Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

Recommendations

Info

270 280260240 250290 300Clay310 320220 230NovisiblegrainsLudman-MarshakVisual Sediment Grain-Size Scale0 1 cm 2 3 4 5 6 7 81/256mm330 340350Silt Sand Gravel1/16mm010Ludman-Marshak20Azimuth Protractor180 190 200 210140 150 160 17030402mm50120 130607080100 110901 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 32 42 5
Ludman-MarshakGeologic Tool Kit1:24,000 scale UTM gridtool (for use withExercise 8.4)Ludman-MarshakGeologic Tool KitSeismic overlaytool (for use withExercise 11.4)9876543210 1Minutes2 341 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Each number = X 100 meters1020304050SecondsPhanerozoic Time ScaleERAPALEOXOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOICNumericalage(Ma)1.865.5145200251299318369416444488542PeriodQuaternaryTertiaryCretaceousJurassicTriassicPermianPennsylvanianMississippianDevonianSilurianOrdovicanCambrian
Page 2 and 3:
LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
Page 6 and 7:
CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
Page 8 and 9:
PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
Page 10 and 11:
exercises interspersed throughout t
Page 12 and 13:
Supplements(available for download
Page 14:
ABOUT THE AUTHORSAllan Ludman is Pr
Page 17 and 18:
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ch
Page 19 and 20:
One way to obtain more data would b
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE 1.1 Basic definitions●●
Page 23 and 24:
EXERCISE 1.2Reservoirs in the Earth
Page 25 and 26:
EXERCISE 1.4Sources of Heat for Geo
Page 27 and 28:
1.3 Units for Geologic MeasurementB
Page 29 and 30:
FIGURE 1.5 Measuring the volume of
Page 31 and 32:
FIGURE 1.6 The white cliffs of Dove
Page 33 and 34:
MileFIGURE 1.7 Methods for dealing
Page 35 and 36:
FIGURE 1.8 An example of the princi
Page 37 and 38:
EXERCISE 1.9Name:Course:How Long Do
Page 39 and 40:
APPENDIX 1.1Metric-U.S. Customary C
Page 41 and 42:
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
Page 43 and 44:
plate between two continents, conti
Page 45 and 46:
FIGURE 2.4 The Earth’s major clim
Page 47 and 48:
More clues soon came from seismolog
Page 49 and 50:
FIGURE 2.8 Magnetic reversals of th
Page 51 and 52:
FIGURE 2.11 Rates of motion of the
Page 53 and 54:
EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two RidgesNam
Page 55 and 56:
EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
Page 57 and 58:
Even without any earthquake informa
Page 59 and 60:
EXERCISE 2.10Estimating the Amount
Page 61 and 62:
2.5.5 Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Tracks
Page 63 and 64:
EXERCISE 2.11Name:Course:Determinin
Page 65 and 66:
EXERCISE 2.12Name:Course:Long-Term
Page 67 and 68:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 2Analyzing Plate
Page 69 and 70:
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand wh
Page 71 and 72:
When a mineral grows without interf
Page 73 and 74:
FIGURE 3.1 Specimens of the mineral
Page 75 and 76:
3.4.5 HardnessThe hardness of a min
Page 77 and 78:
FIGURE 3.4 Crystals of some common
Page 79 and 80:
FIGURE 3.6 Cleavage in common miner
Page 81 and 82:
3.4.9 MagnetismA few minerals are a
Page 83 and 84:
EXERCISE 3.7Identifying MineralsNam
Page 85 and 86:
The minerals and elements we most r
Page 87 and 88:
EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
Page 89 and 90:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 3Extracting Miner
Page 91 and 92:
APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
Page 93 and 94:
APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
Page 95 and 96:
APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
Page 97 and 98:
APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
Page 99 and 100:
MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
Page 107 and 108:
FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.Heating a
Page 109 and 110:
FIGURE 4.3 Typical grain shapes.(a)
Page 111 and 112:
EXERCISE 4.2Describing a Rock’s T
Page 113 and 114:
EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
Page 115 and 116:
EXERCISE 4.4Interpreting the Textur
Page 117 and 118:
■ Hardness: Use a steel safety pi
Page 119 and 120:
FIGURE 4.6 Flowchart for determinin
Page 121 and 122:
4.8 The Economic Value of RocksMost
Page 123 and 124:
FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
Page 125 and 126:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 4Deciphering Land
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
crystalline rocks. Those that are s
Page 131 and 132:
EXERCISE 5.3Interpreting Igneous Co
Page 133 and 134:
FIGURE 5.4 Volcanic glasscontains n
Page 135 and 136:
EXERCISE 5.5Interpreting Fragmental
Page 137 and 138:
Felsic igneous rocks (from feldspar
Page 139 and 140:
minerals melt, and (3) how plate-te
Page 141 and 142:
EXERCISE 5.8Insights from Melting a
Page 143 and 144:
EXERCISE 5.9Explaining Features of
Page 145 and 146:
extreme crustal stretching has expo
Page 147 and 148:
EXERCISE 5.13Interpreting Plate-Tec
Page 149 and 150:
FIGURE 5.12 Distribution of volcano
Page 151 and 152:
FIGURE 5.14 Comparison of areas in
Page 153 and 154:
EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
Page 155 and 156:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 5Exploring the Na
Page 157 and 158:
IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
FIGURE 6.2 Chemical weathering of f
Page 163 and 164:
FIGURE 6.3 The five steps in clasti
Page 165 and 166:
6.3.2 Chemical Sedimentary RocksChe
Page 167 and 168:
6.3.3 Biochemical and Organic Sedim
Page 169 and 170:
TABLE 6.2 Classification of common
Page 171 and 172:
FIGURE 6.5 Flow chart for identifyi
Page 173 and 174:
FIGURE 6.6 Sediment sorting.(a) Poo
Page 175 and 176:
EXERCISE 6.7Recognizing Sediment De
Page 177 and 178:
FIGURE 6.9 Sedimentary rock beds.(a
Page 179 and 180:
FIGURE 6.12 Cross bedding, a type o
Page 181 and 182:
FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
Page 183 and 184:
FIGURE 6.16 Examples of depositiona
Page 185 and 186:
EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
Page 187 and 188:
SampleTexture(grain size, shape,sor
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
Page 193 and 194:
FIGURE 7.2 Growth of metamorphic mi
Page 195 and 196:
FIGURE 7.3 Types of stress.(a) Comp
Page 197 and 198:
FIGURE 7.5 Photomicrographs of rock
Page 199 and 200:
FIGURE 7.6 Varieties of gneiss form
Page 201 and 202:
EXERCISE 7.2Identifying Metamorphic
Page 203 and 204:
FIGURE 7.11 Settings of metamorphis
Page 205 and 206:
EXERCISE 7.4Interpreting the Type o
Page 207 and 208:
EXERCISE 7.5Name:Course:Index Miner
Page 209 and 210:
Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
Page 211 and 212:
Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
EXERCISE 8.1Which Image Works Best?
Page 217 and 218:
More sophisticated grid systems are
Page 219 and 220:
EXERCISE 8.2The Latitude/Longitude
Page 221 and 222:
EXERCISE 8.3Locating Points with th
Page 223 and 224:
EXERCISE 8.4Locating Points with th
Page 225 and 226:
But which north is north? No, this
Page 227 and 228:
e300FIGURE 8.10 An area in eastern
Page 229 and 230:
8.4 Vertical Exaggeration:A Matter
Page 231 and 232:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 8Locating Places
Page 233 and 234:
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ho
Page 235 and 236:
this information on the most recent
Page 237 and 238:
FIGURE 9.5 Digital elevation model(
Page 239 and 240:
250300300FIGURE 9.7 Hachured contou
Page 241 and 242:
9.3.4 Rules and Applications of Con
Page 243 and 244:
EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
Page 245 and 246:
FIGURE 9.8 Map of the microwave tow
Page 247 and 248:
FIGURE 9.11 The effect of vertical
Page 249 and 250:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 9Working with Top
Page 251 and 252:
APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
Page 256 and 257:
Interpreting GeologicStructures on
Page 258 and 259:
of structures on the ground (the ma
Page 260 and 261:
EXERCISE 10.2The Basic Types of Con
Page 262 and 263:
EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
Page 264 and 265:
FIGURE 10.4 Block diagrams.Map view
Page 266 and 267:
FIGURE 10.6 Block diagrams showing
Page 268 and 269:
FIGURE 10.7 Hanging wall, footwall,
Page 270 and 271:
is not the same as that of the beds
Page 272 and 273:
EXERCISE 10.9Name:Course:Interpreti
Page 274 and 275:
FIGURE 10.9 Geologic maps (continue
Page 276 and 277:
EXERCISE 10.11Name:Course:Using Sym
Page 278 and 279:
EXERCISE 10.12Name:Course:Construct
Page 280 and 281:
EXERCISE 10.13Interpreting Simple G
Page 282 and 283:
FIGURE 10.13 Structural control of
Page 284 and 285:
10.6 Reading Real Geologic MapsYou
Page 286 and 287:
FIGURE 10.14 (continued).Geologic M
Page 288 and 289:
EXERCISE 10.18Making a Geologic Map
Page 290:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 10Name:Course:Und
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
S-waves (FIG. 11.2b) are seismic wa
Page 297 and 298:
FIGURE 11.4 Worldwide distribution
Page 299 and 300:
FIGURE 11.5 Travel-time curves show
Page 301 and 302:
EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
Page 303 and 304:
EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
Page 305 and 306:
EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
Page 307 and 308:
EXERCISE 11.5Name:Course:Determinin
Page 309 and 310:
11.5 Predicting EarthquakeHazards:
Page 311 and 312:
EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
Page 313 and 314:
After watching dramatic images of t
Page 315 and 316:
APPENDIX 11.1Seismic Analysis Works
Page 317 and 318:
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Determine t
Page 319 and 320:
EXERCISE 12.2Relative Ages in Cross
Page 321 and 322:
EXERCISE 12.3Applying the Principle
Page 323 and 324:
EXERCISE 12.4Name:Course:Using Sedi
Page 325 and 326:
FIGURE 12.6 How the three kinds of
Page 327 and 328:
EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
Page 329 and 330:
becoming extinct. When we find an i
Page 331 and 332:
EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
Page 333 and 334:
FIGURE 12.9 Changing parent:daughte
Page 335 and 336:
EXERCISE 12.7Putting It All Togethe
Page 337 and 338:
EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
Page 339 and 340:
EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
Page 341 and 342:
EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
Page 344 and 345:
Landscapes Formed13by StreamsStream
Page 346 and 347:
EXERCISE 13.1Differences between St
Page 348 and 349:
EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
Page 350 and 351:
RFIGURE 13.5 The Genesee River sout
Page 352 and 353:
EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
Page 354 and 355:
FIGURE 13.8 A floodplain and its as
Page 356 and 357:
ST. FRANCIS CO4070797064UNION PACIF
Page 358 and 359:
1000Big900900B I G H I L LARKANSAS9
Page 360 and 361:
FIGURE 13.13 Major drainage basins
Page 362 and 363:
anchWTJ54MurphyNew BloomfieldTown65
Page 364 and 365:
EXERCISE 13.6Recognizing Stages of
Page 366 and 367:
MT T L E62446267DogRock757266170634
Page 368 and 369:
13.7 When Streams Don’t Seemto Fo
Page 370 and 371:
EXERCISE 13.7Deducing the History o
Page 372 and 373:
13.8 When There’s Too Much Water:
Page 374 and 375:
EXERCISE 13.9Estimating Potential F
Page 376 and 377:
13.9 Streams, Society, and the Envi
Page 382 and 383:
Groundwater as aLandscape Formerand
Page 384 and 385:
EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
Page 386 and 387:
EXERCISE 14.1Name:Course:Factors Af
Page 388 and 389:
FIGURE 14.2 Groundwater landscape e
Page 390 and 391:
60075000750600FIGURE 14.4 Karst top
Page 392 and 393:
FIGURE 14.5 The water table separat
Page 394 and 395:
EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
Page 396 and 397:
100100100FIGURE 14.9 Karst topograp
Page 398 and 399:
4400B a l d r i d g e C a n y o n42
Page 400 and 401:
EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
Page 402 and 403:
EXERCISE 14.8Name:Course:Environmen
Page 404 and 405:
Glacial Landscapes15These jagged mo
Page 406 and 407:
FIGURE 15.2 Mountain and continenta
Page 408 and 409:
EXERCISE 15.1Comparison of Glaciers
Page 410 and 411:
EXERCISE 15.3Erosional Features of
Page 412 and 413:
15.3.2 Depositional LandscapesLands
Page 414 and 415:
EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
Page 416 and 417:
900900800BOWEN1000700C R E E K900RO
Page 418 and 419:
450400LEMON400ROADSLAYTON4504503Spo
Page 420 and 421:
15.4 Landscapes Producedby Mountain
Page 422 and 423:
The base level for a tributary stre
Page 424 and 425:
3700380036003900Northwest BasinLake
Page 426 and 427:
FIGURE 15.17 Atmospheric temperatur
Page 428 and 429:
GEOTOURS EXERCISE 15Flowing Ice as
Page 430 and 431:
GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Processes and Landforms16in Arid En
Page 436 and 437:
FIGURE 16.2 Types of arid regions.(
Page 438 and 439:
16.2 Processes in Arid RegionsNow l
Page 440 and 441:
16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid
Page 442 and 443:
EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
Page 444 and 445:
EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
Page 446 and 447:
RiverGila85WatermanWashR A I N B O
Page 448 and 449:
85130011001000FIGURE 16.8 Topograph
Page 450 and 451:
FIGURE 16.10 Characteristics and ev
Page 452 and 453:
400040004000L o w e V a l l e y4100
Page 454 and 455:
FIGURE 16.13 Vulnerability to deser
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Shoreline Landscapes17Coastlines co
Page 460 and 461:
FIGURE 17.1 Types of shorelines.(a)
Page 462 and 463:
EXERCISE 17.1Erodibility and Stabil
Page 464 and 465:
17.2.5 Emergent and Submergent Shor
Page 466 and 467:
1382427FIGURE 17.5 Maine coastline
Page 468 and 469:
EXERCISE 17.5Measuring Sea-Level (a
Page 470 and 471:
FIGURE 17.7 Area just south of Lake
Page 472 and 473:
17.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Depositi
Page 474 and 475:
FIGURE 17.11 Erosional features of
Page 476 and 477:
EXERCISE 17.7Erosional Processes an
Page 478 and 479: 17.3.5 Depositional FeaturesPromine
Page 480 and 481: EXERCISE 17.9Depositional Processes
Page 482 and 483: FIGURE 17.18 The shoreline of theno
Page 484 and 485: FIGURE 17.21 Aerial view showing ho
Page 486 and 487: EXERCISE 17.10Name:Course:Unintende
Page 488 and 489: FIGURE 17.24 Counterclockwise wind
Page 490 and 491: EXERCISE 17.11Name:Course:Effects o
Page 492 and 493: FIGURE 17.27 Flooding caused by hur
Page 494 and 495: EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
Page 496: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 17Understanding T
Page 499 and 500: GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
Page 501 and 502: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Explain why p
Page 503 and 504: EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
Page 505 and 506: EXERCISE 18.2Short-Term Changes in
Page 507 and 508: Weather describes atmospheric condi
Page 509 and 510: FIGURE 18.5 The greenhouse effect.G
Page 511 and 512: EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
Page 513 and 514: FIGURE 18.8 Movement of water from
Page 515 and 516: FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level sc
Page 517 and 518: EXERCISE 18.4Effects of Sea-Level R
Page 519 and 520: FIGURE 18.13 Estimated human popula
Page 521 and 522: FIGURE 18.14 Two bird species hunte
Page 523 and 524: EXERCISE 18.6Name:Course:How Quickl
Page 525 and 526: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 18Inducing Change
Page 527 and 528: Courtesy of Allan Ludman; p. 162 (t
Page 532: Align with northern latitude tick m
show all

Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?