तिलोत्तमाको नीति तथा कार्यक्रम: स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्रलाई मुख्य प्राथमिकतामा

cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
pkk|d'vHo",
/fhgLlts bnsf k|d'vHo"x?,
sfo{kflnsf tyf gu/;efsf ;b:oHo"x?,
k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tHo",
;Nnfxsf/Ho"x?,
;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?, pBf]u jfl0fHo, RofDa/ ckm sdz{ tyf Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf
kbflwsf/Lx?, ;~rf/sdL{Ho"x? Pj+ pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efj tyf, /]l8of]af6
o; sfo{qmdsf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f ;'lg/xg' ePsf gu/af;L nufotsf
dxfg'efjx? Û
!= bf];|f] nx/sf] sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Ln] cy{tGqdf kf/]sf] cToGt c;xh
cj:yfaf6 xfdL gu/af;Lx? ;d]t k|efljt e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf d}n] cfh
of] ;Ddflgt gu/;efdf jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k]z ub}{5' .
;j{k|yd g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jfwLgtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o
lxt, :jfledfg, nf]stGq / hghLljsfsf] nflu ePsf ljleGg
cfGbf]ngx?df cfkm\gf] cd"No hLjg pT;u{ ug'{ x'g] 1ft–c1ft
;lxbx?k|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5' . ;fy}+, tL cfGbf]ngsf]
g]t[Tj ug'{x'g] cu|hx?k|lt ;Ddfg JoQm ub}{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
?kfGt/0fdf pxfFx?n] k'of{pg' ePsf] of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ug{ rfxfG5' .
@= bf];|f] nx/sf] sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Ln] blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sdf cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ;+s6 k}bf ePsf] ;a}nfO{ huhfx]/} 5 . sf]/f]gfsf] vf;
pkrf/ cem} kQf nfu]sf] 5}g . of] /f]uaf6 ljZjdf nfvf}+ hgfsf] Hofg
u};s]sf] 5 . nfvf}+ hgf ;+qmldt ePsf 5g\ . sf]/f]gfsf] sf/0f Hofg
u'dfpg' x'g] gu/af;L, g]kfnL tyf ljb]zL ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjk|lt
>4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6
ub{5' . pkrf/sf] qmddf /xg' ePsf ;a} la/fdLsf] zL3| :jf:Yo nfesf]
sfdgf ub{5' . dxfdf/Lsf] /f]syfd tyf la/fdLsf] pkrf/df bQlrQ
1

eP/ nfUg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ :jf:YosdL{, ;'/IffsdL{, hgk|ltlglw, /fi6«;]js
sd{rf/L, ;~rf/sdL{, :jo+d\;]jsnufot ;Dk"0f{k|lt xflb{s ;Ddfg
JoQm ub{5' .
#= xfd|f] gu/kflnsfsf] ;Gbe{df dxfdf/Lsf] /f]syfddf ;xof]u k'of{pg]
:jf:YosdL{, /fhgLlts bn, hgk|ltlglw, /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L, lzIfs,
;+3—;+:yf, ;xsf/L, a}+s, Joj;flos k|lti7fg, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,
Jofkf/ ;+3, ;+u7g, Snj, cfdf ;d"x, lzIf0f ;+:yf, vfg]kfgL, jg,
l;+rfO{, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfnufot ;Dk"0f{ gful/sk|lt xflb{s s[t1tf
1fkg ub{5' . ;fjwfgL ckgfPgf}+ eg] sf]/f]gf efO/; hf]sf]xLnfO{ klg
nfUg ;S5 . To;}n] x/]s JolQmn] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' of] /f]uaf6 aRg]
k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . clxn] b]lvPsf] sf]/f]gfsf] gofF e]l/oG6 ut jif{
b]lvPsf] sf]/f]gf efO/;eGbf lgs}+ vt/fk"0f{ 5 . ltnf]Qdf
gu/kflnsfdf sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0fsf] b/ tLj| ultdf a9\g'n] xfdLx?nfO{
lgs} lrlGtt agfPsf]df kl5Nnf lbgx?df ;+qmd0f b/ 36\bf] 5 . t/,
km]/L ;+qmd0f k'gM ga9\nf eGg ;lsFb}g . o;y{ sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f km}lng
glbg xfdLx? ;+od, cg'zfl;t, ;r]t x'g'sf] csf]{ ljsNk 5}g .
$= :jf:Yo dfkb08sf] clgjfo{ kl/kfngf ug]{—u/fpg] sfddf lgs}+
lhDd]jf/ ?kdf nfUg' x'g d ;Dk"0f{ gu/af;LnfO{ xflb{s clkn ub{5' .
xfd|f] :jf:Yo xfd|f] xftdf 5 . :jf:Yo g}+ dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] wg
xf] . dflg; :j:y /Xof] eg] g}+ wgk};f / cj;/sf] cf}lrTo /xG5 .
Pp6f JolQmn] x]nr]qmfOF ubf{ ;of}+ JolQmsf] :jf:Yo hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sg]
ljifok|lt ;r]t /xg d ;Dk"0f{ gu/af;LnfO{ cfu|x ub{5' . ltnf]Qdf
gu/kflnsfn] sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0fsf] /f]syfdsf] nflu cfˆgf] tkm{af6
ug{'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfdx? u/]sf] 5 . xfdLx? pknAw ;fwg ;|f]tsf] clws
k|of]u sf]/f]gf dxfdf/L;Fu h'Wg] sfo{df nufPsf 5f}+ . sf]/f]gfaf6
gu/af;LnfO{ arfpg] sfo{nfO{ g}+ xfdLn] clxn]sf] k|d'v sfo{ef/sf]
?kdf lnPsf 5f}+ . bf];|f] r/0fsf] dxfdf/L ;'? x'gf;fy z+s/gu/df
clS;hg, vfB Joj:yfkg ;lxtsf] cfO;f]n]gzg ;]G6/ ;~rfng
ul/Psf]df h]7 % ut]b]lv j8f g+= ( sf] s]jnfgLdf sf]/f]gf c:yfoL
2

c:ktfn ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . s]jnfgLdf cfO;f]n]zg ;]G6/
lgdf{0fdf cfly{s ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf dfggLo
cy{dGqL >L lji0f'k|;fb kf}8]nk|lt xflb{s cfef/ Pj+ s[t1tf 1fkg
ub{5' .
%= sf]/f]gf dxfdf/L a9\b} hfFbf la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn jf cfO;f]n]zg
;]G6/;Dd k'of{pg xfdLx?n] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] uf8LnfO{ ;d]t
PDa'n]G;sf] ?kdf k|of]u u/L rf/ j6f ;jf/L;fwgsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf]df o;af6 gu/af;Ln] 7"nf] /fxt dxz'; u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
;+qmldtsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf a'‰g / cfwf/e"t cf}iflw pknAw u/fpg
l;cfO{l;6L l6d;Fu} xfd|f hgk|ltlglw / :jf:YosdL{x? 3/—3/ k'Ug'
ePsf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsf] nIf0f b]lvPsf, hf]lvddf /x]sfx?nfO{ :jf:Yo
;+:yf / l;cfOl;6L l6dsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df z+s/gu/df lgMz'Ns
sf]/f]gf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . xf]d cfOzf]n]zgdf /xg'
ePsf ;+qmldtnfO{ :jcg'zf;gdf /xg] jftfj/0f ldnfpg /fhgLlts
bn, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, Snj, cfdf ;d"x?;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .
j8fut ?kdf lgMz'Ns sf]le8 k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t cleofgs}+ ?kdf
ul/Psf] 5 .
^= sf]le8—!( sf] dxfdf/L k6s—k6s b]vf kl//xFbf o;sf] lg?k0fdf
vf]ksf] csf]{ ljsNk b]lvFb}g . o;y{ sf]/f]gf vf]ksf] ;'lglZrttf,
sf]/f]gfn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf kf/]sf] ;+s6af6 kf/
kfpg :yfgLo :t/d}+ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug'{, ;/sf/L :jf:Yo
;+:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg', s[lif pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ aGg' clxn]sf]
ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfnfO{ gu/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf
lbOPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxfG5' . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd / ah]6df 6]s]/ gu/sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts
ljsf;sf p4]Zo, nIo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt ;lxtsf] :ki6 ljsf;sf]
vfsf lgwf{/0f u/L PsLs[t zx/L ljsfz of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ of]
gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgb]{lzt 5 . sf]le8–!( sf] sf/0f rfn' cfly{s
jif{sf] gLlt, tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|efljt e}/xFbf cfufdL
3

&=
cfly{s jif{sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] nIo “;d[4 gu/ M v'zL
gu/af;L” g} /x]sf] 5 . o; gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;+3Lotfsf]
sfof{Gjog;Fu} l;+xb/af/sf] clwsf/ hgtfsf] aLrdf k'¥ofpg sf]z]9'Ëf
;fljt x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd tof/ ubf{ lgDg kIfnfO{ d'Vo dfu{lgb]{zssf] ?kdf lnOPsf]
5 M
s= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg–@)&@
v= :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g–@)&$
u= /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u P]g–@)&$
3= cGt/ ;/sf/L ljQ Joj:yfkg P]g–@)&$
ª= g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf n'lDagL k|b]z ;/sf/n] th'{df u/]sf ah]6
tyf sfo{qmd
r= bLuf] ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug]{nufotsf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf hgfPsf k|lta4tfx?af6 l;lh{t bfloTj
5= o; gu/kflnsfsf] PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; of]hgfn] dfu{lgb]{z
u/]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?
h= g]kfn ;/sf/, n'lDagL k|b]z ;/sf/sf cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfx?
em= ;+3 / k|b]z ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf cfly{s,
;fdflhsnufotsf ljsf;sf gLltx? .
ltnf]Qdf gu/kflnsf nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t d"No, dfGotf, ax'njfbL
v'nf ;dfh, dfgj clwsf/, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj /
;dGjosf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ ljlwsf] zf;gk|lt k"0f{k|lta4 5 .
nf]stGqnfO{ ;fdflhs hLjg k4ltsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ s'/fdf gu/
;/sf/ x/kn k|oTgzLn 5 . zf;sLo Joj:yfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf]
cg'e"lt ;a} gu/af;Ln] ug{ ;s'g\ eGg]df xfdLx? cToGt ;r]t 5f}+ .
gu/sf] ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{
cfTd;fy ub}{ ;Gt'lnt / ;dGoflos ljsf;sf] af6f]df cl3 a9\g gu/
;/sf/ b[9 5 . …dflns xf]Og, ;]js xf}Ú eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t
hgpQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, d]xgtL / ;xof]uL ;+oGqaf6 g} ;d[l4 xfl;n
4

ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ xfdLn] cfˆgf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGtsf] ?kdf
u|x0f u/]sf 5f}+ .
*= of] ;Ddflgt gu/;efdf d ljleGg ;"rssf] cfwf/df cfly{s jif{
@)&^÷&& df zx/L ;]jf k|jfx tyf ;'zf;gsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo
sfo{;Dkfbg u/]sf]df d'n'se/sf dxfgu/, pk–dxfgu/ /
gu/kflnsfx?sf] 5ftf ;+u7g g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3n] o; ltnf]Qdf
gu/kflnsfnfO{ pTs[i6 gu/kflnsf k'/:sf/–@)&& k|bfg u/]sf] v'zL
;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bn, hgk|ltlglw, sd{rf/L, lzIfs, ljsf; ;fem]bf/,
;~rf/sdL{, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, ;fdflhs ;+3—;+:yf, Snj, cfdf
;d"xnufot ;Dk"0f{ gu/af;Ldf k'gM ;f6\g rfxfG5' . k'/:sf/ k|bfg
ug{'x'g] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L s]kL zdf{ cf]nLHo", k'/:sf/sf] nflu
l;kmfl/; ug]{ lj1 d"Nof+sg ;d"x, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3k|lt xflb{s
cfef/ Pj+ s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' . ;fy}+ cfufdL lbgdf gu/sf] ;d[l4 /
gu/af;Lsf] v'zLsf] nflu oxfFx?;Fus}+ ;xsfo{df cem}+ /rgfTds sfd
ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5' . rfn' cfly{s jif{d}+ gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'v
k|zf;lgs sfof{no cfkm\g} :jfldTjsf] ejgaf6 ;~rfng ePsf] 5 .
o:t} w]/}h;f] j8f sfof{nox? ;d]t cfkm\g} ejgdf ;/]sf 5g\ .
cfjZos :yfgLo sfg"g lgdf{0f ub}{ To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog,
lzIff If]qdf ul/Psf c;n cEof;, ltnf]Qdf nufgL ;Dd]ng, xfdLn]
rnfPsf z'Go kf]lnlyg, lgoldt ;/;kmfO{, xl/ofnL k|j4{g cleofg
nufotsf ljleGg cleofg, ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf gLltut lg0f{on]
/fli6«o hLjgdf ltnf]Qdf gu/k|ltsf] ljZjf; / cfsif{0f a9]sf] 5 .
gu/ ;/sf/sf] ljsf; k|of;df k|b]z ;/sf/, ;+3Lo ;/sf/,
;fem]bf/x?sf] ;fy / ;b\efj j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
(= gu/ ;/sf/ ;a};Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ ;a} If]qdf tLj| ultdf pTs[i6
pknlAwx? xfl;n ub}{ cl3 a9\b} ubf{ sf]le8–!( sf] sf/0f sltko
sfo{qmd /f]lsPsf 5g\ . sf]le8–!( sf] k|efj /f]lsPkl5 afFsL / gofF
sfdx? tLj|tfsf] ;fy cl3 a9\g]5g\ . To;}n] cfufdL cfly{s jif{
5

ltnf]Qdf gu/kflnsfsf] nflu …tLj| ljsf;sf] jif{Ú x'g]5 . o;df ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;fy / ;xsfo{sf] nflu cfJxfg ;d]t ub{5' .
!)= gful/sn] cg'e"lt ug]{ u/L ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ljt/0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo,
s[lif k|0ffnLdf kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds ;'wf/, qmdfut cfof]hgf
;DkGg, pBf]u, Jofkf/, Joj;fo, nufgLsf] jftfj/0f, ;'zf;g,
;dfj]zL ljsf;, bLuf] ljsf; nufot ljsf;sf ;d;fdlos
d'2fx?nfO{ lg/Gt/ ;Daf]wg, gu/df pknAw k"FhL, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf]
k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ ;xsf/L / lghL If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{ gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/;Fu
;xcl:tTj, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvg] 5 .
gu/;ef ;b:oHo"x? Û
ca d cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df o; gu/kflnsfn] ;fdflhs ljsf;cGtu{t\
:jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{, o'jf tyf v]ns'b, n}+lus ;dfgtf
tyf ;fdflhs ;dj]zLs/0ftkm{ lng] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k|:t't ug{ rfxfG5' .
!!= sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Laf6 aRg vf]k ckl/xfo{ ePsf]n] ;a} gu/af;LnfO{
l56f]eGbf l56f] vf]ksf] kx'Frdf k'of{pg sf]/f]gf vf]k cg'bfg sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;sf] nflu rfn' cfly{s jif{d}+ /]8qm;sf]
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf -cfOl;cf/;L_ ;Fu lgMz'Ns vf]ksf] nflu cg'/f]w ul/
;lsPsf] 5 . ;fy}+ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu s'6gLlts dfWodaf6 ;d]t vl/b
k|lqmof cuf8L a9fOlbg' x'g cg'/f]w ul/Psf] Joxf]/f ;d]t
cfdgu/af;Ldf k'gM hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxfG5' . k|fylds :jf:Yo
;]jfsf] nflu df}h'bf :jf:Yo rf}sLx?nfO{ Go"gtd k"jf{wf/, pks/0f,
hgzlQm tyf k|ljlwo'Qm agfO{ e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo ;]jf ;lxtsf]
cfsif{s :jf:Yo s]G›sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . cl3Nnf jif{x?af6}+
:jf:Yo rf}sLx?df lrlsT;s ;lxtsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ qmd ;'?
ul/Psf]df cfufdL cfly{s jif{df yk :jf:Yo rf}sLdf lrlsT;s lgo'Qm
u/L ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 .
6

!@= &) jif{ eGbf dfly pd]/ ;d"xsf h]i7 gful/s tyf ckfËx?sf]
cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf 3/d} k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . *)
jif{eGbf dflysf Ho]i7 gful/s tyf ue{jtL dlxnfx? la/fdL eO{
:jf:Yo ;+:yf jf lhNnfleqsf c:ktfnx? hfg'kbf{ gu/kflnsfn]
lgMz'Ns PDa'n]G; ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]5 .
!#= cfly{s ?kdf ljkGg gu/af;Lsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] nflu ægu/ k|d'v
ljkGg gful/s ;xfotf sf]ifÆ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . æ:j:y gu/af;L M
:j:y gu/Æ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a} gful/ssf]
;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfdnfO{ lg/Gttf lbOg]5 . gu/kflnsf
dftxt /x]sf PDa'n]G;nfO{ yk hgd'vL agfOg]5 . gu/leqsf ;a}
jly{Ë ;]G6/x?sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ u/L ;'/lIft dft[Tjsf] xsnfO{
;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . ;fy}, jly{Ë ;]G6/df ;'Ts]/L x'g] dlxnfx?nfO{
k|f]T;fxg eQf :j?k lbOg] ! xhf/ ?k}+ofF eQfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ lgMz'Ns SoflN;odsf] ;fy} ue{jtL dlxnfsf]
kf]if0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg æue{jtL;Fu pkd]o/ sfo{qmdÆ nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 . lh/f] xf]d 8]lne/L sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ul/g]5 .
ue{jtL ;]jfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg k|f]6]an
cN6«f;fp08 ;]jf ;'?jft ul/g]5 .
!$= :jf:Yo rf}sLx?df xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf k|of]uzfnfx?nfO{ :t/f]GgtL
ul/g]5 eg] Ps :yfgdf gu/:t/Lo ;'ljwf;DkGg k|of]uzfnf lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . cfgGbjg :jf:Yo rf}sL c:ktfnsf] ?kdf :t/f]GgtL x'g]
qmddf ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ePsf]df To;nfO{ ;DkGg u/fpg
gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 . ;]d/fahf/ :jf:Yo rf}sLn]
ef]urng u/]sf] hUUffsf] :jfldTj k|fKt u/]sf]n] o;nfO{ c:ktfnsf]
?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos kxn ul/g]5 . ;fy}+
/f]6/L Snj ckm ?kGb]xL / gu/kflnsfsf] ;xsfo{df ;]d/fahf/ :jf:Yo
rf}sLdf ut jif{ NofOPsf :jf:Yo pks/0fnfO{ hgzlQmsf] oyf]lrt
Joj:yfkg u/L ;~rfng NofOg] 5 . j8f g+= !& l:yt aLkL u|fd
7

;fd'bflos c:ktfnnfO{ !% z}+ofdf c:ktfnsf] ?kdf lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3
a9]sf]df o;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .
!%= k|To]s :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?df Jojl:yt / ;'ljwf ;DkGg vf]k s]G›
;~rfngsf] nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{df klg
lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?sf] :jf:Yo /
kf]if0f k|j4{g tyf zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s j[l4 ljsf; cg'udgsf nflu
ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmd / ljBfno gl;{Ë sfo{qmdnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
u/fOg] 5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnox?df ;d]t ljBfno gl;{Ë sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ clek|]l/t ul/g]5 . ;a} ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf
afnaflnsfx?sf] lgoldt cfFvf hfFrsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ;fy}+
:jf:YosdL{ sd{rf/L tyf ljBfno gl;{Ëx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; clej[l4
ug]{ gLlt ;d]t lnOg]5 . dxfdf/L hf]lvddf sfo{/t :jf:Yo
sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an pRr /fVg hf]lvdeQf tyf :jf:Yo aLdfsf]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
!^= dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu k|f]T;fxg
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . pd]/ k'u]sf dlxnf :jf:Yo
:jo+;]ljsfx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ /sddf s]xL /sd yk u/L
;~rfng ul/Psf] æ;'gf}nf] cjsfz of]hgfÆ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 . l;sn;]n Plgldof /f]syfd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . gu/
leqsf pko'Qm :yfgdf æEoflS;g ;j ;]G6/ / sf]N8 ;]G6/Æ :yfkgf
ub}{ k"0f{ vf]ksf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 .
!&= ltnf]Qdf j8f g+= ! / * df lgdf{0f x'g] æk|fb]lzs ;/sf/L d]l8sn
sn]hÆ / j8f g+ $ df lgdf{0f x'g] æuf}td'4 ;fd'bflos d'6' c:ktfnÆ
sf] sfo{df cfjZos ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ul/g] 5 . gu/sf afFsL
j8fx?df cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo s]G›sf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu s]G› tyf
k|b]z ;/sf/;Fu dfu ul/g] 5 . ;fy}+, # j6f j8fdf of]u tyf v'nf
Jofodzfnf lgdf{0f ug{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . b'Jo{;gL Go"gLs/0f ug{
ljleGg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
8

!*= æ/Qm ;]jf ;xof]u sfo{qmdÆ dfkm{t\ /ut k|fKt ubf{ nfUg] Nofj z'Nssf]
zf]wegf{nfO{ Ps cfly{s jif{df Ps JolQmsf] nflu @% o'lg6 sfod
ul/g]5 . gu/kflnsf leq /Qm;~rf/ ;]jf s]Gb| -An8 a}+s_ :yfkgf ug{
;Da4 ;+3–;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 .
!(= s/lxof cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfnosf] :t/f]GgtLsf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/,
cf}iflw pks/0f;lxt yk hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg vfgkfg, of]u, Wofg,
;fwgf4f/f :j:y hLjgz}nL k|j4{gdf cfo'j]{b tyf a}slNks lrlsT;f
k2ltnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ cfkm\g} efG;f M cfkm\g} hl8a'6L
sfo{qmdcGtu{t\ /f]uk|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf hl8a'6Lsf]
k|of]udf hf]8 lbOg]5 . ;fy}+ of]u, Wofg ;fwgfsf] dfWodaf6 sf]le8–!(
sf] sf/0f kg{ uPsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ sd
ul/g]5 .
@)= k|To]s :jf:Yo ;+:yfnfO{ dfkb08 agfO{ ;+:yf ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg
vr{ pknAw u/fOg'sf] ;fy}+ :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ;a}
gu/af;LnfO{ :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL agfpg k|oTg ul/g]5 .
lglZrt ju{–;d'bfosf gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo aLdf cg'bfg sfo{qmd nfu"
ul/g]5 .
@!= gu/ If]qsf zjbfx :ynsf] :t/f]GgtL ub}{ j8f g+= !! sf] /f]lx0fL gbLdf
;'ljwf;DkGg zjbfx :yn lgdf{0f ug{ b]jbx gu/kflnsf;Fu ;dGjo
ul/g]5 . k|b]z ;/sf/;Fu ljB'tLo zjbfx :yn agfpg ;xof]u dfu
ul/g]5 . zjjfxg ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
@@= …xfdL ;a}sf] k|0f M ;fj{hlgs lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;jnLs/0fÚ eGg] gf/fsf
;fy ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf nflu :ki6 b[li6sf]0f, k|lta4tf /
of]hgfsf] ;fy cufl8 al9g]5 . lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ xr'jfsf e/df
xf]Og ls :yflkt dfGotfsf] hudf 6]s]/ :ki6 b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy rfn'
cfly{s jif{sf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} z}lIfs ljsf;sf gofF /
l;h{gzLn sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 . lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf :jR5 vfg]kfgL lgMz'Ns ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos
ljBfnonfO{ yk k|ljlwd}qL agfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfgsf] nflu ;a}
9

;fd'bflos ljBfnodf O{G6/g]6 ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ljBfnon]
lng] z'Ns ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 .
@#= lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cfly{s÷;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] ;+jfxssf] ?kdf
ljsf; ug{sf nflu ;a} tx Pj+ ljwfdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf]
;'lglZrttf, u'0f:t/df ;'wf/, cAjn Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf;,
;fd'bflos Pj+ ;+:yfut ljBfno aLrsf] leGgtfsf] cGTo, c;n
cEof;x?sf] cfbfg–k|bfg, lzIff If]qsf æcfzfnfUbf cEof;Æ /
æk|of; u/] kl/jt{g ;Dej 5Æ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ug{ z}lIfs
k|0ffnLnfO{ lhDd]jf/, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, glthfd'vL / pQ/bfoL
agfpFb} ;fd'bflos ljBfnok|lt yk cfsif{0f a9fpg] /0fgLlt cjnDag
tof/ u/L gu/kflnsfnfO{ æz}lIfs xaÆ sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
@$= ægu/ k|d'v 5fqj[lQ sf]ifÆ nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpFb} cNk;+Vos,
;LdfGts[t, cgfy, ckfËtf, blnt, ljkGg ;d"x / Go"g cfo ePsf
;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIffsf nflu 5fqj[lQsf]
ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 . sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0faf6 lgwg ePsf
kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ dflj tx;Ddsf] cWoogsf] nflu ljz]if
5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
@%= æ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ sfo{qmdÆ cGt/ut sDkfp08
afn tyf sIffsf]7f ;'wf/ sfo{ / l6gsf 5fgf ePsf ;fd'bflos
ljBfnox?df qmdzM ækmN; l;lnËÆ /fVg] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 . ljBfno tyf SofDk;x?sf] ef]uflwsf/ k|fKt k|of]uljxLg
hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0f, xl/ofnL k|j4{g tyf cGo pko'Qm ljsNk klxrfg
u/L pTkfbgd"ns agfOg]5 . e"sDk k|lt/f]wL ljBfno ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf
hf]8 lbOg]5 .
@^= ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?df ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu oftfoftsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{
Wofgdf /fvL k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df ljBfnox?sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf cfufdL
cfly{s jif{df slDtdf # j6f ljBfnonfO{ a; vl/bsf] nflu
k|ltljBfno gub !) nfv ljz]if cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
10

gu/kflnsfaf6 cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf a; ;~rfngsf] nflu k|ltljBfno
jflif{s Ps nfv ?k}+ofF cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
@&= o;} z}lIfs ;qaf6 gu/kflnsfsf ;a} ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut
ljBfnox?df sIff % ;Dd :yfgLo kf7\ok':ts nfu' ul/g]5 . o;af6
cfd ljBfyL{x?df cfˆgf] gu/, oxfFsf] e'uf]n, hfthflt, efiffefifL,
;+:s[lt, P]ltxfl;s dxTj, v'nf z'Go kf]lnlyg, hGd lbgdf j[Iff/f]k0f,
;/;kmfO{nufotsf gu/kflnsfn] cl3 ;f/]sf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmd,
ko{6sLo :ynx? ;DaGwL 1fg clej[l4 eO{ Jojxfl/s 1fg k|fKt ug{
;xof]u x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cfufdL cfly{s jif{df sIff ^ b]lv
* ;Ddsf] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
@*= æljBfnodf ;'zf;gÆ nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltnfO{ yk lqmofzLn agfpFb} ljBfno cg'udg–d"NofÍgnfO{ ;3g
?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . j8f g+= !$ df ;"rgf k|ljlwnufot cGo
k|fljlws lzIff cWofkgsf nflu “ltnf]Qdf l;6L sn]h” :yfkgf ug{
cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg ePsf]df ljleGg
ljZjljBfno tyf l;l6Ole6L;Fu ;DaGwg lnO{ sn]h ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
@(= gu/kflnsf leqsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?sf] lzIfs b/aGbL ldnfg /
;?jfsf] dfkb08 tof/ kf/L lzIfs–ljBfyL{ cg'kft ;dtfd'ns ?kdf
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . ljBfnox?nfO{ lbOPsf] lzIfs cg'bfgnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . afnljsf; s]G› ;~rfng ;xof]uL sfo{stf{ tyf
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ ljBfnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
;do ;fk]If k|f]T;fxg eQfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
#)= rfn' cf=j=df jt{dfg ljifd\ kl/l:yltn] ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] xF'bf
ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/ afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g cjnDagsf
;"rsx?nfO{ k"0f{tf lbO{ afnd}qL gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ul/g]5 . u'?s"n,
u'Daf, laxf/, db/;f, v'nf Pjd\ j}slNks lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf
nflu k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo ul/g]5 . n}lËsd}qL,
ckfËd}qL l;sfO{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm /0fgLlt tyf
11

sfo{qmd to u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . ckfËtf ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf]
nflu lzIf0f l;sfO{df ;xhtf Nofpg cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf]
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
#!= gu/leqsf ;fd'bflos SofDk;x?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / :t/f]GgtLsf
nflu cfjZos kxn ul/g]5 . gu/ leqsf SofDk;sf] ;xsfo{df
;'zf;g / ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljwfdf zf]wsfo{ ug{
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnosf 5ftf
;+u7g;Fusf] ;dGjodf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf lzIfsx?sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4df Wofg k'of{Og]5 .
#@= ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf æ5fqfx?nfO{ ;]g]6/L Kof8 lgMz'Ns ljt/0f /
lbjf vfhf sfo{qmdÆ nfO{ u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
afnaflnsfdfly x'g;Sg] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ cGTosf] nflu ljBfno tyf
;d'bfo :t/df afnaflnsfnfO{ k|ltsf/fTds÷k|lt/IffTds ;Lk Pj+
hgr]tgf clej[l4sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ljBfnosf] ;du|
ljsf;, of]hgf / /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu yk k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx?
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
##= gu/df efiff, snf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . nlIft ju{ -cflbaf;L, hghflt, blnt, d'lZnd, lk58fju{,
ckfª\u, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf_ sf] nflu cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts ;d[l4sf ;fy}+ cfod'ns, ;Lkd'ns / r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
#$= gu/kflnsf leq cf]em]ndf k/]sf k|ltefx?sf] klxrfgsf] nflu ljleGg
k|sf/sf d}qLk"0f{ sfo{qmddf k|lt:kwf{ u/L snf, ;flxTo / ;[hgfsf]
;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ul/g]5 . gu/kflnsf leq /x]sf P]ltxfl;s
k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf ;Dkbfx?sf] clen]lvs/0f / k|j4{gsf nflu
cfjZos kxn ul/g] 5 .
#%= gu/ leqsf cflbaf;L–hghflt, yf?, blnt nufot cGo nf]kf]Gd'v
hfltsf efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt, nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu :ki6
gLltsf] th{'df ul/g'sf] ;fy} :yfgLo snf ;+:s[ltnfO{ cfly{s
12

pTkfbg;Fu hf]8\g] sfo{qmd tof/ ul/g]5 . ljleGg hfthfltx?sf
df}lnstf ;+/If0f ug{ æ;f+:s[lts ;+u|xfno lgdf{0fÆ sf] nflu cfjZos
k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOg]5 . :yfgLo pTkfbgx?sf] k|j{4g /
ahf/Ls/0fdf 6]jf k'of{pg sf]z]nL3/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;]d/L xf]d:6]nfO{
k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
#^= Psn dlxnfsf] gfddf ;+rflnt Joj;fo / PsLs[t ;DklQ s/df %)
k|ltzt 5'6 pknAw u/fOg]5 . n}lËs lx+;f Go"lgs/0f / bfOhf] k|rng
Go"gLs/0f pGd'v sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 . dlxnfx?df /x]sf]
k/Dk/fut ;Lk k|j4{g ug{sf] ;fy} dlxnf pBdzLntf k|j4{g ug]{
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
#&= hgk|ltlglwx? tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ n}lËs ;dfgtf, dlxnf
;zlQms/0f, n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f tyf afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL
cled'lvs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . dfgj dof{bfsf] gu/ agfpg
hftLo 5'jf5't tyf ;fdflhs lje]b / pTkL8gsf] Jojxfl/s cGTosf]
nflu ælje]bd'Qm gu/ M ;dtfo'Qm gu/Æ agfpg cfjZos /0fgLlt /
cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
#*= æo'jf tyf dlxnf;Fu pkd]o/ sfo{qmdÆ ;~rfng u/L o'jf tyf
dlxnfx?nfO{ pBd, Joj;fo, ;Lk;Fu hf]8\b} pgLx?nfO{ cfTdlge{/
agfpg cfjZos ;Lk, tfnLdsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ pBdzLn gu/
agfpg k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . pBddf hf]l8g
rfxg]x?sf] nflu ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
#(= dlxnf lx+;f Go"gLs/0f Pj+ ;zlQms/0f, of}lgs tyf n}lËs
cNk;+Vosx?sf] lxtsf nflu k|j4{gfTds tyf r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmd
;+rfng ul/g]5 . n}lËsd}qL gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff sfo{of]hgf cg';f/
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf cfpg g;s]sf]
cflbaf;L hghflt, blnt, d'lZnd, lk58f ju{ tyf k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{
;d'bfonfO{ gu/ ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf NofOg]5 .
13

$)= ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf dfWodaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfo{qmd
;+rfng ug]{ ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo u/L
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . æ;fdflhs kl/rfng sf]ifÆ nfO{ ;jnLs[t
u/L dha't / Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, cfdf ;d"x
ljleGg Sna nufotsf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?;Fu ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf
lqmofsnfk ;+rfngdf ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
$!= j8f g+= ( sf] d+unfk'/ / j8f g+= $ sf] l8ª\u/gu/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
Ho]i7 gful/s ldng s]Gb| tyf j8f g+= ^ df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] dfgj
;]jf cf>dnfO{ ;~rfngdf NofpFb} cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nflu
;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 . gu/ leqsf Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Ddfg
tyf cGo k|j4{gfTds sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|To]s j8f–6f]ndf æHo]i7
gful/s SnjÆ u7g u/L æHo]i7 gful/s cGt/k':tf ;Lk x:tfGt/0fÆ
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf Ho]i7
gful/snfO{ ;+/If0f dgf]ljdz{ tyf sfg'gL ;xotf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
Ho]i7 gful/s kl/rokq ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ j8f sfof{noaf6}+ ljt/0fsf]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
$@= ckfËtf ePsfdWo] æsÆ ju{sf /ftf] / ævÆ ju{sf] lgnf] sf8{ k|fKt ug]{
JolQmn] ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 ;fdflhs ;'/IffeQf k|fKt u/]sf] / æuÆ
ju{sf] kx]nf] sf8{ k|fKt u/]sf t/ s'g} ;'ljwf k|fKt gu/]sf kx]nf]
kl/rokq u/]sfx?nfO{ gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 k|f]T;fxg :j?k jflif{s ?
^,))) lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ckfËtf ePsf JolQmn] ;+rfng u/]sf]
pBf]u–Joj;fox?df nfUg] s/df ztk|ltzt 5'6 lbOg] gLlt cjnDjg
ul/g]5 .
$#= o; If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ckfËtf ePsf
JolQmx?nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] ;xfotf ;fdu|L ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . ckfËtfd}qL gu/ 3f]if0ffsf nflu cfjZos u[xsfo{
ul/g]5 .
14

$$= gu/kflnsf leq lqmofzLn u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] kl/rfng, lgodg,
cg'udg d"NofÍg / ;xhLs/0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfåf/f gu/ If]q leq ;~rfng ug]{ ;a} sfo{qmd gu/kflnsfsf]
jflif{s of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ / gu/kflnsfn] tf]s]sf] :yfgdf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 .
$%= ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf dfWodaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfo{qmd
;+rfng ug]{ ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo u/L
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . æ;fdflhs ljsf; sf]ifÆ nfO{ ;jnLs[t u/L
dha't / Jojl:yt ul/g'sf] ;fy}+ pk–k|d'v dlxnf pBdzLntf sf]if
:yfkgf ul/g] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu Doflrª km08sf]
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, cfdf ;d"x ljleGg Sna
nufotsf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?;Fu ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf lqmofsnfk
;+rfngdf ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
$^= ;fdflhs zlQmsf] ?kdf /x]sf 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf c;n
cEof;x?sf] cfbfg k|bfg dfkm{t gu/sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df 6]jf
k'¥ofpg 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfsf] gu/:t/Lo ;~hfn u7g ul/g]5 . 6f]n
ljsf; ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
lqmofzLntfsf] cfwf/df 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfnfO{ cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfnfO{ gu/sf] ljsf;df ;xefuL agfpg /
pgLx?;Fusf] IfdtfnfO{ k|of]u u/L gu/sf] ;du| ljsf;df ultzLntf
Nofpgsf] nflu 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfsf] nfut ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
$&= æPs 3/ M Ps wf/fÆ sfo{qmdnfO{ vfg]kfgL ;+:yf, k|b]z tyf ;+3Lo
;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf cufl8 a9fO{ vfg]kfgL of]hgf ;'? gePsf
j8fx?df ;x–nufgLdf vfg]kfgLsf of]hgfx? ;+rfng ug{] sfo{qmdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ;+3Lo tyf k|b]z ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo ul/g]5 .
vfg]kfgLsf] ;]jf gk'u]sf jf8{–If]qx?df ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ df}h'bf
vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfnfO{ pTk|]l/t, ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .
15

$*= gu/ If]qdf vfg]kfgLsf] dxz'n Ps?ktf sfod ug{ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf
;ldltx?nfO{ pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 . cfly{s ?kdf cltljkGg, c;Qm
3/kl/jf/nfO{ vfg]kfgL wf/f h8fg tyf dxz'n b/df ljz]if 5'6 lbg
ljz]if kxn ul/g]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt /
:yfgLo gful/ssf] ;xeflutf / nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO{sf] ;]jf If]q lj:tf/ / ;]jf:t/ j[l4sf nflu cfjZos k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fpg'sf ;fy} ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df PsLs[t vfg]kfgL
tyf 9n lgsf; ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g]5 .
$(= v]ns'b If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df of]ubfg k'of{pg] tyf pTs[i6 v]n
sf}zn k|bz{g ug]{ v]nf8Lx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 . v]nsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu gu/kflnsf, u}/;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjodf v]ns'bsf k"jf{wf/x?sf]
:t/f]pGgtL ul/g]5 . k|:tfljt 7"nf v]n d}bfgx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3
a9fpgsf] nflu ;+3 / k|b]z ;/sf/df kxn ul/g]5 . gu/leqsf cGo
km'6an d}bfg, lqms]6 u|fp08, elnan u|fp08, sj8{ xn nufotsf
;+/rgfx?sf] :t/f]GgtL ul/g]5 .
%)= lghL tyf ;fd'bflos ;+3–;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df /fli6«o k|fb]lzs tyf
gu/:t/Lo v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . v]ns"b ljsf;
u'?of]hgf th{'df ug'{sf ;fy} lghL tyf ;fd'bflos ;+3;+:yfx?nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
d]o/sk Jof8ldG6g k|ltof]lutf, pkd]o/ sk dlxnf elnan
k|ltof]lutf, j8f:t/Lo elnan tyf lqms]6 k|ltof]lutf, /fi6«klt
/lgªzLN8 k|ltof]lutfsf ;fy} ljBfno:t/Lo ljleGg v]ns'b
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . gu/leqsf Snjx?sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4, v]ns'b tflnd ;~rfng, v]ns"b k|jw{g nufotsf
lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
%!= /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf gu/sf] k|lti7f a9fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]
o'jf / o'jfsf] If]qdf pTs[i6 sfd ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ ;Ddfg Pj+ k'/:s[t
ul/g]5 . o'jfx?sf] Ifdtf k|ikm'6gsf nflu æo'jf kl/rfng sfo{qmdÆ
16

nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . o'jf s]lG›t, n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;zlQms/0f,
nfu'cf}ifw b'Jo{;gL, ;sf/fTds ;f]+r, dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ h:tf
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . o'jf pBdzLntf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd
;+rfng ul/g]5 .
%@= gu/ k|d'v bfloTj o'jf pBdL kl/rfng sf]if :yfkgf u/L o'jf
pBdzLntf k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmddf
o'jfx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . o'jfx?sf] ;fx;, l;h{gzLntf,
cfTdljZjf;, pBdzLntfsf] pRr d"NofÍg ub}{ lzlIft, g}ltsjfg\,
;Lko'Qm, cg'zfl;t / pBdzLn o'jf zlQmnfO{ gu/sf] dfgjLo k"FhLsf]
?kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ gu/sf] ;du| ljsf;df kl/rfng ul/g]5 .
%#= ;d'bfo:t/af6} :jo+;]jfnfO{ JolQmsf] hLjg k2ltsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{
;a} ljBfno tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ cfXjfg u/L ljBfyL{x?df :jo+d;]jL
efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g] k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft\ ul/ cf}krfl/s cWoogsf] cËs}
?kdf :jo+;]jfnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
%$= v]ns"b, ;fdflhs ljsf;, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg,
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ?kfGt/0f nufotsf If]qdf :jo+;]jssf] ?kdf
o'jfx? kl/rfng ul/g]5 . :jo+;]jfdfkm{t\ g}ltstf, gful/s lzIff Pj+
cg'zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 gu/k|lt bfloTjaf]w u/fpg] tyf >dsf] ;Ddfg
ug]{ cleofgfTds sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
%%= ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] Joj:yfkg u/L cfufdL jif{ slDtdf # j6f afn
pBfg lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu /
k|ltefjfg afnaflnsfsf] klxrfg / k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ljljw sfo{qmd
;+rfng ul/g]5 . afn>d, afnljjfx Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cleofgfTds
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
17

gu/;ef ;b:oHo"x? Û
ca d cfly{s ljsf;cGtu{t\ s[lif, pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo, ko{6g, ;xsf/L,
ljQLo If]qtkm{sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? oxfFx? ;dIf k|:t't ug{ rfxfG5' .
%^ = Joj;flos s[lifdf nfu]sf ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ s[lif pks/0f, lapmF,
dn, k|ljlwdf cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
%&= klxrfgsf lglZrt cfwf/ to u/L k|To]s j8fdf %÷% hgf cu'jf
ls;fg jf s[ifs ;d"xnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ s[lif k"jf{wf/, k|ljlw tyf
pTkfbg ahf/Ls/0fdf ;xof]u k'of{O{ gd"gf s[ifs 3f]if0ff ul/g]5 .
slDtdf % sf hldgdf /f;folgs dnvfb, ljiffbL k|of]u gu/L
k|fª\ufl/s v]tL ug]{ JolQm, kmd{nfO{ dfkb08sf] cfwf/df k|fª\ufl/s
dndf tf]lsP adf]lhd cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
%*= rfn' cfly{s jif{df ds}, ux'F, t/sf/Lsf] lap, l;FrfO{ af]l/ª, df5f
kf]v/L, b'w pTkfbg, km"n v]tL, kz' aLdfdf lbOPsf] cg'bfgnfO{ yk
Jojl:yt ub}{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . ;fy}+ bnxg, t]nxg afnLsf] aLpdf
;d]t cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo
u/L n'lDagL ljlzi6s[t ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] agfpg yfn]sf] b'Uw k|zf]wg
s]Gb| lgdf{0fdf ;xhLs/0f / ;xof]u ul/g]5 . o'Pgl8kL, gu/kflnsf /
k|ultzLn dlxnf ljsf; ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{df ;~rflnt
cfw'lgs cfn' pTkfbg tyf lapmlahg sfo{qmdnfO{ yk Jojl:yt
agfpFb} lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
%(= …Ps 3/, Ps s/];faf/L M ks]6 If]qdf Joj;flos t/sf/LÚ eGg] gf/fsf
;fy ;'? ul/Psf] s[ifs ;xfotf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
æsf}zL t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n sfo{qmdÆ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng u/L
cfjZos k|fljlws tyf lapmdf ;xof]u k'of{Og]5 . ;fy}+ hUuf afFemf]
/fVg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . j8f g+= !& df ;xsf/Lx?;Fusf]
;xsfo{df agfOg] zLte08f/nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ul/g'sf] ;fy}+ o;df
;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u dfu ul/g]5 .
18

^)= gu/kflnsf leqsf dxTjk"0f{ tfntn}of, s'jfF, kf]v/L nufot k|fs[lts
hnfzo ;+/If0f u/L dT:o pTkfbgdf pkof]u ul/g]5 . dlxnfx?sf]
dfq ;d"x u7g u/L Joj;flos ?kdf s[lif tyf kz'k+IfLkfng Joj;fo
;+rfng u/]df pgLx?n] a}+s tyf ;xsf/Laf6 lnPsf] !) nfv ;Ddsf]
C0fsf] Jofhb/df # k|ltzt gub cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;do
;fk]If s[lif pks/0fsf] ef8f b/ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 . s[lif pkhx?sf]
Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No sfod ug]{ qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
^!= s[lif xf6ahf/x?nfO{ Jojl:yt tj/n] ;~rfng ul/g'sf ;fy} s'g}
JolQm tyf ;+3÷;+:yfn] ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/
xf6ahf/ ;+rfng ug{ rfx]df cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .
^@= k|fs[lts ljkQLaf6 s[lif pkh tyf kz'kfng Joj;fodf x'g] xfgL
gf]S;fgLsf] Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug{ æafnL tyf kz'k+IfL ;+/If0f sf]ifÆ nfO{
yk dha't agfOg]5 . :yfgLo s[ifsx?;Fu hf]l8Psf /}yfg] laplahg,
1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwnfO{ ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . afnL aLdf sfo{qmd nfu"
ul/g]5 . k|b]z ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df æ:df6{ s[lif ufpF sfo{qmdÆ yk
j8fx?df lj:tf/ ug{ kxn ul/g]5 . Joj;flos s[lif kmd{x? vf]Ngsf
nflu lghL If]q / ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ cfJxfg ul/g]5 .
^#= j8f g+= !# df kz'awzfnf tyf df;' k|zf]wg s]G›sf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf
k|:tfj tof/ u/L pQm awzfnf :yfkgf ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ cfslif{t
ul/g] 5 . ufO{ / e};Ldf vf]/]t / Eofu't], afv|fdf lk=lk=cf/=, s'v'/fdf
/fgLv]t / uDaf]/f] tyf a+u'/df :jfOg lkmj/ lj?4sf] vf]k sfo{qmd
k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . s[lif tyf kz' k|fljlwsx?nfO{
ls;fgsf] 3/–v]td}+ k'u]/ cTofjZos ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]
5 . j8f g+= % df lgdf{0f x'g] kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L yf]s ahf/nfO{
cfjZos ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .
^$= lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?;Fusf] ;xsfo{af6
;xsf/L k|j4{g, ;r]tgf, k"FhL kl/rfng, nufgLsf] clej[l4, ;xsf/L
v]tL k|0ffnL nufotsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
19

^%= ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ljsf; / k|j4{gsf] nflu lgoldt
lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / lgodgsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ;xsf/L ;+3–
;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L y|LkL df]8ndf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u Joj;fo
;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . ;xsf/L;Fu ;DalGwt clen]v
cBfjlws ul/g]5 . ;fgf ls;fg / sd cfo:t/ /x]sf gful/sx?
cfj4 /x]sf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu cfjZos
;xof]u k'of{Og]5 .
^^= ;xsf/Ldf cfj4 ljkGg dlxnf, blnt, ;LdfGts[t, u/La ;d'bfo,
ckfË, e"ldxLg tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo / >ldsx¿nfO{ Psn tyf
;fd"lxs ¿kdf :j/f]huf/d"ns pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg tflnd k|bfos ;+3÷;+:yf, k|lti7fgx¿;Fu
;xsfo{ u/L cfjZos kg]{ Joj;flos tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg
ul/g] 5 . gu/:t/Lo ;xsf/L ;~hfn u7g ul/g]5 .
^&= ;/sf/, lghL If]q / ;xsf/L aLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/Ldf pTkfbg
tyf ;]jfd"ns pBf]u Joj;fosf] :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . dlxnf
dfq ;b:o ePsf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] Joj;fo s/df %) k|ltzt 5'6nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . ;xsf/L dh{ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
^*= pBf]uL, Joj;foLnfO{ Joj;flos ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x u/L
gu/kflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;df ;xefuL x'g k|]l/t ul/g]5 . pBf]un]
jftfj/0f k|b'if0f sd ug]{ vfnsf KnfG6 h8fg ul/ k|b'if0f sd u/]df /
cfˆgf] pTkfbg Knfli6sdf Kofs gul/ sk8f jf sfuh h:tf
jftfj/0fd}qL j:t'df Kofs u/L ;KnfO u/]df To:tf pBf]unfO
gu/kflnsfn] lng] Joj;fo s/df %) k|ltzt 5'6 lbg] Joj:yfnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
^(= tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 k"/f gu/]sf, btf{ geO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf, ;3g
a:tLsf] glhs /x]sf tyf jftfj/0f lauf/]sf pBf]ux?nfO{ dfkb08 k"/f
u/fO{ pBf]u u|fddf :yfgfGt/0f x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
20

&)= pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] nflu pkef]Qmf ;r]tgf clej[l4,
lgodg, cg'udg sfo{df lj1sf] ;fy;fy} j8f sfof{nonfO{ ;d]t
kl/rfng u/L k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . Joj;flos cfrf/;+lxtf ljkl/t
x'g] u/L vfB j:t', ls/fgf, sk8f, k':ts / kmnkm"n, t/sf/L a]Rg]
k;naf6 dlb/f, ;'lt{hGo kbfy{, ljiffbL, ls6gfzs cf}ifwL h:tf
j:t'÷;fdfg Pp6} k;naf6 a]rljvg ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yfnfO{
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . k|efjsf/L vfB ahf/ cg'udgsf] nflu
gu/kflnsf cfkm}+n] Ps hgf vfB lg/LIfssf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
&!= ko{6g u'?of]hgf agfO ;+3 / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{df sfof{Gjog ub}{
nlug]5 . cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6g k|j4{g / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{
xf]6n Joj;fon] g]kfnLnfO{ dfq /f]huf/L lbO{ sDtLdf kfFr ;o ko{6s
-cfGtl/s ko{6s ;d]t_ a;fpg]nfO{ Joj;fo s/df @% k|ltzt 5'6
lbO{ ko{6g k|jw{gsf] If]qdf of]ubfg k'of{pg] Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ul/g]5 .
&@= jgjfl6sfdf lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g] qmddf /x]sf] ax'cfoflds Eo'6fj/
;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . jgljxf/ tyf cg';Gwfg s]G›df /x]sf] k|f0fL
pBfgnfO{ k|fb]lzs k|f0fL pBfgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . gu/leqsf k|fs[lts, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s,
k'/ftflTjs If]qsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f{ ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if sfo{of]hgf tof/
u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf]
klxrfg, ;+/If0f / ljsf;df hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . gu/ If]q
leq /x]sf ko{6sLo :ynx¿ / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pj+
;Djw{g ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, cfdf ;d"x, Snj, ;+3–
;+:yfx¿ nufot :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
&#= j8f g+= * df /x]sf] ljGbjfl;gL tfnsf] l8lkcf/ tof/ ul/g]5 . j8f
g+= !$ sf] gGbefph' tfnsf] ;+/If0f / :t/f]GgtL ug{ cfjZos
sfo{qmd to ul/g]5 . j8f g+= * sf] s/lxof ;fd'bflos jgdf /x]sf]
af]6flgsn uf8]{gdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nflu ;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/;Fu
21

;xof]u dfu ul/g]5 . gu/leq /x]sf cGo ko{6sLo tyf jgef]h
:ynx?sf] :t/f]GgtLsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
&$= k|fËfl/s vfBfGg, t/sf/L, b"w, df5f, ds}, ux'F pTkfbg Pj+
df5fkfngsf ;kmn kmd{ / ufpF÷6f]nx?nfO{ xf]d:6];Fu hf]l8 æs[lif
ko{6gÆ sf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu cfjZos gLltut Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
gu/sf lglZrt :yfgx?nfO{ æv'nf If]q 3f]if0ff / v'nf kfs{x?Æ
lgdf{0fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg ul/g]5 . yk # j6f j8fdf :df6{
kfs{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
&%= e"ldxLg blnt tyf e"ldxLg ;'s'Daf;L / cJojl:yt a;f]af;Lx?nfO{
hUufsf] :jfldTj k|bfg ug{ ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]u;Fu
sfo{;Demf}tf u/L nut ;+sng ul/Psf] / hUuf gfkhfFrsf] nflu
cfjZos tof/L cl3 al9;s]sf]df cfufdL cfly{s jif{df To;nfO{
;DkGg u/fpg k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . gu/kflnsfleq /x]sf P]nfgL, ktL{
/ ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] gS;fÍg / l;dfÍg u/L ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg'sf] ;fy} cltqmd0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 .
&^= cltqmldt tyf cGo ;/sf/L÷;fj{hlgs hldgsf] nut ;+sng tyf
tf/af/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . cltqmldt hUufsf] klxrfg
u/L k'gM ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ul/g]5 . pko'Qm 7fpFdf æhUuf ljsf;
cfof]hgfÆ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
&&= æk|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmdÆ nfO{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k
k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf n}hfgsf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]u
k'of{Og]5 . /f]huf/ ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ >d ;"rgf a}+ssf] ?kdf ;d]t pkof]u
ul/g]5 . æ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg HofnfÆ nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ s'g} klg
>ldssf] >d zf]if0f x'g lbOg]5}g .
&*= o; gu/kflnsfaf6 tflnd k|fKt tyf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uO{ kmls{Psf
o'jfx?nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8;Fusf] ;xsfo{df
;x'lnot C0f k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 . ;'wfl/Psf]
cf/g k]zfdf cfj4 /x]sf tyf cfj4 x'g rfxg]x?sf] nflu cfjZos
pks/0fdf *) k|ltzt cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
22

gu/;ef ;b:oHo"x? Û
ca d k"jf{wf/ ljsf;cGt{ut\ ;8s, k'n, l;+rfO{, ejg tyf ;x/L ljsf;,
j}slNks phf{, ;~rf/–k|ljlwnufot If]qtkm{ gu/kflnsfn] cl3 ;f/]sf
gLltx? k|:t't ug{ rfxfG5' .
&(= æd]o/ gu/ cfjf; sfo{qmdÆ ;~rfng u/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{df
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df cltljkGg lglZrt ju{÷;d'bfosf %) 3/
kl/jf/nfO{ 3/ agfpg k|lt3/ ? @ nfv cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
*)= pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] of]hgfx?sf] ljBdfg
;LdfnfO{ a9fP/ %) nfv sfod ul/g]5 . j8f g+= ! b]lv ( ;Ddsf
;8s lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;xeflutf ^)÷$) k|ltzt sfdo ul/g]5 eg]
j8f g+= !) b]lv !& ;Ddsf ;8s lgdf{0f ;DaGwL of]hgfsf] nfut
;xeflutf &)÷#) k|ltzt sfod ul/g]5 .
*!= cfufdL cfly{s jif{ gofF ;8s kSsL ug]{ sfo{nfO{ eGbf k'/fgf hL0f{
cj:yfdf /x]sf kSsL ;8ssf] dd{t ;Def/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
*@= ltnf]Qdf l/Ë /f]8sf] lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]GgtLsf] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf
;fy cufl8 a9fpg k|b]z tyf ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu yk kxn ul/g] 5 .
gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= !# df c6f] Joj;foLx?;Fusf] nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg';f/ “c6f] len]h” lgdf{0f
ug{ l8lkcf/ tof/ ul/g]5 .
*#= l;S;n]g ;8ssf] dl0fu|fddf /flvPsf] 6«flkms nfO6sf] k|efjsfl/tf
d"Nof+sg u/L yk :yfgdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . d'Vo ahf/, rf]sx?df
l;l;l6eL h8fg ul/g'sf] ;fy}+ a'4 ;ls{6df k|efjsf/L ;8saQL
Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . l;S;n]g ;8ssf] pko'{Qm b'O{
:yfgdf :yfoLo ;+3–;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{df lnh k|lqmofaf6 sf/, c6f]
l/S;f tyf df]6/;fO{sn kfls{ª:yn ;~rfng ul/g]5 . gu/sf] ljB't
;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / u'0f:t/Lo agfpgsf] nflu ljB't k|flws/0f;Fu
23

;dGjo u/L ljB't kf]n / 6«fG;ld6/ h8fg, ;8s aQL Joj:yfkg
nufotsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
*$= 3/ gS;f kf;nfO{ cgnfO{g k|ljlwaf6 l8lh6nfOh ul/g]5 . 3/ lgdf{0f
ubf{ ;8s / l8lk;L n]ansf] Ps?ktf x'g]u/L cfjZos dfkb08;lxt
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . gu/kflnsfn] tf]s]sf] sn/ sf]8nfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
*%= 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] plrt Joj:yfkg 3/wgLn] ug{'kg]{ ljlw
cjnDag ug{ gofF 3/df ;f]:tf lgdf{0f clgjfo{ u/fOg] 5 . k'/fgf
3/df ;d]t kmf]xf/ kfgLsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;f]:tf lgdf{0f ug{
lglZrt ;do lbO clgjfo{ ul/g]5 .
*^= ljZj a}Ísf] ;xof]udf zx/L ljsf; ljefu dfkm{t ;+rfng x'g]
k|:tfljt ;8s k"jf{wf/ of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . ;+3Lo
tyf k|b]z ;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0fflwg ;8s / gfnL, hnf;o, k'n, s[lif
k"jf{wf/, v]n d}bfg ko{6g ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ nufotsf of]hgfx?nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbgsf] nflu kxn ul/g] 5 . ;+3Lo tyf k|b]z ;/sf/;Fu
7'nf gofF of]hgfsf] nflu cfu|x ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f ug{ afFsL /x]sf j8f
sfof{nosf] lgdf{0f u/L cfˆg} ejgdf sfof{nox? ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . !^÷#^ l;FrfO{ k|0ffnL tyf e}n'e'h gx/sf] b'j} lsgf/df
;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]u k'of{Og]5 .
gu/:t/af6 x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug{ cfˆg}
k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
*&= ;f]x|–5QL; df}hf ;fd'bflos l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[l9s/0fsf nflu k|b]z
/ ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu yk ;xof]u dfu ul/g]5 . l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f ub}{ k|d'v tyf ;xfos gx/ ;kmfO{ pks/0faf6 u/fpg
l;+rfO{ ;ldlt;Fusf] ;xsfo{df pko'Qm sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
**= Joj;flos k|of]hgsf] nflu 8Lk af]l/ª ubf{ gu/kflnsfaf6 clgjfo{
:jLs[lt lng] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
24

*(= æltnf]Qdf nufgL ;Dd]ngÆ df hgfOPsf] k|lta4tfcg';f/ kl/of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 . gu/df /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{x? leqfpg yk kxn ul/g]5 . “ltnf]Qdf pBf]u
u|fd” sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
()= of]hgfa4 ljsf; dfkm{t\ :jR5, ;'/lIft, ;d[4 / klxrfgo'Qm gu/sf]
?kdf ljsf; u/L gu/af;Lx?sf] dfu cg';f/ ;j{;'ne, e/kbf]{,
u'0f:t/Lo ;x/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ gu/af;Lx?sf]
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf] nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
bft[lgsfox?sf] ;dGjodf æzx/L ;]jf k|j4{gÆ sf sfo{qmdx?
;+rfngdf NofOg]5 . gu/sf] Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] nflu
gu/ ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lqmofzLn agfOg]5 . k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6
gu/kflnsfdf ;~rfng x'g] kl/of]hgfsf] ;3g cg'udg ul/g]5 .
(!= l;sdL{ / 8sdL{x?nfO{ ejg lgdf{0f k|ljlw / ejg ;+lxtf ;DaGwL
tflnd lbO{ bIf agfOg'sf] ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ ;'/If0f pks/0f k|of]u ug{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg';f/
æPsLs[t cfjf; lgdf{0fÆ sf] nflu ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g]5 .
e"ldxLg / ;'s'Daf;Lx?nfO{ ;'/lIft a;f]af;sf] nflu ;fd"lxs cfjf;
lgdf{0fsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g]5 . v/sf] 5fgfd'Qm gu/kflnsf
agfpg cg'bfg sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . d]l6«s k|0ffnLaf6 ky,
;8s, dfu{, uNnLx?sf] gfdfs/0f ;lxt l8lh6n 3/ gDal/Ë sfo{ cl3
a9fOg]5 .
(@= j8f a:tL :t/df x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf u'0f:t/ sfod ug'{sf] ;fy}
;dod} ;DkGg ug{ sn:6/ ldnfP/ j8f j8fdf k|fljlws v6fpg]
Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] nflu j8f
tx;Dd ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;8s lgdf{0f tyf dd{t sfo{ ubf{
ljB't, vfg]kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf k"jf{wf/sf] PsLs[t of]hgf lgdf{0f
u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g'sf] ;fy}+ ;8s cfof]hgfsf] nfut O{li6d]6 ubf{
ljB't, vf]kfgL kfOknfOgnufotsf ;+/rgf :yfGt/0f ;d]tnfO{ Wofg
lbOg]5 .
25

(#= ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg';f/ zLte08f/, s[lif
oflGqs/0f, ko{6g, kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg, pBd ljsf;, ef}lts ;+/rgf
lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgf ;+rfng ul/g]5 . hg;xeflutf jf; ;xsf/L
;+:yfnufot ;Da4 ;+:yf;Fu nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf pGgt :t/sf] k|zf]wg
s]G› :yfkgf u/L kmf]xf]/sf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 .
($= j8f g+= !# / !$ df l8lkcf/ tof/ e};s]sf] k|fb]lzs a;kfs{
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;xnufgLdf ax'jif]{ of]hgfsf]
?kdf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g]5 . gu/ leq /x]sf c6f] l/S;fx?sf] ;+Vof,
?6, ef8f, Ifdtf, kfls{Ë:yn nufotsf ljifox?sf] lgodg /
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . ;DalGwt Joj;flos ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{df
l/ª/f]8nufot gu/df gofF ?6 yk u/L ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;+rfng
ul/g]5 . ljB'tLo oftfoftnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . ltnf]Qdf l/ª/f]8df
/]n ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]u tyf ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .
gu/;ef ;b:oHo"x? Û
ca d jg, jftfj/0f tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgtkm{ jg, jftfj/0f tyf e"–
;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg, hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f
tyf ljkb\ Jooj:yfkgdf gu/kflnsfn] cl3 ;f/]sf gLltx? k|:t't ug{
rfxfG5' .
(%= :yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' pTyfgzLn of]hgf / ljkb\
k"j{tof/L Pj+ k|ltsfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L pQm of]hgfn] lbPsf ;'emfjx?
qmdzM sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . æljkb\ Joj:yfkg sf]ifÆ nfO{ ;an agfO{
sf]ifsf] /sdsf] kl/rfngnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . l;S;n]g ;8s
tyf dxTjk"0f{ lelq ;8sdf ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo u/L zx/L
;'Gb/tf clej[l4 sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5 . kof{j/0f tyf ljkb\
Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfunfuL, af9L 8'jfgnufotsf sfo{sf nflu l56f]
26

5l/tf] p4f/ tyf /fxt Joj:yfkg ug{ bIf hgzlQm ;lxtsf]
6f:skmf];{ v8f ul/g] 5 .
(^= ljkb\df l56f] 5l/tf] p4f/ tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ gu/kflnsf kl/;/d} bIf
hgzlQm ;lxtsf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg s]Gb| lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . gu/ leqsf]
8'jfgnfO{ lgoGq0f / Jojl:yt ug{ gu/ leq /x]sf 3f]nf tyf s'nfx?
;kmfO{ ul/ kfgLsf] ;xh lgsf;sf] Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 .
(&= gu/:t/Lo ljkb Joj:yfkg sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . vfnL
:yfgdf cleofgs} ?kdf j[Iff/f]k0f ul/ k|To]s jif{ %) xhf/ j[Iff/f]k0f
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 . gu/ ;/;kmfO{ / xl/ofnL k|j4{gsf]
dxfcleofgnfO{ 6]jf k'of{pg æhGd lbgdf j[Iff/f]k0fÆ ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbO{ yk k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
(*= gbL s6fg tyf 9'jfg If]qsf] k'gp{Tyfgsf] nflu t6aGw tyf cGo
k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 .
ltgfp, /f]lx0fL / ;'vf}/f gbLsf] pTvgg\ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ :ki6
dfkb08, sfo{ljlw, ;3g ;dGjo nufot cGo pkfox?sf] cjnDjg
ul/g]5 eg] gbL s6fgsf] If]q Joj:yfkgdf cfjZos /0fgLlt to
ul/g]5 . gu/kflnsf If]qdf jftfj/0f k|b'if0f dfkgoGq h8fg ug{
kxn ul/g]5 . gu/ ;/;kmfO{, xl/ofnL k|j4{g / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf
ePsf c;n cEof;x?sf] b:tj]h n]vg / j[tlrq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
((= xl/ofnL k|j4{g tyf gu/ ;/;kmfO{ cleofnfO{ gu/af;Lsf]
hLjgk4tL;Fu hf]8\b} k"0f{;/;kmfO{ pGd'v gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ffnfO{
bLuf]kg /fVg cfdgu/af;L / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3–;+:yf;Fusf] ;dGjo /
;xsfo{df x/]s dlxgfsf] ! / !% ut]sf] ;/;kmfO{ cleofgnfO{ cem}
Jojl:yt / ultzLn agfOg]5 . gu/kflnsf leqdf ;a} ;fd'bflos
jgdf l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ kof{÷kof{j/0fnfO{ r':t /fVg /
ljkb\df ;d]t pkof]uL x'g]u/L slDtdf Pp6f kf]v/L agfpg cfjZos
kxn ul/g]5 .
27

!))= gu/:t/ tyf j8f:t/df ul7t ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?nfO{ yk
lqmofzLn agfO{ tTsfn p4f/ sfo{df nflu /]8qm;, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf,
j8f ;ldlt, :yfgLo ;d'bfo, o'jf Snj nufotsf ;+3–;+:yf;Fu
;dGjo u/L p4f/ ;d"x u7g u/L tflnd / pks/0f ;d]tsf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
!)!= sf]/f]gf tyf cGo ;+qmfds /f]usf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;r]tgf clej[l4sf]
nflu ljz]if1af6 gu/kflnsfsf kbflwsf/L, :jf:YosdL{, dlxnf
:jo+;]ljsf / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ cled'lvs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
!)@= gu/kflnsf leqsf] klt{, afFemf], gbL psf;, s"nf], 3f]nf / gbL
lsgf/fdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs vfnL hUuf, ;8s lsgf/ nufotsf
hldgdf “j[Iff/f]k0f tyf jg lj:tf/ sfo{qmdÆ ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
;fd'bflos jg;Fusf] ;xsfo{df æg;{/Lsf] :yfkgf, / :t/f]GgtLÆ
sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L gu/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf lj?jfx?sf]
pTkfbg ul/g]5 .
!)#= 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf / j8f sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df kmnkm"nsf
lj?jfx?sf] dfu Plsg u/L %) k|ltzt cg'bfgdf kmnkm"nsf lj?jf
pknAw u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . gu/ If]q leqsf
;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ;+/rgfx?df “jftfj/0f d}qL :yfgLo zf;gÆ
sfo{qmdsf ;"rsx? sfof{Gjog ub}{ nlug]5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / zx/L
;f}Gbo{sf] k|j4{g ub}{ ljleGg :yfgsf æv'nf If]qÆ nfO{ dgf]/~hgfTds
:ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . :yfgLo gful/ssf] ;+nUgtfdf Go"gtd
cfwf/e"t / qmdzM pRr:t/sf ;"rsx? lgwf{/0f u/L jftfj/0fd}qL
ljsf; / :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
!)$= :yfgLo gful/snfO{ kl/jlt{t hnjfo' ;Gt'ngsf] hLjgz}nL, pTkfbg /
pkef]u k4ltsf] cEof; ug{ cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf] gS;f+sg, ;/sf/L s"nf]x?sf]
;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg, OF§fe§f, qm;/ pBf]u cflbaf6 lg:sg] k|b'if0f
lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd th{'df ul/g]5 .
28

!)%= jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|g glbg ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf ;fy}
jGohGt' / 5f8f rf}kfofaf6 s[ifssf] v]tL ;'/lIft ug{ gu/kflnsf
leqsf ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkg / tf/af/df ;xof]u ul/g]5 . jg
If]qleq kg]{ l;d;f/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
!)^= a:tL :t/sf ;8sx?df sfnf]kq] ubf{ xl/ofnL k|j4{g sfo{qmdnfO{ 6]jf
k'of{pg] u/L j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d]t nfut l:6d]6df ;dfj]z u/L
of]hgf ;Demf}tf ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . 3/ ;DkGg k|df0fkq
lnFbf udnfd}+ eP klg slDtdf # j6f lj?jf clgjfo{ /f]Kg'kg]{
Joj:yfnfO{ % j6f lj?jf sfod u/L s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog
u/fOg]5 . k|To]s 3/df cf}ifwLo u'0f ePsf h8La'6LhGo j[Iff/f]k0fnfO{
k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ltgfp gbL / /f]x0fL
gbL lsgf/fnfO{ “u|Lg j]N6 sf]l/8f]/Æ sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ k|b]z /
;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu dfu ul/g]5 .
!)&= j]jfl/;] ?kdf kz' rf}kfof 5f8\g] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ 5f8f
rf}kfof Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . 5f8f
ufO{a:t'nfO{ uf}zfnf;Dd k'of{pg] sfo{df uf}zfnf;lxt ;/f]sf/jfnf
;+3–;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . uf}zfnfdf cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf
;xsfo{ ul/g]5 .
!)*= ;jf/L b"3{6gf Go"gLs/0f, ;8s ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf, ;jf/L b'3{6gf /
;'/lIft ofqf;Fu ;DalGwt ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? cleofgsf ?kdf
;~rfng ul/g]5 . 6«flkms k|x/L;Fusf] ;xsfo{df d'Vo–d'Vo ahf/
s]G›df 6«flkms la6, 6«flkms ;+s]t lrGxx? lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . oftfoft
sDkgLx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{df hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] sfo{sf] cGTo u/L
;jf/L;fwgdf 8i6lag /fVg] Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 .
29

gu/;ef ;b:oHo"x? Û
ca d ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf Ifdtf ljsf;cGtu{t\ ;fdfGo ;]jf,
;'/Iff Joj:yfkg, ;"rgfk|ljlw, kl~hs/0f Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo tYof+s,
clen]v Joj:yfkg / ;'zf;g k|j4{gdf gu/kflnsfn] cl3 ;f/]sf gLltx?
k|:t't ug{ rfxfG5' .
!)(= ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL–* df Joj:yf ul/Psf ljifoj:t'x?sf] ;Gbe{df
cfjZostfg';f/ ljw]osx? th'{df u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/
;+rfng P]gcg';f/ gu/kflnsfnfO{ k|bQ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf]
;'Jojl:yt ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . Goflos ;ldltsf] sfdnfO{
j:t'k/s agfpg ;+:yfut ljsf; ul/g]5 . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks
pkfo Pj+ d]nldnfk ;DaGwL ljBdfg k|lqmofnfO{ yk :ki6tf ;fy
cuf8L a9fOg]5 . gofF sfg"g, sfo{ljlw, dfkb08sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg
Pj+ d:of}bf tof/ kfl/g]5 . :yfgLo Gofo ;Dkfbg k|s[ofnfO{ l56f]
5l/tf] / yk Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . gofF d]nldnfkstf{ tof/ ug{ cfjZos
tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
!!)= Goflos ;ldltdf ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] kx'Fr j[l4 ul/g] 5 . lx+;f
kLl8t dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, blnt, afnaflnsf / Ho]i7
gful/snfO{ k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{df lgMz'Ns sfg'gL
;xfotf pknAw u/fOg]5 . ljjfb lg?k0fdf e]befj/lxt, ;xeflutf,
hjfkmb]lxtf / ;zlQms/0f h:tf kIfnfO{ Wofg lbOg]5 .
!!!= ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] Joj;flos bIftf clej[l4, k]zfut ;'/IffnfO{ Vofn
u/L g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, ltnf]Qdf ldl8of Snj nufotsf ;~rf/
;Da4 ;+3–;+:yf;Fu sNof0fsf/L sf]if :yfkgf, km]nf]zLk, ;~rf/ u|fd
lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos ;~rf/ dfWodsf]
Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 . :yfgLo ;~rf/
dfWodx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg / k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/df ;fem]bf/Lsf] gLlt
cjnDjg ul/g]5 . ltnf]Qdf ldl8of Snjsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf
k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmddf cfjZos ;xof]u ul/g]5 .
30

!!@= rfn' cfly{s jif{df sf]le8–!( sf] sf/0f aGbfaGbL x'Fbf
Jofkf/÷Joj;fo If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf]n] cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf]
c;f]h d;fGtleq Joj;fo s/ ltbf{ Joj;foLnfO{ tLg dlxgfsf] s/
5'6 lbOg]5 . ;fy}+ rfn' cfly{s jif{df ;a} k|sf/sf s/ ltg{
gkfPsfx?nfO{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] # dlxgf;Dd s'g} k|sf/sf] xhf{gf
lnOg]5}g .
gu/af;LnfO{ s/ ltg{' af]em geO{ cfˆgf] bfloTj / st{Jo xf] eGg] s'/f
k|Tofe"t u/fpg s/ k|zf;gsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df x/]s
If]qdf k|ultzLn s/ k|0ffnL cjnDjg ul/ s/sf] b/ eGbf bfo/fnfO{
k|fyldstf lbO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ s/sf gLltx? to ul/g]5 . ;fdGotof
rfn' jif{s}+ s/sf] b//]6nfO{ g} cfufdL cfly{s jif{df lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
!!#= /fh:j ;DefJotf cWoog u/L /fh:j kl/rfngsf yk ;|f]tx?sf]
klxrfg ul/g]5 . ;DklQ s/nfO{ cfGtl/s cfosf] d"n ;|f]tsf] ?kdf
ljsf; ul/g]5 . :yfgLo txnfO{ k|fKt 3/ axfn s/nfO{ yk Jojl:yt
ug{ ;DalGwt j8f sfof{non] 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfsf] ;dGjodf nut
tof/ ug]{ / ;|f]t;fwg ;lxt 3/ axfn s/ p7fpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
Joj;flos s/ tyf 3/ axfn s/ c;'nL tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df
pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, RofDa/ ckm sdz{, pBf]u Jofkf/ ;+u7g;Fu
;xsfo{ ul/g]5 .
!!$= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g, @)&$ sf] clwgdf
/xL xf6ahf/, 9'Ëf–lu§L, afn'af, /f]8f, df6f], u|fe]n nufotsf gbLhGo
kbfy{sf] Joj:yfkg k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ ;dod} ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
gbLhGo kbfy{;DaGwL :yfgLo sfg'gnfO{ ;dofg'sn agfpg ;+;f]wg
ul/g]5 . `j8f sfof{nosf] /fh:j kl/rfng Ifdtf a9fpgsf] nflu
;DklQ tyf 3/ axfn s/df ;+slnt /fh:jsf] @) k|ltzt tyf
gbLhGo k}bfjf/ laqmLaf6 ;+slnt /fh:jsf] @% k|ltzt /sd
;DalGwt j8fsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{qmdsf nflu yk cg'bfg :j?k
31

pknAw u/fOg]5 . gbLhGo k}bfjf/sf] laqmL 7]Ssf nufO;s]kl5
:yfgLosf] gfddf x'g] ljleGg cjfl~5t sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .
!!%= ;a}eGbf w]/} s/ bflvnf ug]{ s/bftfnfO{ æpTs[i6 s/bftfÆ sf] ?kdf
k'/:s[t ul/g] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . ;a} cfly{s tyf
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf NofO{ cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf]
bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] agfO{g]5 . gu/kflnsfn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf /
;'ljwfx?nfO{ qmdzM l8lh6nfO{h]zg ub}{ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xh /
kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 . gu/ ;/sf/sf lg0f{o k|lqmof ;/n, ;xh / kf/bzL{
agfOg]5 . ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'i6L
;j]{If0f dfkg sfo{ ul/ k|fKt u'gf;f]x?nfO{ tTsfn ;'g'jfO{ x'g] ;+oGqsf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
!!^= ;bfrf/ k|j4{g / e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] cGTo ug{sf] nflu
e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkdf z'Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cjnDjg ub}{
e|i6frf/ ug]{ / u/fpg] b'j}nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{g]5 .
sfo{;Dkfbgdf b08–k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL cjnDjg ul/ /fi6« ;]jsx?df
sfdk|lt tTk/ x'g], ;]jfefj ;lxt ;dod} sfd ;DkGg ug]{, pTs[i6
glthf lbg] / lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ sfo{;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf
nflu tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ul/ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
gu/kflnsfsf ljifout ;ldltx?nfO{ yk pQ/bfoL, lqmofzLn /
kl/df0fd'vL agfOg]5 .
!!&= gu/ leq /x]sf ;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
pknAwtf, b/aGbL cg';f/sf] hgzlQm Joj:yfkg nufot cGo
;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/g]5 . :yfgLo
;'/Iff lgsfo, ;fd'bflos k|x/L / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{
;jn agfpg cfjZos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 . gu/
k|x/Lsf] lgodgsf/L e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 eg] ahf/,
afn>d, ljBfno, Joj;fo btf{ / ;+rfng, dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f /
;]jg, 3/ lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] ;fFw, ;Ldfgf, O{Gwg l8kf], xf]6n,
32

b'w 8]/L, df;' k;n, cf}ifwL k;n nufotsf gful/ssf] hghLljsf;Fu
;DalGwt ljifox?nfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL s8fO{sf ;fy
cg'udg u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt u/fOg]5 .
!!*= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g / k|rlnt cGo sfg"gn]
lglb{i6 u/]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ :yfgLo tx / ;fd'bflos ;+3
;+:yfx?nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/k|lt pQ/bfoL aGg'kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{
k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . gu/kflnsfsf] d'Vofno tyf
cGtu{tsf sfof{nodf /flvPsf l6eL tyf ;+rf/ dfWodaf6
sfof{noaf6 ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ k|s[of, rflxg] cfjZos
sfuhft, of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog tyf e'QmfgL k|s[of, s/ ltbf{ x'g]
kmfO{bf, 3'DtL lzlj/ nufotsf hfgsf/Ld"ns ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
!!(= ;du| of]hgf th{'df k|0ffnLnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /xL
oyfy{k/s, Jojxfl/s, ;d'bfosf] ckgTj /xg], l6sfp / u'0f:t/Lo
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrttf ug'{sf] ;fy} k|f]h]S6 a}+snfO{ kl/:s[t
tj/n] ;+rfng ul/g]5 . gu/kflnsfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] PsLs[t zx/L
ljsf; of]hgf -O{lG6«u|]6]8 cjf{g l8en]kd]G6 Knfg_, cfly{s ljsf;
/0fgLltsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbO{ oL b:tfj]hn] cl3;f/]sf gLlt
tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ah]6;Fu tfbfDotf ldnfO{ qmdzM sfo{qmdx?
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
!@)= k"FhLut vr{sf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg ækmfu'g d;fGt leq ;Demf}tf M h]7
d;fGt leq e'QmfgLÆ sf] gLltnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
of]hgfx?sf] cg'udg k|0ffnLdf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . of]hgfdf nfut ;fem]bf/LnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ;LdfGts[t / lk5l8Psf] ju{, ;d'bfo Pjd\ ef}uf]lns
If]qdf ljz]if ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 . nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf sfdx? u'0f:t/df
ljz]if Vofn /fvL ;s];Dd pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ ul/g]5 . ljsf;
cfof]hgfx? tf]lsPsf] kl/df0f, u'0f:t/, nfut / ;dodf ;DkGg
33

x'g]u/L ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/fOg]5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] u'0f:t/sf] dfkg
ug{sf] nflu cfjZos k|fljlws / oflGqs Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
!@!= hgtfsf] ;'–;"lrt x'g kfpg] ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ ;'zf;g
k|j4{g ug{ sfof{noaf6 ;Dkflbt sfo{x?sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{,
hgtf;Fu hgk|ltlglw, /]l8of] sfo{qmd, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f, rf}dfl;s
;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f u/L
æltnf]Qdf ;Gb]zÆ d'vkq k|sfzgnfO{ yk ;+:yfut ?kdf cl3 a9fpg
cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o :t/sf]
6]lnlehgdfkm{t\ gu/kflnsfaf6 e}/x]sf ;]jf k|jfx tyf ljsf;sf]
ultljlwsf] af/]df sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ul/g]5 .
!@@= ;a} j8f sfof{no, ;fd'bflos ljBfno, :jf:Yo ;+:yfnufotsf
gu/kflnsf dftxtsf sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwd}qL agfpgsf] nflu
gu/kflnsfsf] cfkm\g} clK6sn kmfO{a/ ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
gu/kflnsf sfof{noleq ;"rgf s]G› :yfkgf ul/g]5 . gu/kflnsfsf]
ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;'zf;g, ;]jf k|jfx, ;fdflhs ;r]tgf nufotsf
ljifodf snd rnfpg] ;~rf/sdL{ / ldl8of xfp;x?nfO{ k'/:s[t ug{]
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . ltnf]Qdf ldl8of Snj;Fusf] ;dGjodf
>dhLlj kqsf/x?sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] nflu k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmd
;~rfng u/fOg]5 .
34

gu/;ef ;b:oHo"x? Û
!@#= ltnf]Qdf gu/ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d}n] xfn;Dd k|fKt pknlAwx?nfO{
cem ;'b[9 agfpFb}, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;a} If]qsf]
;dtfd"ns ljsf;sf nflu æ;d'Ggt, ;'/lIft / jftfj/0fd}qL ;'Gb/
;x/, ;'zf;go'Qm, ko{6sLo / ;d[4 ltnf]Qdf gu/Æ eGg] bL3{sfnLg
nIo;lxt æ;d[4 gu/ M v';L gu/af;LÆ sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{ c7f]6sf
;fy cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k|:tfj u/]sf] 5' .
of] sfo{qmd afNosfndf lzIff, :jf:Yo / kf]if0f, o'jfcj:yfdf zLk,
pBdzLntf / /f]huf/L, hLjgsf] pQ/f4{df h]i7 gful/snfO{ ;Ddfg,
;+/If0f, dlxnfnfO{ ;dtfd"ns cj;/ l;h{gfdf s]lG›t 5 .
!@$= of] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogaf6 gu/sf] ljsf;sf]
cfwf/zLnf v8f x'g]5, cfly{s kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;g sfod x'g]5 .
gu/sf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 eO{ ltnf]Qdf æpTs[i6 gu/ ;/sf/Æ sf]
?kdf g]kfnsf] dfglrqdf c+lËt x'g]5 . of] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;a} If]qaf6 ljlzi6 of]ubfg k|fKt x'g]5 eGg]
ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . cGTodf gu/sf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'of{pg' x'g]
hglk|ltlglwHo"x? / /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L, /fhg}lts bn, lghL If]q,
;xsf/L tyf ;+3 ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh, a'l4hLjL / 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf
;~rf/hut\ ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;Dk"0f{ gu/af;Lx?nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg
ub{5' .
ldlt M @)&*÷)#÷)@ ut]
af;'b]j l3ld/]
gu/ k|d'v
35