Calculus- Early Transcendentals, 2021a

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ii 2014 A • M. Cavers: Addition of new material and images particularly in the Review chapter. • M. Blenkinsop: Addition of content including Linear and Higher Order Approximations section. 2012 A • Original text by D. Guichard of Whitman College, the single variable material is a modification and expansion of notes written and released by N. Koblitz of the University of Washington. That version also contains exercises and examples from Elementary <strong>Calculus</strong>: An Approach Using Infinitesimals, written by H. J. Keisler of the University of Wisconsin under a Creative Commons license (see http://www.math.wisc.edu/~keisler/calc.html). A. Schueller, B. Balof, and M. Wills all of Whitman College, have also contributed content. This material is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/). See http://communitycalculus.org for more information.
Table of Contents Table of Contents iii Introduction 1 1 Review 3 1.1 Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Sets and Number Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Law of Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 The Quadratic Formula and Completing the Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1.4 Inequalities, Intervals and Solving Basic Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.1.5 The Absolute Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.1.6 Solving Inequalities that Contain Absolute Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.2 Analytic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.1 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.2.2 Distance between Two Points and Midpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.2.3 Conics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3 Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.3.1 Angles and Sectors of Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.3.2 Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.3.3 Computing Exact Trigonometric Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.3.4 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.3.5 Trigonometric Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.4 Additional Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2 Functions 45 2.1 What is a Function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.2 Transformations and Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2.1 Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2.2 Combining Two Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3 Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.4 Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.5 Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.7 Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 iii
Page 1: with Open Texts Calculus Early Tran
Page 5: Calculus: Early Transcendentals an
Page 9: Calculus: Early Transcendentals an
Page 13 and 14: v 5.4.3 Taylor Polynomials . . . .
Page 15 and 16: vii 13.2 Limits and Continuity . .
Page 17: Introduction The emphasis in this c
Page 20 and 21: 4 Review In the table, the set of r
Page 22 and 23: 6 Review 1.1.3 The Quadratic Formul
Page 24 and 25: 8 Review 1.1.4 Inequalities, Interv
Page 26 and 27: 10 Review Inequality Rules Add/subt
Page 28 and 29: 12 Review Guidelines for Solving Ra
Page 30 and 31: 14 Review Looking where the
Page 32 and 33: 16 Review Example 1.17: Absolute Va
Page 34 and 35: 18 Review (a) |x|≥2 (b) |x − 3|
Page 36 and 37: 20 Review The most familiar form of
Page 38 and 39: 22 Review Example 1.25: Equa
Page 40 and 41: 24 Review |Δy|, as shown in figure
Page 42 and 43: 26 Review • (h,k) is the vert
Page 44 and 45: 28 Review Determining the Type of C
Page 46 and 47: 30 Review To determine a, we substi
Page 48 and 49: 32 Review (a) A(2,0),B(4,3) (b) A(
Page 50 and 51: 34 Review • Secant (abbreviated b
Page 52 and 53: 36 Review Reading from the unit cir
Page 54 and 55: 38 Review Notice that we can now fi
Page 56 and 57: 40 Review 1.3.4 Graphs of Trigonome
Page 58 and 59: 42 Review Exercises for 1.3 Exercis
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44 Review Exercise 1.4.7 Simplify t
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46 Functions Example 2.2: Domain of
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48 Functions Example 2.5: Domain Fi
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50 Functions For horizontal and ver
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52 Functions Solution. The domain o
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54 Functions After the positive int
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56 Functions Example 2.11: Determin
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58 Functions Example 2.16: Finding
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60 Functions Since the function f (
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62 Functions Example 2.21: Solve Lo
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64 Functions We can do something si
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66 Functions Cancellation Rules sin
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68 Functions (a) sin −1 ( √ 3/2
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70 Functions Example 2.32: Computin
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72 Functions (a) f (x) (b) − f (x
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Chapter 3 Limits 3.1 The Limit The
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3.2. Precise Definition of a Limit
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3.2. Precise Definition of a Limit
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3.3. Computing Limits: Graphically
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3.4. Computing Limits: Algebraicall
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3.4. Computing Limits: Algebraicall
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3.5. Infinite Limits and Limits at
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5 + x −1 (n) lim x→∞ 1 + 2x
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3.6. A Trigonometric Limit 99 Figur
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3.6. A Trigonometric Limit 101 Solu
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3.7. Continuity 103 § § ¥
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3.7. Continuity 105 Definition 3.43
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3.7. Continuity 107 Definition 3.45
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3.7. Continuity 109 Solution. We wi
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3.7. Continuity 111 Therefore, our
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3.7. Continuity 113 Exercise 3.7.3
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116 Derivatives doesn’t meet the
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118 Derivatives of the slope of the
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120 Derivatives algebra to find a s
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122 Derivatives we often use f and
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124 Derivatives you are required to
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126 Derivatives We can summarize
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128 Derivatives 4.2.3 Velocities Su
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130 Derivatives Exercise 4.2.5 Find
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132 Derivatives Proof. For convenie
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134 Derivatives Exercises for Secti
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136 Derivatives since sinx cosx −
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138 Derivatives In practice, of cou
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140 Derivatives Exercises for Secti
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142 Derivatives Exercise 4.5.39 Fin
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144 Derivatives . . . . Figure 4.4:
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146 Derivatives = ( d dx x2 ln2) e
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148 Derivatives Example 4.38: Deriv
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150 Derivatives Example 4.42: Equat
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152 Derivatives Solution. We take l
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154 Derivatives Exercise 4.7.8 Find
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156 Derivatives 4.8.1 Derivatives o
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158 Derivatives Exercise 4.8.4 The
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Chapter 5 Applications of Derivativ
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5.1. Related Rates 163 Solution. He
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5.1. Related Rates 165 Example 5.6:
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5.2. Extrema of a Function 167 Exer
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5.2. Extrema of a Function 169 poin
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5.2. Extrema of a Function 171 Exer
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5.2. Extrema of a Function 173 3. E
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5.2. Extrema of a Function 175 A si
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5.3. The Mean Value Theorem 177 2.
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5.3. The Mean Value Theorem 179
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5.3. The Mean Value Theorem 181 Exe
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5.4. Linear and Higher Order Approx
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5.5. L’Hôpital’s Rule 191 "bou
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5.5. L’Hôpital’s Rule 193 Exam
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5.5. L’Hôpital’s Rule 195 Exer
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5.6. Curve Sketching 197 consistent
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5.6. Curve Sketching 199 Solution.
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5.6. Curve Sketching 201 the concav
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5.6. Curve Sketching 203 If there a
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5.6. Curve Sketching 205 Note that
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5.7. Optimization Problems 207 Guid
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5.7. Optimization Problems 209 is t
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5.7. Optimization Problems 211 (Alt
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5.7. Optimization Problems 213 Exer
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Chapter 6 Integration 6.1 Displacem
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6.1. Displacement and Area 217 Exam
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6.1. Displacement and Area 219 draw
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6.1. Displacement and Area 221 It i
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6.1. Displacement and Area 223
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6.1. Displacement and Area 225 We d
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6.1. Displacement and Area 227 x i
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6.1. Displacement and Area 229 Both
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6.1. Displacement and Area 231 does
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6.2. The Fundamental Theorem of Cal
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6.3. Indefinite Integrals 243 Exerc
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6.3. Indefinite Integrals 245 Solut
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6.3. Indefinite Integrals 247 Exerc
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250 Techniques of Integration This
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252 Techniques of Integration ♣ E
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254 Techniques of Integration u, th
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256 Techniques of Integration 7.2 P
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258 Techniques of Integration = u7
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260 Techniques of Integration and
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262 Techniques of Integration ∫ N
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264 Techniques of Integration To in
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266 Techniques of Integration Exerc
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268 Techniques of Integration Expre
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270 Techniques of Integration The t
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272 Techniques of Integration Examp
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276 Techniques of Integration = sec
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278 Techniques of Integration Find
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280 Techniques of Integration Solut
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282 Techniques of Integration So al
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292 Techniques of Integration There
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294 Techniques of Integration Now u
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296 Techniques of Integration The f
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298 Techniques of Integration (e)
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302 Applications of Integration For
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304 Applications of Integration Sup
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306 Applications of Integration Gui
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308 Applications of Integration The
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310 Applications of Integration . y
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312 Applications of Integration . F
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314 Applications of Integration so
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316 Applications of Integration Exe
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318 Applications of Integration In
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320 Applications of Integration Sol
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322 Applications of Integration mag
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324 Applications of Integration . 1
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326 Applications of Integration and
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328 Applications of Integration Exe
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330 Applications of Integration Unf
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332 Applications of Integration Fig
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334 Applications of Integration is
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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series Cons
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9.1. Sequences 339 log 2 (1 + ε) >
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9.1. Sequences 341 Example 9.8: Con
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9.1. Sequences 343 below it is boun
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9.2. Series 345 If {kx n } ∞ n=0
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9.2. Series 347 for some number s.
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9.3. The Integral Test 349 If all o
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9.3. The Integral Test 351 Proof. W
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9.4. Alternating Series 353 Exercis
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9.5. Comparison Tests 355 Exercises
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9.5. Comparison Tests 357 Solution.
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9.7. The Ratio and Root Tests 359 E
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9.7. The Ratio and Root Tests 361 P
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9.8. Power Series 363 Definition 9.
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Exercise 9.8.2 Find the radius of c
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f ′′ (x)= f ′′′ (x)= ∞
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9.10. Taylor Series 369 Solution. T
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9.11. Taylor’s Theorem 371 a posi
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9.11. Taylor’s Theorem 373 Note t
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Chapter 10 Differential Equations M
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10.1. First Order Differential Equa
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10.1. First Order Differential Equa
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10.2. First Order Homogeneous Linea
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10.3. First Order Linear Equations
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10.4. Approximation 385 Exercises f
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10.4. Approximation 387 y .. 0.5 .
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10.5. Second Order Homogeneous Equa
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10.5. Second Order Homogeneous Equa
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10.6. Second Order Linear Equations
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Chapter 11 Polar Coordinates, Param
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11.1. Polar Coordinates 403 Solutio
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11.2. Slopes in Polar Coordinates 4
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11.3. Areas in Polar Coordinates 40
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11.3. Areas in Polar Coordinates 40
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11.4. Parametric Equations 411 Figu
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11.5 Calculus with Parametric Equat
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11.6. Conics in Polar Coordinates 4
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11.6. Conics in Polar Coordinates 4
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Chapter 12 Three Dimensions 12.1 Th
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12.1. The Coordinate System 421 Now
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12.2. Vectors 423 12.2 Vectors A ve
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12.2. Vectors 425 3.54 0.77 . . . .
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12.3. The Dot Product 427 Exercise
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12.3. The Dot Product 429 Solution.
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12.3. The Dot Product 431 v .. v ..
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12.4. The Cross Product 433 Exercis
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12.4. The Cross Product 435 We know
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12.5. Lines and Planes 437 Exercise
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12.5. Lines and Planes 439 Solution
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12.5. Lines and Planes 441 Example
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12.5. Lines and Planes 443 Exercise
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12.6. Other Coordinate Systems 445
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452 Partial Differentiation the lin
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454 Partial Differentiation Exercis
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456 Partial Differentiation Fortuna
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460 Partial Differentiation paralle
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462 Partial Differentiation 3 z . 2
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466 Partial Differentiation lim ε
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468 Partial Differentiation 13.5 Di
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470 Partial Differentiation Example
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476 Partial Differentiation so we g
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478 Partial Differentiation 0.0 0.2
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480 Partial Differentiation and the
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482 Partial Differentiation xz = 2y
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484 Partial Differentiation x φ .
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486 Multiple Integration point mult
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488 Multiple Integration Figure 14.
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490 Multiple Integration 1 0 0 1 Fi
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492 Multiple Integration Exercise 1
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496 Multiple Integration This examp
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498 Multiple Integration Exercise 1
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500 Multiple Integration Finally, M
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504 Multiple Integration Example 14
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506 Multiple Integration ∫ 1 = 1
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508 Multiple Integration Solution.
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510 Multiple Integration ∫ ∫
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.. 512 Multiple Integration As befo
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514 Multiple Integration y . ......
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516 Multiple Integration ∫∫ Exe
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518 Vector Functions separate funct
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520 Vector Functions = 〈 f ′ (t
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522 Vector Functions Figure 15.6:
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524 Vector Functions 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.
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526 Vector Functions Exercise 15.2.
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528 Vector Functions (This integral
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530 Vector Functions To remove the
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532 Vector Functions Graphing this
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534 Vector Functions Example 15.20
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536 Vector Calculus which is the re
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538 Vector Calculus Since f x = 2e
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540 Vector Calculus Definition 16.4
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542 Vector Calculus Example 16.8: W
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544 Vector Calculus Proof. We write
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546 Vector Calculus Exercise 16.3.2
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548 Vector Calculus In this case, n
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550 Vector Calculus We can now rewr
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552 Vector Calculus 16.5 The Diverg
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554 Vector Calculus The remaining f
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556 Vector Calculus Suppose we inst
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558 Vector Calculus circle of radiu
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560 Vector Calculus Exercise 16.6.7
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562 Vector Calculus we might want t
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564 Vector Calculus where e is an e
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566 Vector Calculus ∫ b = ∫ = a
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Selected Exercise Answers 1.1.1 1.
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571 2.8.4 1. [2,3) ∪ (3,∞) 2. (
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573 4.5.18 −3(4 − x) 2 4.5.19 6
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575 5.1.15 500/ √ 3 − 200 ≈ 8
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577 5.6.21 min at x = 1 5.6.22 none
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579 7.1.2 x 5 /5 + 2x 3 /3 + x +C 7
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581 7.4.19 1/2e x2 +C 7.4.20 x 3 e
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583 7.7.20 diverges 7.7.21 diverges
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585 8.6.5 ¯x = 45/28, ȳ = 93/70 8
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587 9.8.2 R = e 10.1.2 y = arctant
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589 10.6.8 Ae t + Be 3t +(1/2)te 3t
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591 12.5.2 4(x + 1)+5(y − 2) −
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593 13.6.5 f x = 3cos(3x)cos(2y), f
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595 14.3.6 ¯x = 6/5, ȳ = 12/5 14.
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597 15.5.8 〈−3sint,2cost + 1/10
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Index absolute extrema, 172, 206 ab
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INDEX 601 at infinity, 87 indetermi
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Table of Integrals Table of Integra
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∫ 41. sin n ucos m udu= − sinn
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Integrals Involving u 2 − a 2 , a
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∫ du 108. u √ a + bu = √ 1
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