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TU/e Academic Awards 2009 - Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

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Where innovation starts<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e <strong>Academic</strong><br />

<strong>Awards</strong> <strong>2009</strong><br />

Wednesday 3 June <strong>2009</strong>


<strong>TU</strong>/e <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Awards</strong> <strong>2009</strong><br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e combines outstanding educational programs and an intensive, personalized<br />

approach with scientific excellence. We make no secret of our ambitions, or our<br />

talent. With the annual <strong>TU</strong>/e <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Awards</strong>, we put each year’s best final<br />

project, best design report and best doctoral project in the spotlight.<br />

This is the second year that we also award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award, for the<br />

final project, design report or doctoral project that holds the most promise for the<br />

future. With this award <strong>TU</strong>/e wants to emphasize the importance of technology<br />

and innovation for the future of society, as is only fitting for a university that<br />

characterizes itself with the slogan ‘where innovation starts’.<br />

This booklet will introduce you to the nominees’ work. I am proud that <strong>TU</strong>/e<br />

produces so many promising engineers, technological designers and PhD<br />

candidates every year. In this time of economic crisis it is especially important to<br />

invest in this talent because within a few years time we will need every single one<br />

of them on the job market, in Brainport <strong>Eindhoven</strong>, in the Netherlands, and on a<br />

global scale as well.<br />

On behalf of <strong>TU</strong>/e I would like to congratulate the winners most sincerely on their<br />

achievements. I have no doubt that these awards will be a first step on the road<br />

to many successful careers and future innovations.<br />

Prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn<br />

Rector Magnificus<br />

1


Contents<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> page 3<br />

Jury report page 4<br />

ir. J.S. Winkes Mechanical Engineering page 6<br />

ir. S. Bouwstra Industrial Design page 7<br />

dr.ir. M. van ‘t Veer Biomedical Engineering page 8<br />

dr.ir. M-H.G Derksen Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences page 9<br />

I. Sabir MSc PDEng Mathematics and Computer Science page 10<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> page 11<br />

Jury report page 12<br />

ir. J.F.M. Helmes Industrial Design page 14<br />

ir. C. Bekdemir Mechanical Engineering page 15<br />

ir. E.D. Herbschleb Electrical Engineering page 16<br />

ir. J.P.J. van Jaarsveld Applied Physics page 17<br />

ir. R.T.M. Jakobs Chemical Engineering and Chemistry page 18<br />

ir. M.M. Koppes Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences page 19<br />

ir. J.P.J. Schmitz Biomedical Engineering page 20<br />

ir. C.J.P.A. Smeets Architecture, Building and Planning page 21<br />

ir. M.W.H. Wijffelaars Mathematics and Computer Science page 22<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong> page 23<br />

Jury report page 24<br />

ir. A.J. Pas PDEng Design and Technology of Instrumentation page 26<br />

V. Jancic MSc PDEng Process and Product Design page 27<br />

N.S. Mandagi MSc PDEng Mathematics for Industry page 28<br />

drs. D.M. Schipper PDEng Software Technology page 29<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong> page 31<br />

Jury report page 32<br />

dr. M. García Larrodé Electrical Engineering page 34<br />

dr.ir. D. van den Borne Electrical Engineering page 35<br />

dr.ir. T.A.P. Engels Mechanical Engineering page 36<br />

dr.ir. E.M. Franken Biomedical Engineering page 37<br />

dr.ir. R.P.J. Kunnen Applied Physics page 38<br />

dr.ir. J. Maljaars Architecture, Building and Planning page 39<br />

dr.ir. B. Marcelis Applied Physics page 40<br />

dr. E.A. Pidko Chemical Engineering and Chemistry page 41<br />

dr.ir. P. Ross Industrial Design page 42<br />

dr. W. Zhu Architecture, Building and Planning page 43<br />

2


<strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective<br />

Award <strong>2009</strong><br />

For the <strong>TU</strong>/e research project completed in 2008 that<br />

offers the most perspective for the future<br />

The <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 5.000,awarded<br />

to the final project, design report, or doctoral project completed at <strong>TU</strong>/e<br />

in 2008 that offers the most perspective for society.<br />

This year 5 (research) projects from different departments and design programs<br />

have been nominated.<br />

3


The jury has assessed the research/design projects based on the following criteria:<br />

• Upon completion the results of the project have been assessed as at least ‘good’;<br />

• the results are exceptional in that they have a demonstrable impact on society.<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective<br />

Award<br />

Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />

Based on these criteria the jury has decided that ir. S. Bouwstra (Industrial Design), dr.ir. M. van 't Veer<br />

(Biomedical Engineering) and ir. J.S. Winkes (Mechanical Engineering) will be the candidates at the<br />

ceremony to be held on Wednesday 3 June <strong>2009</strong>.<br />

4


Sibrecht Bouwstra's project appears to be a big step towards creating a calm and more comfortable environment for premature<br />

newborns.<br />

Marcel van 't Veer's dissertation is a sophisticated measurement method of absolute coronary blood flow that will lead to better<br />

diagnostics and more effective treatment of coronary syndroms.<br />

Jasper Winkes developed the Double Combustion Pile Driver, a major innovation that may significantly reduce fuel consumption as<br />

well as soot and noise in the building industry.<br />

They will present their research results to a special committee. In their presentations they will focus specifically on the two criteria<br />

mentioned above.<br />

The members of this committee are prof.ir. J. Westra, dean of the department of Architecture, prof.dr. A.M. Cohen, dean of the<br />

department of Mathematics and Computer Science, and prof.dr. A.G.L. Romme, dean of the department of Industrial Engineering &<br />

Innovation Sciences and chair of the preselection jury.<br />

This committee will announce its decision after a short consultation and will present the award to one of the three candidates.<br />

The preselection jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />

Prof.dr. A.G.L. Romme (chair)<br />

Prof.dr. A.M. van Herk<br />

Prof.dr.ir. M.J.W. Schouten<br />

Note:<br />

After a brief deliberation the jury of the Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> stated that they had a difficult job. Three candidates are nominated<br />

and the jury particularly liked the variety of subjects addressed.<br />

The verdict of the jury is that the winner of the Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> is Jasper Winkes. His PC pile driver aims to overcome the problems<br />

of the conventional hammers by providing a cleaner, faster, cheaper and quieter pile driving method. Jasper Winkes is typically a<br />

person who has the power and the personality to succeed in the building industry. The jury is looking forward to the time when this<br />

new pile driver will really be available on building sites.<br />

5


Mechanical Engineering<br />

6<br />

ir. J.S. Winkes<br />

Jasper Winkes performed his final project under the supervision of<br />

prof. dr. L.P.H. de Goey, head of the section Combustion Technology,<br />

of the department of Mechanical Engineering. In 2007, the project won both<br />

the Herman Wijffels innovation prize and the New Venture business plan<br />

competition. In 2008 a second phase Valorisation Grant has been granted<br />

for the project. In 2008 Fistuca B.V., at which Jasper Winkes currently holds<br />

the position of director, was founded for the development of innovative new<br />

foundation technology.<br />

The DC Pile Driver<br />

Figure 1: Heavy soot pollution caused by diesel hammer.<br />

Figure 2: In the soft soils pile foundations are inevitable.<br />

Introduction<br />

Currently there are two mainstream technologies for driving piles; diesel pile<br />

driving and hydraulic pile driving. Both techniques have their drawbacks. Diesel<br />

pile driving is a very polluting and noisy technique that is difficult to control.<br />

Primarily because of the pollution and the noise, pile driving companies are<br />

forced to use hydraulic pile drivers in more and more locations. The drawback of<br />

hydraulic hammers is that they are very expensive, heavy, consume much more<br />

fuel and they cause more damaged piles. The DC Pile Driver wants to overcome<br />

the problems faced with the conventional hammers and thus provide a cleaner,<br />

faster, cheaper and more silent pile driving method.<br />

DC Pile Driver technology<br />

The DC Pile Driver combines state-of-the-art technology in the field of diesel<br />

engines with an innovative new setup that doubles the driving speed.<br />

DC (patented)<br />

DC stands for the Double Combustion that takes place. Instead of having a single<br />

combustion that throws the ram up in the air, a second combustion takes place<br />

that will actively force the ram downwards. This second combustion will result in<br />

doubling the driving speed.<br />

Pre-ignition (patented)<br />

In the DC Pile Driver the ignition moment can be manipulated by varying the<br />

injection moment. This will allow much wider control of the final impact speed of<br />

the ram and thus increases the controllability of the hammer in all soil conditions.<br />

Summary<br />

The DC Pile Driver will allow clean combustion and low soot emission. Due to the<br />

closed set-up, the noise produced by the hammer, will be drastically lower than<br />

the noise of conventional pile drivers. The double combustion will significantly<br />

increase the pile driving speed and the pre-injection will allow much finer and<br />

remote control of the pile driver. Since pollution of the combustion chamber is<br />

prevented, the pile driver will wear less, lowering the operating costs. Fistuca B.V.<br />

has been started to actively develop the DC Pile Driver together with a partner in<br />

the pile driving industry.<br />

Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong>


Industrial Design<br />

Figure 1: The theorized design process.<br />

ir. S. Bouwstra<br />

Figure 2: ECG signal obtained by gold printed electrodes.<br />

Figure 3: Neonatal Smart Jacket.<br />

Sibrecht is currently a PhD candidate in the department of Industrial Design<br />

at <strong>TU</strong>/e. She continues with the Neonatal Smart Jacket project,<br />

working towards a technological design. The project is supervised by<br />

prof.dr.ir. L.M.G Feijs, prof.dr. S. Bambang Oetomo and dr. Wei Chen.<br />

Smart Jacket Design for Neonatal Monitoring with<br />

Wearable Sensors<br />

Motivation<br />

When critically ill or premature neonates are admitted to the Neonatal Intensive<br />

Care Unit (NICU) they are monitored and treated in an incubator. These neonates<br />

are extremely tiny and vulnerable to external disturbances. Round-the-clock<br />

health monitoring is crucial for early detection of medical problems, however it is<br />

also a cause of stress for the neonate. The monitored vital signs include:<br />

temperature, electro-cardiogram (ECG), respiration and oxygen saturation (Sp02).<br />

Currently, they are obtained with adhesive sensors on the fragile skin with<br />

individual wires. (Re)placement of sensors and the large amount of tangling wires<br />

lead to discomfort, skin irritation and interruption of the neonate’s sleep.<br />

Furthermore, parents commonly feel detached from their baby who is barely<br />

recognizable between all the medical equipment. There must be a more<br />

comfortable, practical and attractive solution.<br />

Smart Jacket, prototype and results<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e has started a 10-year project in cooperation with the Máxima Medical Center<br />

(MMC) Veldhoven for, among others, improving the healthcare of neonates.<br />

The vision of the Neonatal Smart Jacket is a wearable unobtrusive continuous<br />

monitoring system realized by sensor networks and wireless communication,<br />

suitable for monitoring inside the incubator and outside the incubator while in<br />

the parent’s hug (Kangaroo Care).<br />

In this graduation project the first version of the jacket is designed that enables<br />

ECG monitoring by textile electrodes. The Neonatal Smart Jacket aims for<br />

providing reliable health monitoring as well as a comfortable clinical environment<br />

for neonatal care and parent-child interaction. An iterative design process in close<br />

contact with users and experts lead to a balanced integration<br />

of technology user focus and aesthetics. The jacket is safe, has aesthetics that<br />

appeal to parents and medical staff, makes it easy to dress the baby and is<br />

expandable with new technologies.<br />

A new solution for the skin-contact challenges of ECG measurement with textile<br />

electrodes is proposed by applying multiple textile electrodes and choosing the<br />

best signal depending on<br />

the position of the baby. Clinical tests have been conducted to measure ECG<br />

signals from premature babies in the NICU at the MMC Veldhoven. Qualitatively<br />

good ECG signals with clear QRS-complex have been obtained.<br />

7


Biomedical Engineering<br />

8<br />

dr.ir. M. van ‘t Veer<br />

Marcel is currently working in the Catharina Hospital in <strong>Eindhoven</strong> at the<br />

cardiovascular departments of cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery, and<br />

vascular surgery as Medical Engineer. The main focus of his work is<br />

initiating, supporting, and executing medical research taking into account<br />

the engineering aspects in the design and analysis of the studies performed.<br />

Supervisors: prof.dr. N.H.J. Pijls and prof.dr.ir. F.N. van de Vosse,<br />

copromotor: dr.ir. M.C.M. Rutten.<br />

Figure 1: Three-dimensional reconstruction of the coronary<br />

arteries. The coronary arteries arise just above the aortic valve.<br />

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the novel technique to<br />

measure blood flow based on thermodilution in the coronary<br />

arteries. The top panel (a) represents a coronary artery in<br />

which a sensor-tipped guide wire and an infusion catheter are<br />

positioned. Through the infusion catheter an indicator (saline)<br />

is infused with a known rate (blue arrows).<br />

The blood flow mixes with the saline and causes the<br />

temperature of the blood to drop slightly (temperature T).<br />

The sensor is retracted into the infusion catheter (panel b) and<br />

the temperature of the saline is measured (Ti) as it enters the<br />

coronary blood stream. Using the ratio of the temperatures<br />

measured and the amount of saline infused coronary blood<br />

flow can be calculated.<br />

Coronary blood flow measurements<br />

Thermodilution<br />

Coronary arteries (Figure 1) supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.<br />

From the time on that cardiologists were able to obtain images from the coronary<br />

arteries there has been an ongoing quest to measure the amount of blood flowing<br />

through these vessels. Only surrogate and indirect measures of coronary blood<br />

flow have been available until now.<br />

Based on the indicator dilution theory a new method has been developed and<br />

validated that enables the cardiologist to measure blood flow safely and<br />

accurately in the coronary arteries of a patient in the catheterization laboratory.<br />

The technique requires information on the amount of infused indicator as well as<br />

on differences in temperature between the blood and infused indicator to obtain<br />

the value of coronary blood flow (Figure 2).<br />

The process to come to a clinically applicable diagnostic technique requires a<br />

stepwise approach. In this case coronary blood flow measurement a theoretical<br />

model was derived first from the heat equation that expresses the conservation of<br />

(thermal) energy within the coronary artery. Consequently, this model was tested<br />

in a physiological representative in-vitro model of the systemic and coronary<br />

circulation. After encouraging results were found regarding the accuracy of the<br />

technique from the in-vitro experiments, the technique was assessed in an animal<br />

model as well. The accuracy of the technique was confirmed and the technique<br />

was found to be safe. As a final step in the process the technique was applied in<br />

patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.<br />

The new technique enables better diagnosis and treatment of patients who have<br />

experienced myocardial infarction or who suffer from diseases like syndrome-X<br />

and hypertrophy. In addition, evaluation of the effect of stem cell therapy and<br />

better follow-up of patients after heart transplantation is possible now. Objective<br />

evidence of physiologic regulatory mechanisms of coronary blood flow can be<br />

obtained now.<br />

The Medical Engineer<br />

The process of the development and utilization of a clinical measurement<br />

technique requires constant input, feed-back, and feed-forward between the<br />

medical and engineering professionals. The medical engineer, with a background<br />

in engineering and place of work in a hospital, is the right person to translate<br />

clinical questions into research questions with the intention to develop and<br />

introduce new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques into the clinical practice.


Industrial Engineering and Innovation<br />

dr.ir. M-H.G. Derksen<br />

Figure 1: The contrast between an engineering perspective on<br />

bodies and the experience of being-a-body in daily life.<br />

(Pictures left: http://www.thewellingtoncardiacservices.com and Mol et al. Thorac<br />

Cardiovasc Surg 200.<br />

Pictures right: http://www.getfitgreatfalls.org/Images/ManWalkingCane.jpg<br />

http://www.amputee-coalition.org/inmotion/mar_apr_06/congenital_part2_02.jpg<br />

and http://www.grieksegids.nl/fietsen.php).<br />

Figure 2: Normative work and professional responsibility for<br />

effects on lived bodies.<br />

Mechteld-Hanna Derksen studied at University College Utrecht (BA, 2003)<br />

and Wageningen University (MSc degree, 2003). She then started her<br />

PhD research as PhD-student in the philosophy and ethics of technology<br />

group at <strong>TU</strong>/e. She defended her PhD-thesis, which was written under the<br />

supervision of prof.dr. Klasien Horstman, in October 2008.<br />

Engineering Flesh. Towards professional<br />

responsibility for ‘lived bodies’ in Tissue Engineering<br />

Biomedical engineering as normative work<br />

Biomedical engineers study bodies as machine-like objects: in the laboratory<br />

they focus on mechanisms, functions and processes. However, in daily life<br />

patients live their bodies not as machine-like but as themselves. For example,<br />

a child with a malfunctioning heart valve experiences this as ‘ I feel tired’ and<br />

‘I cannot sport like my friends’. The phenomenological philosophical notion<br />

‘lived body’ grasps this rather well. That people experience their bodies<br />

as ‘lived bodies’ and not as objects, implies that engineering choices have<br />

impact on people’s identity and relationships with others and that biomedical<br />

engineering is normative work.<br />

So, how can biomedical engineers take professional responsibility for this<br />

normative work?<br />

The case of tissue engineering<br />

Tissue Engineering (TE) aims to create living body part substitutes (e.g. in the<br />

studied project heart valves) by using cells. I have ‘followed’ the process of<br />

engineering a heart valve intensively for four years. My fieldwork consisted of<br />

document analysis, participant observations in the laboratory, and interviews<br />

with tissue engineers, clinicians in the Netherlands and Switzerland.<br />

I also interviewed some of the founding fathers of TE and visited their<br />

laboratories at Harvard University/MIT in Boston.<br />

Broadening professional responsibility, organizing feedback<br />

My analysis shows that engineering choices affect the opportunities for people<br />

as lived bodies<br />

in specific ways. The benchmarks for the strength of a tissue-engineered valve<br />

for instance determine whether a person is able to do his/her favourite sport,<br />

deliver a baby vaginally or needs to fear for reoperation. And by choosing to use<br />

umbilical cord cells, engineers will affect pregnancy and birth practices.<br />

Therefore, professional responsibility of TE should be extended from issues of<br />

functionality and safety to include the way TE affects ‘lived bodies’. To take this<br />

responsibility seriously, engineers should organize learning processes about<br />

the impact of their work on ‘lived bodies’. So, the challenge for biomedical<br />

engineering departments at technical universities that engage in research on<br />

human bodies is to organise feedback of patients and to take this seriously in<br />

research and education.<br />

9


Mathematics and Computer Science<br />

Figure 1: Nomadic infant seat.<br />

I. Sabir MSc PDEng<br />

Figure 2: Connectivity and services framework of nomadic<br />

infant seat.<br />

10<br />

Imran Sabir attained his M.Sc. degree in Software Systems Engineering and<br />

afterwards a Professional Doctorate in Engineering (PDEng) in Software<br />

Technology. He conducted his PDEng thesis work at Philips Applied<br />

Technologies in Open Innovation Lab. His research interests are software<br />

construction and architectures, and enterprise architecture frameworks.<br />

Currently, he works as Software Architect in PinkRoccade Local Government<br />

which is largest IT solution provider for Dutch Government.<br />

A sensor-enabled nomadic infant seat capable of<br />

building ad-hoc networks<br />

The Smart Infant Seat is intended to give parents the feeling of always being<br />

in touch with their baby. In the car, the driver does not have to frequently turn<br />

her back or adjust the back-mirror to keep an eye on the baby. Instead, the car<br />

navigation system display can be used to watch the infant. Based on the settings<br />

of the seat, the car climate control will adjust automatically to keep the baby<br />

comfortable, an alert is given when the seat buckle is not securely fastened, and<br />

in an emergency situation, the nearest emergency service can be called. At home,<br />

the baby seat can be connected with the home network. Mothers can work in the<br />

kitchen using their Wireless Digital Photo Frame to keep an eye on the baby. The<br />

same infrastructure could be used for the home health care of elderly people,<br />

cutting down substantial health care costs.<br />

Developing a sensor-enabled wireless ad-hoc network framework<br />

The functional, non-functional and technical requirements have been written<br />

down as the starting point for making progress towards building prototype.<br />

To achieve this, the project realized an open infrastructure, the basis of which<br />

will be formed by a sensor network on the infant seat in cooperation with a car<br />

gateway. A service-oriented architecture technique has been used to develop<br />

middleware framework. The framework uses the Universal Plug and Play<br />

(UPnP) protocols over the Bluetooth to build ad-hoc networks seamlessly<br />

and dynamically with zero configurations.<br />

Results<br />

Infant seat’s SOA-based software architecture helps to build services, expose<br />

services, and use services from the network as well as seamless integration of<br />

newly developed sensors in future. An IP stack has been introduced over<br />

Bluetooth stack to implement the IP-based Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)<br />

mechanism for service discoveries in ad-hoc networks. UPnP mechanism allows<br />

the nomadic infant seat to use all the functionalities of the WIFI network while<br />

taking the benefit of the better Bluetooth power management. The result of the<br />

project is a framework that supports the sensors-enabled wellness monitoring<br />

system that can invoke external services in emergency cases through building<br />

ad-hoc networks. We investigated sensors like buckle sensors, smart textiles to<br />

measure ECG, and vision sensor for face detection. Such framework can be used<br />

in other contexts as elderly people’s health monitoring system.


For the best final project at <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2008<br />

The <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 2.500,awarded<br />

to the best final project in one of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Master’s programs,<br />

completed in 2008.<br />

This year 9 final projects from 9 different departments have been nominated.<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project<br />

Award <strong>2009</strong><br />

11


The jury has assessed the final projects based on the following criteria:<br />

• Sufficient innovative elements;<br />

• theoretically well-founded;<br />

• verifiably of adequate scientific quality;<br />

• results could be published in a scientific journal;<br />

• independence on the part of the student;<br />

• well-written report, preferably in English.<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project<br />

Award<br />

Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />

Based on these criteria the jury has decided to award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> to ir. J.F.M. Helmes,<br />

for his final project ‘The Other Brother: re-experiencing spontaneous moments from domestic life’.<br />

John Helmes did the research for his Master’s graduation project at the department of Industrial Design, under the supervision of<br />

dr.ir. C.C.M. Hummels. His research project was a collaboration with Microsoft Research Cambridge.<br />

12


John is an excellent example of the new type of designer the department of<br />

Industrial Design aims for. The Other Brother is a is a robotic device that captures<br />

spontaneous moments in the course of everyday life. Sounds in its direct environment<br />

trigger The Other Brother to capture an image, an image with sound or a<br />

short video clip. The creation of the object is an iterative design process from<br />

initial sketches, concepts and physical explorations towards a final design and<br />

several prototypes that have been extensively tested with users. The final<br />

prototype acts as an agent that behaves to some extent autonomously, capturing<br />

spontaneous moments that enable people to re-experience these moments in a<br />

playful way. This re-experiencing can be done at Microsoft’s Surface (an interactive<br />

table), through a website or by downloading the photos to an interactive<br />

photo frame.<br />

John did a phenomenal job for a Master’s student, both with respect to content<br />

and approach and with respect to output. This output was a patent John filed<br />

together with Microsoft Research. A paper about the graduation project he<br />

submitted for the Third International Conference on Tangible and Embedded<br />

Interaction was selected as the best paper of the conference. He also presented<br />

his final project at several other conferences and workshops. He is a true pioneer<br />

of the reflective transformative design process. Microsoft Research Cambridge<br />

hired him immediately after he received his Master’s degree. The fact that they<br />

hired him as a post-doc, even though he only has a Master’s degree, is truly<br />

unique.<br />

We think these arguments explain the unanimous decision of the jury to grant the<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> to John Helmes.<br />

The jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />

Prof.dr.ir. J.H. Blom (chair)<br />

Prof.dr.ir. J.J.H. Brouwers<br />

Prof.dr.ir. J.C. Fransoo<br />

13


Industrial Design<br />

ir. J.F.M. Helmes<br />

Figure 1: Sequence from the tabletop animation.<br />

Figure 2: A few results from the second user study.<br />

Figure 3: The completely assembled final design.<br />

14<br />

John Helmes has a background in Industrial Design and recently joined<br />

Microsoft Research in Cambridge where he now works as an Interaction<br />

Designer. His hands-on iterative design approach allows him to explore<br />

a wide range of different research themes which amongst others are<br />

autonomous behaviour, robotics and tangible computer input devices.<br />

During his Master’s Graduation project he was supervised by<br />

dr.ir. Caroline Hummels.<br />

Description of ‘The Other Brother’<br />

As the boom in digital photography attests, as human beings we like to capture<br />

valuable moments throughout our lives, keep them safe and share them later with<br />

friends and family. In the past, cameras have mainly been used to capture special<br />

events, such as being on a holiday or celebrating a birthday. However, many of<br />

today’s digital capture technologies, such as (digital) photo and video cameras,<br />

mobile phones and webcams spur us on to capture more and more, taking in not<br />

just special events but more mundane situations as well.<br />

Within this Master’s Graduation project several different design iterations lead<br />

to the creation of ‘The Other Brother’, a device which captures natural and<br />

spontaneous social situations within the course of everyday life. The Other<br />

Brother is designed as a situated, tangible object for lifetime capturing purposes<br />

and enables people to reexperience these moments in a playful way. It captures<br />

photo, video and audio when it senses sound and can rotate a full 360 degrees<br />

enabling it to turn towards the direction of a sound source. Above a certain sound<br />

level the device will open up its little retractable eyelid and capture that particular<br />

moment, e.g. during a birthday party, wedding, dinner or any other social<br />

situation.<br />

The Other Brother has its own personality, which is reflected in both its aesthetic<br />

and behaviour. Not giving it any attention will trigger it to draw attention to itself,<br />

by movement and visual feedback. Apart from developing the tangible object<br />

through several design iterations, three ways of obtaining and experiencing the<br />

captured moments were explored as well. Firstly,<br />

an interactive tabletop animation was designed to provide control over the<br />

captured moments allowing users potentially to download, play, edit and share<br />

captured media. Secondly, during a deployment with two different families, the<br />

captured media was synchronized with a digital picture frame and thirdly a web<br />

service provided the possibility for participants to review the captured moments.<br />

Apart from reexperiencing the captured moments, participants related to The<br />

Other Brother as an additional member within the group; a character taking part<br />

in the social activity.<br />

Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong>


Mechanical Engineering<br />

ir. C. Bekdemir<br />

Cemil Bekdemir finished his Master's in Mechanical Engineering under guidance<br />

of Bart Somers in the Combustion Technology group of professor Philip<br />

de Goey. Currently he works at a PhD position in the same Combustion<br />

Technology group, doing research on numerical models of engine-related<br />

processes like fuel sprays and turbulent combustion.<br />

Figure 1: Temporal sequence of progress variable and<br />

temperature contours showing the auto-ignition process resulting<br />

in total combustion.<br />

Figure 2: Contours of temperature.<br />

Combustion Technology<br />

Numerical Modeling of Diesel Engine Processes<br />

Diesel Engine Research<br />

Nowadays, diesel engine related research is becoming more and more<br />

important. For heavy duty transport purposes it is the main engine type, and<br />

also increasingly for passenger cars. But more important is the ever-increasing<br />

demands from emission legislation (NOx and soot), fuel economy (CO2) and fuel<br />

flexibility (bio-fuels) that makes diesel engines more complex. Conventional<br />

engine design approaches that rely on prototype development are simply too<br />

time-consuming and expensive. The development of predictive and efficient<br />

computational tools would represent a significant step forward in the ability to<br />

rapidly design high efficiency, low emission engines.<br />

Modern diesel engine technology unequivocally applies liquid fuel injection with<br />

high pressure, that forms a non-homogeneous mixture leading to relatively high<br />

levels of soot. This spray formation process may seem straightforward, but in<br />

reality it is dauntingly complex. Combustion presents especially great challenges,<br />

since it is a strongly nonlinear process involving many species. For that reason,<br />

accurate and fast CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is needed. Therefore,<br />

the aim of this study is in the first place to accurately and efficiently model<br />

nonreacting diesel spray formation. The second aim is to include ignition and<br />

combustion of the spray by means of a detailed, though efficient, tabulated<br />

chemistry method called FGM (Flamelet Generated Manifold).<br />

Spray Formation and Combustion<br />

A 1D spray model is implemented into a 3D CFD code. This new 3D spray model<br />

is validated with inert fuel spray penetration measurements and is able to<br />

predict spray lengths and shapes quantitatively well, in contrast to commonly<br />

implemented approaches. It also offers the advantage of a proper mesh<br />

resolution behavior, and is suitable for parallel computing.<br />

Combustion of the fuel spray is modeled with a tabulated chemistry method. This<br />

first application of the FGM approach to the simulation of an igniting diesel spray<br />

was a succes. Important characteristics like autoignition (Figure 1) and flame<br />

lift-off (Figure 2) are captured without applying an explicit ignition model,<br />

showing the generic nature and therefore the potential of the applied method.<br />

A first study with heptane as a surrogate for diesel fuel shows promising results<br />

concerning spray formation, and subsequently autoignition and the existence of<br />

a lift-off length.<br />

15


Electrical Engineering<br />

ir. E.D. Herbschleb<br />

Figure 1: Designed architecture containing the three-stage<br />

algorithm.<br />

Figure 2: Visualization of a result of the algorithm with the<br />

detected traffic signs in enlargements. Projected on each<br />

detected traffic sign are the name of the sign, the certainty<br />

indicators and the size.<br />

16<br />

Name: Ernst D. Herbschleb.<br />

Education: Master of Science, Electrical Engineering & Computer Science<br />

(both with honors).<br />

Current employment: Industrial PhD student, CycloMedia Technology B.V.<br />

Research combining the fields of Video Content Analysis, Artificial<br />

Intelligence and Computer Networks.<br />

Graduation & PhD supervision: prof.dr.ir. Peter H.N. de With, <strong>TU</strong>/e.<br />

Real-time Detection & Recognition of Traffic Signs<br />

Large image databases<br />

Popular applications such as Google Earth are currently combining satellite<br />

images with locally captured pictures of the environment within cities, villages<br />

and streets. Several Dutch companies are involved in the recording and storage<br />

of these images in a large database, which is then made available to public<br />

institutes and infrastructure companies for further exploration and data mining.<br />

A typical use for such a database is the manual identification of specific objects<br />

for maintenance purposes. These objects contain information about the<br />

infrastructure (road markings, traffic signs), the constructions (houses, factories)<br />

and the environment (trees, cows). An automatic detection system for such<br />

objects would highly increase the maintenance efficiency and reusability of the<br />

obtained infrastructure knowledge. To avoid manual time-consuming inspection<br />

of images, the detection rate should be rather high while the number of true<br />

negatives and false positives should be quite small.<br />

Algorithm for automated object extraction<br />

A new architecture for fast detection and recognition of traffic signs in highresolution<br />

images is designed. This architecture consists of a three-stage<br />

algorithm with multiple steps per stage, combining both color and specific<br />

spatial information, such as shape and location. In the preprocessing stage, color<br />

and shape features are used for segmentation and a search area is defined. The<br />

processing stage applies characteristic-feature techniques to locate candidates<br />

for traffic signs. Features are detected, described, matched and combined. The<br />

postprocessing stage validates the proposed signs, which enhances the overall<br />

reliability of the system.<br />

Results<br />

The initial experiments showed a detection rate of 99%, while having a throughput<br />

rate of 35 Hz for line-of-sight images (resolution 800x600) and a throughput<br />

rate of 4 Hz for panorama images (resolution 4,800x2,400). No false detections<br />

occurred using the available data set. At the moment, the architecture is prepared<br />

to run on a ground-truth database of 5,000 images, after which a database of tens<br />

of millions of images is eagerly waiting. The algorithm is designed taking a more<br />

general approach, in order to reuse large parts of the processing architecture for<br />

the detection of alternative objects, such as lanterns and other street furniture.


Applied Physics<br />

ir. J.P.J. van Jaarsveld<br />

Development of the Crow instability for a wing-tip vortex pair<br />

captured in a number of snap shots in time.<br />

Evolution of the wing-tip vortices in terms of the dimensionless<br />

evolution time t* versus the dimensionless dissipation<br />

rate of turbulence, both scaled on the characteristics of the<br />

airfoils.<br />

Roll up of wing-tip vortices that is made visible by water<br />

condensation in the vortex cores and by deformation of the<br />

clouds.<br />

Jort van Jaarsveld currently works for Shell as a reservoir engineer where he<br />

is involved in gas production and reserves forecasts. The graduation project<br />

was a team achievement together with ing. Ad Holten, ir. Bram Elsenaar,<br />

dr.ir. Ruben Trieling, and prof.dr.ir. GertJan van Heijst.<br />

Wind tunnel experiments on wake-vortex decay in<br />

external turbulence<br />

Wing-tip vortices are strong tornado-like structures which are formed in the wake<br />

of an aircraft as it crosses the sky. Due to water condensation inside of these<br />

structures, the vortices can often be seen behind the aircraft as two white trails.<br />

The high velocities in the vortices are a safety concern for other aircraft and it is<br />

therefore essential to understand their decay. This decay is strongly dependent<br />

on the weight and wing span of the aircraft, but also on atmospheric conditions.<br />

Especially the relative strength of ambient turbulence is a key factor for the decay.<br />

Conservative aircraft spacing rules ensure safety, but also limit airport capacity.<br />

In the wind tunnel facility of the Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, experiments have<br />

been performed to investigate the decay of wing-tip vortices in a turbulent<br />

environment. The technique of Particle Image Velocimetry was exploited to<br />

determine cross flow velocity fields at different positions behind model wings. In<br />

this way, the decay of wing-tip vortices could be accurately quantified for a wide<br />

range of turbulence conditions. The choices in the configuration of the setup<br />

resulted in a large and accurate dataset to quantify the decay in vortex strength.<br />

An important measure of the strength of a wing-tip vortex is its circulation. The<br />

only means to decrease this circulation is by vorticity cancellation requiring direct<br />

contact between vortices with different rotation direction. The mutual interaction<br />

of the vortices will lead to large-scale instabilities that significantly affect the<br />

structure of the whole vortex wake. A classical example is the Crow instability,<br />

which is characterized by long-wavelength sinusoidal perturbations.<br />

When the amplitude of these perturbations grows sufficiently large, the vortex<br />

cores touch, followed by a complete destruction of the vortex pair within a few<br />

minutes. It was found that external turbulence triggers these instabilities and<br />

enhances the diffusion of vorticity and thus accelerates the decay of wake<br />

vortices.<br />

17


Chemical Engineering and Chemistry<br />

ir. R.T.M. Jakobs<br />

Figure 1: Schematic overview of the self-assembly process<br />

of the Janus gold nanoparticles with the used ligands and<br />

electron microscope (TEM) image of the aggregate.<br />

Bob Jakobs is currently doing his PhD project on mechanically activated<br />

catalysts in the group of prof.dr. Sijbesma at <strong>Eindhoven</strong> University of Technology.<br />

He graduated in 2008 in the group of prof.dr. Meijer and prof.dr.ir. Janssen under<br />

supervision of dr. Jeroen van Herrikhuyzen.<br />

Self-assembly of hybrid organic/inorganic<br />

nanoparticles<br />

Figure 2: Schematic overview of the effect of the amount of<br />

ligand added on the morphology of the films with the resulting<br />

voltages and currents in the memory cell containing<br />

inter-mediate amounts of ligand.<br />

18<br />

Hybrid materials based on inorganic nanoparticles and π -conjugated ligands have<br />

unique optoelectronic properties. To fully exploit these properties in devices, the<br />

morphology of the materials is of great importance. Control over this morphology<br />

may be obtained via self-assembly. In my research project, I investigated the<br />

possibilities of self-assembly to obtain organic-inorganic hybrid materials with<br />

specific morphology and electrical functionality.<br />

In the first part, small (4 nm diameter) gold nanoparticles were synthesized and<br />

decorated with a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic ligands. The<br />

π -conjugated, hydrophobic ligands are fluorescent and semiconducting.<br />

The resulting particles aggregate spontaneously in water to form disk-shaped<br />

agglomerates. We attribute this to the peculiar nature of the outer surface of the<br />

decorated gold particles: these have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic face,<br />

and are often referred to as Janus particles (after the Roman god with the two<br />

faces).<br />

Changing the metallic gold core to semiconducting zinc oxide (ZnO), electronic<br />

functionality was introduced in these hybrid materials. Here, ZnO nanoparticles<br />

were partially covered with organic thiol ligands. In this way, electrical contact<br />

between the ZnO cores can still be formed, however, the number of these contacts<br />

can be controlled by adjusting the amount of ligand added. Optimizing this<br />

amount leads to formation of a small number of conducting channels, that can be<br />

switched on and off using an electrical voltage. Using this approach, an electronic<br />

memory cell could be constructed, that can be written, erased, and read out<br />

electrically. The performances of this memory cell are unprecedented for ZnO.<br />

In this research project, it was shown that morphology and electronic<br />

functionality of organic-inorganic hybrid materials can be controlled via selfassembly<br />

processes. In this new approach, it should be possible to engineer<br />

the properties of many different kinds of organic-inorganic hybrid materials.


Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences<br />

ir. M.M. Koppes<br />

Current employment: Philips Healthcare, Quote to Cash Program since<br />

August 2008 in Planning and Visibility work stream.<br />

Main working areas: Demand forecasting and network design.<br />

Supervisor final project 2008: prof.dr.ir. G.J. (Geert-Jan) van Houtum.<br />

Network Design for Next Day Deliveries of Spare Parts<br />

at IBM<br />

Figure 1: Example of network design including time constraints<br />

of hubs.<br />

Figure 2: Design approach III has significantly lower network<br />

costs while achieving higher service level.<br />

After sales service<br />

IBM offers next to advanced information systems, high quality after-sales service.<br />

This high quality after-sales service is required to satisfy the Service Level<br />

Agreement (SLA) that defines the level of service the customer requires. A<br />

differentiation in the level of service is made by IBM into same, next, next<br />

business and second business day orders. As the names already imply, the<br />

available time span differs per service level. Due to the worldwide, geographically<br />

dispersed customers and the high quality service they demand, it is necessary to<br />

have several stocking points in the customer area. The design of this network<br />

capable of serving customers in a time-responsive manner is complicated<br />

because of the characteristics of spare parts (high value and low demand rate).<br />

Assignment<br />

“Develop a tool that provides insight into the optimal network design for next day<br />

orders”.<br />

The optimal network generates minimal yearly costs while satisfying the service<br />

constraints.<br />

Design Questions<br />

1. What is the optimal number of hubs?<br />

2. What is the optimal location of hubs?<br />

3. What method should be used to dispatch the part from a hub to the customer?<br />

4. What are the optimal inventory levels of parts at the selected hubs?<br />

3 Design approaches:<br />

I. Decoupled design approach<br />

II. Integrated design approach without lateral transshipments<br />

III. Integrated design approach with lateral transshipments **NEW and UNIQUE<br />

Lateral transshipments are defined as the provisioning of a part by another<br />

stocking point than the point to which a customer is assigned. This backup option<br />

is used to fulfill a demand when the own stocking point is out of stock.<br />

Conclusion<br />

The new and unique design approach III is by far the best approach:<br />

A. It supports integrated network design approach:<br />

• Strong correlation between inventory and total costs<br />

• Design approach III benefits over design approach I<br />

B. It includes lateral transshipments:<br />

• Design approach III significantly decreases network network costs while<br />

achieving a significantly higher service level than design approach II<br />

In addition, approach III generates designs that are more robust for expansion of<br />

the customer area.<br />

19


Biomedical Engineering<br />

ir. J.P.J. Schmitz<br />

Figure 1: Skeletal muscle tissue consists of three distinct cell<br />

types, type I, type IIA and type IIX respectively. 31 PMRS<br />

measurements represents the average behavior of these<br />

different cell types. The computational model connects the<br />

observations at macroscopic scale to the cellular processes at<br />

microscopic scale.<br />

Joep Schmitz received his MSc degree (cum laude) in Biomedical<br />

Engineering (<strong>TU</strong>/e). He performed his final project in the BioModeling and<br />

Bioinformatics group (prof.dr. P.A.J. Hilbers) and the Biomedical NMR group<br />

(prof.dr. K. Nicolay).<br />

He is currently continuing his research as a PhD candidate.<br />

His personal interests include playing the piano, travelling and mountain<br />

biking.<br />

Human skeletal muscle metabolism: combining computational<br />

modeling and 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy<br />

Figure 2: A.) experimental data (grey diamonds) vs. model<br />

predictions with PFK and PK activation by Ca2+ (hypothesis 1)<br />

and without (hypothesis 2)<br />

B.) experimental data (grey diamonds) vs. model predictions<br />

with deactivation of mitochondrial at rest (hypothesis 1) and<br />

without (hypothesis 2).<br />

C.) experimental data (grey diamonds) and model simulations<br />

of whole muscle dynamics (black line) and individual cell<br />

dynamics (red, magenta, blue lines) during high intensity<br />

bicycle exercise and recovery.<br />

D.) experimental data (grey diamonds) and model simulations<br />

of whole muscle dynamics (black lines) and individual cell<br />

dynamics (red, magenta, blue lines) during low intensity<br />

bicycle exercise and recovery.<br />

20<br />

Biomedical NMR<br />

Introduction<br />

A characteristic of all living cells is that they require energy to maintain normal<br />

function. To satisfy this energy demand, each cell contains a highly complex<br />

system of molecules that interact and convert nutrients (glucose, fatty acids) into<br />

energy. A disturbance of this system can lead to severe pathologies like insulin<br />

resistance and type 2 diabetes. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying this highly<br />

complex system is therefore an important topic in biomedical research.<br />

Skeletal muscle tissue is one of the main organs that develop insulin resistance.<br />

Furthermore, skeletal muscle tissue is known to increase its energy demand<br />

over one hundred times in a transition of resting to fully activated state. These<br />

characteristics make skeletal muscle tissue very attractive for studying cell<br />

metabolism.<br />

Methods<br />

31 P MRS is a non-invasive method to record in vivo skeletal muscle metabolite<br />

dynamics. Experimental data was obtained by performing 31 P MRS measurements<br />

during in-magnet bicycle exercise and recovery. Interpretation of this data is<br />

complicated by skeletal muscle heterogeneity and organization at distinct scales<br />

(Figure 1). We developed a multi-scale computational model to connect the<br />

macroscopic 31 P MRS measurements at whole muscle level to the behavior of<br />

metabolic pathways in individual muscle cells.<br />

Cell metabolism was described by a set of 47 ODE’s. Flux description and<br />

parameter values were determined based upon enzyme kinetic data available in<br />

literature. Different cell types were modeled by cell type specific parameter sets.<br />

Results<br />

Comparison of model predictions and experimental data were used to test<br />

different hypotheses regarding the regulatory mechanisms present within<br />

the pathways (Figure 2A and B). These results contributed to an improved<br />

understanding of the functioning of the metabolic pathways.<br />

Model predictions at whole muscle scale and experimental data agreed well.<br />

Moreover, model simulations predicted metabolite dynamics in individual cell<br />

types (Figure 2C and D), as well as dynamics of metabolites undetectable with<br />

31 P MRS. These predictions are potentially valuable to other research and clinical<br />

settings as they can indicate if a certain experimental observation is attributable<br />

to all or only a subset of muscle cells.<br />

This work provided a basis for future studies, in which the model of a healthy<br />

muscle can be adapted to describe pathologies like type 2 diabetes. Model<br />

predictions of such a ‘virtual’ patient can contribute to an improved<br />

understanding of cause and consequence of these diseases.


Architecture, Building and Planning<br />

ir. C.J.P.A. Smeets<br />

Owner at Bamboo Concepts<br />

As creator at Bamboo Concepts I am specializing in sustainable energy<br />

systems and business development. After a number of freelance projects I<br />

am working on founding a sustainable housing development company: For<br />

Sustainable Living, providing sustainable and affordable dwellings.<br />

Supervisor at <strong>TU</strong>/e: prof.dr.ir. W.F. Schaefer<br />

Strategic Customer Approach in Sustainable Energy<br />

Systems Improving customer demand in sustainable housing developments<br />

The objective of this research project is to make recommendations for<br />

improvement on the application of sustainable energy systems in new<br />

housing development projects. By making an analysis of the economic and<br />

functional customer housing demands and designing a market approach that<br />

provides these customer demands.<br />

In addressing this objective a postulate has been stated: “It is possible to<br />

develop market conform sustainable housing projects. Despite the desirability<br />

of this development there is insufficient customer demand due to insufficient<br />

strategic market approach.” This thesis project affirms this postulate.<br />

First by making an analysis of economic customer demands, defining the value<br />

appropriation of customers. Providing an answer to the question: “What is it that<br />

customers perceive as an element of value?”<br />

Second the system characteristics of a sustainable energy system are analysed.<br />

This provides an answer to: “Does the system provide demanded functionality<br />

and sufficient advantages?”<br />

A set of four discrepancies has been determined, where customer evaluation and<br />

intrinsic quality of the system are conflicting. These discrepancies are addressed<br />

in a two-folded customer approach; based on four business strategy elements<br />

that aim at increasing the value perception of homeowners in sustainable energy<br />

systems and increasing the importance of innovation in housing developments.<br />

A strategic customer approach is presented, that provides technology alternatives<br />

to improve the application of sustainable energy systems in new housing<br />

developments. This strategic business definition expands the customer approach<br />

by addressing the value offer that makes customer value evaluation difficult<br />

and introduces new approaches in applying sustainable energy systems in new<br />

housing development projects.<br />

This strategy implies a technology-push, which is much needed to achieve<br />

a stronger demand-pull, on sustainable energy systems in new housing<br />

development projects. Addressing the four defined discrepancies in a two-folded<br />

customer approach proves the postulate.<br />

As a result this thesis will lead to a renewed focus on customer value evaluation<br />

and customer functionality needed. Presented in a market strategy that improves<br />

the applicability of sustainable energy systems in new housing development<br />

projects.<br />

21


Mathematics and Computer Science<br />

ir. M.W.H. Wijffelaars<br />

Martijn Wijffelaars graduated in 2008 with a Master in Computer Science<br />

and Engineering and a certificate 'Technisch Management'. He currently<br />

works at MagnaView (www.magnaview.com), where he is involved in R&D<br />

and developing visualizations. MagnaView is a company that visualizes<br />

business data, using advanced visualization techniques based on research<br />

of the Visualization group of <strong>TU</strong>/e.<br />

Figure 1: The shape of the curve in CIELUV color space determines<br />

the appearance of the palette. Users can fine-tune the<br />

palette with parameters like saturation, brightness and<br />

contrast.<br />

Figure 2: A set of generated preset palettes.<br />

Figure 3: First a preset palette is chosen, then users can adjust<br />

it using the slider interface.<br />

22<br />

Synthesis of Color Palettes<br />

Color Palettes<br />

Color is used in all areas of visualization, including cartography, information<br />

visualization and scientific visualization. An example is the use of color to<br />

represent temperature ranges in a weather forecast. Here scalar values are<br />

mapped to colors, and the set of colors used is called a palette.<br />

Selection of the right combination of colors in a palette is critical for conveying<br />

information correctly. This task is not trivial. A number of sometimes conflicting<br />

requirements have to be met, taking the functional characteristics of the human<br />

visual system into account. Experts can achieve optimal results by carefully<br />

hand-picking colors; for non-experts this is often too difficult and timeconsuming.<br />

A simple solution is to provide the user with a number of standard<br />

palettes. However, none of these palettes may be deemed optimal for the<br />

application under consideration.<br />

CIELUV color space<br />

Therefore, a method for the automated synthesis of palettes was created. At the<br />

basis lies the CIELUV color system, which is perceptually more uniform than<br />

conventional color systems. To analyze the CIELUV color system, a tool<br />

called PaletteView was developed. This provided new insights, leading to a<br />

mathematical model to generate palettes.<br />

Palette generation technique<br />

The proposed model uses a flexible curve in CIELUV color space, defined with<br />

Bézier curves. This curve is restricted to move within the gamut of visible colors<br />

on an RGB monitor, thereby preventing approximation of colors outside the<br />

gamut. The user can control the shape of the curve, and thereby the appearance<br />

of the palette, with a small set of meaningful and intuitive parameters: saturation,<br />

brightness, contrast, hue range, and the number of colors.<br />

Using this technique, users can create proper palettes without any knowledge on<br />

color theory or on the creation of bias-free palettes. They simply select a preset<br />

palette and use the slider interface to tune the palette according to their specific<br />

wishes and circumstances.<br />

The palette generation technique is implemented in the MagnaView application<br />

and has been in use successfully, both internally and by customers, for about a<br />

year.


For the best design report at <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2008<br />

The <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 5.000,awarded<br />

to the best design project in one of the <strong>TU</strong>/e design programs,<br />

completed in 2008. The design can be a product, a process, or a system.<br />

This year 4 design projects from 4 different design programs and commissioned<br />

by different clients have been nominated.<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award<br />

<strong>2009</strong><br />

23


The jury has assessed the design projects based on the following criteria:<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award<br />

Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />

• Execution within the demands and wishes of the external client;<br />

• thorough problem analysis;<br />

• clear description of the solution strategy;<br />

• methodological approach and application of knowledge and technology from multiple disciplines;<br />

• clear documentation of the design process and a description of the results that is also comprehensible to non-specialists;<br />

• usable end-result with a positive effect on the practical situation of the client.<br />

Based on these criteria the jury has decided to award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong> to Ir. Rianne (A.J.) Pas PDEng<br />

for her design project ‘Angiography-based physiological parameters to determine the severity of a coronary<br />

stenosis’.<br />

Rianne Pas did her project at the X-Ray Predevelopment department of Philips Health Care and the Catharina-ziekenhuis, as part of the<br />

design program Design and Technology of Instrumentation. Her <strong>TU</strong>/e supervisors were prof.dr.ir. F.N. van de Vosse and prof.dr. N.H.J. Pijls,<br />

both from the department of Biomedical Engineering. Her supervisor at Philips Health Care was dr.ir. P. Rongen.<br />

At the Catharina-ziekenhuis Rianne worked under the supervision of drs. P. Tonino and ir. M. van ’t Veer.<br />

24


Rianne Pas has developed an exploratory design for an X-Ray based system that<br />

can be used for determining the severity of a stenosis; a narrowing in one or more<br />

of the coronary arteries leading to an obstruction of the blood flow. The system<br />

applies image processing techniques to physiological measures derived from an<br />

angiogram.<br />

Rianne has written a well-structured report that starts with a good outline of the<br />

problem, resulting in a well-formulated problem definition. To solve the problem<br />

a solid analysis is made of the techniques that may be applied for image<br />

processing, modeling of the flow and determining the Fractional Flow Reserve<br />

(FFR). The signal analysis technique selected is based on so-called Digital<br />

Subtraction Angiography (DSA): subtraction of the background of an image from<br />

the rest of the angiogram during the whole heart cycle to enable accurate visualization<br />

of tissue filled with contrast agent as function of time. To get the best<br />

results the X-Ray tube control protocol was changed. After optimization of the<br />

X-Ray picture taking, each relevant step of the design was carefully analyzed<br />

resulting in an ultimate solution for determining the Time Intensity Curve (TIC).<br />

This TIC is the video analysis based densitometry measurement of the contrast<br />

agent flow passing through the selected Region Of Interest (ROI). Although the<br />

design could only be tested in simulation it has been demonstrated that this X-ray<br />

video analysis system can provide important information about the physiological<br />

state of the coronary arteries.<br />

Although the jury was unanimous in its decision, it was somewhat disappointed<br />

by the limited number of designs submitted and sincerely hopes for more<br />

submissions next year.<br />

The jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />

Prof.dr. P.A.J. Hilbers (chair)<br />

Prof.dr.ir. A.C.P.M. Backx<br />

Dr.ir. S.P.G. Moonen<br />

25


Design and Technology of Instrumentation<br />

26<br />

ir. A.J. Pas PDEng<br />

Rianne Pas (Biomedical Engineer) graduated from the combined SAI<br />

programs ‘Design and Technology of Instrumentation’ and ‘Qualified<br />

Medical Engineer’. She performed her design project at Philips Healthcare<br />

in collaboration with the Catharina Hospital <strong>Eindhoven</strong>. Currently she works<br />

as Innovation Case Manager at the Medical Field Lab, Maastricht University<br />

Medical Center.<br />

Angiography-based physiological parameters to<br />

determine the severity of a coronary stenosis<br />

Figure 1: Coronary vessel tree visualized by contrast agent. The<br />

white arrow indicates a stenosis.<br />

Artery<br />

a<br />

Myocardium<br />

Correction<br />

b<br />

Figure 2: a. Regions of Interest (ROIs) are indicated in the artery<br />

and myocardium. The correction area is used for normalization,<br />

b. Time Intensity Curves derived from the ROIs in a. Tp is<br />

indicated, as it is used in this Time Intensity method.<br />

Figure 3: The left graph shows the result of the Tp of the<br />

arterial ROI before and after stenting versus the FFR before<br />

and after stenting. The right graph shows also the Tp after and<br />

before stenting versus FFR before and after stenting, but with<br />

the Tp of the perfusion area.<br />

The vertical line represents the boundary of FFRpre/FFRpost =<br />

0.83 for a significant stenosis and successful stenting.<br />

Interventions that did not fulfil this requirement are eliminated<br />

from the final result.<br />

Cardiovascular Disease<br />

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in the western world.<br />

Myocardial infarction is a particular sort of CVD: a narrowing in one or more of the<br />

coronary arteries (blood vessels around the heart) leading to an obstruction of<br />

the blood flow. This is called a stenosis. Physicians are able to make this visible<br />

with X-Ray by injecting contrast agent into the coronary arteries (figure 1).<br />

Fractional Flow Reserve<br />

If the stenosis is considered significant, a stent is inserted into the diseased<br />

artery and dilated by inflating the supporting balloon. The stent is left behind in<br />

the vessel to support the wall and to keep it open. For intermediate lesions the<br />

decision for treatment may be hard. Then, the significance of a stenosis can be<br />

quantified by a Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) measurement.<br />

The FFR is the ratio of pressures on both sides of the stenosis measured with a<br />

pressure sensor mounted on a guide wire. This guide wire has to be inserted<br />

separately, which introduces extra risks and costs for the patient.<br />

X-ray Based Physiological Parameters<br />

In this design project, it is explored whether it is possible to extract the severity<br />

of a stenosis in a less invasive way. According to a prescribed protocol, X-ray<br />

images are acquired in the Catharina Hospital <strong>Eindhoven</strong>. After smart image<br />

processing and analysis under supervision of Philips Healthcare, X-Ray Pre-development,<br />

physiological parameters from heart tissue are derived before and after<br />

the intervention. Regions of Interest (ROI) are indicated in the artery and<br />

myocardium from which pixel intensities are registered during several seconds<br />

(figure 2). The pixel intensity in the ROI changes by means of passing contrast<br />

agent and the average value is used in the Time Intensity Curve (TIC). The time<br />

that is necessary to reach the peak of the TIC (Tp) is indicated as inverse flow.<br />

The TICs are measured in both the artery and myocardium, before and after stent<br />

placement, and are tested against the FFR measured during the intervention<br />

before and after the stent placement (figure 3).<br />

Conclusion<br />

Currently, the proposed method is retrospective, but the results are promising<br />

with respect to the development of a prospective method. From this project, it<br />

seems feasible to extract parameters from smart processed X-Ray images that<br />

indicate the significance of a stenosis<br />

and is the topic of further research.<br />

Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong>


Process and Product Design<br />

V. Jancic MSc PDEng<br />

Figure 1: Coverage of the district heating grid Amernet.<br />

Vuk Jancic studied Process Equipment Design in Belgrade and subsequently<br />

joined the Process and Product Design program.<br />

He conducted his graduation project at Essent Warmte under the<br />

supervision of prof.ir. Henk Leegwater. He is currently working as<br />

a Process Engineer at Fluor.<br />

Heat loss from district heating grid<br />

Introduction<br />

District heating (DH) is a widely used and well developed technology that can<br />

make a significant contribution to the reduction of the carbon dioxide emissions<br />

and to the decrease of energy demand. The idea behind DH is to connect multiple<br />

heat consumers to a cheap and efficient heat generation source through a piping<br />

network. The largest DH network of Essent, Amernet (Figure 1), consists of more<br />

than 400 kilometers of buried pipeline. With all the advantages of DH, the biggest<br />

problem is the distribution loss (heat loss). An average DH grid at Essent has 23%<br />

heat loss, which is more than in the surrounding countries.<br />

Objectives<br />

The main objective of the project was to gain a better understanding of the heat<br />

loss in the distribution grid and to propose a new design that would reduce the<br />

heat loss.<br />

Results<br />

It was discovered that the heat loss in the Netherlands is higher than in the<br />

surrounding countries due to the low heat density. It was found that the efficiency<br />

of the grid is not the best parameter to represent the quality of the grid.<br />

Comparative values such as specific heat loss and heat density give more insight<br />

into the phenomenon of heat loss. Specific heat loss was found to be reasonable.<br />

The heat loss of two different grids was simulated in “Grades Heating”, software<br />

for optimization of DH grids. The results were discarded due to inconsistency of<br />

the software. Instead of using software, a model was developed to calculate heat<br />

loss in Amernet. The accuracy of the results of the heat loss calculation was found<br />

to be 97%.<br />

The same model was used to investigate the optimization capabilities of the grid.<br />

Two possibilities were investigated; optimization of the old grid (Amernet) and<br />

optimization of a new grid. Proposed optimization of the old grid consisted of<br />

changing operating parameters and resulted in the reduction of heat loss by 5.1%.<br />

Proposed optimization of a new grid incorporated a totally new design of the<br />

pipelines using the newest technology of twin pipes. By implementing this<br />

technology the heat loss of the future DH grids can be reduced by 31%.<br />

27


Mathematics for Industry<br />

Figure 1: Buckles in the strip.<br />

N.S. Mandagi MSc PDEng<br />

Nanda Mandagi recieved her PDEng degree in 2008. Her graduation was<br />

supervised by Annemarie Aarts and Stef van Eijndhoven. Currently, she is<br />

working in Corus Research Development and Technology as a Rolling<br />

Technology Researcher.<br />

Buckling and Tracking in Corus Continuous Annealing Line<br />

Modelling the relationship between stress distribution and roll profile as an<br />

optimization problem<br />

Figure 2: A thermal roll profile with its corresponding boundary<br />

condition and compressive stress distribution.<br />

28<br />

Steel is an excellent packaging material since it is strong, durable, and 100%<br />

recyclable.<br />

It protects contents from water, oxygen, and light. Corus, as one of Europe’s<br />

largest steel producers, manufactures high-quality packaging steels and supplies<br />

the can-making industry world wide.<br />

Packaging steels are thin sheets of metal with a required level of strength and<br />

hardness. To produce a steel strip with well-specified mechanical properties,<br />

several processes are applied. One of them is a continuous annealing process.<br />

During this process, the strip runs over numerous rolls in an alternate up and<br />

down vertical motion under global tension.<br />

Two common problems encountered during the annealing process are strips that<br />

buckle and strips that are off track. When the tension is too low, the strip starts to<br />

wander. If the strip drifts away too much from the centre of the roll, then stable<br />

operation is disturbed, resulting in severe damage. To prevent this, profiled rolls<br />

are used. The profile is chosen such that it applies a force to the strip that moves<br />

the strip back toward the centre of the roll when it is off track. The more we apply<br />

the self-centring force, the better the strip tracking is. However, it is not always a<br />

feasible solution since then buckling may appear.<br />

Since what is desired is to have a well-tracked strip without buckles, optimum<br />

process parameters are required. A common way to relate these parameters to<br />

buckling and tracking is via the stress distribution. My task was to develop a<br />

mathematical model and a numerical implementation by which the stress<br />

distributions in a strip for any general roll profile can be calculated. By having the<br />

stress distributions, a buckling criterion and centring movement of the strip are<br />

obtained. The novel contribution of this project is that it defines a method that<br />

relates the roll profiles to boundary conditions. Here, the problem was tackled<br />

by using an expansion technique in combination with an optimization technique.<br />

The use of elementary biharmonic functions yields a numerical implementation<br />

that is extremely fast and accurate.


Software Technology<br />

drs. D.M. Schipper PDEng<br />

Figure 1: The SLAM process cycle. The Map Building and<br />

Localization processes highly depend on each other through<br />

the robot position and the map built from the environment,<br />

using recognizable image features.<br />

Figure 2: Design of the demonstrator: components and data<br />

flow.<br />

Figure 3a: Stereo-triangulation<br />

to determine the distance to a<br />

feature.<br />

Figure 4: Landmarks and robot<br />

path in one of the experiments.<br />

Dorieke Schipper attained her MSc degree in Computer Science at Leiden<br />

University in 2006 on the subject of 3D transformations of biological<br />

images. In 2008, she concluded the Software Technology program under<br />

supervision of Erik Luit (<strong>TU</strong>/e) and Harry Broers (Philips Applied<br />

Technologies). Currently, Dorieke is working at Sioux Embedded Systems,<br />

contributing to the development of a machine that uses inkjet technology<br />

for placing copper traces on pcbs.<br />

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping with stereovision<br />

Design of a demonstrator and a feasibility analysis for commercial applications<br />

Figure 3b: Ground plane projection<br />

of a 3D map. Features<br />

are represented by their<br />

95%confidence regions. Red<br />

features are re-observed.<br />

The growing interest of the industry in personal robotics led to the initiation of<br />

a feasibility study of the applicability of vision-based Simultaneous Localization<br />

and Mapping (SLAM) techniques for robot navigation in consumer applications.<br />

Several research publications claim good tracking results with vision-based<br />

SLAM. However, existing open source implementations are not robust enough to<br />

be used in commercial applications. A feasibility analysis and the development<br />

of a demonstrator led to the conclusion that a commercial application of visionbased<br />

SLAM for 3D tracking and localization is not feasible yet.<br />

SLAM<br />

The process of SLAM can be described by an endless loop as illustrated in<br />

Figure 1. The design of the demonstrator SLAM system as described here is<br />

outlined in Figure 2.<br />

Landmark Extraction<br />

The system uses stereovision to observe its environment. A stereovision system<br />

consists of two cameras, functioning like the left and right eye of the robot. If a<br />

feature can be found in both images, the 3D position of this feature can be determined<br />

by stereo-triangulation (see Figure 3a).<br />

Map building<br />

The uncertainty in the feature position, due to calibration errors and measurement<br />

noise, is considered Gaussian. If a feature is re-observed, the position<br />

uncertainty decreases (see Figure 3b).<br />

Data association and Localization<br />

Data association is the challenge of recognizing landmarks from the map in the<br />

input images. This correspondence can be used to determine the robot’s position<br />

with respect to the map.<br />

A robust estimator, such as RANSAC, can be used to identify wrong data<br />

associations, after which the good associations can be used for optimization.<br />

Experiments and Conclusions<br />

Two datasets have been used to evaluate the accuracy, robustness, and<br />

performance of the demonstrator. With a professional set of cameras, results are<br />

promising, but a low-budget stereovision system cannot be calibrated accurately<br />

enough to determine the positions of features reliably. The uncertain feature<br />

positions and the cyclic nature of SLAM prevent the development of robust and<br />

accurate tracking using SLAM in commercial applications.<br />

29


<strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project<br />

Award <strong>2009</strong><br />

For the best dissertation or technological design at <strong>TU</strong>/e<br />

in 2008<br />

The <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 5.000,awarded<br />

to the best <strong>TU</strong>/e doctoral project, completed in 2008.<br />

This year 10 doctoral projects from 7 different departments have been nominated.<br />

31


The jury has assessed the doctoral projects based on the following criteria:<br />

• Sufficient innovative elements;<br />

• scope of the research or design;<br />

• comprehensibility of the dissertation or research report;<br />

• social relevance.<br />

<strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project<br />

Award<br />

Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />

Based on these criteria the jury has decided to award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong> to<br />

dr. M. García Larrodé, for her dissertation ‘Radio over Fiber Distributed Antenna Systems for in-building<br />

Broadband Wireless Services’.<br />

32


Maria García Larrodé did her doctoral research at the department of Electrical<br />

Engineering and received her PhD on 4 March 2008, cum laude. Her first supervisors<br />

were prof.ir. A.M.J. Koonen and prof.dr.ir. I.G.M.M. Niemegeers from the<br />

department of Electrical Engineering. Prof.dr.ir. E.R. Fledderus, also from the<br />

department of Electrical Engineering, served as her copromotor.<br />

Maria’s dissertation makes important contributions to the technology of radioover-fibre<br />

systems, on aspects such as network level concepts and inter-network<br />

control protocols. It deals with basic technology design, system concepts,<br />

theoretical analysis, and experimental demonstration at proof of principle level,<br />

all within a complicated set of constraints. The jury is impressed by the high<br />

quality of this well-written and attractively illustrated thesis, which moreover sets<br />

an excellent scientific example. The large number of journal publications and<br />

conference presentations has given the work international exposure. Maria has<br />

already received two awards from professional societies in her field of research.<br />

The jury is pleased to note that although the decision was unanimous, all ten<br />

nominated doctoral projects were of high quality and would have been worthy<br />

recipients of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong>.<br />

The jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />

Prof.dr. J.W. Niemantsverdriet (chair)<br />

Prof.dr. K.M. van Hee<br />

Prof.dr.ir. K. Kopinga<br />

33


Electrical Engineering<br />

dr. M. García Larrodé<br />

Figure 1: RoF systems propose the consolidation of the radio<br />

access control and signal generation and processing at a<br />

centralized control station (CS) and the delivery of the radio<br />

signals transparently to simplified remote antenna site (AS)<br />

that contain only RF modules via optical fiber. They take<br />

advantage of fiber's inherent properties of low loss, light<br />

weight, immunity against electromagnetic interference and<br />

huge transmission bandwidth to employ fiber as a reliable<br />

transmission medium for the distribution of microwave and<br />

millimeter wave radio signals.<br />

María García Larrodé got her MSc degree in telecommunications<br />

engineering. After several years of industrial experience as a systems<br />

engineer in mobile radio networks, she joined <strong>TU</strong>/e to pursue the PhD<br />

degree on broadband optical/wireless access networks under the<br />

supervision of prof.ir. Ton Koonen. María is currently a scientific<br />

innovator in access network technologies at TNO.<br />

Radio over Fiber Distributed Antenna Systems for<br />

in-building Broadband Wireless Services<br />

Figure 2: The robustness of OFM against modal dispersion<br />

impairments has made possible the accomplishment of a<br />

point-to-multipoint radio over multimode fiber distributed<br />

antenna system, which has been implemented with an all-fiber<br />

multimode add/drop node based on a narrow-band multimode<br />

fiber Bragg grating. The experiments carried out with this<br />

design achieve successful distribution of 64-QAM radio signals<br />

at 24GHz after 4.4km of multimode fiber transmission.<br />

34<br />

Radio-over-fiber (RoF) distributed antenna systems<br />

RoF-distributed antenna systems have been identified as a flexible option for the<br />

access architecture of current and emerging wireless access networks, especially<br />

inside buildings, as it reduces infrastructure cost and antenna site complexity and<br />

it enables a flexible convergence of broadband wired and wireless services in an<br />

integrated full service access and in-building network (Figure 1). This dissertation<br />

addresses the study of broadband wireless access networks employing RoF<br />

techniques and the application of the optical frequency multiplication (OFM)<br />

technique to the physical layer design of a cost-effective and reliable RoF-based<br />

wireless access infrastructure. The scope of this work encompasses novel system<br />

concepts, theoretical analysis and experimental demonstrations from technology<br />

and transmission level to link and networking levels.<br />

Optical Frequency Multiplication (OFM) technique<br />

OFM has the advantage of generating high-frequency harmonics with a single<br />

laser source and employing low-frequency electronics. It is tolerant to chromatic<br />

dispersion in single-mode fiber and robust against modal dispersion in multimode<br />

fiber transmission, and can be easily integrated in last-mile optical access<br />

networks by means of wavelength division multiplexing.<br />

Exploiting the characteristics of OFM, transmission records of radio signals at<br />

millimetre-wave frequencies over multimode fiber have been achieved; many<br />

versatile system concepts towards the design of a full-service RoF physical layer<br />

which supports multiple radio standards have been engineered; and the impact<br />

of such a RoF link on various wireless medium access control protocols has been<br />

analyzed, which represents a pioneering contribution to the radio-over-fiber<br />

research field.<br />

Finally, these concepts have been extended to two distributed antenna system<br />

(DAS) network designs. The first network design is a compact RoF-DAS which<br />

combines the use of agile phase- and wavelength-tunable lasers with arrayed<br />

waveguide gratings to enable dynamic wavelength allocation for providing<br />

flexible radio capacity on demand. The second network design consists of a<br />

full-duplex multimode fiber ring network, which is implemented by means of<br />

an all-fiber multimode add/drop node based on a narrowband multimode fiber<br />

Bragg grating. This latter design represents the first-ever reported (to the best<br />

of the author's knowledge) point-to-multipoint DAS over multimode fiber,<br />

showing that the OFM technique is uniquely suited for application in multimode<br />

fiber in-building networks (Figure 2).<br />

Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong>


Electrical Engineering<br />

dr.ir. D. van den Borne<br />

Dirk van den Borne received his MSc degree in Electrical Engineering from<br />

the <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2004, and completed his PhD research (‘Robust Optical<br />

Transmission Systems’) in 2008. He is currently an R&D project manager<br />

at Nokia Siemens Networks, where he is responsible for the optical system<br />

performance of next-generation transmission systems.<br />

Robust Optical Transmission Systems<br />

Designing tomorrow’s telecommunication network<br />

Figure 1: Constellation diagram of polarization-multiplexed<br />

DQPSK modulation, shown as a 4 dimensional hypercube<br />

(4 orthogonal signal dimensions: in-phase and quadrature<br />

component of the optical phase on each of the two orthogonal<br />

polarization states).<br />

Figure 2: Measured performance of 100-Gb/s polarizationmultiplexed<br />

DQPSK modulation in a long-haul transmission<br />

test bed. The figure shows the measured bit error ratio (BER)<br />

as a function of the transmission distance.<br />

Figure 3: Experimental demonstration of 100-Gb/s polarizationmultiplexed<br />

DQPSK transmission.<br />

The world connected<br />

The global telecommunication network transports massive volumes of data traffic<br />

to all corners of the world. Skype, Youtube, Google Earth and peer-to-peer networks,<br />

all of those services depend on a backbone of optical transmission links to ensure<br />

that they can be accessed by everyone, everywhere, and anytime. Today, most<br />

transmission links operate at data rates of 10 Gigabits per second (Gb/s) per<br />

wavelength channel. However, with online services becoming evermore important<br />

in our society the demand for bandwidth increases continuously. To service this<br />

demand, next-generation systems will need to multiply data rates by at least a factor<br />

of 10. A challenge that drives the development of 100-Gb/s transmission technology.<br />

At such data rates, the signal is easily distorted by linear and nonlinear transmission<br />

impairments, as well as bandwidth limitations. To build transmission systems that<br />

span continents or even oceans, these transmission impairments have to be very<br />

precisely compensated. Higher data rates make the design of an optical transmission<br />

system challenging, and therefore much more expensive.<br />

The objective: robust optical transmission systems<br />

Conventional optical transmission systems use amplitude modulation to encode<br />

information onto the optical signal. The Ph.D. project aimed to identify more robust<br />

modulation formats that exploit the phase and/or polarization state of the optical<br />

signal for use in high-capacity transmission systems. The identified formats are<br />

subsequently combined with different equalization technologies to further increase<br />

their robustness against transmission impairments.<br />

The results: modulation and equalization<br />

Robust modulation formats: 40-Gb/s differential quadrature phase shift keying<br />

(DQPSK) has been systematically evaluated through a combination of modeling,<br />

simulations, long-haul transmission experiments and finally a field-trial. This has<br />

showed that DQPSK modulation is highly tolerant to linear transmission impairments<br />

and therefore a suitable candidate for robust optical transmission systems.<br />

Robust electronic equalization: DQPSK can be combined with polarization multiplexing<br />

to double fiber capacity, but this causes sensitivity to polarization-induced<br />

transmission impairments. The research results proved that the combination of<br />

coherent detection and digital signal processing enables electrical polarization<br />

de-multiplexing and the equalization of linear transmission impairments. This opens<br />

up the possibility to use polarization multiplexing in long-haul transmission systems.<br />

The impact: a cost-effective solution for 100-Gb/s transmission<br />

In the scope of the Ph.D. project, the first ever demonstration of 100-Gb/s<br />

polarization-multiplexed DQPSK transmission using electronic equalization has<br />

been carried out. Since then, this solution has been worldwide accepted as the<br />

most suitable approach for 100G transport.<br />

35


Mechanical Engineering<br />

dr.ir. T.A.P. Engels<br />

Tom Engels, born December 5th 1978, Panningen, the Netherlands.<br />

Enrolled as a student in the department of Mechanical Engineering in 1999,<br />

and finished his doctorate thesis in the same department in the Polymer<br />

Technology group in 2008.<br />

Current employment: Scientist Mechanical Properties at DSM Research<br />

Performance Materials, Geleen, the Netherlands.<br />

Promotor: prof.dr.ir. Han E.H. Meijer. Copromotors: dr.ir. Leon E. Govaert<br />

and dr.ir. Gerrit W.M. Peters<br />

Predicting Performance of Glassy Polymers<br />

Evolution of the Thermodynamic State during Processing and Service Life<br />

Figure 1: Short-term mechanical performance of polymer<br />

products with different processing histories; predictions (lines)<br />

and experiments (markers).<br />

Figure 2: Long-term mechanical performance of polymer products<br />

with different processing histories; predictions (lines)<br />

and experiments (markers).<br />

36<br />

Modern design environments integrate shaping and making and the processes<br />

involved are supported by numerical tools that aid distinct steps in the total<br />

design process. Two important fields can be distinguished in product design:<br />

(i) processing and (ii) functional use of the product. Up till now, no real interaction<br />

between the two fields exists. In polymers, however, the processing step largely<br />

determines the behavior in the solid state.<br />

Using state-of-the-art constitutive models, the thermodynamic state of a polymer<br />

material, e.g. as reflected in the value of the yield stress, is the only variable<br />

required to accurately predict both short- and long-term performance of glassy<br />

polymer products. Although the results are very useful, a drawback exists in the<br />

fact that the initial state of the product still has to be determined. This requires<br />

mechanical testing of a prototype which strongly restricts true product optimization.<br />

We present a method that predicts yield stress distributions in injection molded<br />

products of glassy polymers directly from processing conditions. The approach is<br />

based on the evolution kinetics of the yield stress as a function of effective time<br />

and yields excellent predictions of short- and long-term properties after<br />

processing, see figures 1 and 2.<br />

Predictions on performance are made under the assumption of ductile failure,<br />

and no explicit criterion for embrittlement was incorporated. Under the influence<br />

of progressive aging a transition from a ductile to a brittle failure mode can be<br />

experienced. To predict the failure mode, a critical hydrostatic stress criterion is<br />

introduced that serves as a threshold value for the onset of cavitation which is the<br />

initiation of craze formation. Based on the evolution of the thermodynamic state<br />

this molecular weight dependent threshold can be surpassed and a predictable<br />

transition in failure mode results.<br />

The modeling approach presented combines the two aspects of design. It enables<br />

the prediction of the performance of products made of polymer glasses, starting<br />

from the processing conditions and ending with the way in which the product will<br />

fail. This opens the way to true product optimization in a complete virtual<br />

environment without the need of performing even a single mechanical test.


Biomedical Engineering<br />

dr.ir. E.M. Franken<br />

Figure 1: Illustration of orientation score construction of an<br />

image containing three crossing lines.<br />

Erik Franken studied Electrical Engineering in <strong>Eindhoven</strong>. He obtained his<br />

PhD degree in the field of biomedical image analysis at the department<br />

of Biomedical Engineering, supervised by prof.dr.ir. Bart ter Haar Romeny<br />

and dr.ir. Remco Duits. Currently he works as software scientist at FEI<br />

company.<br />

Enhancement of Crossing Elongated Structures in<br />

Images<br />

Figure 2: Example results of coherence-enhancing diffusion via<br />

orientation scores of an artificial image (top) resp. microscopy<br />

image of bone tissue (bottom).<br />

Many fibrous and line-like structures occur in the human body, such as white<br />

matter in the brain, blood vessels, and muscle fibres. Analysis of the properties of<br />

these structures is often relevant to make a medical diagnosis or to answer<br />

biomedical research questions. However, the acquired images are generally noisy<br />

and the elongated structures often bifurcate or intersect. It is therefore important<br />

to have reliable techniques for automatic processing and analysis of images<br />

containing such elongated structures. In my thesis I have developed a generic<br />

image-processing framework for this purpose.<br />

The biological visual system formed a source of inspiration for the methodology.<br />

The primary visual cortex is an important area in the brain for processing visual<br />

information. It is known that in this area many neurons excite a strong response<br />

to lines with a very specific orientation. Analogously, in my PhD thesis I propose<br />

to use so-called orientation scores of images. In essence, a rotating directional<br />

line-sensitive filter is applied to a two-dimensional image.<br />

This results in a three-dimensional dataset where crossing lines are separated<br />

from each other (see Figure 1). Since it is possible to reconstruct the image from<br />

its orientation score, one can enhance an image by processing the orientation<br />

score instead of the image directly. The key observation that orientation scores<br />

are defined on the mathematical group of translations and rotations makes it<br />

possible to map many well-known image processing algorithms to useful<br />

operations on orientation scores.<br />

The most relevant result of my PhD thesis is an algorithm for image enhancement<br />

by means of filtering operations on the orientation score of an image (see Figure<br />

2), which is made adaptive to the local orientation and curvature of elongated<br />

structures. This new method is capable of preserving crossing structures, which is<br />

a beneficial property for many biomedical applications. Furthermore, I show that<br />

all methods can also be applied to orientation scores of three-dimensional<br />

images. This enables major improvements of image processing algorithms for 3D<br />

medical imaging techniques, particularly for modern MRI techniques such as high<br />

angular resolution diffusion imaging.<br />

37


Applied Physics<br />

dr.ir. R.P.J. Kunnen<br />

Rudie Kunnen obtained his MSc degree in Applied Physics at <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2004.<br />

He conducted his PhD research on turbulent rotating convection in the same<br />

department. Currently he is working as a postdoc at RWTH Aachen<br />

University (Germany) on the numerical simulation of droplet collision<br />

and coagulation in clouds.<br />

Figure 1: The convection cell. Photo credit: Bart van Overbeeke.<br />

Figure 2: Visualization of the vortical plumes in a simulation.<br />

38<br />

Turbulent rotating convection<br />

Many flows in nature and technology are driven by buoyancy and modulated by<br />

rotation. Examples include the large-scale flows in the atmosphere and the<br />

oceans. A simple and relevant model is found in rotating Rayleigh-Bénard<br />

convection: a fluid layer enclosed vertically between parallel rotating walls<br />

is heated from below and cooled from above. This model is studied with<br />

experiments and numerical simulations. Focal points are the effects of rotation<br />

on the flow organization into coherent structures and the rotational dependence<br />

of the convective heat transport. These topics have direct relevance for weather<br />

forecasting and climate modeling, and technological applications in turbomachinery<br />

and crystal growth.<br />

SPIV<br />

In situ velocity measurements are performed using stereoscopic particle image<br />

velocimetry (SPIV) in a water-filled cylindrical convection cell (Figure 1), placed on<br />

top of a rotating table. SPIV is a nonintrusive method that measures the three<br />

components of velocity at many positions in a two-dimensional cross-section of<br />

the fluid. This study is the first to measure three-component velocity vectors in<br />

rotating convection. Experiments at various rotation rates showed changes in the<br />

flow organization: for small rotation rates a single convection roll fills the domain,<br />

while at larger rotation rates an irregular, unsteady array of vortical plumes<br />

is found. Rotation reduces the turbulence intensity and the vortical plumes<br />

introduce considerable anisotropy.<br />

Numerical simulation<br />

Simulations of turbulent rotating convection are carried out to complement the<br />

experimental results. The equations of motion for the fluid are discretized using<br />

finite-difference approximations. The simulations confirm the findings from the<br />

experiments and extend these in various ways. For example, it is found that,<br />

despite the reduction of turbulence intensity, the convective heat transfer through<br />

the fluid is enhanced in a range of rotation rates. The vortical plumes (Figure 2)<br />

are responsible for nearly all vertical transport of fluid and heat. They possess the<br />

efficient means of Ekman pumping for entraining boundary-layer fluid and<br />

transporting it towards the vertically opposite side. At the highest rotation rates,<br />

this mechanism is overwhelmed by the inhibition of velocity by rotation and the<br />

heat transfer decreases abruptly.


Architecture, Building and Planning<br />

dr.ir. J. Maljaars<br />

Figure 1: Test set-up for compression tests.<br />

Figure 2: Test specimens after testing.<br />

Figure 3: Results of numerical simulations.<br />

Johan Maljaars was a PhD student during 2004 – 2008 under the supervision<br />

of prof.ir. Frans Soetens. He currently works as a researcher at TNO Built<br />

Environment and Geosciences. Research topics comprise large aluminium<br />

and steel structures such as bridges.<br />

Local buckling of slender aluminium sections exposed<br />

to fire<br />

Research topic<br />

Fire is an important aspect to account for in the design of aluminium structures<br />

such as ships, roof structures and drill platforms. Yet little is known about the<br />

structural behaviour of aluminium when exposed to fire. This complicates the<br />

design of such structures and in some cases it obstructs the use of aluminium<br />

alloys. The aim and the contribution of this thesis comprise:<br />

1. the development of a constitutive model for aluminium alloys exposed to fire,<br />

including the influence of time- and temperature-dependent strain;<br />

2. the development of a design model for the important failure mechanism of<br />

local buckling of aluminium columns.<br />

Constitutive model<br />

A constitutive model has been developed and calibrated by uniaxial tensile tests<br />

on aluminium alloys subjected to a constant force and constant temperature<br />

(creep tests). The model was validated by tests with a varying force and<br />

increasing temperature in time (fire tests).<br />

The constitutive model was implemented in the finite element program DIANA.<br />

Local buckling<br />

Structural experiments have been carried out on aluminium, thin-walled sections<br />

in compression in a specially designed test set-up (Figure 1). The sections failed<br />

by local buckling (Figure 2). Numerical models were developed and validated by<br />

the experimental program (Figure 3).<br />

It was demonstrated that the numerical models using the constitutive model<br />

provide a powerful tool for determining the structural response of aluminium<br />

structures subjected to fire conditions.<br />

A design procedure and a parametric design model are developed based on the<br />

results of the experimental and numerical program. The design procedure and<br />

model provide a first and essential step in the fire design of slender aluminium<br />

members. They are suited to serve as a basis for developing design models in<br />

standards.<br />

39


Applied Physics<br />

dr.ir. B. Marcelis<br />

Bout Marcelis has a background in theoretical and applied physics.<br />

He completed his MSc and PhD both Cum Laude at <strong>TU</strong>/e. Part of his PhD<br />

research was done at the Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles<br />

Statistique of Université Paris Sud XI. He is currently working at Philips<br />

Research Laboratories on medical applications.<br />

Compression-induced factors influencing the damage<br />

of engineered skeletal muscle<br />

Figure 1: A series of snapshots of atoms released from the<br />

center and flying apart at ultralow temperatures. The dark and<br />

bright spots form an interference pattern and directly<br />

demonstrate the wave-like behavior of ultracold atoms, as<br />

predicted by the rules of quantum physics.<br />

Figure 2: Sketch of the BEC-BCS crossover. In the middle, the<br />

interaction strength (blue line) is very large and resonant pairs<br />

are formed, linking the BEC and BCS regimes.<br />

Figure 3: Example of calculated resonances in the interaction<br />

strength (vertical axis) as a function of magnetic field<br />

(horizontal axis) and at various electric fields (different colors).<br />

40<br />

Introduction<br />

When things get extremely cold, particles are slowed down to a snail’s pace and<br />

show phenomena which can only be understood from quantum physics (see<br />

Figure 1). At low enough temperatures, the thermal energy becomes so small that<br />

all particles condense into the lowest energy state of the system. This new state<br />

of matter is known as a Bose-Einstein condensate and has some spectacular<br />

properties. For example, all particles behave completely identical and flow with<br />

zero friction: they form a superfluid.<br />

Particles in nature come in two kinds: bosons and fermions. For bosons, no<br />

interactions are needed to form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). However,<br />

fermions can not form a condensate directly. Fermions need a weak attractive<br />

interaction to form Cooper (BCS) pairs and these pairs then condense into the<br />

lowest energy state. An example is superconductivity, where electrons form<br />

Cooper pairs and flow with zero electrical resistance as a result of the superfluid<br />

properties of these pairs.<br />

Strong interactions lead to an intermediate regime with universal behavior which<br />

links the BCS and BEC regimes. This is known as the BEC-BCS crossover and is<br />

closely related to models for high-Tc superconductivity (see Figure 2).<br />

Main results<br />

In this dissertation, the role of strong interactions between atoms in ultracold<br />

gases has been investigated. It is shown how these interactions can be described,<br />

predicted and realized, by inducing resonances with the help of magnetic and<br />

electric fields (see Figure 3). The role of specific two-, three- and four-body<br />

interaction processes and the link to universal behavior has been studied in<br />

detail. We discovered that two parameters are of key importance, both of which<br />

can now be controlled: the width of the resonance and the strength of the nonresonant<br />

background interactions.<br />

Implications<br />

The results described in this dissertation can be used to study new aspects of<br />

collective quantum behavior and the link between few-body and many-body<br />

physics. In the long term, this research can potentially lead to a better understanding<br />

of high-Tc superconductivity, to new tools in quantum computation and<br />

to new metrology tools, such as improved atomic clocks or gravity measurements<br />

with unprecedented precision.


Chemical Engineering and Chemistry<br />

dr. E.A Pidko<br />

Figure 1: Molecular recognition of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene<br />

(DMB) and O2 in alkali-earth-exchanged faujasites, and<br />

frontier orbitals involved in the initial step of the photooxidation<br />

reaction that is the intermolecular charge transfer<br />

between the confined DMB and O2 at the active site of CaY<br />

zeolite.<br />

Figure 2: (Left) Mechanism of light alkane dehydrogenation<br />

over the reactive binuclear Ga-sites in zeolite and their<br />

“self-repair” in the presence of water. (Right) Experimental<br />

results on the conversion and selectivity of catalytic propane<br />

dehydrogenation over Ga-containing MFI zeolite as a function<br />

of water partial pressure.<br />

Evgeny Pidko successfully completed his PhD research in the group of<br />

prof.dr. R.A. van Santen in 2008. Currently he holds a position of a<br />

postdoctoral researcher at the <strong>TU</strong>/e Chemical Engineering and Chemistry<br />

department and is a member of the Institute for Complex Molecular<br />

Systems. His research interests include reaction mechanisms and<br />

structure-reactivity relationships in heterogeneous catalysis, as<br />

well as self-organization and molecular recognition phenomena<br />

in chemo-catalytic systems.<br />

Chemical Reactivity of Cation-Exchanged Zeolites<br />

Zeolites are crystalline microporous aluminosilicates containing cavities and<br />

channels of molecular dimensions. The possibility of fine-tuning their steric and<br />

chemical properties positions such solids as promising heterogeneous catalysts<br />

for many important catalytic reactions. Chemical reactivity and catalytic<br />

properties of zeolites are mainly associated with the presence of cationic species<br />

in the micropores. Understanding their role in catalytic transformations is crucial<br />

for the development of new or improved catalysts to make chemical processes<br />

more efficient, less energy demanding and benign for the environment. This<br />

research aimed at the development of a molecular-level picture of chemical<br />

reactivity of zeolites modified by metal cations via theoretical modeling.<br />

Molecular recognition in zeolite catalysis<br />

Catalytic selective oxidation is the base for the production of fine chemicals and<br />

for the reduction of harmful exhaust gases. Improvements in this area require<br />

novel chemical conversion concepts. Despite the low intrinsic reactivity of<br />

alkaline- and alkali-earth cations stabilized in low-silica zeolites, these<br />

catalysts efficiently promote such reactions as photo-oxidation of alkenes and<br />

disproportionation of N 2 O4. Quantum chemical modeling shows that catalysis<br />

by zeolites with a high density of “non-reactive” cations is governed by molecular<br />

recognition features of the zeolite cavity (see Figure 1). The high density, the<br />

specific arrangement and the size of the cations in the microporous matrix<br />

determine the optimum configuration of the adsorbed reagents which results<br />

in their specific chemical activation. These insights have led to a new concept<br />

of confined space-driven reactivity in low-silica zeolites.<br />

“Local” reactivity in confined space<br />

Improvements in hydrocarbon conversion processes are needed for the efficient<br />

conversion of natural gas-derived components to transportation fuels. Selective<br />

activation of C–H bonds over soft Lewis acids is one of the promising routes.<br />

Understanding chemistry of such sites in confined space will open the door to<br />

new applications of zeolites for the utilization of natural gas. Through a comprehensive<br />

computational study of the catalytic reactivity of zeolites modified with<br />

Zn, Cd and Ga, the catalytically active sites were identified and the fundamental<br />

factors that underlie their reactivity were established. These theoretical insights<br />

allowed proposing a route towards a substantial improvement of the performance<br />

of the real catalysts (see Figure 2).<br />

41


Industrial Design<br />

dr.ir. P. Ross<br />

Philip Ross conducted his technological design PhD at Industrial Design,<br />

supervised by prof.dr. C.J. Overbeeke (first promotor), prof.dr.ir. L.M.G. Feijs<br />

(second promotor) and dr.ir. S.A.G. Wensveen (co-promotor). It received a<br />

cum laude distinction. Ross is currently Assistant Professor at the<br />

Designing Quality in Interaction group at Industrial Design.<br />

Ethics and aesthetics in intelligent product and system<br />

design<br />

Figure 1:<br />

Intelligent reading lamp prototype. In the depicted behavioural<br />

mode, the direction of the light beam can be influenced<br />

directly using the hand. In other modes, the lamp portrays<br />

pro-active behaviour like autonomously following the reading<br />

material. These different behavioural modes are used to invite<br />

specific human behaviours in interaction.<br />

Figure 2:<br />

The Perspectives on Behaviour in Interaction framework<br />

supports the design of intelligent product and system<br />

behaviour. Such design work entails decision making on<br />

multiple, mutually dependent levels, which the framework<br />

helps distinguish. These levels include the mapping of sensor<br />

data to actuator control (sensory-motor activity), social<br />

implications of behaviour, and dynamic form.<br />

42<br />

The products we use transform the way we behave and the way we experience the<br />

world. See, for example, how mobile phone use has changed the way people<br />

manage their social relations. Every technology in use invites specific behaviours<br />

and concurrently inhibits others, as Verbeek explicates in his Technological<br />

Mediation framework. New technological developments pave the way for new<br />

kinds of transformations of human behaviour and experience. Visions like<br />

Ambient Intelligence sketch a world in which an ever-greater part of everyday life<br />

is mediated, and thus transformed, by intelligent technologies. Design in this new<br />

technological context needs to consider how to give the social transformations,<br />

inherent to any technology in use, a desirable direction. What kind of human<br />

behaviours should our products and systems invite or inhibit? This question<br />

brings an ethical dimension of intelligent system design to the fore.<br />

This thesis investigates how to take this ethical dimension into account in design<br />

of intelligent products and systems, using intelligent lighting as design carrier.<br />

The research combines three main topics. Firstly, the emerging design layer of<br />

system behaviour is identified and explored. Secondly, human value theory is<br />

employed to operationalise ethics for experimental study and to specify what<br />

kind of human behaviours a system should invite. Examples of human values are<br />

creativity, politeness and helpfulness. Thirdly, an aesthetics based design<br />

approach is developed for inviting specific human behaviours in interaction with a<br />

system. This approach relies on invitation and attraction rather than coercion and<br />

persuasion. The general research question is formulated as follows: How can<br />

we design intelligent products or systems that invite human behaviours that<br />

correspond to specific human values? For example, how can we design an<br />

intelligent lighting system that invites creative, polite or helpful behaviours?<br />

Design knowledge is developed through systematic reflection on actual design<br />

activity.<br />

This ‘research-through-design’ process involves development of several design<br />

concepts, two fully-functioning intelligent lamps and empirical studies to evaluate<br />

the designs. The frameworks and design techniques developed in this research<br />

support incorporation of ethics through aesthetics in intelligent product and<br />

system design.


Architecture, Building and Planning<br />

dr. W. Zhu<br />

Wei Zhu was a PhD student during 2004 – 2008 under the supervision of<br />

Prof. Harry Timmermans. He currently works as a postdoctoral research<br />

fellow at the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max-Planck-<br />

Institute for Human Development, in Berlin. His research interests are<br />

mainly in modeling human decision making processes.<br />

Bounded Rationality and Spatio-Temporal Pedestrian<br />

Shopping Behavior<br />

Figure 1. Modeling decisions as a two-level two-stage process.<br />

Figure 2. The multi-agent framework for simulating pedestrian<br />

behavior.<br />

Research Purpose<br />

Understanding pedestrian decisions is an important task for urban and retail<br />

planning. Pedestrian decision research has dominantly relied on conventional<br />

rational choice models which assume that pedestrians have complete knowledge<br />

about the environment and, by trading-off all relevant factors in a compensatory<br />

fashion, choose the alternative with the highest overall utility. In contrast, due to<br />

the fact that their cognitive capacity and computation ability are limited, people<br />

often use simplifying decision strategies which allow them to use information<br />

selectively, process information in non-compensatory manners, make choices<br />

with simplified rules-of-thumb, and accept satisfactory alternatives which may<br />

not be optimal. This evidence and these conjectures are founded on the theory<br />

of bounded rationality.<br />

Guided by the motivation to investigate pedestrian behavior in shopping<br />

environments using behaviorally more realistic modeling approaches, the aim<br />

and the contribution of this thesis is three-fold: (1) to develop and test a model<br />

of pedestrian behavior based on principles of bounded rationality; (2) to develop<br />

a modeling approach that allows heterogeneity among pedestrians in terms of<br />

the decision heuristics they use; (3) to systematically examine time-dependent<br />

aspects of behavior.<br />

The Heterogeneous Heuristic Model<br />

Based on the principles of bounded rationality, the heterogeneous heuristic<br />

model (HHM) was developed as the major methodological contribution of this<br />

thesis. In HHM, (1) factor thresholds are introduced as the fundamental cognitive<br />

mechanisms for information representation and factor selection; (2) heterogeneous<br />

non-compensatory decision heuristics can be identified under the<br />

assumption of stochastic individual decision standards; (3) choice of heuristics<br />

is modeled by estimating mental effort, risk attitude, and expected outcome<br />

involved in the evaluation of heuristics under decision uncertainty.<br />

Two datasets on pedestrian behavior were collected in two shopping streets in<br />

China. Better estimation results were obtained from the heuristic models than<br />

conventional rational choice models. Multi-agent simulations also showed that<br />

pedestrian behavior can be satisfactorily predicted based on the proposed<br />

bounded rationality models, suggesting the potential of using this new modeling<br />

framework for developing more customized, effective, and efficient policies in<br />

urban and retail planning, and extending it for decision research in general.<br />

43


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44


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