Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

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Supplements(available for download at wwnorton.com/instructors)Coursepacks. Available at no cost to professors or students, Norton Coursepacksbring high-quality Norton digital media into your course. This new supplementincludes:■■■■Prelab quizzes, available as autograded assignments, or printable worksheets,and designed to assess if students have prepared their pre-lab material.On-line versions of selected lab exercises (a complete list is in the Instructor’sManual). For professors that need to offer this course in a blended ordistance learning environment, we have adapted the best exercises for theseformats into our coursepacks. Responses are either autograded or written torequire brief responses. Note: students still need either a print or electronicversion of the lab manual for access to figures and background reading. Wehave constructed labs to work with typical rock kits that can be purchasedfrom many different suppliers.Instructor’s Manual. Available in electronic format, the revised Instructor’s Manualcontains word files of the solutions to each exercise, teaching tips for each lab, and adetailed conversion guide that shows the differences between the Third and FourthEditions.Electronic Figures. All figures, photographs, charts, and maps in this text are availablefor you to download and incorporate in your presentations, handouts, oronline courses.Videos and Animations. Animations and videos of core concepts in geology areavailable to download or stream from our site.AcknowledgmentsWe are indebted to the talented team at W. W. Norton & Company whose zealousquest for excellence is matched only by their ingenuity in solving layout problems,finding that special photograph, and keeping the project on schedule. We wouldlike to thank Scott Wilkerson of DePauw University for authoring the dynamic andengaging “Geotours” exercises in each lab. We are also grateful to the professorswho have provided accuracy reviews and feedback for earlier editions: Pete Wehnerof Austin Community College–Northridge; Daniel Imrecke, Jinny Sisson, and JuliaSmith Wellner of the University of Houston; Kurt Wilkie and Amanda Stahl ofWashington State University; Michael Rygel of SUNY–Potsdam; and Karen Koy ofMissouri Western State University. We also appreciate the detailed chapter-by-chapterreview of the Second Edition by the core teaching faculty and teaching assistants atthe University of Houston, and are grateful to Nathalie Brandes of Lone Star Collegeand Geoffrey Cooke of UCSD for working closely with the authors and our team ofeditors at W. W. Norton to proofread and check accuracy for the Third Edition.Finally, we would like to thank the following expert reviewers for their input andexpertise in making this Lab Manual the best it can be:Stephen T. Allard, Winona State UniversityRichard Aurisano, Wharton County Junior CollegeMiriam Barquero-Molina, University of MissouriQuintin D. Bendixen, University of WisconsinPREFACExi
Peter J. Berquist, Thomas Nelson Community CollegeTheodore Bornhorst, Michigan Tech UniversityChloe Branciforte, Ventura CollegeNathalie Brandes, Lone Star CollegeLee Anne Burrough, Prairie State CollegeGeoffrey W. Cook, University of California, San DiegoWinton Cornell, University of TulsaJuliet Crider, University of WashingtonJohn Dassinger, Chandler-Gilbert Community CollegeMeredith Denton-Hedrick, Austin Community CollegeYildirim Dilek, Miami UniversityMark Evans, Central Connecticut State UniversityTodd Feeley, Montana State UniversityJeanne Fromm, University of South DakotaLisa Hammersley, Sacramento State UniversityBernie Housen, Western Washington UniversityDaniel Imrecke, University of HoustonJacalyn Gorczynski, Texas A&M University–Corpus ChristiMichael Harrison, Tennesse Technological UniversityDaniel Hembree, Ohio UniversityRyan Kerrigan, University of MarylandKaren Koy, Missouri Western State UniversityHeather Lehto, Angelo State UniversityJill Lockard, Los Angeles Pierce CollegeJamie Macdonald, Florida Gulf Coast UniversityJohn A. Madsen, University of DelawareLisa Mayo, Motlow State Community CollegeAmy Moe Hoffman, Mississippi State UniversityKristen Myshrall, University of ConnecticutDavid Peate, University of IowaAlfred Pekarek, St. Cloud State UniversityElizabeth Rhodes, College of CharlestonAnne Marie Ryan, Dalhousie UniversityRay Russo, University of FloridaRandy Rutberg, Hunter CollegeMike Rygel, SUNY PotsdamJinny Sisson, University of HoustonRoger Shew, University of North Carolina---WilmingtonAmanda Stahl, Washington State UniversityAlexander Stewart, St. Lawrence UniversityChristiane Stidham, SUNY Stony BrookLori Tapanila, Idaho State UniversityJoAnn Thissen, Nassau Community CollegePeter Wallace, Dalhousie UniversityPete Wehner, Austin Community College–NorthridgeJulia Smith Wellner, University of HoustonKurt Wilkie, Washington State UniversityJeanette M. Wolak, Tennessee Technological UniversityAndrew H. Wulff, Western Kentucky UniversityVictor Zabielski, Northern Virginia Community CollegexiiPREFACE
Page 2 and 3: LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
Page 6 and 7: CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
Page 8 and 9: PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
Page 10 and 11: exercises interspersed throughout t
Page 14: ABOUT THE AUTHORSAllan Ludman is Pr
Page 17 and 18: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ch
Page 19 and 20: One way to obtain more data would b
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 1.1 Basic definitions●●
Page 23 and 24: EXERCISE 1.2Reservoirs in the Earth
Page 25 and 26: EXERCISE 1.4Sources of Heat for Geo
Page 27 and 28: 1.3 Units for Geologic MeasurementB
Page 29 and 30: FIGURE 1.5 Measuring the volume of
Page 31 and 32: FIGURE 1.6 The white cliffs of Dove
Page 33 and 34: MileFIGURE 1.7 Methods for dealing
Page 35 and 36: FIGURE 1.8 An example of the princi
Page 37 and 38: EXERCISE 1.9Name:Course:How Long Do
Page 39 and 40: APPENDIX 1.1Metric-U.S. Customary C
Page 41 and 42: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
Page 43 and 44: plate between two continents, conti
Page 45 and 46: FIGURE 2.4 The Earth’s major clim
Page 47 and 48: More clues soon came from seismolog
Page 49 and 50: FIGURE 2.8 Magnetic reversals of th
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 2.11 Rates of motion of the
Page 53 and 54: EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two RidgesNam
Page 55 and 56: EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
Page 57 and 58: Even without any earthquake informa
Page 59 and 60: EXERCISE 2.10Estimating the Amount
Page 61 and 62: 2.5.5 Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Tracks
Page 63 and 64:
EXERCISE 2.11Name:Course:Determinin
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EXERCISE 2.12Name:Course:Long-Term
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 2Analyzing Plate
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand wh
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When a mineral grows without interf
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FIGURE 3.1 Specimens of the mineral
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3.4.5 HardnessThe hardness of a min
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FIGURE 3.4 Crystals of some common
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FIGURE 3.6 Cleavage in common miner
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3.4.9 MagnetismA few minerals are a
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EXERCISE 3.7Identifying MineralsNam
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The minerals and elements we most r
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EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 3Extracting Miner
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APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.Heating a
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FIGURE 4.3 Typical grain shapes.(a)
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EXERCISE 4.2Describing a Rock’s T
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EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
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EXERCISE 4.4Interpreting the Textur
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■ Hardness: Use a steel safety pi
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FIGURE 4.6 Flowchart for determinin
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4.8 The Economic Value of RocksMost
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 4Deciphering Land
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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crystalline rocks. Those that are s
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EXERCISE 5.3Interpreting Igneous Co
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FIGURE 5.4 Volcanic glasscontains n
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EXERCISE 5.5Interpreting Fragmental
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Felsic igneous rocks (from feldspar
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minerals melt, and (3) how plate-te
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EXERCISE 5.8Insights from Melting a
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EXERCISE 5.9Explaining Features of
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extreme crustal stretching has expo
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EXERCISE 5.13Interpreting Plate-Tec
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FIGURE 5.12 Distribution of volcano
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FIGURE 5.14 Comparison of areas in
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EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 5Exploring the Na
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IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
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FIGURE 6.2 Chemical weathering of f
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FIGURE 6.3 The five steps in clasti
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6.3.2 Chemical Sedimentary RocksChe
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6.3.3 Biochemical and Organic Sedim
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TABLE 6.2 Classification of common
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FIGURE 6.5 Flow chart for identifyi
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FIGURE 6.6 Sediment sorting.(a) Poo
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EXERCISE 6.7Recognizing Sediment De
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FIGURE 6.9 Sedimentary rock beds.(a
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FIGURE 6.12 Cross bedding, a type o
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FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
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FIGURE 6.16 Examples of depositiona
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EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
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SampleTexture(grain size, shape,sor
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FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
Page 193 and 194:
FIGURE 7.2 Growth of metamorphic mi
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FIGURE 7.3 Types of stress.(a) Comp
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FIGURE 7.5 Photomicrographs of rock
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FIGURE 7.6 Varieties of gneiss form
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EXERCISE 7.2Identifying Metamorphic
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FIGURE 7.11 Settings of metamorphis
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EXERCISE 7.4Interpreting the Type o
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EXERCISE 7.5Name:Course:Index Miner
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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EXERCISE 8.1Which Image Works Best?
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More sophisticated grid systems are
Page 219 and 220:
EXERCISE 8.2The Latitude/Longitude
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EXERCISE 8.3Locating Points with th
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EXERCISE 8.4Locating Points with th
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But which north is north? No, this
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e300FIGURE 8.10 An area in eastern
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8.4 Vertical Exaggeration:A Matter
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 8Locating Places
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ho
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this information on the most recent
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FIGURE 9.5 Digital elevation model(
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250300300FIGURE 9.7 Hachured contou
Page 241 and 242:
9.3.4 Rules and Applications of Con
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EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
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FIGURE 9.8 Map of the microwave tow
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FIGURE 9.11 The effect of vertical
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 9Working with Top
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APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
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Interpreting GeologicStructures on
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of structures on the ground (the ma
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EXERCISE 10.2The Basic Types of Con
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EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
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FIGURE 10.4 Block diagrams.Map view
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FIGURE 10.6 Block diagrams showing
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FIGURE 10.7 Hanging wall, footwall,
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is not the same as that of the beds
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EXERCISE 10.9Name:Course:Interpreti
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FIGURE 10.9 Geologic maps (continue
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EXERCISE 10.11Name:Course:Using Sym
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EXERCISE 10.12Name:Course:Construct
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EXERCISE 10.13Interpreting Simple G
Page 282 and 283:
FIGURE 10.13 Structural control of
Page 284 and 285:
10.6 Reading Real Geologic MapsYou
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FIGURE 10.14 (continued).Geologic M
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EXERCISE 10.18Making a Geologic Map
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 10Name:Course:Und
Page 293 and 294:
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S-waves (FIG. 11.2b) are seismic wa
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FIGURE 11.4 Worldwide distribution
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FIGURE 11.5 Travel-time curves show
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.5Name:Course:Determinin
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11.5 Predicting EarthquakeHazards:
Page 311 and 312:
EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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After watching dramatic images of t
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APPENDIX 11.1Seismic Analysis Works
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Determine t
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EXERCISE 12.2Relative Ages in Cross
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EXERCISE 12.3Applying the Principle
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EXERCISE 12.4Name:Course:Using Sedi
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FIGURE 12.6 How the three kinds of
Page 327 and 328:
EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
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becoming extinct. When we find an i
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EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
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FIGURE 12.9 Changing parent:daughte
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EXERCISE 12.7Putting It All Togethe
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EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
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EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
Page 341 and 342:
EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
Page 344 and 345:
Landscapes Formed13by StreamsStream
Page 346 and 347:
EXERCISE 13.1Differences between St
Page 348 and 349:
EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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RFIGURE 13.5 The Genesee River sout
Page 352 and 353:
EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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FIGURE 13.8 A floodplain and its as
Page 356 and 357:
ST. FRANCIS CO4070797064UNION PACIF
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1000Big900900B I G H I L LARKANSAS9
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FIGURE 13.13 Major drainage basins
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anchWTJ54MurphyNew BloomfieldTown65
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EXERCISE 13.6Recognizing Stages of
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MT T L E62446267DogRock757266170634
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13.7 When Streams Don’t Seemto Fo
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EXERCISE 13.7Deducing the History o
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13.8 When There’s Too Much Water:
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EXERCISE 13.9Estimating Potential F
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13.9 Streams, Society, and the Envi
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Groundwater as aLandscape Formerand
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EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
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EXERCISE 14.1Name:Course:Factors Af
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FIGURE 14.2 Groundwater landscape e
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60075000750600FIGURE 14.4 Karst top
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FIGURE 14.5 The water table separat
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EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
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100100100FIGURE 14.9 Karst topograp
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4400B a l d r i d g e C a n y o n42
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EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
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EXERCISE 14.8Name:Course:Environmen
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Glacial Landscapes15These jagged mo
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FIGURE 15.2 Mountain and continenta
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EXERCISE 15.1Comparison of Glaciers
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EXERCISE 15.3Erosional Features of
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15.3.2 Depositional LandscapesLands
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EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
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900900800BOWEN1000700C R E E K900RO
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450400LEMON400ROADSLAYTON4504503Spo
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15.4 Landscapes Producedby Mountain
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The base level for a tributary stre
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3700380036003900Northwest BasinLake
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FIGURE 15.17 Atmospheric temperatur
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 15Flowing Ice as
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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Page 434 and 435:
Processes and Landforms16in Arid En
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FIGURE 16.2 Types of arid regions.(
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16.2 Processes in Arid RegionsNow l
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16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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RiverGila85WatermanWashR A I N B O
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85130011001000FIGURE 16.8 Topograph
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FIGURE 16.10 Characteristics and ev
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400040004000L o w e V a l l e y4100
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FIGURE 16.13 Vulnerability to deser
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Shoreline Landscapes17Coastlines co
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FIGURE 17.1 Types of shorelines.(a)
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EXERCISE 17.1Erodibility and Stabil
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17.2.5 Emergent and Submergent Shor
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1382427FIGURE 17.5 Maine coastline
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EXERCISE 17.5Measuring Sea-Level (a
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FIGURE 17.7 Area just south of Lake
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17.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Depositi
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FIGURE 17.11 Erosional features of
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EXERCISE 17.7Erosional Processes an
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17.3.5 Depositional FeaturesPromine
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EXERCISE 17.9Depositional Processes
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FIGURE 17.18 The shoreline of theno
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FIGURE 17.21 Aerial view showing ho
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EXERCISE 17.10Name:Course:Unintende
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FIGURE 17.24 Counterclockwise wind
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EXERCISE 17.11Name:Course:Effects o
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FIGURE 17.27 Flooding caused by hur
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EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 17Understanding T
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Explain why p
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EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
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EXERCISE 18.2Short-Term Changes in
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Weather describes atmospheric condi
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FIGURE 18.5 The greenhouse effect.G
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EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
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FIGURE 18.8 Movement of water from
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FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level sc
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EXERCISE 18.4Effects of Sea-Level R
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FIGURE 18.13 Estimated human popula
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FIGURE 18.14 Two bird species hunte
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EXERCISE 18.6Name:Course:How Quickl
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 18Inducing Change
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Courtesy of Allan Ludman; p. 162 (t
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270 280260240 250290 300Clay310 320
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Align with northern latitude tick m
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