increasingly limited water resources in many parts of the U.S. will not only will be exacerbated by droughts, which are quite common, but will likely impact current and future regional energy developments and therefore negatively impact current and future energy supply reliability and security. Water Impacts on Energy Security and Reliability Part 1 21
Page 1: The Global Water Crisis: Addressing
Page 4 and 5: About the InterAction Council Estab
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements
Page 8: Foreword
Page 11 and 12: The undeniable seriousness of the g
Page 13: Foreword xiii
Page 16 and 17: The Global Water Crisis: Framing th
Page 18 and 19: Ethical considerations also need to
Page 20 and 21: 3. Support Ratification of the UN W
Page 23 and 24: 1 Water and Global Security
Page 25 and 26: Introduction Since the serious stat
Page 27 and 28: Jury and Vaux project that the numb
Page 29 and 30: 5. The Potential for Conflict and t
Page 31 and 32: References Cullen, H., 2010. The We
Page 33: Introduction Water is an integral p
Page 37 and 38: summer months. To alleviate the con
Page 39 and 40: References Department of Energy, 20
Page 41 and 42: Introduction Water, economic and en
Page 43 and 44: Economic analyses of ecosystem good
Page 45 and 46: • Managing for sustainability. De
Page 47 and 48: Richter, B.D., M.M. Davis, C. Apse
Page 49 and 50: Introduction Water is an essential
Page 51 and 52: early post-Cold War period, from a
Page 53 and 54: 2.4. Water, conflicts, and institut
Page 55 and 56: Renaud et al. (2011) proposed a pre
Page 57 and 58: Carius, A., D. Tänzler and A. Maas
Page 59 and 60: Turton, A.R., 2004. “The Evolutio
Page 61 and 62: Introduction In the West Asia and N
Page 63 and 64: 2. Water in the WANA Region 2.1. De
Page 65 and 66: Following on this, during a persona
Page 67 and 68: Below are some suggestions for how
Page 69 and 70: plants through evapo-transpiration)
Page 71 and 72: WANA Forum, 2010b. Toward Supra-nat
Page 73 and 74: Introduction “The trouble with wa
Page 75 and 76: • Upgrading current water infrast
Page 77 and 78: 60,000 ventilation improved pit lat
Page 79 and 80: 5. The Bottom Line It is widely ack
Page 81: The Blue Economy: Risks and Opportu
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2.1 A Human Development Approach to
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apparatus assists nation-states in
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By ensuring that the international
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2.2 Water and Health Security Ganes
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1.1. Human-induced Pollutants Domes
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Table.1. Water pollutants and human
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In many urban and semi-urban areas,
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2.3 Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and
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1. The Impacts of Poor Water, Sanit
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77 64 2015 MDG target Coverage (%)
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3. The Neglect of the WASH Sector a
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References Checkley, W., G. Buckley
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2.4 Water, Food and the Development
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2. Keeping Pace with Change Since t
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one and has yet to attain widesprea
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2.5 Investing in Women’s Particip
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of agriculture resulting mainly fro
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their substantial contribution is p
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Although cultural constraints still
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UNEP, 2009. Water Security and Ecos
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2.6 Water Governance Reform in Afgh
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1.2. The Extreme risk of food secur
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Furthermore, within each basin, lan
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3.2. Early doubts vis-à-vis progre
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transboundary water management conc
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3 Will the Right to Water Alleviate
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Introduction A growing number of ar
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2. Ethical Perspectives on State Ob
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References Barlow, Maude, 2007. Blu
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Introduction It is widely recognize
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Later in 2010, the UN Human Rights
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3.2. Legislative Recognition Dozens
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Mandela, M., 2002. No Water, No Fut
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Introduction South Africans have a
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water per person per day. The appli
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References Bluemel, E. B., 2004.
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Introduction Water conflicts are nu
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4. Water Policies and Their Impact
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y its interconnection to encompass
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Access to Water and Conflict: An In
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Response from the InterAction Counc
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As former U.S. President Mr. Bill C
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The InterAction Council Québec Dec
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List of Participants
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List of Participants: 29 th Annual
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