The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model.
Table of Contents
Preface. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………v
Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Approach. ..................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 2: Basic Soil Mechanics................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Introduction. ..............................................................................................................................5
2.2. Soil Mechanics. .........................................................................................................................5
2.2.1. Definition. ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2. Soil Creation...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.3. Soil Classification. ............................................................................................................................ 8
2.3. Soils.........................................................................................................................................11
2.3.1. Sand..................................................................................................................................................11
2.3.2. Clay. .................................................................................................................................................13
2.3.3. Rock. ................................................................................................................................................15
2.4. Soil Mechanical Parameters. ...................................................................................................21
2.4.1. Grain Size Distribution/Particle Size Distribution. ..........................................................................21
2.4.2. Atterberg Limits. ..............................................................................................................................21
2.4.3. Mass Volume Relations. ..................................................................................................................23
2.4.4. Permeability. ....................................................................................................................................28
2.4.5. The Angle of Internal Friction..........................................................................................................30
2.4.6. The Angle of External Friction. .......................................................................................................31
2.4.7. Shear Strength. .................................................................................................................................32
2.4.8. UCS or Unconfined Compressive Strength......................................................................................34
2.4.9. Unconfined Tensile Strength............................................................................................................35
2.4.10. BTS or Brazilian Tensile Strength. ..............................................................................................35
2.4.11. Hardness. .....................................................................................................................................35
2.5. Criteria & Concepts.................................................................................................................37
2.5.1. Failure Criteria. ................................................................................................................................37
2.5.2. The Phi=0 Concept...........................................................................................................................37
2.5.3. Factors Controlling Shear Strength of Soils. ....................................................................................37
2.5.4. Friction, Interlocking & Dilation......................................................................................................38
2.5.5. Effective Stress.................................................................................................................................38
2.5.6. Pore Water Pressure: Hydrostatic Conditions. .................................................................................39
2.5.7. Pore Water Pressure: Capillary Action.............................................................................................39
2.5.8. Darcy’s Law. ....................................................................................................................................39
2.5.9. Brittle versus Ductile Failure. ..........................................................................................................41
2.6. Soil Mechanical Tests..............................................................................................................43
2.6.1. Sieve Analysis..................................................................................................................................43
2.6.2. Hydrometer Analysis........................................................................................................................43
2.6.3. Standard Penetration Test.................................................................................................................44
2.6.4. Cone Penetration Test. .....................................................................................................................45
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