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ten in Czechoslovakia. Following a historical introduction, the author dealt first with the Czechoslovak air regulations. In the second part he considered some general problems of air law, such as liability arising from international air transport contracts, conflicts of law concerning aviation, customs, and insurance against damage caused by aircraft. The final chapter dealt with air warfare. Dr. Mandl submitted his book on air law as his advanced work in residence, hoping to gain a professorship at the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University of Prague. Documents deposited in the Archives of the University of Prague demonstrate that Mandl fulfilled admirably all the conditions required and that his scholarly work and knowledge were highly respected by the accreditation commission. 2 On 20 September 1932 the Czechoslovak Minister of Education confirmed the decision of the Board of Professors of the Faculty concerning the granting of venia docendi to Dr. Vladimir Mandl for the subject, Law of Industrial Enterprises. 3 Although appointed for a different course, air law remained his concern, as witnessed by his study of the Paris Convention on the Regulation of Aerial Navigation and by the substantial article on parachutes which he published in 1935 in French. 4 Beginning with the academic year, 1933-34, the course given by Professor Vladimir Mandl on industrial law appears in the university curriculum, as it did in the year 1938-39. As is known, German troops occupied the whole of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, and in autumn of that year the Nazis closed all Czech universities. That also meant the end of Mandl's University teaching. During the last few years before the occupation Professor Mandl participated in the search of documents and objects for the aeronautical collection of the National Technical Museum in Prague. 5 For this purpose he visited the foremost foreign museums and reported on them in Czech journals. For example, in 1937 he visited the Frunze Air Museum in Moscow and in summer 1938 the aviation collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. 8 He was also familiar with the aeronautical collections in Paris and Munich. The loss of independence in 1939 interrupted the successful development of Czechoslovak aviation. Shortly before those events, Mandl concluded his article about the Smithsonian's Museum by SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT saying: "The glorious past and the promising present of Czechoslovak aviation will certainly be reflected in one of the best collections of the Czechoslovak Technical Museum." Mandl thought about the Museum also during his "involuntary holidays in the sanatorium in Pies" when his illness was added to the tragedy of his nation. 7 His keen interest in aeronautics led Vladimir Mandl to think about the more advanced means of space transport. While the pioneers of astronautics tested their modest rockets, Mandl thought of them as instruments of navigation in space which would some day require new rules of law—space law. It was in this new field that he was able to apply creatively his broad knowledge, which went well beyond the usual limits of legal scholarship and which made it possible for him to contribute to the technical aspects of rocketry as well. The results of his studies and thoughts in astronautics fall into two categories. The first is found in his book, "The Problem of Interplanetary Transport," which appeared in 1932 in Prague. 8 His treatise opened with a brief survey of developments in astronautics, in which he described the work of Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy, Dr. Robert H. Goddard, Dr. Franz von Hoefft, Professor Hermann Oberth, and others. In the second part he explained the basic principles of rocketry. The book concluded by his own drawing of a high altitude rocket (Figure 2) for which he applied, on 14 April 1932, for a Czechoslovak patent. 9 Mandl's rocket would have consisted of three cylinders, one inserted into the other. The payload would have been placed in the head of the interior rocket ("automatic instruments for measurements of pressure, compositions of atmosphere, temperature, radiation, etc. in the stratosphere and beyond"). Nozzles in the form of ring slots around the circumference of the rocket would be near the top of rockets which should be fired successively. Both solid and liquid propellants would have been used. In the second category, however, without any doubt falls the important work by which the name of Professor Vladimir Mandl is recorded forever in the history of astronautics. It is continued in his monograph on "The Law of Outer Space, a Problem of Spaceflight," for which he finally found a publisher in 1932 in Germany. 10 In this concise book Mandl placed before the reader many
NUMBER 10 89 PATENTNl OftAD REPUBLIKY fi(W\ CESKOSLOVENSKfc INiN * PATENTOVY SPIS 6.52236. Vya**» aaaaatajki PHhliaeno M. dubna 1032. Chiintoo od 15. kvMna MU. Pfedmetem vynilezu jeat vyioko itoupajid raketa, aMeni • aekollka vilcovitycb raket do aebc zaaunutych, poatupne vypalovanych, pH (em! po vypileni jedne rakety jcji prixdny ob»l jeet admritcn vybucbem rakety dittl, clmi dociluje ae vyhudnijilho pohoou. Zuunutlm vtlcovych raket atejne podoby da zebe st umoiAuje ipojcnl llbovolneho poMu raket, bn ujmy aerodynamickych vlutnoati • rovnovahy celku. Rovnovtka in podporovana tim, ae vyfuk vybuanych plynu dtje ae vpfedu kaade jednotlive rakety. Vhodny pohon docllen apojenim tfaakavln dvojiho druhu, toUt pevnych a kapalnych. Na vykrtau jcat maiornte achematlcky pHklad provcdcnl vynaknu. PHatroj jest seataven at tf I vakovttych raket I—III, vnunitych do acbc (vntjal raketa i. I vymaiena jcat ailnijUml Carami, oatatni rakety jaou postupn* menei a menai, avtak zafizeni jejlch jeat podoboe). Utlte6ni vaha A (samcrfinne pfiatrojc k mircni tlaku a aloienl viduchu, teploty, atrenl atd. ve vyai atratc«Kricki a i dalai) umlaUna jeat v blavt vnltfnl rakety i. III. Vybu&nc plyny naboje rakety vyfukuji tryakou B ve tvaru pratencove itfrbiny kol ecleho obvodu rakety; tryace predchaai rovnei pratenoova apalovaci komora C. Tryaka je umiatina bliie vrcholu rakety, 61ml mi bytl cioaaieno rovnovahy lctu, ncbof pusobiite reakCniho u£lnku Jeat poaunuto do vyae. pfed tfiiste rakety, takie naatavi ade til vyalednice ail, jakoby raketa byla reakci taiena. nikoli tlacena jako u raket jtnycb; vedle toho mi katda raketa sm^rovc tyiky F. SUrbina tryaky, jdouc kolem celebo obvodu rakety, jeat zna(n# dlouha, fimi docUuje ae rycbMbo, udinoeho vypraadolni traakavinove nidrte: pfi dalaicb raketich jeat dtlka tryaky vidy menii • menal. Vnltrnl rakety maji tea menil aaaobu traakavin a neaou menai niklad (tci odporu viduchu ubyvi do vyae). Pocinaje c. I. zapaluji ae rakety jedna po drub*. Kaidi raketa mi dvcji trafkavinovy naboj: pt-vny D (atfelny pracb) a tekuty B (ikapalnrni plyny nobo horlare tekutiny, alkoholy atd.). Nejprve vybuchne ciboj prschu, ktery jest nacpan v tryace a apalovaci komore. a vyiene raketu do vyae. Plameny vybuchujiclho prachu, ariicl z tryaky, ohrlvajl Uleao rakety a kapaliny E. ktere tamte ae nalezajl, roiUbuji ae teplem, a proudi FIGURE 2.—First page of Dr. Mandl's patent and the design of his high-altitude rocket. thoughts which have not lost their relevance despite the passage of time. Attention should first be drawn to his concept of the law of outer space as an independent legal branch, based on specific instruments of space flight and governed by different principles than is the law of the sea or the law of the air. Although the writer did not underestimate the examples of the other legal branches for analogies in special cases, he stressed the need for specific regulation of the legal problems of astronautics. From this point of view he considered in the first part of his monograph selected problems of civil law, criminal law, and international law concerning outer space. Still more interesting is the second part of the study, "The Future." It was not science-fiction, but a number of serious predictions which have become reality in our age. For example, Mandl opposed the then usual idea of sovereignty as applied to space without limits and asserted that sovereignty PfOoha k patratoveau apian lb. wtM. of States governs only the adjacent atmospheric space. Beyond the "territorial spaces" a vast area begins which is "independent on any terrestrial State power and is coelum liberum." 1X It is worth recalling, in this connection, that thirty years later the United Nations General Assembly recommended in its resolution 1721/XVI of 20 December 1961 such a principle as a starting point of any space legislation, saying: "Outer space and celestial bodies are free for exploration and use by all States in conformity with international law and are not subject to national appropriation." Furthermore, this principle has been developed and inserted in Articles I—III of the Space Treaty of 27 January 1967. The concluding part of Mandl's analysis is preceded by his prediction of a surprising new progress in physics, chemistry, and engineering that would correspond to a similar epoch of the 19 th century— in fact, a vision of the scientific and technical revo-
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Appendix Considerations Concerning
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Page 93 and 94: NUMBER 10 83 But it should be recog
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15 Ludvik OcenaSek: Czech Rocket Ex
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NUMBER 10 159 FIGURE 2.—Ludvik Oc
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NUMBER 10 161 FIGURE 5.—Ludvik Oc
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NUMBER 10 163 FICURE 6.—a, Launch
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NUMBER 10 165 quarry near Prague. E
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17 First Rocket and Aircraft Flight
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NUMBER 10 179 The rocket project wa
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NUMBER 10 181 FIGURE 2.—Second st
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NUMBER 10 FIGURE 3.—DM-2 ramjet e
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NUMBER 10 187 FICURE 3.—Launching
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NUMBER 10 189 on the smoked tape. A
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NUMBER 10 191 FIGURE 9.—Indicatin
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NUMBER 10 193 FIGURE 13.—Control
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NUMBER 10 195 2000 rpm by rotating
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NUMBER 10 197 Lubricant ^ 9a' " FIG
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NUMBER 10 199 of radio signals to t
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NUMBER 10 201 1. Register of experi
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242 14 May 1940: Reviewed layout fo
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NUMBER 10 253 FIGURE 6.—a, Model
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NUMBER 10 255 FIGURE 9.—Winged ro
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262 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT N?
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266 SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT in
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24 Some New Data on Early Work of t
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NUMBER 10 271 jy.. FIGURE 3. /# £
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NUMBER 10 273 conclusions, which we
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NUMBER 10 275 thrust engines. A for
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25 Early Developments in Rocket and
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NUMBER 10 279 Time reference 5 sec
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27 Annapolis Rocket Motor Developme
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NUMBER 10 297 I remember being so f
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NUMBER S P. (P»i) P, (psi) Po (psi
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TUT10N NOIifUIISNt NVINOSHlitNS S3f
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