BIANNUAL REPORT
2018/19
Chair for Simulation
and Modelling of
Metallurgical Processes
(SMMP)
WELCOME,
Numerical process simulation is much more than simply using a commercial
software code. Based on a profound knowledge of the corresponding
metallurgical process, expertise in numerical techniques as well as of the
underlaying physics is essential. That is the reason why numerical process
simulation cannot be performed on the side. A simplified process simulation
is quickly made. However, for many industrial problems, the consideration
of complex process details is crucial. Thus, comprehensive developments
are often necessary, which led in particular to the research topics
presented in this brochure.
The long-term strategy of the chair for ‘Simulation and Modelling of
Metallurgical Processes’ (SMMP) is to cover the full range from having a
worldwide acknowledged expertise on only a few well-defined topics to
a practical support team for the metallurgical industry. The eight main
research topics selected here are topics that had been worked on for years.
Three of them have a basic research character which is sometimes important
in order to get profound knowledge that can be used to verify more
complex industrial applications. In some topics we have been involved
from first steps that suggested simple models to nowadays complex
three-dimensional industry-relevant multiphase simulations. One example
is the work that had been done to understand the formation of so-called
macrosegregation in alloy castings. This work had started in 2002 and in
the meantime has led to the fact that Prof. Ludwig and Prof. Wu are the
world-leading scientists with regards of publications on macrosegregation.
Another important development is the increasing complexity of metallurgical
process simulations. A decade ago, computational fluid dynamic
simulations with a thermally induced phase change was challenging to
perform. Nowadays, magnetohydrodynamic interacts with discrete phase
boundaries between e.g. liquid steel and slag, that lead to the pinching-off
of tiny droplets from a liquid filament, can be calculated. Of course, such
complex simulations need extremely large computation capacity. It is this
competition between rising complexity and increasing hardware power that
will keep the researchers unsatisfied – and there will be no solution of this
dilemma, not even in the long run.
I hope by reading this brochure, you will feel the enthusiasm that had led
the group over the years. It is worth mentioning that physical-based metallurgical
process simulations have still so many challenges to be tackled,
that even the young generation will find plenty of room for further significant
improvements of the field. So, looking into the future we might argue that
the present brochure has described just the beginning…
Prof. Dr. A. Ludwig
Chair for Simulation and Modelling of Metallurgical Processes
Head of the Department of Metallurgy
CONTENTS
Main SMMP Research Themes ...................................................................................... 04
Research Theme 1:
Formation Mechanisms of Macrosegregation ............................................................. 06
Research Theme 2:
Modelling the As-cast Structure in Large Steel Castings ............................................. 08
Research Theme 3:
Nozzle Clogging in Steelmaking Processes .................................................................. 10
Research Theme 4:
Direct Measurements of Melt Convection
and Crystal Motion During Solidification ....................................................................... 12
Research Theme 5:
Flow-solidification Interaction in Mushy Zones ............................................................ 14
Research Theme 6:
Steel Continuous Casting: Solidification, Flow and Magnetohydrodynamics ............. 16
Research Theme 7:
Magnetohydrodynamic and Electrochemical Phenomena in Remelting Processes .. 18
Research Theme 8:
Metastable Solidification of Novel Peritectic Structures ............................................. 20
Grant Awards ................................................................................................................... 22
Given Lectures ................................................................................................................. 24
Completed Thesis ........................................................................................................... 24
Team Members
............................................................................................................... 26
Collaborations and Supporters
...................................................................................... 28
Invited Lectures
............................................................................................................... 30
Publications .....................................................................................................................
32
3
MAIN SMMP RESEARCH
THEMES
1. Formation Mechanisms of Macrosegregation
2. Modelling the As-cast Structure in Large Steel Castings
3. Nozzle Clogging in Steelmaking Processes
4. Direct Measurements of Melt Convection and
Crystal Motion During Solidification Basic Research
5. Flow-solidification Interaction in a Mushy Zone Basic Research
6. Steel Continuous Casting: Solidification, Flow and Magnetohydrodynamics
7. Magnetohydrodynamic and Electrochemical Phenomena in Remelting Processes
8. Metastable Solidification of Novel Peritectic Structures Basic Research
4 Main SMMP Research Themes
5
Research Theme 1:
FORMATION
MECHANISMS OF
MACROSEGREGATION
M. Wu, A. Ludwig, C. Rodrigues, A. Kharicha
Aims and key objectives
To use multiphase solidification models and study
macrosegregation mechanisms as caused by:
• thermo-solutal convection;
• crystal sedimentation;
• feeding flow due to solidification shrinkage;
• forced flow such as electro-magnetic stirring;
• mechanical deformation of the mushy zone;
• Marangoni convection.
To evaluate numerical models against different
theoretical models or experimental benchmarks:
• laboratory experiments;
• Flemings theory;
• industry castings.
To apply numerical models for different industry
processes (ingots, continuous castings of steel, and
direct chill casting of copper/aluminium).
Figure 1.1:
Predicted macrosegregation
during bulging of a steel slab
(length scaled 1:10).
(Diagram) Comparison of center-line
segregation for three different cases
corresponding to solidification of the
horizontal model steel slab:
(i) shrinkage only, (ii) bulging only and
(iii) combined effect of shrinkage and
bulging.
bulging without
shrinkage
shrinkage only
bulging + shrinkage
pos. seg.
A B
neutral
neg. seg.
Figure 1.2:
Predicted macrosegregation during
twin roll casting of Al-4wt.%Cu. The
viscoplastic high-solid fraction regions
are heavily deformed resulting in a
densification of the dendritic network
and thus in a pressing out of segregated
liquid [taken from Rodrigues et
al., Met. Trans. B 50 (2018) 1428-4].
Inlet
20 mm
40 mm R = 400 mm
Roll
Nozzle
Roll
150 mm
Strip
Outlet
8 mm
6 Research Theme 1: Formation Mechanisms of Macrosegregation
Summary of key progress:
1. We have developed a series of volume-average
multiphase solidification
models that accounts for mass,
momentum, enthalpy and species
conservation during columnar and
equiaxed solidification.
2. We have verified models against:
• Flemings’ theory (1D case)
[Wu et al., Steel Res. Int. 79 (2008)
637-644];
• Hebditch-Hunt laboratory benchmark
[Li et al., Comp. Mater. Sci. 55
(2012) 407-418];
• Steel ingots of industry scale
[Li et al., Int. J. Heat and Mass
Transfer. 72 (2014) 668-679].
• DC casting of Bronze
[Hao et al., Adv. Mater. Res.
154-155 (2011) 1401-04].
3. Some numerical models (source
codes) are available for applications
at the industry scale.
Potential
long-term impact:
This research has the potential to extend
our understanding of macrosegregation
formation, to develop industrial
relevant strategies for reducing
macrosegregation, and to refine the
solidification models (source codes)
and integrate them into the industry
4.0 as an important part of the virtual/
intelligent manufacturing.
Selected impacts:
1. Elsevier SCOPUS: since spring 2013 Prof. Ludwig is the world-leading author
with regards on publications on the keyword “macrosegregation”; Prof. Wu
has the second most.
2. Invited (keynote/plenary) lectures:
• A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha: “Recent Developments in Multiphase/Multiphysics
CFD Simulations in Steelmaking”, keynote, 8 th Int. Conf. on Mod.
& Simul. of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking (STEELSIM2019), Toronto,
Canada, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
• M. Wu: “Simulation of transport phenomena in metallurgy”, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, host Prof. Hu Zhang, Beihang University,
Beijing, China, July 23, 2019.
• A. Ludwig, M. Bellet: “Combining Modelling of Flow and Structure Mechanics
in Solidifying Regions”, plenary, 5 th Int. Conf. on Advances in
Solidification Processes (ICASP-5) combined with 5 th Int. Symposium
on Cutting Edge of Computer Simulation of Solidification, Casting and
Refining, Salzburg, Austria, June 17-21, 2019.
• M. Wu, H. Zhang, Y. Zheng, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Macrosegregation
formation in an Al-Si casting sample with crosssectional change during
directional solidification”, 7 th Int. Conf. on Solidification Science and Processing
(ICSSP7), Thiruvananthapuram, India, Nov. 19-22, 2018.
• Y. Zheng, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Concept of semi-continuous casting
for large steel strand: a numerical study”, keynote, China Symposium
on Sustainable Steelmaking Technology, Tianjin, China, Oct. 24-26, 2018.
• A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek, A. Kharicha, M. Wu: “Simulation in Metallurgy: Past
achievements and future challenges”, plenary, 27 th Int. Conf. on Metallurgy
and Materials (METAL2018), Brno, Czech Republic, 23-25. May 2018.
3. Technology transfer: This research is based on two CD-laboratories operated
at the chair: 2004-11, “Multiphase Simulation of Metallurgical Processes”
led by Prof. Ludwig, and 2011-18 “Advanced Process Simulation of
Solidification and Melting” led by Prof. Wu. The involved company partners
were Voest Alpine, RHI Magnesita GmbH, INTECO, Wieland Werke, and
Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH.
Selected publications:
1. C. Rodrigues, A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Vakhrushev: “A Comprehensive
Analysis of Macrosegregation Formation During Twin- Roll Casting”,
Metall. Mater. Trans. B 50 (2019) 1334-50.
2. M. Wu, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Simulation of as-cast steel ingot - a review”,
Steel Res. Int. 89 (2018) 1700037.
3. Y. Zheng, M. Wu, E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Use of a mixed
columnar-equiaxed solidification model to analyses the formation of
as-cast structure and macrosegregation in a Sn-10 wt% Pb benchmark
experiment”, Int. J. Heat and Mass Trans. 122 (2018) 939–53.
4. M. Wu, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “A four phase model for the macrosegregation
and shrinkage cavity during solidification of steel ingot”, Appl. Math.
Modelling 41 (2017) 102-20.
5. M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Discussion on Modeling Capability for Macrosegregation”,
High Temp. Mater. Proc. 36 (2017) 531–39.
6. M. Wu, Y. Zheng, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Numerical analysis of macrosegregation
in vertically solidified Pb-Sn test castings - Part I: Columnar
solidification”, Comp. Mater. Sci. 124 (2016) 444-55.
7. Y. Zheng, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Numerical analysis of macrosegregation
in vertically solidified Pb-Sn test castings – Part II: Equiaxed
solidification”, Comp. Mater. Sci. 124 (2016) 456-70.
8. A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha: “On Macrosegregation”, Metall. Mater. Trans.
A 46 (2015) 4854-67.
9. M. Ahmadein, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “Analysis of macrosegregation formation
and columnar-to-equiaxed transition during solidification of Al-4wt.%Cu
ingot using a 5-phase model”, J. Crystal Growth 417 (2015) 65-74.
7
Research Theme 2:
MODELLING THE
AS-CAST STRUCTURE IN
LARGE STEEL CASTINGS
M. Wu, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig
Aims and key objectives
• To understand the formation of the as-cast
micro-structure of steel that are
manufactured at the industrial scale;
• To develop numerical model for the
mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification
considering CET and macrosegregation;
• To model the electromagnetic stirring
during continuous casting, and its effect on the
as-cast structure (crystal fragmentation);
• To apply the numerical model to aid
industry to optimize the casting processes
(ingot, continuous casting);
• To apply the numerical model to aid
industry to design new casting process;
• To further evaluate the numerical model by
comparison the modelling results with
laboratory experiments and plant trials.
Figure 2.1:
Schematics of semi-continuous
casting process (SCC), and the
principle to control the as-cast
structure. The mixed columnarequiaxed
solidification model is
extended to investigate the mold
filling (casting) and solidification
processes during SCC.
casting
solidification control
a b c
Figure 2.2:
Numerical simulation of as-cast
structure and macrosegregation
in a 36-ton ingot. (a) Numericallysimulated
segregation maps in
different vertical and horizontal
sections; (b) the macrosegregation
map of the as-cast ingot
as measured in the longitudinal
section [Duan et al., Metall. Mater.
Trans. A, 2016]; (c) comparison
of the numerically-simulated
macrosegregation profiles along
the centerline.
8 Research Theme 2: Modelling the As-cast Structure in Large Steel Castings
Summary of key progress:
1. We have developed a mixed
columnar-equiaxed solidification
model [Wu et al., Metall. Mater.
Trans. A 37 (2006) 1613-31] that
is also able to consider dendritic
morphology [Wu et al., Comp. Mater.
Sci. 50 (2010) 32-42].
2. We have verified the model against:
• Flemings’ theory (1D case)
[Wu et al., Steel Res. Int. 79 (2008)
637-44];
• Hebditch-Hunt laboratory benchmark
[Li et al., Comp. Mater. Sci. 55
(2012) 407-18] [Zheng et al., Int. J.
H&M Transfer 122 (2014) 939-53];
• Industry steel ingots [Li et al., Int.
J. H&M Transfer 72 (2014) 668-79]
[Wu et al., 7 th STEELSIM, Aug. 16-
18, 2017, Qingdao, China].
3. We have recently extended the
model by considering:
• crystal fragmentation for the origin
of the equiaxed crystals [Zheng et
al., Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.
26 (2018) 015004];
• electromagnetic stirring (EMS).
Potential long-term impact:
Our research has the potential to
optimize the casting parameters by
controlling the as-cast structure and
minimizing the macrosegregation in
industry castings (ingots and continuous
casting of steel, DC casting of
non-ferrous alloys); to aid industry
for the design of new solidification
processes (e.g. semi-continuous casting
of steel); to be integrated into the
industry 4.0 as an important part of
the virtual/intelligent manufacturing.
Selected impacts:
1. Invited lectures:
• A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha: “Recent Developments in Multiphase/Multiphysics
CFD Simulations in Steelmaking”, 8 th Int. Conf. on Mod. & Simul.
of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking (STEEL-SIM2019), Toronto, Canada,
Aug. 13-15, 2019.
• M. Wu: “From numerical modeling toward the intelligent design/control of
metallurgical processes”, 1 st Int. Forum on Application of Artificial Intelligence
in Metallurgical Engineering, Beijing, China, Aug. 5-7, 2019.
• M. Wu: “Simulation of as-cast ingots”, School of Metallurgical and Ecological
Engineering, Univ. Sci. Techn. Beijing, China, Aug. 5. 2019.
• M. Wu: “Simulation of transport phenomena in metallurgy”, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, host Prof. Hu Zhang, Beihang University,
Beijing, China, July 23, 2019.
• M. Wu: “Simulation of as-cast steel ingots”, Int. Conf. on Industrial Development
of Heavy Castings and Forgings, Deyang, China, Dec. 5-6, 2018.
• M. Wu, “Numerical modelling/simulation and their applications in metallurgy
and materials processing”, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
host Prof. Hu Zhang, Beihang University, Beijing, China, Oct. 29, 2018.
• Y. Zheng, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Concept of semi-continuous
casting for large steel strand: a numerical study”, China Symposium on
Sustainable Steelmaking Technology, Tianjin, China, Oct. 24-26, 2018.
• M. Wu: “A numerical study on the role of fragmentation in the as-cast
structure”, 7 th Int. Conf. on Solidification and Gravity (SG’13), Miskolc,
Hungary, Sept. 3-6, 2018.
• A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek, A. Kharicha, M. Wu: “Simulation in Metallurgy: Past
achievements and future challenges”, 27 th Int. Conf. on Metallurgy and
Materials (METAL2018), Brno, Czech Republic, 23-25. May 2018.
2. Prof. M. Wu is selected as Chairman of 9 th Int. Steelmaking Conf., Vienna,
Austria, Oct. 4-7, 2021. This is partially attributed to the research achievement
of the group in the field of steel processing.
Selected publications:
3. M. Wu, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Simulation of as-cast steel ingot, a review”,
Steel Res. Int. 89 (2018) 1700037.
4. Y. Zheng, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Incorporation of fragmentation
into a volume average solidification model”, Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.
26 (2018) 015004.
5. A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha: ”On Macrosegregation”, Metall. Mater. Trans.
A 46 (2015) 4854-67.
6. M. Wu, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “A four phase model for the macrosegregation
and shrinkage cavity during solidification of steel ingot”, Appl. Math.
Modelling 41 (2017) 102-20.
7. M. Wu, Y. Zheng, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Numerical analysis of as-cast
structure, macrosegregation and shrinkage cavity in steel ingots: case
study of a 36 tons’ ingot”, 7 th Int. Conf. on Mod. & Simul. of Metall.
Processes in Steelmaking (STEELSIM2017), Qingdao, China, 129-32.
8. Y. Zheng, M. Wu, E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Use of a mixed
columnar-equiaxed solidi-fication model to analyses the formation of
as-cast structure and macrosegregation in a Sn-10 wt% Pb benchmark
experiment”, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 939–53.
9. J. Li, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “The predication of macrosegregation
in a 2.45 tons’ steel ingot with a mixed columnar-equiaxed three phases
model”, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 72 (2014) 668-79.
9
Research Theme 3:
NOZZLE CLOGGING IN
STEELMAKING PROCESSES
M. Wu, H. Barati, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig
Aims and key objectives
• To develop a transient clogging model considering key
physical/chemistry mechanisms:
• origin of the non-metallic inclusions (NMIs);
• transport of NMIs by the molten steel of high
turbulence, and the effect of Ar gas;
• behaviour of NMIs in the boundary layer of the
nozzle wall (refractory);
• adhesion mechanism of NMIs on the nozzle wall and
the effect of nozzle refractory materials;
• growth of the clog front and its interaction with the
turbulent melt flow;
• flow and possible solidification of molten steel in
the clog region;
• fragmentation/detachment of clog.
• To evaluate numerical model against available
laboratory/industry experiments.
• To achieve fundamental understanding about the nozzle
clogging in steelmaking processes, and aid
the industry to optimize the process parameters.
Clogging phenomenon in a
steel transport nozzle
Figure 3.1:
A transient nozzle clogging model
is developed and used to simulate a
laboratory experiment (simulator of
nozzle clogging: Comdicast AB,
Sweden) with a purpose to validate
the numerical model.
Numerical simulation
a
b
Figure 3.2:
Evolution of clogging in the nozzle.
(a) View of the clog region from the
vertical section and a cross-section
A-A of the nozzle; (b) Zoomed view of
the flow streamlines and a partially
clogged section at 200 s. The clogged
section is shown in yellow. The magnitude
of the flow velocity is shown in a
color scale along the streamlines.
10 Research Theme 3: Nozzle Clogging in Steelmaking Processes
Summary of key progress:
1. A transient model for the clogging
of submerged entry nozzle (SEN)
during continuous casting of steel
has been recently proposed [Barati,
et al., Powder Technology, 2018].
2. The model has been successfully
verified by comparison with a
laboratory experiment (simulator
of nozzle clogging: Comdicast AB,
Sweden).
3. The model has been applied to
investigate the clogging-related
phenomena during operation of
continuous casting of steel.
Potential long-term impact:
This research has the potential to
optimize the casting parameters by
minimizing the clogging tendency
during continuous casting of steel;
to be integrated into the industry 4.0
as an important part of the virtual/
intelligent manufacturing. The developed
numerical model can also be
extended to investigate the clogging/
fouling phenomenon (deposition and
accumulation of solid suspended
particles on the fluid passage) in other
engineering processes such as in heat
exchangers, petrochemical industry,
automotive industry food production,
pharmaceutical industries.
Selected impacts:
1. Invited lectures:
• M. Wu, H. Barati, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Clogging in SEN during continuous
casting”, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, host Prof.
Andre Phillion, McMaster University, Canada, Aug. 16, 2019.
• M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Using a numerical model to study the
transient clogging phenomena in SEN during continuous casting of steel”,
8 th Int. Steelmaking Conf., Toronto, Canada, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
2. Technology transfer: based on this research, a K1-MET project (Tundish
and mold operation, WP2 - Inclusion Behaviour in SEN Clogging) is granted,
with the direct industry involvement and financial support. The industry
partners are voestalpine Stahl Linz GmbH, voestalpine Stahl Donawitz
GmbH, RHI Magnesita GmbH.
3. Prof. M. Wu is selected as Chairman of 9 th Int. Steelmaking Conf., Vienna,
Austria, Oct. 4-7, 2021. This is partially attributed to the research achievement
of his group in the field of steel processing.
Selected publications:
1. H. Barati, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “A Transient Model for Nozzle
Clogging”, Powder Technology 329 (2018) 181-98.
2. H. Barati, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Calculation accuracy and efficiency
of a transient model for submerged entry nozzle clogging”, Metall.
Mater. Trans. B 50B (2019) 1428-43.
3. M. Wu, H. Barati, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Using a numerical model to study
the transient clogging phenomena in SEN during continuous casting of
steel”, Proc. of STEESIM (8 th Int. Conf. on Mod. & Simul. of Metall. Processes
in Steelmaking, Aug. 13-15, 2019, Toronto, Canada), 664-7.
4. H. Barati, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Discussion on possible solidification
during SEN clogging in steel continuous casting”, Proc. of SG’13 (7 th
Int. Conf. on Solidification and Gravity), Sept. 3-6, 2018, Miskolc, Hungary,
eds. Roosz A., et al., 144-9.
5. H. Barati, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Investigation on Mesh Sensitivity
of a Transient Model for Nozzle Clogging”, World Academy of Sci.,
Eng. Techn., Int. Sci. Index 134, Int. J. Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Mater.
Metall. Eng. 12 (2018) 62-6.
6. H. Barati, M. Wu, T. Holzmann, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Simulation of
non-metallic inclusion deposition and clogging of nozzle”, Proc. CFD
Model. Simul. in Mater. Processing, TMS 2018, In: Nastac L., Pericleous K.,
Sabau A., Zhang L., Thomas B. (eds), Phoenix, AZ, USA, Mar. 11-15. 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72059-3_15, pp. 149-158.
7. H. Barati, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Assessment of difference turbulence
models for the motion of non-metallic inclusion in induction crucible
furnace”, Proc. of LMPC (Liquid Metal Processing & Casting Conference,
Sept. 20-24, 2015, Leoben, Austria), Edited by Kharicha A., Ward R.M.,
Holzgruber H. and Wu M., 365-71. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and
Engineering 143 (2016) 012036
11
Research Theme 4:
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS
OF MELT CONVECTION
AND CRYSTAL MOTION
DURING SOLIDIFICATION
A. Kharicha, M. Stefan-Kharicha, M. Wu, A. Ludwig
Basic Research
Aims and key objectives
• To observe double-diffusive phenomena during
solidification of a transparent alloy with a
so-called Particle Image Velocity (PIV) system.
• To create a data base with well controlled boundary
conditions which can be used for validation of
world-wide existing solidification numerical models.
• To define an experimental benchmark for the
columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) and
the macroscopic shape of mushy zone.
• To measure the relative velocity of
equiaxed crystals and the melt and
therewith evaluate existing drag laws.
• To understand the interaction between solidification
and naturally driven melt flow convection.
• To develop a dendrite envelope
model on a semi-macroscopic scale.
a
b
c
Figure 4:
Ammonium chloride solidification in a die cast cell cooled from three sides: (a) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements
and (b) simulation results (dendritic envelope model) and (c) crystals and liquid velocities map taken by the two-colour
PIV system. Note that the different motion of crystals and surrounding melt could be resolved.
12 Research Theme 4: Direct Measurements of Melt Convection and Crystal Motion During Solidification
Summary of key progress:
1. We have built a Particle Image
Velocimetry (PIV) experimental setup
able to measure simultaneously
melt and equiaxed velocities.
2. We discovered a new kind of
double-diffusive convection: the
meandering flow known from large
scale oceans flow.
3. We put in evidence a strong
correlation between the occurrence
of CET and the total kinetic energy
of the melt flow.
4. Thermal, hydrodynamic and solidification
data were gathered to build
a very consistent and complete
experimental benchmark.
5. Our dendrite envelope model was
able to reproduce successfully both
hydrodynamics and solidification.
6. The predicted topology and
structure of mushy zone dynamics
was found to be much richer than
expected from an a priori simple
solidification front. In particular,
various kinds of freckles and
channel segregations are generated
mostly at the boundaries between
columnar grains.
Potential long-term impact:
In the future new generations of
numerical models will surpass the
common volume-averaging models
by predicting the largest structures
within the mushy zone together with
the hydrodynamics. Our experimental
research offers the possibility to
validate these advanced numerical
models with an alloy which properties
are very well known.
Selected impacts:
1. Invited keynote lectures:
• A. Kharicha, M. Stefan-Kharicha, A. Ludwig, M. Wu: “A meandering sinking
flow as possible explanation for the thermohaline stair cases in oceans”,
5 th Int. Symp. Instabilities and Bifurcations in Fluid Mechanics, July 8-11,
2013, Haifa, Israel.
• A. Kharicha, M. Stefan-Kharicha, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “A Mesoscopic model
for solidification of systems of large number of columnar dendrites”
E-MRS Spring Meeting 2014, Symp. V: Effect of natural and forced
convection in materials crystallization. May 27-29 2014, Lille, France.
2. Prof. M. Ludwig was granted a basic research FWF project (P22614)
entitled: “Flow-solidification interaction”, 01.08.2010 - 31.01.2015.
Selected publications:
1. M. Stefan-Kharicha, A. Kharicha, M. Wu and A. Ludwig: “On the coupling
mechanism of equiaxed crystal generation with the liquid flow driven by
natural convection during solidification”, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 49 (2018)
1708-24.
2. M. Stefan-Kharicha. A. Kharicha, J. Mogeritsch, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “Review
of ammonium chloride-water solution properties”, J. Chem. Eng. Data. 63
(2018) 3170-83.
3. A. Ludwig, M. Stefan-Kharicha, A. Kharicha and M. Wu: “Massive formation
of equiaxed crystals by avalanches of mushy zone segments”, Metall.
Mater. Trans. A 48 (2017) 2927-31.
4. M. Stefan-Kharicha, A. Kharicha, M. Wu and A. Ludwig: “Observation of
flow regimes and transitions during a columnar solidification experiment”,
Fluid Dyn. Res. 46 (2014) 041424:1-20.
5. A. Kharicha, M. Stefan-Kharicha, A. Ludwig and M. Wu: “Simultaneous
observation of melt flow and motion of equiaxed crystals during solidification
using a dual phase particle image velocimetry technique. Part I: stage
characterization of melt flow and equiaxed crystal motion”, Metall. Mater.
Trans. A 44 (2013) 650-60 and “…Part II: relative velocities”, Metall. Mater.
Trans. A 44 (2013) 661-8.
6. A. Kharicha, M. Stefan-Kharicha, A. Ludwig and M. Wu: “Exploration of the
double-diffusive convection during dendritic solidification with a combined
volume-averaging and cellular-automaton model”, IOP Conf. Series: Mater.
Sci. Eng. 33 (2012) 012115.
13
Research Theme 5:
FLOW-SOLIDIFICATION
INTERACTION IN
MUSHY ZONES
M. Wu, H. Zhang, C. Rodrigues, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha
Basic Research
Aims and key objectives
• To develop/refine numerical models for
solidification by considering flow interaction
with the advancing much zone.
• To investigate the solidification process under
the pure diffusive condition (micro-gravity)
and forced convection condition by applying
rotating magnetic field (RMF).
• To evaluate different permeability laws (or the dependency
of the permeability on the morphological
parameters of dendritic crystals in the mushy zone) by
comparison of the modelled solidification results with
the experiments where flow is well controlled by RMF.
• To investigate the flow influence on the microstructure
formation, in cooperation with some laboratory
experiments (micro-gravity and forced convection).
• To model the columnar-to-equiaxed transition
(CET) under the forced convection condition
by considering crystal fragmentation as the
origin of equiaxed crystals.
• To investigate the macrosegregation
mechanism under the RMF.
a
b
c
Figure 5.1:
Comparison of the experimentally-measured
(left)
and the numerically-calculated
(right) macrosegregation
in the unidirectionallysolidified
sample under the
rotating magnetic field.
Figure 5.2:
A two-phase columnar solidification model is used to calculate the unidirectional solidification
of AlSi7 alloy under the rotating magnetic field (RMF). (a) Geometry configuration and
boundary conditions; (b) modeling results to indicate the Tayler-Görtler vortices of the bulk
melt in front of the mushy zone, typically caused by RMF; (c) flow in the mushy zone, where
the volume fraction of liquid (upper) and the velocity direction and magnitude (lower) are
shown in color scale. The macrosegregation pattern in the as-solidified sample is shown in
Figure 5-1.
14 Research Theme 5: Flow-solidification Interaction in Mushy Zones
Summary of key progress:
1. A two-phase columnar solidification
model has been refined and applied
to ‘reproduce’ the unidirectional
solidification experiment under
the condition of RMF, which was
carried in ESA-MICAST project. The
comparison allowed to understand
the importance of correct data on
the mushy zone permeability for
predicting realistic solidification
dynamics.
2. The two-phase model is also used
to ‘reproduce’ the Al-Si casting
experiment with cross-section
change, which was carried out by
NASA group [Ghods et al., J. Cryst.
Growth, 2016].
3. The model is extended to include
the effect of intermetallic precipitates
in ternary alloy (AlSi7Fe1) on
interdendritic fluid flow during alloy
solidification.
Potential long-term impact:
This fundamental research has the
potential to gain deep knowledge
about the flow-solidification interaction
and this knowledge will be further
implemented in the advanced
solidification models to realize the
virtual manufacturing.
Selected impacts:
1. Invited (keynote/plenary) lectures:
• M. Wu: “Simulation of transport phenomena in metallurgy”, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, host Prof. Hu Zhang, Beihang University,
Beijing, China, July 23, 2019.
• M. Wu, H. Zhang, Y. Zheng, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Macrosegregation
formation in an Al-Si casting sample with cross-sectional change during
directional solidification”, 7 th Int. Conf. on Solidification Science and Processing
(ICSSP 2018), Triruvanathapuram, India, Nov. 19-22, 2018.
2. Prof. M. Wu is a member of the team – MICAST (Microstructure formation
in casting of technical alloys under diffusive and magnetically controlled
convective conditions), sponsored by ESA (European Space Agency),
AO-99-031. This research has got direct financial support by FFG – ASAP
(Austrian Space Application Program) with a project FLOWSICONS (Flowsolidification
interaction under controlled convective conditions), 10. 2017
– 12.2020.
3. Prof. M. Wu is also the member of the topic team, GRASP (Gravity impact
on microstructure evolution in technical alloys during solidification
processes), sponsored by ESA. The purpose is to initiate the activities in
the framework of the integrated ESA-CSMA (China Manned Space Agency)
research project between Chinese and European science teams.
4. Prof. M. Wu got an international grant by FWF-NKFIN between Austria and
Hungary: “Formation of as-solidified structure and macrosegregation during
unidirectional solidification under controlled flow conditions”, 12.2019
– 11.2023.
Selected publications:
5. H. Zhang, M. Wu, Y. Zheng, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Numerical study of
the role of mush permeability in the solidifying mushy zone under forced
convection conditions”, Mater. Today Comm. 22 (2020) 100842.
6. H. Zhang, M. Wu, Y. Zheng, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Macrosegregation
Formation in an Al-Si Casting Sample with Crosssectional Change During
Directional Solidification”, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 71 (2018) 2639–43.
7. S. Steinbach, L. Ratke, G. Zimmermann, L. Sturz., A. Roosz, J. Kovacs, Y.
Fautrelle, O. Bodenkova, J. Lacaze, S. Dost, G. Grün, N. Warnken, M. Wu, W.
Sillekens: “The effect of magnetically controlled fluid flow on microstructure
evolution in cast technical Al-alloys: The MICAST project”, 7 th Int. Conf.
Solidification and Gravity (SG 2018), Miskolc, Hungary, pp. 284.
8. H. Zhang, M. Wu, Y. Zheng, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Numerical simulation
of fluid flow in the mushy zone under rotation magnetic field: influence of
permeability”, 7 th Int. Conf. Solidification and Gravity (SG 2018), Miskolc,
Hungary, pp. 265-70.
9. S. Steinbach, L. Ratke, G. Zimmermann, L. Sturz., A. Roosz, J. Kovacs, Y.
Fautrelle, O. Bodenkova, J. Lacaze, S. Dost, G. Grün, N. Warnken, M. Wu,
W. Sillekens: “Investigation of the effect of fluid flow on macrostructure
evolution in Al-Si-Fe alloys: The MICAST project”, 6 th Decennial Int. Conf. on
Solidification Processing (SP2017), Old Windsor, UK, pp. 267-71.
15
Research Theme 6:
STEEL CONTINUOUS
CASTING: SOLIDIFICATION,
FLOW AND
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
A. Kharicha, A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, A. Ludwig
Aims and key objectives
• Multiphase phenomena modelling during
continuous casting (CC): turbulent flow,
shell growth, inclusions (NMI) and
bubbles motion, meniscus behaviour, etc.
• Model development of the turbulent flow
under the applied magnetic field
considering the Lorentz force.
• Coupled numerical simulation of the
solidification during CC with the magneto
• hydrodynamic (MHD) effects from the
electromagnetic brake (EMBr).
• Models verification against analytical
solutions, experimental data and
existing numerical results.
• Influence of the casting and EMBr conditions
on the CC mould flow pattern, the shell
thickness, meniscus temperature, slag
band stability and NMI behaviour.
• Apply the results of the numerical studies
for real industrial process with an optimization
aims regarding the cast products quality.
a
Turbulent flow
b
Magnedtic field
Magnedtic field
Figure 6:
(a) Modelling of turbulent melt flow during thin slab continuous casting of steel. The width of the funnel-shaped mould is
around 1.5 m. The final slab has a thickness of around 15 cm. (b) Flow pattern under applied eletro-magnetic break and the
electric current interaction with a vortex structure.
16 Research Theme 6: Steel Continuous Casting: Solidification, Flow and Magnetohydrodynamics
Summary of key progress:
1. The solidification model was developed
in open-source software
OpenFOAM ® that considers turbulent
effects, heat transfer near
the solidification front as well as
viscoplastic material behaviour of
the solidifying shell.
2. Coupled flow /solidification / MHD
model was developed and extensive
verification was performed.
3. MHD effects on the turbulent flow
were investigated based on the
mould conductivity. The consideration
of the highly conductive shell
was found crucial.
4. The solidification of the steel alloy
for the wide range of real industrial
thin slab CC configurations including
mould, submerged entry nozzle
(SEN) and slab part was simulated
without and with the applied EMBr.
5. Influence of the mould width,
casting speed, immerse depth of
the SEN on the solid shell distribution,
on the meniscus velocity and
temperature was analysed. The
parametric studies based on the
EMBr magnetic field variation were
performed for latter cases. The predicted
meniscus wave height was
successfully compared with the
measurements at the steel plant.
Potential long-term impact:
Our scientific investigations provide
the theoretical basis for innovative
control techniques which will lead
to growing productions rates by
increasing the casting speed while
keeping the quality. Thus large energy
savings by casting at lower super heat
and promoting CO 2
reduction will be
achieved. Developed methodology
opens the possibility to apply electromagnetic
field to other metallurgical
and semiconductor industry.
Selected impacts:
1. Invited (keynote/plenary) lectures:
• A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha: “Recent Developments in Multiphase/Multiphysics
CFD Simulations in Steelmaking”, keynote, 8 th Int. Conf. on Mod.
& Simul. of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking (STEELSIM2019), Toronto,
Canada, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
• M. Wu: “From numerical modeling toward the intelligent design/control of
metallurgical processes”, plenary, 1 st Int. Forum on Application of Artificial
Intelligence in Metallurgical Engineering, Beijing, China, Aug. 5-7, 2019.
• A. Kharicha, A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “Applications of MHD in
continuous casting”, 11 th Pamir Int. Conf. on Fundamental and Applied
MHD, Reims, France, July 1-5, 2019.
• A. Kharicha: “Modelling MHD applied in Metallurgy”, American University
of Beirut, host Prof. M. Darwish, Lebanon, Dec 26. 2018.
• A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek, A. Kharicha, M. Wu: “Simulation in Metallurgy: Past
achievements and future challenges”, 27 th Int. Conf. on Metallurgy and
Materials (METAL2018), Brno, Czech Republic, 23-25. May 2018.
2. Technology transfer: based on this research the CD-Laboratory “Metallurgical
application of Magnetohydrodynamics” lead by P.D. Dr. A. Kharicha
was founded in 2018. The involved company partners are INTECO, RHA
Magnesita GmbH and Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH.
Selected publications:
1. A. Vakhrushev, A. Kharicha, Z. Liu, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, G. Nitzl, Y. Tang, G.
Hackl, and J. Watzinger: “Electric Current Distribution during Electromagnetic
Brake in Continuous Casting”, Metall. Meta. Trans. B (2020) in press.
2. Z. Liu, B. Li, A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “Physical and Numerical
Modeling of Exposed Slag Eye in Continuous Casting Mold using Euler-Euler
Approach”, Steel Res. Int. 90 (2019) 18020117 1-10.
3. A. Vakhrushev, A. Kharicha, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, G. Nitzl, Y. Tang, G. Hackl, J.
Watzinger, C. Rodrigues: “On modelling viscoplastic behavior of the solidifying
shell in the funnel-type continuous casting mold”, 5 th Int. Conf. on Advances
in Solidification Processes (ICASP-5) combined with 5 th Int. Symposium on
Cutting Edge of Computer Simulation of Solidification, Casting and Refining,
Salzburg, Austria, IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 529 (2019) 012081.
4. Z. Liu, A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig, B. Li: “Scale-Adaptive
Simulation of Transient Two-Phase Flow in Continuous Casting Mold”,
Metall. Mater. Trans. B 50 (2019) 543-54.
5. Liu Z., Vakhrushev A., Wu M., Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Ludwig A., Li B.:
“Effect of an Electrically-Conducting Wall on Transient Magnetohydrodynamic
Flow in a Continuous Casting Mold with an Electromagnetic Brake”,
Metals. 8 (2018) 609:1-14.
6. A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, G. Nitzl, Y. Tang, G. Hackl, R. Wincor: “A Water
Experiment Benchmark to Evaluate Numerical Models for the Motion of Particles
in Continuous Casting Tundish”, Steel Res. Int. 87 (2016) 1600276:1-13.
7. A. Ludwig, A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, T. Holzmann, A. Kharicha: “Simulation of
Crystal Sedimentation and Viscoplastic Behavior of Sedimented Equiaxed
Mushy Zones”, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 68 (2015) 1087–94.
8. A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, Y. Tang, G. Hackl, G. Nitzl: “Numerical
investigation of shell formation in thin slab casting of funnel-type mould”,
Metall. Mater. Trans. B 45 (2014) 1024-37.
9. M. Wu, A. Vakhrushev, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha: “Influence of forced convection
on solidification and remelting in the developing mushy zone”, IOP Conf.
Series: Materials Science and Engineering (ICASP-4) 117 (2016) 012045.
10. M. Wu, A. Vakhrushev, G. Nunner, C. Pfeiler, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Importance
of Melt Flow in Solidifying Mushy Zone”, Open Transp. Phenomena
J. 2 (2010) 16-23.
17
Research Theme 7:
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC
AND ELECTROCHEMICAL
PHENOMENA IN
REMELTING PROCESSES
A. Kharicha, E. Karimi-Sibaki, M. Wu, A. Ludwig
Aims and key objectives
• To understand the interaction between phase
distribution and magnetohydrodynamics
when strong electric currents are applied;
• To predict the electrical current path in the
presence of strong spatial and temporal
variation of electric conductivity;
• To solve process instabilities and predict the formation
of defects in the electroslag remelting process
(ESR) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process;
• To understand electrochemical apects of the
ESR process;
• To predict the thermal and solidification characteristics
during remelting of different metallic alloys;
• To explore the origin of the coherent arc
behaviour in the VAR process;
a
b
Figure 7:
(a) Melting during the electroslag remelting process (ESR) process and (b) cathode spots distribution during the vacuum
arc remelting (VAR) process. Red and yellow colours show a high electric current density. During ESR the formation of metal
droplets happens in a turbulent slag flow constantly heated by the strong electric current. In the figure the slag has been
masked out. During VAR the electric current is extremely localised inside the so-called cathode spots, which move rapidly over
the surface of the electrode.
18 Research Theme 7: Magnetohydrodynamic and Electrochemical Phenomena in Remelting Processes
Summary of key progress:
1. We have developed a three dimensional
multiphase model of
the electroslag refining processes
that accounts for the interaction
between electromagnetism, droplet
formation and interface instabilities.
2. We are modelling the ionic transport
to understand the electrical
behavior of an electrolyte.
3. We have applied the model to study
industrial scale ESR to predict the
pool depth and consequently the
quality of the final ingot of process.
This includes modelling of melting
of ESR electrodes.
4. We related the electrical signal to
physical phenomena occurring
inside the ESR process such as:
droplet formation, interface instabilities,
electrochemistry and intensity
of the mould current. These results
are now fully used for controlling
the process.
5. We analysed the composition of
slag skin to understand the mechanism
of its formation and its ability
to transfer electric current.
6. For the VAR process, the effect of
arc behaviour, side-arcing, and gas
cooling were explored. We found
that the origin of the arc behaviour
is related to the collective motion of
cathode spots.
7. Impacts of process parameters
such as applied electrical current
frequency were predicted and fully
verified in industrial plants.
Potential long-term impact:
In order to decrease CO 2
production,
the developments of new generation
of metallurgical processes using electric
currents are planned by the world
leading industrial groups. Strong currents
will be transferred through plasma
and high temperature electrolytes
to achieve production of new metallic
alloys. Fundamental knowledge built
by our research has the potential to
solve complex physical, technical and
design issues that can arise during
these crucial developments.
Selected impacts:
1. Invited (keynote/plenary) lecture:
• A. Kharicha: “Collective motion of cathode spots in the VAR process”,
plenary, 8 th Int. Workshop on Mechanisms of Vacuum Arcs, Padova, Italy,
Sept. 16-19, 2019.
• A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha: “Recent Developments in Multiphase/Multiphysics
CFD Simulations in Steelmaking”, keynote, 8 th Int. Conf. on Mod.
& Simul. of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking (STEELSIM2019), Toronto,
Canada, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
• A. Kharicha: “Modelling MHD applied in Metallurgy”, American University
of Beirut, host Prof. M. Darwish, Lebanon, Dec 26. 2018
• A. Kharicha, E. Karimi-Sibaki, M. Wu M, A. Ludwig: “Modeling of electrically
induced flows”, keynote, Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM
2018), Hyogo, Japan, Oct. 14-18, 2018.
2. In 2017 the group was invited by Wiley’s Steel Research Int. Journal to write
a scientific review article on the Electro Slag Remelting (ESR) process
3. In 2016, Dr. Karimi-Sibaki won a share of INTECO-ASMET award for his
scientific contribution in the field of Metallurgy
4. In 2017, a figure from the paper “Toward Modeling of Electrochemical
Reactions during Electroslag Remelting (ESR) Process” appeared as the
cover picture of the journal of Steel Research International
Selected publications:
1. E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, J. Bohacek, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “A Parametric
Study of the Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) Process: Effects of Arc Radius,
Side Arcing, and Gas Cooling”, Metall. Mater. Trans. (2019) 1-14.
2. E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, J. Bohacek, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “Contribution
of an Electro-Vortex Flow to Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Electric Current
Distribution in an Electrolyte”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2018) E604-15
3. E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek: “Confrontation
of the Ohmic approach with the ionic transport approach for modeling the
electrical behavior of an electrolyte”, Ionics 24 (2018) 2157–65.
4. E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek: “Modeling
electrochemical transport of ions in the molten CaF2 –FeO slag operating
under a DC voltage”, Appl. Math. Comput. 357 (2018) 357-73.
5. A. Kharicha, E. Karimi-Sibaki, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek: “Review on
Modeling and Simulation of Electroslag Remelting”, Steel Res. Int. 89
(2018) 1700100:1-20.
6. E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek: “Toward
Modeling of Electrochemical Reactions during Electroslag Remelting (ESR)
Process”, Steel Res. Int. 88 (2017) 1700011:1-8.
7. A. Kharicha, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, E. Karimi-Sibaki: “Simulation of the Electrical
Signal During the Formation and Departure of Droplets in the Electro Slag
Remelting Process”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 47 (2016) 1427-34.
8. E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, J. Bohacek, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “On Validity
of Axisymmetric Assumption for Modeling an Industrial Scale Electroslag
Remelting Process”, Adv. Eng. Mater. 18 (2016) 224-30.
9. E. Karimi-Sibaki, A. Kharicha, J. Bohacek, M. Wu, A. Ludwig: “A Dynamic
Mesh-Based Approach to Model Melting and Shape of an ESR Electrode”,
Metall. Mater. Trans. 46 (2015) 4854-67.
19
Basic Research
Research Theme 8:
METASTABLE
SOLIDIFICATION OF NOVEL
PERITECTIC STRUCTURES
A. Ludwig, J.P. Mogeritsch
Aims and key objectives
• To understand the formation of isothermal
peritectic coupled growth (IPCG) and the
impact convection might have on the
occurrence of this metastable growth mode;
• To define a suitable process window
for the occurrence of IPCG;
• To perform solidification experiments with the
transparent peritectic model alloy TRIS-NPG
under microgravity conditions on board of the International
Space Station (ISS), and compare the
observation with its equivalent terrestrial experiments;
• To investigate the transition from
lateral bands to IPCG and to identify
transient and steady growth modes;
• To perform phase field simulation of IPCG
and suggest a theoretic framework for the
physical processes that favour this
metastable growth form;
a
b
Figure 8:
(a) In-situ studies on the transition from island bands to a kind of 1-λ instability to Isothermal Peritectic Coupled Growth in
the transparent model system TRIS-NPG; (b) the experiment of solidification of couples peritectic growth is designed to be
performed on the International Space Station ISS
20 Research Theme 8: Metastable Solidification of Novel Peritectic Structures
Summary of key progress:
1. We carried out a variation of directional
solidification experiments
with the transparent peritectic
model alloy TRIS-NPG with different
compositions, different sample
geometries, temperature gradients
and different growth direction
relative the gravity;
2. We have developed a purification,
alloying and sample filling technique
according to the characteristics
of the model system by especially
avoiding contact with O 2
and H 2
0.
3. We have confirmed by DSC studies
the exact alloy compositions, the
longevity and the thermal stability of
different alloys. From these studies,
we have established the experimental
requirements that the filling of
the space-cartridge by QinetiQ and
the experiments on the ISS have to
fulfil;
4. We have done specific experimental
studies and measurements on
security issues and finally pass the
NASA’s security test;
5. We have started the ground based
pre-studies in cooperation with
ESA’s control centre E-USOC in
Madrid;
Potential long-term impact:
This research project aims to get a
complete fundamental understanding
of metastable coupled peritectic
pattern formation under purely diffusive
conditions including of specific
transient growth modes and of the
dependence of its occurrence on convective
boundary conditions.
Selected impacts:
1. Since Spring 2010 the MUL team is one of four scientific European teams
that had defined the technical requirements for ESA’s TRANSPARENT ALL-
OYS facility (Ludwig et al., JOM 2012). This specific devise had been put
into operation on the International Space Station in Fall 2017;
2. In 2012 first direct observations of coupled peritectic growth in TRIS-NPG
were obtained;
3. As side product to these studies several scientifically important
observations were made: (i) IPCG may evolve from lateral bands; (ii) rapid
growth of the peritectic phase in direct contact with the primary phase
reveals a so called compact seaweed morphology; (iii) micro-channels
within the solidifying phases might be the source of localized buoyancy
jets which interact with the solidification phases;
4. Brochure of the Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology:
ASAP Success Stories of the 7 and 8 call
Selected publications:
1. J.P. Mogeritsch, T. Pfeifer, A. Ludwig: “Formation of micro-plumes at a
planar solid liquid interface in a temperature gradient”, 5 th Int. Conf. on
Advances in Solidification Processes (ICASP-5) combined with 5 th Int. Symposium
on Cutting Edge of Computer Simulation of Solidification, Casting
and Refining, Salzburg, Austria, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science &
Engineering 529 (2019) 012025.
2. J.P. Mogeritsch, A. Ludwig: “Investigation on Peritectic Layered Structures
by Using the Binary Organic Components TRIS-NPG as Model Substances
for Metal-Like Solidification”, Res. & Dev. Materials Sci. 4 (2018) 1-3
3. J.P. Mogeritsch, A. Ludwig: “Investigation on the Binary Organic
Components TRIS-NPG as Suitable Model Substances for Metal-Like
Solidification”, 7 th Int. Conf. Solidification and Gravity (SG 2018), Miskolc,
Hungary, pp. 330-5.
4. J.P. Mogeritsch, T. Pfeifer, M. Stefan-Kharicha, A. Ludwig: “Investigation on
the Liquid Flow ahead of the Solidification Front During the Formation of
Peritectic Layered Solidification Structures”, 7 th Int. Conf. on Solidification
and Gravity (SG 2018), Miskolc, Hungary, pp. 319-24.
5. A. Ludwig, J.P. Mogeritsch, T. Pfeifer: “In-situ observation of coupled
peritectic growth in a binary organic model alloy”, Acta Mater. 126 (2017)
329-35.
6. A. Ludwig, J.P. Mogeritsch: “Compact seaweed growth of peritectic phase
on confined, flat properitectic dendrites”, J. Crystal Growth 455 (2016)
99–104.
7. J.P. Mogeritsch, A. Ludwig: “In-situ observation of the dynamic of peritectic
coupled growth using the binary organic system TRIS-NPG”, 14 th Modeling
of Casting, Welding and Adv. Solidification Processes, (MCWASP XIV),
Awaji island, Hyogo, Japan, 21-26 June (2015), Ed.: H. Yasuda, IOP Conf.
Series: Materials Science and Engineering 84 (2015) 012055.
8. A. Ludwig, J.P. Mogeritsch: “Recurring instability of cellular growth in a near
peritectic transparent NPG-TRIS alloy system”, Mater. Sci. Forum 790-1
(2014) 317-22.
9. A. Ludwig, J.P. Mogeritsch, M. Kolbe, Z. Gerhard, L. Sturz, N. Bergeon, G.
Faivre, B. Billia, S. Akamatsu, S. Bottin-Rousseau, D. Voss: “Adv.
Solidification Studies on Transparent Alloy Systems: A New European
Solidification Insert for Material Science Glovebox on Board the Int. Space
Station”, JOM 64 (2012) 1097-101.
21
GRANT AWARDS 1
Projekt
Advanced Process Simulation of
Solidification and Melting
Principal
Investigator
Sponsor
Value
(k€)
Duration
Menghuai Wu CDG 2 1,295 July 2011 – June
2018
On the Formation of Macrosegregation Menghuai Wu FFG 3 -Early Bridge 342 June 2014 – Mar
2018
Microstructure Formation in Casting of
Technical Alloys under Diffusive and
Magnetically Controlled Convective
Conditions
Menghuai WU
European Space
Agency MAP
10 Jan 2015 – Aug 2018
Ultrafast Simulations Andreas Ludwig FFG Early Bridge 230 Apr 2015 – Aug 2019
Slags, Refractories and Inclusions in the
Continuous Casting Process
Menghuai Wu FFG-COMET: K1-
MET
46 July 2015 – Dec 2018
Reduced Build-up Growth in a Hot Dip Abdellah Kharicha FFG-COMET: K2
MPPE
149 Apr 2016 – Dec 2019
Combined Modelling of Solidification and
Visco-plasticity
Andreas Ludwig FWF 4 220 May 2016 – Aug 2019
Metastable Solidification of Composites:
Novel Peritectic Structures and In-situ
Composites
Andreas Ludwig
European Space
Agency MAP
100 Sept 2016 – Aug 2019
Microstructure Simulation Andreas Ludwig AIT 5 21 July 2017 – Dec 2020
Flow-solidification Interaction Menghuai Wu FFG ASAP 222 Oct 2017 – Sept 2020
Simulation of the Multiphase Phenomena Abdellah Kharicha Aubert Duval/F 60 June 2018 – Oct 2020
Metallurgical Application of
Magnetohydrodynamics
Formation Mechanism of As-cast
Microstructure
Metastable Solidification of Novel
Peritectic
Abdellah Kharicha CDG 2,200 July 2018 – June
2025
Menghuai Wu FFG Bridge 395 Dec 2018 – Nov 2022
Andreas Ludwig FFG-ASAP 6 318 Nov. 2018 – Apr 2021
CFD Simulation and Optimization of Gas
Flow in New Sorting Systems
Menghuai Wu
IFE Aufbereitungstechnik
30 Mar 2019 – Dec 2019
Tundish and Mould Operation Menghuai Wu FFG-COMET: K1-
MET
107 July 2019 – June
2023
Formation of As-solidified Structure and
Macrosegregation
Menghuai Wu FWF 335 Dec 2019 – Nov 2023
1 The cumulated funding for 2018 results to 638 k€ and for 2019 to 863 k€.
2 CDG: Christian Doppler Gesellschaft
3 FFG: Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft
4 FWF: Der Wissenschaftsfonds
5 AIT: Austrian Institute of Technology
6 ASAP: Austrian Space Applications Programme
22 Grant Awards
From the chair for Simulation and Modelling Metallurgical Processes awarded grants since 2004
900
800
700
THIRD-PARTY FUNDING [K€]
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
'04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19
YEARS
23
GIVEN LECTURES
L-Nr. Title Lecturer Participants
310.001 Fundamentals of Numerical Simulation A. Ludwig 53
310.002 Exercises on Fundamentals of Numerical Simulation M. Wu 15
310.005 Simulation of Casting Processes M. Wu 14
310.006 Magnetohydrodynamics in Metallurgy A. Kharicha 10
310.019 Process Simulation in Metallurgy A. Ludwig 56
310.020 Microstructure Simulation Using Phase Field J. Mogeritsch, A. Ludwig 11
310.021 Use of Open Source Programs in Metallurgy A. Vakhrushev, A. Ludwig 15
310.022 Excursion Related to Simulation A. Ludwig 32
310.024 Fundamentals and Application of Multiphase Simulation A. Kharicha 11
310.025 Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Metallurgy M. Wu 15
COMPLETED THESIS
Name Degree Thesis Title
Hadi BARATI Ph.D. Numerical Modeling of Clogging in a Submerged Entry Nozzle During Steel
Continuous Casting
Tobias HOLZMANN Ph.D. Method Development to Calculate the Material Properties of Aluminum
Castings in 3D for a Local Heat Treatment
Mihaela STEFAN-KHARICHA Ph.D Observation of Flow Phenomena During Dendritic Solidification
Yongjian ZHENG Ph.D Multiphase Modeling of As-solidified Structure and Macrosegregation in
Continuously Cast Round Billet of Large Format
Markus Philipp MAYR Master Simulation of Residual Stresses During Heat Treatment of a Hardenable
Aluminum Casting Alloy
Tanja PFEIFER Master Estimation of Convection Ahead of the Solid/liquid Interface During Solidification
of Layered Peritectic Solidification Morphologies
24 Given Lectures / Completed Thesis
25
TEAM MEMBERS
Chair Holder and Head of the Department
Univ.-Prof. habil. Dr. rer.nat. Andreas LUDWIG
Research Group Leader
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ing. Menghuai WU
Priv. Doz. Dr. Abdellah KHARICHA
Secretary
Claudia HEINZL
Sabine STRASSEGGER
IT-Administrator
Klaus-Jürgen OTTO
Researchers
Dr. mont. Hadi BARATI
Dr. Jan BOHACEK
Dr. Christian GOMES RODRIGUES
Dr. mont. Tobias HOLZMANN (till Mar 2018)
Dr. mont. Ebrahim KARIMI-SIBAKI
Dr. mont. Johann MOGERITSCH
Dr. mont. Mihaela STEFAN-KHARICHA
Dr. Alexander VAKHRUSHEV
Student Assistants
cand. Dipl.-Ing. Veronika GRELA (till July 18)
cand. DIpl.-Ing. Carina PELKA (till July 19)
cand. Dipl.-Ing. Mehran ABDI
Guest Scientists
Prof. Marwan DARWISH, American University of Beirut,
Lebanon (Oct – Dec 2019)
Dr. Youngsim CHOI, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology,
Cheonan, South Korea (Dec 19 – Jun 20)
Dr. Zhongqiu LIU, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
(Nov 2017 – Oct 2018)
M.Sc. Jérémy CHAULET, University of Lorraine, Nancy,
France (Oct 18 – Jun 19)
Dipl.Ing. Stephan JÄGER, Austrian Institute of Technology,
Vienna, Austria (on a non-regular basis)
Apprentice
Nico BAUMGARTNER (till Jul 19)
PhD Students
MEng. Rui GUAN (from Nov 19)
MEng. Mohamad AL-NASSER (from Oct 19)
MEng. Haijie ZHANG
MEng. Zhao ZHANG (from dec 18)
Dr. mont. Yongjian ZHENG (till Aug. 18, graduation May 18)
26 Team Members
27
COLLABORATIONS
AND SUPPORTERS
Industrial
Societies, Trade Organisations and Fund Bodies
28 Collaborations and Supporters
Academic
29
INVITED LECTURES
2019
A. Kharicha, Invited Plenary Talk, 8 th Int. Workshop on
Mechanisms of Vacuum Arcs, Padova, Italy, Sept. 16-19,
2019
“Collective motion of cathode spots in the VAR process”
M. Wu, H. Barati, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig, Invited Lecture,
Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, host Prof. Andre
Phillion, McMaster University, Canada, Aug. 16, 2019
“Clogging in SEN during continuous casting”
A. Ludwig, M. Wu, A. Kharicha, Invited Keynote Lecture, 8 th
Int. Conf. on Mod. & Simul. of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking
(STEELSIM2019), Toronto, Canada, Aug. 13-15,
2019
“Recent developments in multiphase/ multiphysics CFD simulations
in steelmaking”
M. Wu, H. Barati, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig, Invited Lecture, 8 th
Int. Conf. on Mod. & Simul. of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking
(STEELSIM2019), Toronto, Canada, Aug. 13-15,
2019
“Using a numerical model to study the transient clogging
phenomena in SEN during continuous casting of steel”
M. Wu, Invited Plenary Talk, 1 st Int. Forum on Application
of Artificial Intelligence in Metallurgical Engineering, Beijing,
China, Aug. 5-7, 2019
“From numerical modelling toward the intelligent design/
control of metallurgical processes”
M. Wu, Invited Lecture, host Prof. Aimin Zhao, School of
Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, Univ. Sci. Techn.,
Beijing, China, Aug. 5, 2019
“Simulation of as-cast ingots”
M. Wu, Invited Lecture, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
host Prof. Hu Zhang, Beihang University, Beijing,
China, July 23, 2019
“Simulation of transport phenomena in metallurgy”
A. Kharicha, A. Vakhrushev, M. Wu, A. Ludwig. Invited Lecture,
11 th Pamir Int. Conf. on Fundamental and Applied MHD,
Reims, France, July 1-5, 2019
“Applications of MHD in continuous casting”
A. Ludwig, M. Bellet, Invited Plenary Talk, 5 th Int. Conf. on
Advances in Solidification Processes (ICASP-5) combined
with 5 th Int. Symposium on Cutting Edge of Computer
Simulation of Solidification, Casting and Refining, Salzburg,
Austria, June 17-21, 2019
“Combining Modelling of Flow and Structure Mechanics in
Solidifying Regions”
2018
A. Kharicha, Invited Lecture, American University of Beirut,
host Prof. M. Darwish, Lebanon, Dec 26. 2018
“Modelling MHD applied in Metallurgy”
M. Wu, Invited Lecture, Int. Conf. on Industrial Development
of Heavy Castings and Forgings, Deyang, China, Dec. 5-6,
2018
“Simulation of as-cast steel ingots”
M. Wu, H. Zhang, Y. Zheng, A. Ludwig, A. Kharicha, Invited
Lecture, 7 th Int. Conf. on Solidification Science and Processing
(ICSSP7), Thiruvananthapuram, India, Nov. 19-22, 2018
“Macrosegregation formation in an Al-Si casting sample with
cross-sectional change during directional solidification”
M. Wu, Invited Lecture, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
host Prof. Hu Zhang, Beihang University, Beijing,
China, Oct. 30, 2018
“Advanced Process Simulation of Solidification and Melting”
M. Wu, Invited Lecture, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
host Prof. Hu Zhang, Beihang University, Beijing,
China, Oct. 29, 2018
“Numerical modelling/simulation and their applications in
metallurgy and materials processing”
M. Wu, Y. Zheng, A. Kharicha, A. Ludwig, Invited Keynote,
China Symposium on Sustainable Steelmaking Technology,
Tianjin, China, Oct. 24-26, 2018
“Concept of semi-continuous casting for large steel strand:
a numerical study”
A. Kharicha, E. Karimi-Sibaki, M. Wu, A. Ludwig, Invited
Keynote Lecture, Electromagnetic Processing of Materials
(EPM 2018), Hyogo, Japan, Oct. 14-18, 2018.
“Modelling of electrically induced flows”
M. Wu, Invited Lecture, Hebei University of Technology,
Tianjin, host Prof. Ri Li, China, Oct. 23, 2018
“Advanced Process Simulation of Solidification and Melting”
M. Wu, Invited Plenary Lecture, 7 th Int. Conf. on Solidification
and Gravity (SG’13), Miskolc, Hungary, Sept. 3-6, 2018
“A numerical study on the role of fragmentation in the ascast
structure”
A. Ludwig, J. Bohacek, N. Koutna, C. Rodrigues, E. Karimi-Sibaki,
A. Kharicha, Invited Plenary Talk, 27 th Int. Conf.
on Metallurgy and Materials (METAL2018), Brno, Czech
Republic, 23-25. May 2018
“Simulation in metallurgy: past achievements and future
challenges”
30 Invited lectures
The chair for SMMP is operating, together with other groups, two High Performance Clusters:
(i) 1168 cores with 200 TB storage and (i) 546 cores with 76 TB storage. These HPC-Clusters are equipped
with modern Multi-core Intel Xeon CPU’s that operate with frequencies that range from 1.3 GHz to 3.6 GHz.
31
PUBLICATIONS
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
• Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Bohacek J., Wu M.,
Ludwig A.: Metall. Mater. Trans. B 51 (2002) 222-35
“A parametric study of the vacuum arc remelting (VAR)
process: effects of arc radius, side arcing, and gas
cooling”
• Wu M., Ludwig A., Kharicha A.: Metals 9 (2019) 229:1-43.
“Volume-averaged modelling of multiphase flow
phenomena during alloy solidification”
• Liu Z., Li B., Vakhrushev A., Wu M., Ludwig A.: Steel Res.
Int. 90 (2019) 18020117:1-10.
“Physical and numerical modelling of exposed slag eye in
continuous casting mould using euler-euler approach”
• Liu Z., Li B., Wu M., Xu G., Ruan X., Ludwig A.: The Minerals,
Met. & Mater. Soci ASM Int. 50A (2019) 1370-79.
“An experimental benchmark of non-metallic inclusion
distribution inside a heavy continuous casting slab”
• Barati H., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A.: Metall. Mater.
Trans. B 50 (2019) 1429-43.
“Calculation accuracy and efficiency of a transient model
for submerged entry nozzle clogging”
• Rodrigues C., Ludwig A., Wu M., Kharicha A., Vakhrushev
A.: Metall. Mater. Trans. B 50 (2019) 1334-50.
“A comprehensive analysis of macrosegregation
formation during twin-roll casting”
• Liu Z., Vakhrushev A., Wu M., Kharicha A., Ludwig A., Li B.:
Metall. Mater. Trans. B 50 (2019) 543-54.
“Scale-adaptive simulation of transient two-phase flow in
continuous casting mould”
• Rodrigues C., Ludwig A., Kharicha A., Wu M.: Trans. Indian
Inst. Met. 71 (2018) 2645-49.
“Modelling of the twin-roll casting process: transition from
casting to rolling”
• Zhang H., Wu M., Zheng Y., Ludwig A., Kharicha A.: Trans.
Indian Inst. Met. 71 (2018) 2639–43.
“Macrosegregation formation in an Al-Si casting
sample with cross-sectional change during directional
solidification”
• Mogeritsch J., Ludwig A.: Res. & Dev. Materials Sci. 4
(2018) 1-3.
“Investigation on peritectic layered structures by using
the binary organic components TRIS-NPG as model
substances for metal-like solidification”
• Liu Z., Vakhrushev A., Wu M., Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A.,
Ludwig A., Li B.: Metals 8 (2018) 609:1-14.
“Effect of an electrically-conducting wall on Transient
Magnetohydrodynamic flow in a continuous casting
mould with an electromagnetic brake”
• Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Bohacek J.:
J. Electrochem. Soc., 165 (2018) E604-15.
“Contribution of an electro-vortex flow to primary,
secondary and tertiary electric current distribution in
an electrolyte”
• Bohacek J., Kharicha A., Ludwig A., Wu M., Karimi-Sibaki
E.: Metall. Mater. Trans. B 49 (2018) 1421-33.
“Heat transfer coefficient at the cast/mould interface
during centrifugal casting: calculation of air gap”
• Stefan-Kharicha M., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A.: Metall.
Mater. Trans. A 49 (2018) 1708-24.
“On the coupling mechanism of equiaxed crystal
generation with the liquid flow driven by natural
convection during solidification”
• Stefan-Kharicha M., Kharicha A., Mogeritsch J., Wu M.,
Ludwig A.:J. Chem. Eng. Data 63 (2018) 3170-83.
“Review of ammonium chloride-water solution properties”
• Barati H., Wu M., Kharicha A., Ludwig A.:
Powder Technology 329 (2018) 181–98.
“A transient model for nozzle clogging”
• Zheng Y., Wu M., Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Ludwig A.:
Int. J. Heat and Mass Trans. 122 (2018) 939–53.
“Use of a mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification model to
analyse the formation of as-cast structure and macrosegregation
in a Sn-10 wt% Pb benchmark experiment”
• Zheng Y., Wu M., Kharicha A., Ludwig A.: Modelling Simul.
Mater. Sci. Eng. 26 (2018) 015004 1-18.
“Incorporation of fragmentation into a volume average
solidification model”
• Wu M., Ludwig A., Kharicha A.: Steel Res. Int. 89 (2018)
1700037 1-14.
“Simulation of as-cast steel ingots”
• Wu M., Ahmadein M., Ludwig A.: Front. Mech. Eng. 13
(2018) 53–65.
“Premature melt solidification during mould filling and its
influence on the as-cast structure”
• Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Bohacek J.:
Ionics 24 (2018) 2157-65.
“Modeling electrochemical transport with the ionic transport
approach for modelling the electrical behaviour of an
electrolyte”
32 Publications
• Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Bohacek J.:
Appl. Math. Comput. 357 (2018) 357-73.
“Modeling electrochemical transport of ions in the molten
CaF2 –FeO slag operating under a DC voltage”
• Kharicha A., Karimi-Sibaki E., Wu M., Ludwig A., Bohacek J.:
Steel Res. Int. 89 (2018) 1700100:1-20.
“Review on modelling and simulation of electroslag
remelting”
• Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Bohacek J.,
Holzgruber H., Ofner B., Scheriau A., Kubin M.: Appl. Thermal
Eng. 130 (2018) 1062–69.
“A multiphysics model of the electroslag rapid remelting
(ESRR) process”
• Bohacek J., Kharicha A., Ludwig A., Wu M.,
Karimi-Sibaki E., Paar A., Brandner M., Elizondo L., Trickl T.:
Appl. Math. Comput. 319 (2018) 301-17.
“A (non-)hydrostatic free-surface numerical model for
two-layer flows”
33
Conference Proceedings
• Kharicha A., Karimi-Sibaki E., Wu M., Ludwig A.: Liquid
Metal Processing & Casting Conference (LMPC2019),
Birmingham, UK, pp. 11-16.
“Investigations on Collective Motion of Cathode Spots in
the VAR Process”
• Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Bohacek
J., Holzgruber H., Ofner B., Scheriau A., Kubin M.: Liquid
Metal Processing & Casting Conference (LMPC2019),
Birmingham, UK, pp. 55-62.
“Numerical Investigation of the Vacuum Arc Remelting
(VAR) Process”
• Chaulet J., Kharicha A., Dussoubs B., Charmond A., Jardy
A., Hans S.: Liquid Metal Processing & Casting Conference
(LMPC2019), Birmingham, UK, pp. 107-116.
“DNS and Engineering Modeling of the Electroslag Remelting
Process”
• Karimi-Sibaki E., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Bohacek
J.: Liquid Metal Processing & Casting Conference
(LMPC2019), Birmingham, UK, pp. 131-138.
“Modeling Electrochemical Transport of Ions in the ESR
Process”
• Vakhrushev A., Kharicha A., Liu Z., Wu M., Ludwig A., Nitzl
G., Tang Y., Hackl G., Watzinger J.: 8 th Int. Conf. on Mod.
& Simul. of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking (STEEL-
SIM2019), Toronto, Canada, pp. 615-9.
“Optimizing the flow conditions in the thin-slab casting
mold using electromagnetic brake”
• Wu M., Barati H., Kharicha A., Ludwig A.: 8 th Int. Conf.
on Mod. & Simul. of Metall. Processes in Steelmaking
(STEELSIM2019), Toronto, Canada, pp. 664-7.
“Using a numerical model to study the transient clogging
phenomena in SEN during continuous casting of steel”
• Mogeritsch J.P., Pfeifer T., Ludwig A.: 5 th Int. Conf. on
Advances in Solidification Processes (ICASP-5) combined
with 5 th Int. Symposium on Cutting Edge of Computer
Simulation of Solidification, Casting and Refining,
Salzburg, Austria, IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 529
(2019) 012025.
“Formation of micro-plumes at a planar solid liquid interface
in a temperature gradient”
• Jäger, S., Ludwig A.: 5 th Int. Conf. on Advances in Solidification
Processes (ICASP-5) combined with 5 th Int.
Symposium on Cutting Edge of Computer Simulation of
Solidification, Casting and Refining, Salzburg, Austria, IOP
Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 529 (2019) 012028.
“Efficient model for the prediction of dendritic grain growth
using the lattice Boltzmann method coupled with a cellular
automaton algorithm”
• Rodrigues C., Ludwig A., Wu M., Kharicha A., Vakhrushev
A.: 5 th Int. Conf. on Advances in Solidification Processes
(ICASP-5) combined wi th 5 th Int. Symposium on Cutting
Edge of Computer Simulation of Solidification, Casting
and Refining, Salzburg, Austria, IOP Conf. Series: Mater.
Sci. Eng.529 (2019) 012041.
“On the modelling of macrosegregation during twin-roll
casting”
34 Publications
• Vakhrushev A., Kharicha A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Nitzl G.,
Tang Y., Hackl G., Watzinger J., Rodrigues C.: 5 th Int. Conf.
on Advances in Solidification Processes (ICASP-5) combined
with 5 th Int. Symposium on Cutting Edge of Computer
Simulation of Solidification, Casting and Refining,
Salzburg, Austria, IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 529
(2019) 012081.
“On modelling viscoplastic behaviour of the solidifying
shell in the funnel-type continuous casting mold”
• Vakhrushev A., Kharicha A., Ludwig A., Nitzl G., Tang Y.,
Hackl G., Watzinger J.: 8 th Int. Conf. on Solidification:
Computer Simulation, Experiments and Technology 2019,
Izhevsk, Russia, pp. 85-87.
“On modelling parasitic solidification due to heat loss at
submerged entry nozzle region of continuous casting
mold.”
• Zheng Y., Wu M., Kharicha A., Ludwig A.: 1 st Chinas Symposium
on Sustainable Technology (CSST2018), Tianjin,
China, pp. 355-7.
“Concept of semi-continuous casting for large steel
strand: a numerical study”
• Barati H., Wu M., Kharicha A., Ludwig A.: 7 th Int. Conf.
Solidification and Gravity (SG 2018) ), Miskolc, Hungary,
pp. 144-9.
“Discussion on possible solidification during SEN clogging
in steel continuous casting”
• Mogeritsch J.P., Ludwig A.: 7 th Int. Conf. Solidification and
Gravity (SG 2018), Miskolc, Hungary, pp. 330-5.
“Investigation on the Binary Organic Components TRIS-
NPG as Suitable Model Substances for Metal-Like Solidification”
• Mogeritsch J.P., Pfeifer T., Stefan-Kharicha M., Ludwig A.:
7 th Int. Conf. Solidification and Gravity (SG 2018), Miskolc,
Hungary, pp. 319-24.
“Investigation on the Liquid Flow ahead of the Solidification
Front During the Formation of Peritectic Layered Solidification
Structures”Zhang H., Wu M., Zheng Y., Ludwig
A., Kharicha A.: 7 th Int. Conf. Solidification and Gravity (SG
2018), Miskolc, Hungary, pp. 265-70.
“Numerical simulation of fluid flow in the mushy zone
under rotation magnetic field: influence of permeability”
• Zheng Y., Wu M., Kharicha A., Ludwig A.: 7 th Int. Conf.
Solidification and Gravity (SG 2018), Miskolc, Hungary, pp.
226-31.
“Influence of nucleation and dendrite fragmentation on
as-cast structure of Sn- 10wt.%Pb benchmark”
• Liu Z., Vakhrushev A., Wu M., Ludwig A., Li B., Xu G.: 7 th
Int. Congr. on Sci. and Techn. of Steel Making (ICS2018),
Venice, Italy, No. 43.
“Numerical Modelling of Bubbly Flow in Continuous Casting
Mold using Two Population Balance Approaches”
• Vakhrushev A., Liu Z., Wu M., Kharicha A., Ludwig A., Nitzl
G., Tang Y., Hackl G.: 7 th Int. Congr. on Sci. and Techn. of
Steel Making (ICS2018), Venice, Italy, No. 159.
“Numerical Modelling of the MHD flow in continuous
casting mold by two CFD platforms ANSYS Fluent and
OpenFOAM”
350
19.7 p.a.
300
NUMBER OF SMMP PUBLICATIONS
250
200
150
100
9.9 p.a.
8.7 p.a.
Evolution of
SMMP publications
since the foundation
of the chair in 2003
Total
50
Journal
0
2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Proceedings
YEARS
35
Chair for Simulation and Modelling
of Metallurgical Processes
Franz-Josef-Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben
+43 3842 402 3101
smmp@unileoben.ac.at
smmp.unileoben.ac.at
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