TU/e Academic Awards 2009 - Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
TU/e Academic Awards 2009 - Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
TU/e Academic Awards 2009 - Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
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Where innovation starts<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e <strong>Academic</strong><br />
<strong>Awards</strong> <strong>2009</strong><br />
Wednesday 3 June <strong>2009</strong>
<strong>TU</strong>/e <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Awards</strong> <strong>2009</strong><br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e combines outstanding educational programs and an intensive, personalized<br />
approach with scientific excellence. We make no secret of our ambitions, or our<br />
talent. With the annual <strong>TU</strong>/e <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Awards</strong>, we put each year’s best final<br />
project, best design report and best doctoral project in the spotlight.<br />
This is the second year that we also award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award, for the<br />
final project, design report or doctoral project that holds the most promise for the<br />
future. With this award <strong>TU</strong>/e wants to emphasize the importance of technology<br />
and innovation for the future of society, as is only fitting for a university that<br />
characterizes itself with the slogan ‘where innovation starts’.<br />
This booklet will introduce you to the nominees’ work. I am proud that <strong>TU</strong>/e<br />
produces so many promising engineers, technological designers and PhD<br />
candidates every year. In this time of economic crisis it is especially important to<br />
invest in this talent because within a few years time we will need every single one<br />
of them on the job market, in Brainport <strong>Eindhoven</strong>, in the Netherlands, and on a<br />
global scale as well.<br />
On behalf of <strong>TU</strong>/e I would like to congratulate the winners most sincerely on their<br />
achievements. I have no doubt that these awards will be a first step on the road<br />
to many successful careers and future innovations.<br />
Prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn<br />
Rector Magnificus<br />
1
Contents<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> page 3<br />
Jury report page 4<br />
ir. J.S. Winkes Mechanical Engineering page 6<br />
ir. S. Bouwstra Industrial Design page 7<br />
dr.ir. M. van ‘t Veer Biomedical Engineering page 8<br />
dr.ir. M-H.G Derksen Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences page 9<br />
I. Sabir MSc PDEng Mathematics and Computer Science page 10<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> page 11<br />
Jury report page 12<br />
ir. J.F.M. Helmes Industrial Design page 14<br />
ir. C. Bekdemir Mechanical Engineering page 15<br />
ir. E.D. Herbschleb Electrical Engineering page 16<br />
ir. J.P.J. van Jaarsveld Applied Physics page 17<br />
ir. R.T.M. Jakobs Chemical Engineering and Chemistry page 18<br />
ir. M.M. Koppes Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences page 19<br />
ir. J.P.J. Schmitz Biomedical Engineering page 20<br />
ir. C.J.P.A. Smeets Architecture, Building and Planning page 21<br />
ir. M.W.H. Wijffelaars Mathematics and Computer Science page 22<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong> page 23<br />
Jury report page 24<br />
ir. A.J. Pas PDEng Design and Technology of Instrumentation page 26<br />
V. Jancic MSc PDEng Process and Product Design page 27<br />
N.S. Mandagi MSc PDEng Mathematics for Industry page 28<br />
drs. D.M. Schipper PDEng Software Technology page 29<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong> page 31<br />
Jury report page 32<br />
dr. M. García Larrodé Electrical Engineering page 34<br />
dr.ir. D. van den Borne Electrical Engineering page 35<br />
dr.ir. T.A.P. Engels Mechanical Engineering page 36<br />
dr.ir. E.M. Franken Biomedical Engineering page 37<br />
dr.ir. R.P.J. Kunnen Applied Physics page 38<br />
dr.ir. J. Maljaars Architecture, Building and Planning page 39<br />
dr.ir. B. Marcelis Applied Physics page 40<br />
dr. E.A. Pidko Chemical Engineering and Chemistry page 41<br />
dr.ir. P. Ross Industrial Design page 42<br />
dr. W. Zhu Architecture, Building and Planning page 43<br />
2
<strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective<br />
Award <strong>2009</strong><br />
For the <strong>TU</strong>/e research project completed in 2008 that<br />
offers the most perspective for the future<br />
The <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 5.000,awarded<br />
to the final project, design report, or doctoral project completed at <strong>TU</strong>/e<br />
in 2008 that offers the most perspective for society.<br />
This year 5 (research) projects from different departments and design programs<br />
have been nominated.<br />
3
The jury has assessed the research/design projects based on the following criteria:<br />
• Upon completion the results of the project have been assessed as at least ‘good’;<br />
• the results are exceptional in that they have a demonstrable impact on society.<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective<br />
Award<br />
Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />
Based on these criteria the jury has decided that ir. S. Bouwstra (Industrial Design), dr.ir. M. van 't Veer<br />
(Biomedical Engineering) and ir. J.S. Winkes (Mechanical Engineering) will be the candidates at the<br />
ceremony to be held on Wednesday 3 June <strong>2009</strong>.<br />
4
Sibrecht Bouwstra's project appears to be a big step towards creating a calm and more comfortable environment for premature<br />
newborns.<br />
Marcel van 't Veer's dissertation is a sophisticated measurement method of absolute coronary blood flow that will lead to better<br />
diagnostics and more effective treatment of coronary syndroms.<br />
Jasper Winkes developed the Double Combustion Pile Driver, a major innovation that may significantly reduce fuel consumption as<br />
well as soot and noise in the building industry.<br />
They will present their research results to a special committee. In their presentations they will focus specifically on the two criteria<br />
mentioned above.<br />
The members of this committee are prof.ir. J. Westra, dean of the department of Architecture, prof.dr. A.M. Cohen, dean of the<br />
department of Mathematics and Computer Science, and prof.dr. A.G.L. Romme, dean of the department of Industrial Engineering &<br />
Innovation Sciences and chair of the preselection jury.<br />
This committee will announce its decision after a short consultation and will present the award to one of the three candidates.<br />
The preselection jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />
Prof.dr. A.G.L. Romme (chair)<br />
Prof.dr. A.M. van Herk<br />
Prof.dr.ir. M.J.W. Schouten<br />
Note:<br />
After a brief deliberation the jury of the Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> stated that they had a difficult job. Three candidates are nominated<br />
and the jury particularly liked the variety of subjects addressed.<br />
The verdict of the jury is that the winner of the Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong> is Jasper Winkes. His PC pile driver aims to overcome the problems<br />
of the conventional hammers by providing a cleaner, faster, cheaper and quieter pile driving method. Jasper Winkes is typically a<br />
person who has the power and the personality to succeed in the building industry. The jury is looking forward to the time when this<br />
new pile driver will really be available on building sites.<br />
5
Mechanical Engineering<br />
6<br />
ir. J.S. Winkes<br />
Jasper Winkes performed his final project under the supervision of<br />
prof. dr. L.P.H. de Goey, head of the section Combustion Technology,<br />
of the department of Mechanical Engineering. In 2007, the project won both<br />
the Herman Wijffels innovation prize and the New Venture business plan<br />
competition. In 2008 a second phase Valorisation Grant has been granted<br />
for the project. In 2008 Fistuca B.V., at which Jasper Winkes currently holds<br />
the position of director, was founded for the development of innovative new<br />
foundation technology.<br />
The DC Pile Driver<br />
Figure 1: Heavy soot pollution caused by diesel hammer.<br />
Figure 2: In the soft soils pile foundations are inevitable.<br />
Introduction<br />
Currently there are two mainstream technologies for driving piles; diesel pile<br />
driving and hydraulic pile driving. Both techniques have their drawbacks. Diesel<br />
pile driving is a very polluting and noisy technique that is difficult to control.<br />
Primarily because of the pollution and the noise, pile driving companies are<br />
forced to use hydraulic pile drivers in more and more locations. The drawback of<br />
hydraulic hammers is that they are very expensive, heavy, consume much more<br />
fuel and they cause more damaged piles. The DC Pile Driver wants to overcome<br />
the problems faced with the conventional hammers and thus provide a cleaner,<br />
faster, cheaper and more silent pile driving method.<br />
DC Pile Driver technology<br />
The DC Pile Driver combines state-of-the-art technology in the field of diesel<br />
engines with an innovative new setup that doubles the driving speed.<br />
DC (patented)<br />
DC stands for the Double Combustion that takes place. Instead of having a single<br />
combustion that throws the ram up in the air, a second combustion takes place<br />
that will actively force the ram downwards. This second combustion will result in<br />
doubling the driving speed.<br />
Pre-ignition (patented)<br />
In the DC Pile Driver the ignition moment can be manipulated by varying the<br />
injection moment. This will allow much wider control of the final impact speed of<br />
the ram and thus increases the controllability of the hammer in all soil conditions.<br />
Summary<br />
The DC Pile Driver will allow clean combustion and low soot emission. Due to the<br />
closed set-up, the noise produced by the hammer, will be drastically lower than<br />
the noise of conventional pile drivers. The double combustion will significantly<br />
increase the pile driving speed and the pre-injection will allow much finer and<br />
remote control of the pile driver. Since pollution of the combustion chamber is<br />
prevented, the pile driver will wear less, lowering the operating costs. Fistuca B.V.<br />
has been started to actively develop the DC Pile Driver together with a partner in<br />
the pile driving industry.<br />
Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Perspective Award <strong>2009</strong>
Industrial Design<br />
Figure 1: The theorized design process.<br />
ir. S. Bouwstra<br />
Figure 2: ECG signal obtained by gold printed electrodes.<br />
Figure 3: Neonatal Smart Jacket.<br />
Sibrecht is currently a PhD candidate in the department of Industrial Design<br />
at <strong>TU</strong>/e. She continues with the Neonatal Smart Jacket project,<br />
working towards a technological design. The project is supervised by<br />
prof.dr.ir. L.M.G Feijs, prof.dr. S. Bambang Oetomo and dr. Wei Chen.<br />
Smart Jacket Design for Neonatal Monitoring with<br />
Wearable Sensors<br />
Motivation<br />
When critically ill or premature neonates are admitted to the Neonatal Intensive<br />
Care Unit (NICU) they are monitored and treated in an incubator. These neonates<br />
are extremely tiny and vulnerable to external disturbances. Round-the-clock<br />
health monitoring is crucial for early detection of medical problems, however it is<br />
also a cause of stress for the neonate. The monitored vital signs include:<br />
temperature, electro-cardiogram (ECG), respiration and oxygen saturation (Sp02).<br />
Currently, they are obtained with adhesive sensors on the fragile skin with<br />
individual wires. (Re)placement of sensors and the large amount of tangling wires<br />
lead to discomfort, skin irritation and interruption of the neonate’s sleep.<br />
Furthermore, parents commonly feel detached from their baby who is barely<br />
recognizable between all the medical equipment. There must be a more<br />
comfortable, practical and attractive solution.<br />
Smart Jacket, prototype and results<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e has started a 10-year project in cooperation with the Máxima Medical Center<br />
(MMC) Veldhoven for, among others, improving the healthcare of neonates.<br />
The vision of the Neonatal Smart Jacket is a wearable unobtrusive continuous<br />
monitoring system realized by sensor networks and wireless communication,<br />
suitable for monitoring inside the incubator and outside the incubator while in<br />
the parent’s hug (Kangaroo Care).<br />
In this graduation project the first version of the jacket is designed that enables<br />
ECG monitoring by textile electrodes. The Neonatal Smart Jacket aims for<br />
providing reliable health monitoring as well as a comfortable clinical environment<br />
for neonatal care and parent-child interaction. An iterative design process in close<br />
contact with users and experts lead to a balanced integration<br />
of technology user focus and aesthetics. The jacket is safe, has aesthetics that<br />
appeal to parents and medical staff, makes it easy to dress the baby and is<br />
expandable with new technologies.<br />
A new solution for the skin-contact challenges of ECG measurement with textile<br />
electrodes is proposed by applying multiple textile electrodes and choosing the<br />
best signal depending on<br />
the position of the baby. Clinical tests have been conducted to measure ECG<br />
signals from premature babies in the NICU at the MMC Veldhoven. Qualitatively<br />
good ECG signals with clear QRS-complex have been obtained.<br />
7
Biomedical Engineering<br />
8<br />
dr.ir. M. van ‘t Veer<br />
Marcel is currently working in the Catharina Hospital in <strong>Eindhoven</strong> at the<br />
cardiovascular departments of cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery, and<br />
vascular surgery as Medical Engineer. The main focus of his work is<br />
initiating, supporting, and executing medical research taking into account<br />
the engineering aspects in the design and analysis of the studies performed.<br />
Supervisors: prof.dr. N.H.J. Pijls and prof.dr.ir. F.N. van de Vosse,<br />
copromotor: dr.ir. M.C.M. Rutten.<br />
Figure 1: Three-dimensional reconstruction of the coronary<br />
arteries. The coronary arteries arise just above the aortic valve.<br />
Figure 2: Schematic representation of the novel technique to<br />
measure blood flow based on thermodilution in the coronary<br />
arteries. The top panel (a) represents a coronary artery in<br />
which a sensor-tipped guide wire and an infusion catheter are<br />
positioned. Through the infusion catheter an indicator (saline)<br />
is infused with a known rate (blue arrows).<br />
The blood flow mixes with the saline and causes the<br />
temperature of the blood to drop slightly (temperature T).<br />
The sensor is retracted into the infusion catheter (panel b) and<br />
the temperature of the saline is measured (Ti) as it enters the<br />
coronary blood stream. Using the ratio of the temperatures<br />
measured and the amount of saline infused coronary blood<br />
flow can be calculated.<br />
Coronary blood flow measurements<br />
Thermodilution<br />
Coronary arteries (Figure 1) supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.<br />
From the time on that cardiologists were able to obtain images from the coronary<br />
arteries there has been an ongoing quest to measure the amount of blood flowing<br />
through these vessels. Only surrogate and indirect measures of coronary blood<br />
flow have been available until now.<br />
Based on the indicator dilution theory a new method has been developed and<br />
validated that enables the cardiologist to measure blood flow safely and<br />
accurately in the coronary arteries of a patient in the catheterization laboratory.<br />
The technique requires information on the amount of infused indicator as well as<br />
on differences in temperature between the blood and infused indicator to obtain<br />
the value of coronary blood flow (Figure 2).<br />
The process to come to a clinically applicable diagnostic technique requires a<br />
stepwise approach. In this case coronary blood flow measurement a theoretical<br />
model was derived first from the heat equation that expresses the conservation of<br />
(thermal) energy within the coronary artery. Consequently, this model was tested<br />
in a physiological representative in-vitro model of the systemic and coronary<br />
circulation. After encouraging results were found regarding the accuracy of the<br />
technique from the in-vitro experiments, the technique was assessed in an animal<br />
model as well. The accuracy of the technique was confirmed and the technique<br />
was found to be safe. As a final step in the process the technique was applied in<br />
patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.<br />
The new technique enables better diagnosis and treatment of patients who have<br />
experienced myocardial infarction or who suffer from diseases like syndrome-X<br />
and hypertrophy. In addition, evaluation of the effect of stem cell therapy and<br />
better follow-up of patients after heart transplantation is possible now. Objective<br />
evidence of physiologic regulatory mechanisms of coronary blood flow can be<br />
obtained now.<br />
The Medical Engineer<br />
The process of the development and utilization of a clinical measurement<br />
technique requires constant input, feed-back, and feed-forward between the<br />
medical and engineering professionals. The medical engineer, with a background<br />
in engineering and place of work in a hospital, is the right person to translate<br />
clinical questions into research questions with the intention to develop and<br />
introduce new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques into the clinical practice.
Industrial Engineering and Innovation<br />
dr.ir. M-H.G. Derksen<br />
Figure 1: The contrast between an engineering perspective on<br />
bodies and the experience of being-a-body in daily life.<br />
(Pictures left: http://www.thewellingtoncardiacservices.com and Mol et al. Thorac<br />
Cardiovasc Surg 200.<br />
Pictures right: http://www.getfitgreatfalls.org/Images/ManWalkingCane.jpg<br />
http://www.amputee-coalition.org/inmotion/mar_apr_06/congenital_part2_02.jpg<br />
and http://www.grieksegids.nl/fietsen.php).<br />
Figure 2: Normative work and professional responsibility for<br />
effects on lived bodies.<br />
Mechteld-Hanna Derksen studied at University College Utrecht (BA, 2003)<br />
and Wageningen University (MSc degree, 2003). She then started her<br />
PhD research as PhD-student in the philosophy and ethics of technology<br />
group at <strong>TU</strong>/e. She defended her PhD-thesis, which was written under the<br />
supervision of prof.dr. Klasien Horstman, in October 2008.<br />
Engineering Flesh. Towards professional<br />
responsibility for ‘lived bodies’ in Tissue Engineering<br />
Biomedical engineering as normative work<br />
Biomedical engineers study bodies as machine-like objects: in the laboratory<br />
they focus on mechanisms, functions and processes. However, in daily life<br />
patients live their bodies not as machine-like but as themselves. For example,<br />
a child with a malfunctioning heart valve experiences this as ‘ I feel tired’ and<br />
‘I cannot sport like my friends’. The phenomenological philosophical notion<br />
‘lived body’ grasps this rather well. That people experience their bodies<br />
as ‘lived bodies’ and not as objects, implies that engineering choices have<br />
impact on people’s identity and relationships with others and that biomedical<br />
engineering is normative work.<br />
So, how can biomedical engineers take professional responsibility for this<br />
normative work?<br />
The case of tissue engineering<br />
Tissue Engineering (TE) aims to create living body part substitutes (e.g. in the<br />
studied project heart valves) by using cells. I have ‘followed’ the process of<br />
engineering a heart valve intensively for four years. My fieldwork consisted of<br />
document analysis, participant observations in the laboratory, and interviews<br />
with tissue engineers, clinicians in the Netherlands and Switzerland.<br />
I also interviewed some of the founding fathers of TE and visited their<br />
laboratories at Harvard University/MIT in Boston.<br />
Broadening professional responsibility, organizing feedback<br />
My analysis shows that engineering choices affect the opportunities for people<br />
as lived bodies<br />
in specific ways. The benchmarks for the strength of a tissue-engineered valve<br />
for instance determine whether a person is able to do his/her favourite sport,<br />
deliver a baby vaginally or needs to fear for reoperation. And by choosing to use<br />
umbilical cord cells, engineers will affect pregnancy and birth practices.<br />
Therefore, professional responsibility of TE should be extended from issues of<br />
functionality and safety to include the way TE affects ‘lived bodies’. To take this<br />
responsibility seriously, engineers should organize learning processes about<br />
the impact of their work on ‘lived bodies’. So, the challenge for biomedical<br />
engineering departments at technical universities that engage in research on<br />
human bodies is to organise feedback of patients and to take this seriously in<br />
research and education.<br />
9
Mathematics and Computer Science<br />
Figure 1: Nomadic infant seat.<br />
I. Sabir MSc PDEng<br />
Figure 2: Connectivity and services framework of nomadic<br />
infant seat.<br />
10<br />
Imran Sabir attained his M.Sc. degree in Software Systems Engineering and<br />
afterwards a Professional Doctorate in Engineering (PDEng) in Software<br />
Technology. He conducted his PDEng thesis work at Philips Applied<br />
Technologies in Open Innovation Lab. His research interests are software<br />
construction and architectures, and enterprise architecture frameworks.<br />
Currently, he works as Software Architect in PinkRoccade Local Government<br />
which is largest IT solution provider for Dutch Government.<br />
A sensor-enabled nomadic infant seat capable of<br />
building ad-hoc networks<br />
The Smart Infant Seat is intended to give parents the feeling of always being<br />
in touch with their baby. In the car, the driver does not have to frequently turn<br />
her back or adjust the back-mirror to keep an eye on the baby. Instead, the car<br />
navigation system display can be used to watch the infant. Based on the settings<br />
of the seat, the car climate control will adjust automatically to keep the baby<br />
comfortable, an alert is given when the seat buckle is not securely fastened, and<br />
in an emergency situation, the nearest emergency service can be called. At home,<br />
the baby seat can be connected with the home network. Mothers can work in the<br />
kitchen using their Wireless Digital Photo Frame to keep an eye on the baby. The<br />
same infrastructure could be used for the home health care of elderly people,<br />
cutting down substantial health care costs.<br />
Developing a sensor-enabled wireless ad-hoc network framework<br />
The functional, non-functional and technical requirements have been written<br />
down as the starting point for making progress towards building prototype.<br />
To achieve this, the project realized an open infrastructure, the basis of which<br />
will be formed by a sensor network on the infant seat in cooperation with a car<br />
gateway. A service-oriented architecture technique has been used to develop<br />
middleware framework. The framework uses the Universal Plug and Play<br />
(UPnP) protocols over the Bluetooth to build ad-hoc networks seamlessly<br />
and dynamically with zero configurations.<br />
Results<br />
Infant seat’s SOA-based software architecture helps to build services, expose<br />
services, and use services from the network as well as seamless integration of<br />
newly developed sensors in future. An IP stack has been introduced over<br />
Bluetooth stack to implement the IP-based Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)<br />
mechanism for service discoveries in ad-hoc networks. UPnP mechanism allows<br />
the nomadic infant seat to use all the functionalities of the WIFI network while<br />
taking the benefit of the better Bluetooth power management. The result of the<br />
project is a framework that supports the sensors-enabled wellness monitoring<br />
system that can invoke external services in emergency cases through building<br />
ad-hoc networks. We investigated sensors like buckle sensors, smart textiles to<br />
measure ECG, and vision sensor for face detection. Such framework can be used<br />
in other contexts as elderly people’s health monitoring system.
For the best final project at <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2008<br />
The <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 2.500,awarded<br />
to the best final project in one of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Master’s programs,<br />
completed in 2008.<br />
This year 9 final projects from 9 different departments have been nominated.<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project<br />
Award <strong>2009</strong><br />
11
The jury has assessed the final projects based on the following criteria:<br />
• Sufficient innovative elements;<br />
• theoretically well-founded;<br />
• verifiably of adequate scientific quality;<br />
• results could be published in a scientific journal;<br />
• independence on the part of the student;<br />
• well-written report, preferably in English.<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project<br />
Award<br />
Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />
Based on these criteria the jury has decided to award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> to ir. J.F.M. Helmes,<br />
for his final project ‘The Other Brother: re-experiencing spontaneous moments from domestic life’.<br />
John Helmes did the research for his Master’s graduation project at the department of Industrial Design, under the supervision of<br />
dr.ir. C.C.M. Hummels. His research project was a collaboration with Microsoft Research Cambridge.<br />
12
John is an excellent example of the new type of designer the department of<br />
Industrial Design aims for. The Other Brother is a is a robotic device that captures<br />
spontaneous moments in the course of everyday life. Sounds in its direct environment<br />
trigger The Other Brother to capture an image, an image with sound or a<br />
short video clip. The creation of the object is an iterative design process from<br />
initial sketches, concepts and physical explorations towards a final design and<br />
several prototypes that have been extensively tested with users. The final<br />
prototype acts as an agent that behaves to some extent autonomously, capturing<br />
spontaneous moments that enable people to re-experience these moments in a<br />
playful way. This re-experiencing can be done at Microsoft’s Surface (an interactive<br />
table), through a website or by downloading the photos to an interactive<br />
photo frame.<br />
John did a phenomenal job for a Master’s student, both with respect to content<br />
and approach and with respect to output. This output was a patent John filed<br />
together with Microsoft Research. A paper about the graduation project he<br />
submitted for the Third International Conference on Tangible and Embedded<br />
Interaction was selected as the best paper of the conference. He also presented<br />
his final project at several other conferences and workshops. He is a true pioneer<br />
of the reflective transformative design process. Microsoft Research Cambridge<br />
hired him immediately after he received his Master’s degree. The fact that they<br />
hired him as a post-doc, even though he only has a Master’s degree, is truly<br />
unique.<br />
We think these arguments explain the unanimous decision of the jury to grant the<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong> to John Helmes.<br />
The jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />
Prof.dr.ir. J.H. Blom (chair)<br />
Prof.dr.ir. J.J.H. Brouwers<br />
Prof.dr.ir. J.C. Fransoo<br />
13
Industrial Design<br />
ir. J.F.M. Helmes<br />
Figure 1: Sequence from the tabletop animation.<br />
Figure 2: A few results from the second user study.<br />
Figure 3: The completely assembled final design.<br />
14<br />
John Helmes has a background in Industrial Design and recently joined<br />
Microsoft Research in Cambridge where he now works as an Interaction<br />
Designer. His hands-on iterative design approach allows him to explore<br />
a wide range of different research themes which amongst others are<br />
autonomous behaviour, robotics and tangible computer input devices.<br />
During his Master’s Graduation project he was supervised by<br />
dr.ir. Caroline Hummels.<br />
Description of ‘The Other Brother’<br />
As the boom in digital photography attests, as human beings we like to capture<br />
valuable moments throughout our lives, keep them safe and share them later with<br />
friends and family. In the past, cameras have mainly been used to capture special<br />
events, such as being on a holiday or celebrating a birthday. However, many of<br />
today’s digital capture technologies, such as (digital) photo and video cameras,<br />
mobile phones and webcams spur us on to capture more and more, taking in not<br />
just special events but more mundane situations as well.<br />
Within this Master’s Graduation project several different design iterations lead<br />
to the creation of ‘The Other Brother’, a device which captures natural and<br />
spontaneous social situations within the course of everyday life. The Other<br />
Brother is designed as a situated, tangible object for lifetime capturing purposes<br />
and enables people to reexperience these moments in a playful way. It captures<br />
photo, video and audio when it senses sound and can rotate a full 360 degrees<br />
enabling it to turn towards the direction of a sound source. Above a certain sound<br />
level the device will open up its little retractable eyelid and capture that particular<br />
moment, e.g. during a birthday party, wedding, dinner or any other social<br />
situation.<br />
The Other Brother has its own personality, which is reflected in both its aesthetic<br />
and behaviour. Not giving it any attention will trigger it to draw attention to itself,<br />
by movement and visual feedback. Apart from developing the tangible object<br />
through several design iterations, three ways of obtaining and experiencing the<br />
captured moments were explored as well. Firstly,<br />
an interactive tabletop animation was designed to provide control over the<br />
captured moments allowing users potentially to download, play, edit and share<br />
captured media. Secondly, during a deployment with two different families, the<br />
captured media was synchronized with a digital picture frame and thirdly a web<br />
service provided the possibility for participants to review the captured moments.<br />
Apart from reexperiencing the captured moments, participants related to The<br />
Other Brother as an additional member within the group; a character taking part<br />
in the social activity.<br />
Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Final Project Award <strong>2009</strong>
Mechanical Engineering<br />
ir. C. Bekdemir<br />
Cemil Bekdemir finished his Master's in Mechanical Engineering under guidance<br />
of Bart Somers in the Combustion Technology group of professor Philip<br />
de Goey. Currently he works at a PhD position in the same Combustion<br />
Technology group, doing research on numerical models of engine-related<br />
processes like fuel sprays and turbulent combustion.<br />
Figure 1: Temporal sequence of progress variable and<br />
temperature contours showing the auto-ignition process resulting<br />
in total combustion.<br />
Figure 2: Contours of temperature.<br />
Combustion Technology<br />
Numerical Modeling of Diesel Engine Processes<br />
Diesel Engine Research<br />
Nowadays, diesel engine related research is becoming more and more<br />
important. For heavy duty transport purposes it is the main engine type, and<br />
also increasingly for passenger cars. But more important is the ever-increasing<br />
demands from emission legislation (NOx and soot), fuel economy (CO2) and fuel<br />
flexibility (bio-fuels) that makes diesel engines more complex. Conventional<br />
engine design approaches that rely on prototype development are simply too<br />
time-consuming and expensive. The development of predictive and efficient<br />
computational tools would represent a significant step forward in the ability to<br />
rapidly design high efficiency, low emission engines.<br />
Modern diesel engine technology unequivocally applies liquid fuel injection with<br />
high pressure, that forms a non-homogeneous mixture leading to relatively high<br />
levels of soot. This spray formation process may seem straightforward, but in<br />
reality it is dauntingly complex. Combustion presents especially great challenges,<br />
since it is a strongly nonlinear process involving many species. For that reason,<br />
accurate and fast CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is needed. Therefore,<br />
the aim of this study is in the first place to accurately and efficiently model<br />
nonreacting diesel spray formation. The second aim is to include ignition and<br />
combustion of the spray by means of a detailed, though efficient, tabulated<br />
chemistry method called FGM (Flamelet Generated Manifold).<br />
Spray Formation and Combustion<br />
A 1D spray model is implemented into a 3D CFD code. This new 3D spray model<br />
is validated with inert fuel spray penetration measurements and is able to<br />
predict spray lengths and shapes quantitatively well, in contrast to commonly<br />
implemented approaches. It also offers the advantage of a proper mesh<br />
resolution behavior, and is suitable for parallel computing.<br />
Combustion of the fuel spray is modeled with a tabulated chemistry method. This<br />
first application of the FGM approach to the simulation of an igniting diesel spray<br />
was a succes. Important characteristics like autoignition (Figure 1) and flame<br />
lift-off (Figure 2) are captured without applying an explicit ignition model,<br />
showing the generic nature and therefore the potential of the applied method.<br />
A first study with heptane as a surrogate for diesel fuel shows promising results<br />
concerning spray formation, and subsequently autoignition and the existence of<br />
a lift-off length.<br />
15
Electrical Engineering<br />
ir. E.D. Herbschleb<br />
Figure 1: Designed architecture containing the three-stage<br />
algorithm.<br />
Figure 2: Visualization of a result of the algorithm with the<br />
detected traffic signs in enlargements. Projected on each<br />
detected traffic sign are the name of the sign, the certainty<br />
indicators and the size.<br />
16<br />
Name: Ernst D. Herbschleb.<br />
Education: Master of Science, Electrical Engineering & Computer Science<br />
(both with honors).<br />
Current employment: Industrial PhD student, CycloMedia Technology B.V.<br />
Research combining the fields of Video Content Analysis, Artificial<br />
Intelligence and Computer Networks.<br />
Graduation & PhD supervision: prof.dr.ir. Peter H.N. de With, <strong>TU</strong>/e.<br />
Real-time Detection & Recognition of Traffic Signs<br />
Large image databases<br />
Popular applications such as Google Earth are currently combining satellite<br />
images with locally captured pictures of the environment within cities, villages<br />
and streets. Several Dutch companies are involved in the recording and storage<br />
of these images in a large database, which is then made available to public<br />
institutes and infrastructure companies for further exploration and data mining.<br />
A typical use for such a database is the manual identification of specific objects<br />
for maintenance purposes. These objects contain information about the<br />
infrastructure (road markings, traffic signs), the constructions (houses, factories)<br />
and the environment (trees, cows). An automatic detection system for such<br />
objects would highly increase the maintenance efficiency and reusability of the<br />
obtained infrastructure knowledge. To avoid manual time-consuming inspection<br />
of images, the detection rate should be rather high while the number of true<br />
negatives and false positives should be quite small.<br />
Algorithm for automated object extraction<br />
A new architecture for fast detection and recognition of traffic signs in highresolution<br />
images is designed. This architecture consists of a three-stage<br />
algorithm with multiple steps per stage, combining both color and specific<br />
spatial information, such as shape and location. In the preprocessing stage, color<br />
and shape features are used for segmentation and a search area is defined. The<br />
processing stage applies characteristic-feature techniques to locate candidates<br />
for traffic signs. Features are detected, described, matched and combined. The<br />
postprocessing stage validates the proposed signs, which enhances the overall<br />
reliability of the system.<br />
Results<br />
The initial experiments showed a detection rate of 99%, while having a throughput<br />
rate of 35 Hz for line-of-sight images (resolution 800x600) and a throughput<br />
rate of 4 Hz for panorama images (resolution 4,800x2,400). No false detections<br />
occurred using the available data set. At the moment, the architecture is prepared<br />
to run on a ground-truth database of 5,000 images, after which a database of tens<br />
of millions of images is eagerly waiting. The algorithm is designed taking a more<br />
general approach, in order to reuse large parts of the processing architecture for<br />
the detection of alternative objects, such as lanterns and other street furniture.
Applied Physics<br />
ir. J.P.J. van Jaarsveld<br />
Development of the Crow instability for a wing-tip vortex pair<br />
captured in a number of snap shots in time.<br />
Evolution of the wing-tip vortices in terms of the dimensionless<br />
evolution time t* versus the dimensionless dissipation<br />
rate of turbulence, both scaled on the characteristics of the<br />
airfoils.<br />
Roll up of wing-tip vortices that is made visible by water<br />
condensation in the vortex cores and by deformation of the<br />
clouds.<br />
Jort van Jaarsveld currently works for Shell as a reservoir engineer where he<br />
is involved in gas production and reserves forecasts. The graduation project<br />
was a team achievement together with ing. Ad Holten, ir. Bram Elsenaar,<br />
dr.ir. Ruben Trieling, and prof.dr.ir. GertJan van Heijst.<br />
Wind tunnel experiments on wake-vortex decay in<br />
external turbulence<br />
Wing-tip vortices are strong tornado-like structures which are formed in the wake<br />
of an aircraft as it crosses the sky. Due to water condensation inside of these<br />
structures, the vortices can often be seen behind the aircraft as two white trails.<br />
The high velocities in the vortices are a safety concern for other aircraft and it is<br />
therefore essential to understand their decay. This decay is strongly dependent<br />
on the weight and wing span of the aircraft, but also on atmospheric conditions.<br />
Especially the relative strength of ambient turbulence is a key factor for the decay.<br />
Conservative aircraft spacing rules ensure safety, but also limit airport capacity.<br />
In the wind tunnel facility of the Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, experiments have<br />
been performed to investigate the decay of wing-tip vortices in a turbulent<br />
environment. The technique of Particle Image Velocimetry was exploited to<br />
determine cross flow velocity fields at different positions behind model wings. In<br />
this way, the decay of wing-tip vortices could be accurately quantified for a wide<br />
range of turbulence conditions. The choices in the configuration of the setup<br />
resulted in a large and accurate dataset to quantify the decay in vortex strength.<br />
An important measure of the strength of a wing-tip vortex is its circulation. The<br />
only means to decrease this circulation is by vorticity cancellation requiring direct<br />
contact between vortices with different rotation direction. The mutual interaction<br />
of the vortices will lead to large-scale instabilities that significantly affect the<br />
structure of the whole vortex wake. A classical example is the Crow instability,<br />
which is characterized by long-wavelength sinusoidal perturbations.<br />
When the amplitude of these perturbations grows sufficiently large, the vortex<br />
cores touch, followed by a complete destruction of the vortex pair within a few<br />
minutes. It was found that external turbulence triggers these instabilities and<br />
enhances the diffusion of vorticity and thus accelerates the decay of wake<br />
vortices.<br />
17
Chemical Engineering and Chemistry<br />
ir. R.T.M. Jakobs<br />
Figure 1: Schematic overview of the self-assembly process<br />
of the Janus gold nanoparticles with the used ligands and<br />
electron microscope (TEM) image of the aggregate.<br />
Bob Jakobs is currently doing his PhD project on mechanically activated<br />
catalysts in the group of prof.dr. Sijbesma at <strong>Eindhoven</strong> University of Technology.<br />
He graduated in 2008 in the group of prof.dr. Meijer and prof.dr.ir. Janssen under<br />
supervision of dr. Jeroen van Herrikhuyzen.<br />
Self-assembly of hybrid organic/inorganic<br />
nanoparticles<br />
Figure 2: Schematic overview of the effect of the amount of<br />
ligand added on the morphology of the films with the resulting<br />
voltages and currents in the memory cell containing<br />
inter-mediate amounts of ligand.<br />
18<br />
Hybrid materials based on inorganic nanoparticles and π -conjugated ligands have<br />
unique optoelectronic properties. To fully exploit these properties in devices, the<br />
morphology of the materials is of great importance. Control over this morphology<br />
may be obtained via self-assembly. In my research project, I investigated the<br />
possibilities of self-assembly to obtain organic-inorganic hybrid materials with<br />
specific morphology and electrical functionality.<br />
In the first part, small (4 nm diameter) gold nanoparticles were synthesized and<br />
decorated with a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic ligands. The<br />
π -conjugated, hydrophobic ligands are fluorescent and semiconducting.<br />
The resulting particles aggregate spontaneously in water to form disk-shaped<br />
agglomerates. We attribute this to the peculiar nature of the outer surface of the<br />
decorated gold particles: these have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic face,<br />
and are often referred to as Janus particles (after the Roman god with the two<br />
faces).<br />
Changing the metallic gold core to semiconducting zinc oxide (ZnO), electronic<br />
functionality was introduced in these hybrid materials. Here, ZnO nanoparticles<br />
were partially covered with organic thiol ligands. In this way, electrical contact<br />
between the ZnO cores can still be formed, however, the number of these contacts<br />
can be controlled by adjusting the amount of ligand added. Optimizing this<br />
amount leads to formation of a small number of conducting channels, that can be<br />
switched on and off using an electrical voltage. Using this approach, an electronic<br />
memory cell could be constructed, that can be written, erased, and read out<br />
electrically. The performances of this memory cell are unprecedented for ZnO.<br />
In this research project, it was shown that morphology and electronic<br />
functionality of organic-inorganic hybrid materials can be controlled via selfassembly<br />
processes. In this new approach, it should be possible to engineer<br />
the properties of many different kinds of organic-inorganic hybrid materials.
Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences<br />
ir. M.M. Koppes<br />
Current employment: Philips Healthcare, Quote to Cash Program since<br />
August 2008 in Planning and Visibility work stream.<br />
Main working areas: Demand forecasting and network design.<br />
Supervisor final project 2008: prof.dr.ir. G.J. (Geert-Jan) van Houtum.<br />
Network Design for Next Day Deliveries of Spare Parts<br />
at IBM<br />
Figure 1: Example of network design including time constraints<br />
of hubs.<br />
Figure 2: Design approach III has significantly lower network<br />
costs while achieving higher service level.<br />
After sales service<br />
IBM offers next to advanced information systems, high quality after-sales service.<br />
This high quality after-sales service is required to satisfy the Service Level<br />
Agreement (SLA) that defines the level of service the customer requires. A<br />
differentiation in the level of service is made by IBM into same, next, next<br />
business and second business day orders. As the names already imply, the<br />
available time span differs per service level. Due to the worldwide, geographically<br />
dispersed customers and the high quality service they demand, it is necessary to<br />
have several stocking points in the customer area. The design of this network<br />
capable of serving customers in a time-responsive manner is complicated<br />
because of the characteristics of spare parts (high value and low demand rate).<br />
Assignment<br />
“Develop a tool that provides insight into the optimal network design for next day<br />
orders”.<br />
The optimal network generates minimal yearly costs while satisfying the service<br />
constraints.<br />
Design Questions<br />
1. What is the optimal number of hubs?<br />
2. What is the optimal location of hubs?<br />
3. What method should be used to dispatch the part from a hub to the customer?<br />
4. What are the optimal inventory levels of parts at the selected hubs?<br />
3 Design approaches:<br />
I. Decoupled design approach<br />
II. Integrated design approach without lateral transshipments<br />
III. Integrated design approach with lateral transshipments **NEW and UNIQUE<br />
Lateral transshipments are defined as the provisioning of a part by another<br />
stocking point than the point to which a customer is assigned. This backup option<br />
is used to fulfill a demand when the own stocking point is out of stock.<br />
Conclusion<br />
The new and unique design approach III is by far the best approach:<br />
A. It supports integrated network design approach:<br />
• Strong correlation between inventory and total costs<br />
• Design approach III benefits over design approach I<br />
B. It includes lateral transshipments:<br />
• Design approach III significantly decreases network network costs while<br />
achieving a significantly higher service level than design approach II<br />
In addition, approach III generates designs that are more robust for expansion of<br />
the customer area.<br />
19
Biomedical Engineering<br />
ir. J.P.J. Schmitz<br />
Figure 1: Skeletal muscle tissue consists of three distinct cell<br />
types, type I, type IIA and type IIX respectively. 31 PMRS<br />
measurements represents the average behavior of these<br />
different cell types. The computational model connects the<br />
observations at macroscopic scale to the cellular processes at<br />
microscopic scale.<br />
Joep Schmitz received his MSc degree (cum laude) in Biomedical<br />
Engineering (<strong>TU</strong>/e). He performed his final project in the BioModeling and<br />
Bioinformatics group (prof.dr. P.A.J. Hilbers) and the Biomedical NMR group<br />
(prof.dr. K. Nicolay).<br />
He is currently continuing his research as a PhD candidate.<br />
His personal interests include playing the piano, travelling and mountain<br />
biking.<br />
Human skeletal muscle metabolism: combining computational<br />
modeling and 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy<br />
Figure 2: A.) experimental data (grey diamonds) vs. model<br />
predictions with PFK and PK activation by Ca2+ (hypothesis 1)<br />
and without (hypothesis 2)<br />
B.) experimental data (grey diamonds) vs. model predictions<br />
with deactivation of mitochondrial at rest (hypothesis 1) and<br />
without (hypothesis 2).<br />
C.) experimental data (grey diamonds) and model simulations<br />
of whole muscle dynamics (black line) and individual cell<br />
dynamics (red, magenta, blue lines) during high intensity<br />
bicycle exercise and recovery.<br />
D.) experimental data (grey diamonds) and model simulations<br />
of whole muscle dynamics (black lines) and individual cell<br />
dynamics (red, magenta, blue lines) during low intensity<br />
bicycle exercise and recovery.<br />
20<br />
Biomedical NMR<br />
Introduction<br />
A characteristic of all living cells is that they require energy to maintain normal<br />
function. To satisfy this energy demand, each cell contains a highly complex<br />
system of molecules that interact and convert nutrients (glucose, fatty acids) into<br />
energy. A disturbance of this system can lead to severe pathologies like insulin<br />
resistance and type 2 diabetes. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying this highly<br />
complex system is therefore an important topic in biomedical research.<br />
Skeletal muscle tissue is one of the main organs that develop insulin resistance.<br />
Furthermore, skeletal muscle tissue is known to increase its energy demand<br />
over one hundred times in a transition of resting to fully activated state. These<br />
characteristics make skeletal muscle tissue very attractive for studying cell<br />
metabolism.<br />
Methods<br />
31 P MRS is a non-invasive method to record in vivo skeletal muscle metabolite<br />
dynamics. Experimental data was obtained by performing 31 P MRS measurements<br />
during in-magnet bicycle exercise and recovery. Interpretation of this data is<br />
complicated by skeletal muscle heterogeneity and organization at distinct scales<br />
(Figure 1). We developed a multi-scale computational model to connect the<br />
macroscopic 31 P MRS measurements at whole muscle level to the behavior of<br />
metabolic pathways in individual muscle cells.<br />
Cell metabolism was described by a set of 47 ODE’s. Flux description and<br />
parameter values were determined based upon enzyme kinetic data available in<br />
literature. Different cell types were modeled by cell type specific parameter sets.<br />
Results<br />
Comparison of model predictions and experimental data were used to test<br />
different hypotheses regarding the regulatory mechanisms present within<br />
the pathways (Figure 2A and B). These results contributed to an improved<br />
understanding of the functioning of the metabolic pathways.<br />
Model predictions at whole muscle scale and experimental data agreed well.<br />
Moreover, model simulations predicted metabolite dynamics in individual cell<br />
types (Figure 2C and D), as well as dynamics of metabolites undetectable with<br />
31 P MRS. These predictions are potentially valuable to other research and clinical<br />
settings as they can indicate if a certain experimental observation is attributable<br />
to all or only a subset of muscle cells.<br />
This work provided a basis for future studies, in which the model of a healthy<br />
muscle can be adapted to describe pathologies like type 2 diabetes. Model<br />
predictions of such a ‘virtual’ patient can contribute to an improved<br />
understanding of cause and consequence of these diseases.
Architecture, Building and Planning<br />
ir. C.J.P.A. Smeets<br />
Owner at Bamboo Concepts<br />
As creator at Bamboo Concepts I am specializing in sustainable energy<br />
systems and business development. After a number of freelance projects I<br />
am working on founding a sustainable housing development company: For<br />
Sustainable Living, providing sustainable and affordable dwellings.<br />
Supervisor at <strong>TU</strong>/e: prof.dr.ir. W.F. Schaefer<br />
Strategic Customer Approach in Sustainable Energy<br />
Systems Improving customer demand in sustainable housing developments<br />
The objective of this research project is to make recommendations for<br />
improvement on the application of sustainable energy systems in new<br />
housing development projects. By making an analysis of the economic and<br />
functional customer housing demands and designing a market approach that<br />
provides these customer demands.<br />
In addressing this objective a postulate has been stated: “It is possible to<br />
develop market conform sustainable housing projects. Despite the desirability<br />
of this development there is insufficient customer demand due to insufficient<br />
strategic market approach.” This thesis project affirms this postulate.<br />
First by making an analysis of economic customer demands, defining the value<br />
appropriation of customers. Providing an answer to the question: “What is it that<br />
customers perceive as an element of value?”<br />
Second the system characteristics of a sustainable energy system are analysed.<br />
This provides an answer to: “Does the system provide demanded functionality<br />
and sufficient advantages?”<br />
A set of four discrepancies has been determined, where customer evaluation and<br />
intrinsic quality of the system are conflicting. These discrepancies are addressed<br />
in a two-folded customer approach; based on four business strategy elements<br />
that aim at increasing the value perception of homeowners in sustainable energy<br />
systems and increasing the importance of innovation in housing developments.<br />
A strategic customer approach is presented, that provides technology alternatives<br />
to improve the application of sustainable energy systems in new housing<br />
developments. This strategic business definition expands the customer approach<br />
by addressing the value offer that makes customer value evaluation difficult<br />
and introduces new approaches in applying sustainable energy systems in new<br />
housing development projects.<br />
This strategy implies a technology-push, which is much needed to achieve<br />
a stronger demand-pull, on sustainable energy systems in new housing<br />
development projects. Addressing the four defined discrepancies in a two-folded<br />
customer approach proves the postulate.<br />
As a result this thesis will lead to a renewed focus on customer value evaluation<br />
and customer functionality needed. Presented in a market strategy that improves<br />
the applicability of sustainable energy systems in new housing development<br />
projects.<br />
21
Mathematics and Computer Science<br />
ir. M.W.H. Wijffelaars<br />
Martijn Wijffelaars graduated in 2008 with a Master in Computer Science<br />
and Engineering and a certificate 'Technisch Management'. He currently<br />
works at MagnaView (www.magnaview.com), where he is involved in R&D<br />
and developing visualizations. MagnaView is a company that visualizes<br />
business data, using advanced visualization techniques based on research<br />
of the Visualization group of <strong>TU</strong>/e.<br />
Figure 1: The shape of the curve in CIELUV color space determines<br />
the appearance of the palette. Users can fine-tune the<br />
palette with parameters like saturation, brightness and<br />
contrast.<br />
Figure 2: A set of generated preset palettes.<br />
Figure 3: First a preset palette is chosen, then users can adjust<br />
it using the slider interface.<br />
22<br />
Synthesis of Color Palettes<br />
Color Palettes<br />
Color is used in all areas of visualization, including cartography, information<br />
visualization and scientific visualization. An example is the use of color to<br />
represent temperature ranges in a weather forecast. Here scalar values are<br />
mapped to colors, and the set of colors used is called a palette.<br />
Selection of the right combination of colors in a palette is critical for conveying<br />
information correctly. This task is not trivial. A number of sometimes conflicting<br />
requirements have to be met, taking the functional characteristics of the human<br />
visual system into account. Experts can achieve optimal results by carefully<br />
hand-picking colors; for non-experts this is often too difficult and timeconsuming.<br />
A simple solution is to provide the user with a number of standard<br />
palettes. However, none of these palettes may be deemed optimal for the<br />
application under consideration.<br />
CIELUV color space<br />
Therefore, a method for the automated synthesis of palettes was created. At the<br />
basis lies the CIELUV color system, which is perceptually more uniform than<br />
conventional color systems. To analyze the CIELUV color system, a tool<br />
called PaletteView was developed. This provided new insights, leading to a<br />
mathematical model to generate palettes.<br />
Palette generation technique<br />
The proposed model uses a flexible curve in CIELUV color space, defined with<br />
Bézier curves. This curve is restricted to move within the gamut of visible colors<br />
on an RGB monitor, thereby preventing approximation of colors outside the<br />
gamut. The user can control the shape of the curve, and thereby the appearance<br />
of the palette, with a small set of meaningful and intuitive parameters: saturation,<br />
brightness, contrast, hue range, and the number of colors.<br />
Using this technique, users can create proper palettes without any knowledge on<br />
color theory or on the creation of bias-free palettes. They simply select a preset<br />
palette and use the slider interface to tune the palette according to their specific<br />
wishes and circumstances.<br />
The palette generation technique is implemented in the MagnaView application<br />
and has been in use successfully, both internally and by customers, for about a<br />
year.
For the best design report at <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2008<br />
The <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 5.000,awarded<br />
to the best design project in one of the <strong>TU</strong>/e design programs,<br />
completed in 2008. The design can be a product, a process, or a system.<br />
This year 4 design projects from 4 different design programs and commissioned<br />
by different clients have been nominated.<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award<br />
<strong>2009</strong><br />
23
The jury has assessed the design projects based on the following criteria:<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award<br />
Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />
• Execution within the demands and wishes of the external client;<br />
• thorough problem analysis;<br />
• clear description of the solution strategy;<br />
• methodological approach and application of knowledge and technology from multiple disciplines;<br />
• clear documentation of the design process and a description of the results that is also comprehensible to non-specialists;<br />
• usable end-result with a positive effect on the practical situation of the client.<br />
Based on these criteria the jury has decided to award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong> to Ir. Rianne (A.J.) Pas PDEng<br />
for her design project ‘Angiography-based physiological parameters to determine the severity of a coronary<br />
stenosis’.<br />
Rianne Pas did her project at the X-Ray Predevelopment department of Philips Health Care and the Catharina-ziekenhuis, as part of the<br />
design program Design and Technology of Instrumentation. Her <strong>TU</strong>/e supervisors were prof.dr.ir. F.N. van de Vosse and prof.dr. N.H.J. Pijls,<br />
both from the department of Biomedical Engineering. Her supervisor at Philips Health Care was dr.ir. P. Rongen.<br />
At the Catharina-ziekenhuis Rianne worked under the supervision of drs. P. Tonino and ir. M. van ’t Veer.<br />
24
Rianne Pas has developed an exploratory design for an X-Ray based system that<br />
can be used for determining the severity of a stenosis; a narrowing in one or more<br />
of the coronary arteries leading to an obstruction of the blood flow. The system<br />
applies image processing techniques to physiological measures derived from an<br />
angiogram.<br />
Rianne has written a well-structured report that starts with a good outline of the<br />
problem, resulting in a well-formulated problem definition. To solve the problem<br />
a solid analysis is made of the techniques that may be applied for image<br />
processing, modeling of the flow and determining the Fractional Flow Reserve<br />
(FFR). The signal analysis technique selected is based on so-called Digital<br />
Subtraction Angiography (DSA): subtraction of the background of an image from<br />
the rest of the angiogram during the whole heart cycle to enable accurate visualization<br />
of tissue filled with contrast agent as function of time. To get the best<br />
results the X-Ray tube control protocol was changed. After optimization of the<br />
X-Ray picture taking, each relevant step of the design was carefully analyzed<br />
resulting in an ultimate solution for determining the Time Intensity Curve (TIC).<br />
This TIC is the video analysis based densitometry measurement of the contrast<br />
agent flow passing through the selected Region Of Interest (ROI). Although the<br />
design could only be tested in simulation it has been demonstrated that this X-ray<br />
video analysis system can provide important information about the physiological<br />
state of the coronary arteries.<br />
Although the jury was unanimous in its decision, it was somewhat disappointed<br />
by the limited number of designs submitted and sincerely hopes for more<br />
submissions next year.<br />
The jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />
Prof.dr. P.A.J. Hilbers (chair)<br />
Prof.dr.ir. A.C.P.M. Backx<br />
Dr.ir. S.P.G. Moonen<br />
25
Design and Technology of Instrumentation<br />
26<br />
ir. A.J. Pas PDEng<br />
Rianne Pas (Biomedical Engineer) graduated from the combined SAI<br />
programs ‘Design and Technology of Instrumentation’ and ‘Qualified<br />
Medical Engineer’. She performed her design project at Philips Healthcare<br />
in collaboration with the Catharina Hospital <strong>Eindhoven</strong>. Currently she works<br />
as Innovation Case Manager at the Medical Field Lab, Maastricht University<br />
Medical Center.<br />
Angiography-based physiological parameters to<br />
determine the severity of a coronary stenosis<br />
Figure 1: Coronary vessel tree visualized by contrast agent. The<br />
white arrow indicates a stenosis.<br />
Artery<br />
a<br />
Myocardium<br />
Correction<br />
b<br />
Figure 2: a. Regions of Interest (ROIs) are indicated in the artery<br />
and myocardium. The correction area is used for normalization,<br />
b. Time Intensity Curves derived from the ROIs in a. Tp is<br />
indicated, as it is used in this Time Intensity method.<br />
Figure 3: The left graph shows the result of the Tp of the<br />
arterial ROI before and after stenting versus the FFR before<br />
and after stenting. The right graph shows also the Tp after and<br />
before stenting versus FFR before and after stenting, but with<br />
the Tp of the perfusion area.<br />
The vertical line represents the boundary of FFRpre/FFRpost =<br />
0.83 for a significant stenosis and successful stenting.<br />
Interventions that did not fulfil this requirement are eliminated<br />
from the final result.<br />
Cardiovascular Disease<br />
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in the western world.<br />
Myocardial infarction is a particular sort of CVD: a narrowing in one or more of the<br />
coronary arteries (blood vessels around the heart) leading to an obstruction of<br />
the blood flow. This is called a stenosis. Physicians are able to make this visible<br />
with X-Ray by injecting contrast agent into the coronary arteries (figure 1).<br />
Fractional Flow Reserve<br />
If the stenosis is considered significant, a stent is inserted into the diseased<br />
artery and dilated by inflating the supporting balloon. The stent is left behind in<br />
the vessel to support the wall and to keep it open. For intermediate lesions the<br />
decision for treatment may be hard. Then, the significance of a stenosis can be<br />
quantified by a Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) measurement.<br />
The FFR is the ratio of pressures on both sides of the stenosis measured with a<br />
pressure sensor mounted on a guide wire. This guide wire has to be inserted<br />
separately, which introduces extra risks and costs for the patient.<br />
X-ray Based Physiological Parameters<br />
In this design project, it is explored whether it is possible to extract the severity<br />
of a stenosis in a less invasive way. According to a prescribed protocol, X-ray<br />
images are acquired in the Catharina Hospital <strong>Eindhoven</strong>. After smart image<br />
processing and analysis under supervision of Philips Healthcare, X-Ray Pre-development,<br />
physiological parameters from heart tissue are derived before and after<br />
the intervention. Regions of Interest (ROI) are indicated in the artery and<br />
myocardium from which pixel intensities are registered during several seconds<br />
(figure 2). The pixel intensity in the ROI changes by means of passing contrast<br />
agent and the average value is used in the Time Intensity Curve (TIC). The time<br />
that is necessary to reach the peak of the TIC (Tp) is indicated as inverse flow.<br />
The TICs are measured in both the artery and myocardium, before and after stent<br />
placement, and are tested against the FFR measured during the intervention<br />
before and after the stent placement (figure 3).<br />
Conclusion<br />
Currently, the proposed method is retrospective, but the results are promising<br />
with respect to the development of a prospective method. From this project, it<br />
seems feasible to extract parameters from smart processed X-Ray images that<br />
indicate the significance of a stenosis<br />
and is the topic of further research.<br />
Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Design Award <strong>2009</strong>
Process and Product Design<br />
V. Jancic MSc PDEng<br />
Figure 1: Coverage of the district heating grid Amernet.<br />
Vuk Jancic studied Process Equipment Design in Belgrade and subsequently<br />
joined the Process and Product Design program.<br />
He conducted his graduation project at Essent Warmte under the<br />
supervision of prof.ir. Henk Leegwater. He is currently working as<br />
a Process Engineer at Fluor.<br />
Heat loss from district heating grid<br />
Introduction<br />
District heating (DH) is a widely used and well developed technology that can<br />
make a significant contribution to the reduction of the carbon dioxide emissions<br />
and to the decrease of energy demand. The idea behind DH is to connect multiple<br />
heat consumers to a cheap and efficient heat generation source through a piping<br />
network. The largest DH network of Essent, Amernet (Figure 1), consists of more<br />
than 400 kilometers of buried pipeline. With all the advantages of DH, the biggest<br />
problem is the distribution loss (heat loss). An average DH grid at Essent has 23%<br />
heat loss, which is more than in the surrounding countries.<br />
Objectives<br />
The main objective of the project was to gain a better understanding of the heat<br />
loss in the distribution grid and to propose a new design that would reduce the<br />
heat loss.<br />
Results<br />
It was discovered that the heat loss in the Netherlands is higher than in the<br />
surrounding countries due to the low heat density. It was found that the efficiency<br />
of the grid is not the best parameter to represent the quality of the grid.<br />
Comparative values such as specific heat loss and heat density give more insight<br />
into the phenomenon of heat loss. Specific heat loss was found to be reasonable.<br />
The heat loss of two different grids was simulated in “Grades Heating”, software<br />
for optimization of DH grids. The results were discarded due to inconsistency of<br />
the software. Instead of using software, a model was developed to calculate heat<br />
loss in Amernet. The accuracy of the results of the heat loss calculation was found<br />
to be 97%.<br />
The same model was used to investigate the optimization capabilities of the grid.<br />
Two possibilities were investigated; optimization of the old grid (Amernet) and<br />
optimization of a new grid. Proposed optimization of the old grid consisted of<br />
changing operating parameters and resulted in the reduction of heat loss by 5.1%.<br />
Proposed optimization of a new grid incorporated a totally new design of the<br />
pipelines using the newest technology of twin pipes. By implementing this<br />
technology the heat loss of the future DH grids can be reduced by 31%.<br />
27
Mathematics for Industry<br />
Figure 1: Buckles in the strip.<br />
N.S. Mandagi MSc PDEng<br />
Nanda Mandagi recieved her PDEng degree in 2008. Her graduation was<br />
supervised by Annemarie Aarts and Stef van Eijndhoven. Currently, she is<br />
working in Corus Research Development and Technology as a Rolling<br />
Technology Researcher.<br />
Buckling and Tracking in Corus Continuous Annealing Line<br />
Modelling the relationship between stress distribution and roll profile as an<br />
optimization problem<br />
Figure 2: A thermal roll profile with its corresponding boundary<br />
condition and compressive stress distribution.<br />
28<br />
Steel is an excellent packaging material since it is strong, durable, and 100%<br />
recyclable.<br />
It protects contents from water, oxygen, and light. Corus, as one of Europe’s<br />
largest steel producers, manufactures high-quality packaging steels and supplies<br />
the can-making industry world wide.<br />
Packaging steels are thin sheets of metal with a required level of strength and<br />
hardness. To produce a steel strip with well-specified mechanical properties,<br />
several processes are applied. One of them is a continuous annealing process.<br />
During this process, the strip runs over numerous rolls in an alternate up and<br />
down vertical motion under global tension.<br />
Two common problems encountered during the annealing process are strips that<br />
buckle and strips that are off track. When the tension is too low, the strip starts to<br />
wander. If the strip drifts away too much from the centre of the roll, then stable<br />
operation is disturbed, resulting in severe damage. To prevent this, profiled rolls<br />
are used. The profile is chosen such that it applies a force to the strip that moves<br />
the strip back toward the centre of the roll when it is off track. The more we apply<br />
the self-centring force, the better the strip tracking is. However, it is not always a<br />
feasible solution since then buckling may appear.<br />
Since what is desired is to have a well-tracked strip without buckles, optimum<br />
process parameters are required. A common way to relate these parameters to<br />
buckling and tracking is via the stress distribution. My task was to develop a<br />
mathematical model and a numerical implementation by which the stress<br />
distributions in a strip for any general roll profile can be calculated. By having the<br />
stress distributions, a buckling criterion and centring movement of the strip are<br />
obtained. The novel contribution of this project is that it defines a method that<br />
relates the roll profiles to boundary conditions. Here, the problem was tackled<br />
by using an expansion technique in combination with an optimization technique.<br />
The use of elementary biharmonic functions yields a numerical implementation<br />
that is extremely fast and accurate.
Software Technology<br />
drs. D.M. Schipper PDEng<br />
Figure 1: The SLAM process cycle. The Map Building and<br />
Localization processes highly depend on each other through<br />
the robot position and the map built from the environment,<br />
using recognizable image features.<br />
Figure 2: Design of the demonstrator: components and data<br />
flow.<br />
Figure 3a: Stereo-triangulation<br />
to determine the distance to a<br />
feature.<br />
Figure 4: Landmarks and robot<br />
path in one of the experiments.<br />
Dorieke Schipper attained her MSc degree in Computer Science at Leiden<br />
University in 2006 on the subject of 3D transformations of biological<br />
images. In 2008, she concluded the Software Technology program under<br />
supervision of Erik Luit (<strong>TU</strong>/e) and Harry Broers (Philips Applied<br />
Technologies). Currently, Dorieke is working at Sioux Embedded Systems,<br />
contributing to the development of a machine that uses inkjet technology<br />
for placing copper traces on pcbs.<br />
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping with stereovision<br />
Design of a demonstrator and a feasibility analysis for commercial applications<br />
Figure 3b: Ground plane projection<br />
of a 3D map. Features<br />
are represented by their<br />
95%confidence regions. Red<br />
features are re-observed.<br />
The growing interest of the industry in personal robotics led to the initiation of<br />
a feasibility study of the applicability of vision-based Simultaneous Localization<br />
and Mapping (SLAM) techniques for robot navigation in consumer applications.<br />
Several research publications claim good tracking results with vision-based<br />
SLAM. However, existing open source implementations are not robust enough to<br />
be used in commercial applications. A feasibility analysis and the development<br />
of a demonstrator led to the conclusion that a commercial application of visionbased<br />
SLAM for 3D tracking and localization is not feasible yet.<br />
SLAM<br />
The process of SLAM can be described by an endless loop as illustrated in<br />
Figure 1. The design of the demonstrator SLAM system as described here is<br />
outlined in Figure 2.<br />
Landmark Extraction<br />
The system uses stereovision to observe its environment. A stereovision system<br />
consists of two cameras, functioning like the left and right eye of the robot. If a<br />
feature can be found in both images, the 3D position of this feature can be determined<br />
by stereo-triangulation (see Figure 3a).<br />
Map building<br />
The uncertainty in the feature position, due to calibration errors and measurement<br />
noise, is considered Gaussian. If a feature is re-observed, the position<br />
uncertainty decreases (see Figure 3b).<br />
Data association and Localization<br />
Data association is the challenge of recognizing landmarks from the map in the<br />
input images. This correspondence can be used to determine the robot’s position<br />
with respect to the map.<br />
A robust estimator, such as RANSAC, can be used to identify wrong data<br />
associations, after which the good associations can be used for optimization.<br />
Experiments and Conclusions<br />
Two datasets have been used to evaluate the accuracy, robustness, and<br />
performance of the demonstrator. With a professional set of cameras, results are<br />
promising, but a low-budget stereovision system cannot be calibrated accurately<br />
enough to determine the positions of features reliably. The uncertain feature<br />
positions and the cyclic nature of SLAM prevent the development of robust and<br />
accurate tracking using SLAM in commercial applications.<br />
29
<strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project<br />
Award <strong>2009</strong><br />
For the best dissertation or technological design at <strong>TU</strong>/e<br />
in 2008<br />
The <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong> consists of a certificate and a sum of Ä 5.000,awarded<br />
to the best <strong>TU</strong>/e doctoral project, completed in 2008.<br />
This year 10 doctoral projects from 7 different departments have been nominated.<br />
31
The jury has assessed the doctoral projects based on the following criteria:<br />
• Sufficient innovative elements;<br />
• scope of the research or design;<br />
• comprehensibility of the dissertation or research report;<br />
• social relevance.<br />
<strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project<br />
Award<br />
Jury report <strong>2009</strong><br />
Based on these criteria the jury has decided to award the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong> to<br />
dr. M. García Larrodé, for her dissertation ‘Radio over Fiber Distributed Antenna Systems for in-building<br />
Broadband Wireless Services’.<br />
32
Maria García Larrodé did her doctoral research at the department of Electrical<br />
Engineering and received her PhD on 4 March 2008, cum laude. Her first supervisors<br />
were prof.ir. A.M.J. Koonen and prof.dr.ir. I.G.M.M. Niemegeers from the<br />
department of Electrical Engineering. Prof.dr.ir. E.R. Fledderus, also from the<br />
department of Electrical Engineering, served as her copromotor.<br />
Maria’s dissertation makes important contributions to the technology of radioover-fibre<br />
systems, on aspects such as network level concepts and inter-network<br />
control protocols. It deals with basic technology design, system concepts,<br />
theoretical analysis, and experimental demonstration at proof of principle level,<br />
all within a complicated set of constraints. The jury is impressed by the high<br />
quality of this well-written and attractively illustrated thesis, which moreover sets<br />
an excellent scientific example. The large number of journal publications and<br />
conference presentations has given the work international exposure. Maria has<br />
already received two awards from professional societies in her field of research.<br />
The jury is pleased to note that although the decision was unanimous, all ten<br />
nominated doctoral projects were of high quality and would have been worthy<br />
recipients of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong>.<br />
The jury for the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong>:<br />
Prof.dr. J.W. Niemantsverdriet (chair)<br />
Prof.dr. K.M. van Hee<br />
Prof.dr.ir. K. Kopinga<br />
33
Electrical Engineering<br />
dr. M. García Larrodé<br />
Figure 1: RoF systems propose the consolidation of the radio<br />
access control and signal generation and processing at a<br />
centralized control station (CS) and the delivery of the radio<br />
signals transparently to simplified remote antenna site (AS)<br />
that contain only RF modules via optical fiber. They take<br />
advantage of fiber's inherent properties of low loss, light<br />
weight, immunity against electromagnetic interference and<br />
huge transmission bandwidth to employ fiber as a reliable<br />
transmission medium for the distribution of microwave and<br />
millimeter wave radio signals.<br />
María García Larrodé got her MSc degree in telecommunications<br />
engineering. After several years of industrial experience as a systems<br />
engineer in mobile radio networks, she joined <strong>TU</strong>/e to pursue the PhD<br />
degree on broadband optical/wireless access networks under the<br />
supervision of prof.ir. Ton Koonen. María is currently a scientific<br />
innovator in access network technologies at TNO.<br />
Radio over Fiber Distributed Antenna Systems for<br />
in-building Broadband Wireless Services<br />
Figure 2: The robustness of OFM against modal dispersion<br />
impairments has made possible the accomplishment of a<br />
point-to-multipoint radio over multimode fiber distributed<br />
antenna system, which has been implemented with an all-fiber<br />
multimode add/drop node based on a narrow-band multimode<br />
fiber Bragg grating. The experiments carried out with this<br />
design achieve successful distribution of 64-QAM radio signals<br />
at 24GHz after 4.4km of multimode fiber transmission.<br />
34<br />
Radio-over-fiber (RoF) distributed antenna systems<br />
RoF-distributed antenna systems have been identified as a flexible option for the<br />
access architecture of current and emerging wireless access networks, especially<br />
inside buildings, as it reduces infrastructure cost and antenna site complexity and<br />
it enables a flexible convergence of broadband wired and wireless services in an<br />
integrated full service access and in-building network (Figure 1). This dissertation<br />
addresses the study of broadband wireless access networks employing RoF<br />
techniques and the application of the optical frequency multiplication (OFM)<br />
technique to the physical layer design of a cost-effective and reliable RoF-based<br />
wireless access infrastructure. The scope of this work encompasses novel system<br />
concepts, theoretical analysis and experimental demonstrations from technology<br />
and transmission level to link and networking levels.<br />
Optical Frequency Multiplication (OFM) technique<br />
OFM has the advantage of generating high-frequency harmonics with a single<br />
laser source and employing low-frequency electronics. It is tolerant to chromatic<br />
dispersion in single-mode fiber and robust against modal dispersion in multimode<br />
fiber transmission, and can be easily integrated in last-mile optical access<br />
networks by means of wavelength division multiplexing.<br />
Exploiting the characteristics of OFM, transmission records of radio signals at<br />
millimetre-wave frequencies over multimode fiber have been achieved; many<br />
versatile system concepts towards the design of a full-service RoF physical layer<br />
which supports multiple radio standards have been engineered; and the impact<br />
of such a RoF link on various wireless medium access control protocols has been<br />
analyzed, which represents a pioneering contribution to the radio-over-fiber<br />
research field.<br />
Finally, these concepts have been extended to two distributed antenna system<br />
(DAS) network designs. The first network design is a compact RoF-DAS which<br />
combines the use of agile phase- and wavelength-tunable lasers with arrayed<br />
waveguide gratings to enable dynamic wavelength allocation for providing<br />
flexible radio capacity on demand. The second network design consists of a<br />
full-duplex multimode fiber ring network, which is implemented by means of<br />
an all-fiber multimode add/drop node based on a narrowband multimode fiber<br />
Bragg grating. This latter design represents the first-ever reported (to the best<br />
of the author's knowledge) point-to-multipoint DAS over multimode fiber,<br />
showing that the OFM technique is uniquely suited for application in multimode<br />
fiber in-building networks (Figure 2).<br />
Winner of the <strong>TU</strong>/e Doctoral Project Award <strong>2009</strong>
Electrical Engineering<br />
dr.ir. D. van den Borne<br />
Dirk van den Borne received his MSc degree in Electrical Engineering from<br />
the <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2004, and completed his PhD research (‘Robust Optical<br />
Transmission Systems’) in 2008. He is currently an R&D project manager<br />
at Nokia Siemens Networks, where he is responsible for the optical system<br />
performance of next-generation transmission systems.<br />
Robust Optical Transmission Systems<br />
Designing tomorrow’s telecommunication network<br />
Figure 1: Constellation diagram of polarization-multiplexed<br />
DQPSK modulation, shown as a 4 dimensional hypercube<br />
(4 orthogonal signal dimensions: in-phase and quadrature<br />
component of the optical phase on each of the two orthogonal<br />
polarization states).<br />
Figure 2: Measured performance of 100-Gb/s polarizationmultiplexed<br />
DQPSK modulation in a long-haul transmission<br />
test bed. The figure shows the measured bit error ratio (BER)<br />
as a function of the transmission distance.<br />
Figure 3: Experimental demonstration of 100-Gb/s polarizationmultiplexed<br />
DQPSK transmission.<br />
The world connected<br />
The global telecommunication network transports massive volumes of data traffic<br />
to all corners of the world. Skype, Youtube, Google Earth and peer-to-peer networks,<br />
all of those services depend on a backbone of optical transmission links to ensure<br />
that they can be accessed by everyone, everywhere, and anytime. Today, most<br />
transmission links operate at data rates of 10 Gigabits per second (Gb/s) per<br />
wavelength channel. However, with online services becoming evermore important<br />
in our society the demand for bandwidth increases continuously. To service this<br />
demand, next-generation systems will need to multiply data rates by at least a factor<br />
of 10. A challenge that drives the development of 100-Gb/s transmission technology.<br />
At such data rates, the signal is easily distorted by linear and nonlinear transmission<br />
impairments, as well as bandwidth limitations. To build transmission systems that<br />
span continents or even oceans, these transmission impairments have to be very<br />
precisely compensated. Higher data rates make the design of an optical transmission<br />
system challenging, and therefore much more expensive.<br />
The objective: robust optical transmission systems<br />
Conventional optical transmission systems use amplitude modulation to encode<br />
information onto the optical signal. The Ph.D. project aimed to identify more robust<br />
modulation formats that exploit the phase and/or polarization state of the optical<br />
signal for use in high-capacity transmission systems. The identified formats are<br />
subsequently combined with different equalization technologies to further increase<br />
their robustness against transmission impairments.<br />
The results: modulation and equalization<br />
Robust modulation formats: 40-Gb/s differential quadrature phase shift keying<br />
(DQPSK) has been systematically evaluated through a combination of modeling,<br />
simulations, long-haul transmission experiments and finally a field-trial. This has<br />
showed that DQPSK modulation is highly tolerant to linear transmission impairments<br />
and therefore a suitable candidate for robust optical transmission systems.<br />
Robust electronic equalization: DQPSK can be combined with polarization multiplexing<br />
to double fiber capacity, but this causes sensitivity to polarization-induced<br />
transmission impairments. The research results proved that the combination of<br />
coherent detection and digital signal processing enables electrical polarization<br />
de-multiplexing and the equalization of linear transmission impairments. This opens<br />
up the possibility to use polarization multiplexing in long-haul transmission systems.<br />
The impact: a cost-effective solution for 100-Gb/s transmission<br />
In the scope of the Ph.D. project, the first ever demonstration of 100-Gb/s<br />
polarization-multiplexed DQPSK transmission using electronic equalization has<br />
been carried out. Since then, this solution has been worldwide accepted as the<br />
most suitable approach for 100G transport.<br />
35
Mechanical Engineering<br />
dr.ir. T.A.P. Engels<br />
Tom Engels, born December 5th 1978, Panningen, the Netherlands.<br />
Enrolled as a student in the department of Mechanical Engineering in 1999,<br />
and finished his doctorate thesis in the same department in the Polymer<br />
Technology group in 2008.<br />
Current employment: Scientist Mechanical Properties at DSM Research<br />
Performance Materials, Geleen, the Netherlands.<br />
Promotor: prof.dr.ir. Han E.H. Meijer. Copromotors: dr.ir. Leon E. Govaert<br />
and dr.ir. Gerrit W.M. Peters<br />
Predicting Performance of Glassy Polymers<br />
Evolution of the Thermodynamic State during Processing and Service Life<br />
Figure 1: Short-term mechanical performance of polymer<br />
products with different processing histories; predictions (lines)<br />
and experiments (markers).<br />
Figure 2: Long-term mechanical performance of polymer products<br />
with different processing histories; predictions (lines)<br />
and experiments (markers).<br />
36<br />
Modern design environments integrate shaping and making and the processes<br />
involved are supported by numerical tools that aid distinct steps in the total<br />
design process. Two important fields can be distinguished in product design:<br />
(i) processing and (ii) functional use of the product. Up till now, no real interaction<br />
between the two fields exists. In polymers, however, the processing step largely<br />
determines the behavior in the solid state.<br />
Using state-of-the-art constitutive models, the thermodynamic state of a polymer<br />
material, e.g. as reflected in the value of the yield stress, is the only variable<br />
required to accurately predict both short- and long-term performance of glassy<br />
polymer products. Although the results are very useful, a drawback exists in the<br />
fact that the initial state of the product still has to be determined. This requires<br />
mechanical testing of a prototype which strongly restricts true product optimization.<br />
We present a method that predicts yield stress distributions in injection molded<br />
products of glassy polymers directly from processing conditions. The approach is<br />
based on the evolution kinetics of the yield stress as a function of effective time<br />
and yields excellent predictions of short- and long-term properties after<br />
processing, see figures 1 and 2.<br />
Predictions on performance are made under the assumption of ductile failure,<br />
and no explicit criterion for embrittlement was incorporated. Under the influence<br />
of progressive aging a transition from a ductile to a brittle failure mode can be<br />
experienced. To predict the failure mode, a critical hydrostatic stress criterion is<br />
introduced that serves as a threshold value for the onset of cavitation which is the<br />
initiation of craze formation. Based on the evolution of the thermodynamic state<br />
this molecular weight dependent threshold can be surpassed and a predictable<br />
transition in failure mode results.<br />
The modeling approach presented combines the two aspects of design. It enables<br />
the prediction of the performance of products made of polymer glasses, starting<br />
from the processing conditions and ending with the way in which the product will<br />
fail. This opens the way to true product optimization in a complete virtual<br />
environment without the need of performing even a single mechanical test.
Biomedical Engineering<br />
dr.ir. E.M. Franken<br />
Figure 1: Illustration of orientation score construction of an<br />
image containing three crossing lines.<br />
Erik Franken studied Electrical Engineering in <strong>Eindhoven</strong>. He obtained his<br />
PhD degree in the field of biomedical image analysis at the department<br />
of Biomedical Engineering, supervised by prof.dr.ir. Bart ter Haar Romeny<br />
and dr.ir. Remco Duits. Currently he works as software scientist at FEI<br />
company.<br />
Enhancement of Crossing Elongated Structures in<br />
Images<br />
Figure 2: Example results of coherence-enhancing diffusion via<br />
orientation scores of an artificial image (top) resp. microscopy<br />
image of bone tissue (bottom).<br />
Many fibrous and line-like structures occur in the human body, such as white<br />
matter in the brain, blood vessels, and muscle fibres. Analysis of the properties of<br />
these structures is often relevant to make a medical diagnosis or to answer<br />
biomedical research questions. However, the acquired images are generally noisy<br />
and the elongated structures often bifurcate or intersect. It is therefore important<br />
to have reliable techniques for automatic processing and analysis of images<br />
containing such elongated structures. In my thesis I have developed a generic<br />
image-processing framework for this purpose.<br />
The biological visual system formed a source of inspiration for the methodology.<br />
The primary visual cortex is an important area in the brain for processing visual<br />
information. It is known that in this area many neurons excite a strong response<br />
to lines with a very specific orientation. Analogously, in my PhD thesis I propose<br />
to use so-called orientation scores of images. In essence, a rotating directional<br />
line-sensitive filter is applied to a two-dimensional image.<br />
This results in a three-dimensional dataset where crossing lines are separated<br />
from each other (see Figure 1). Since it is possible to reconstruct the image from<br />
its orientation score, one can enhance an image by processing the orientation<br />
score instead of the image directly. The key observation that orientation scores<br />
are defined on the mathematical group of translations and rotations makes it<br />
possible to map many well-known image processing algorithms to useful<br />
operations on orientation scores.<br />
The most relevant result of my PhD thesis is an algorithm for image enhancement<br />
by means of filtering operations on the orientation score of an image (see Figure<br />
2), which is made adaptive to the local orientation and curvature of elongated<br />
structures. This new method is capable of preserving crossing structures, which is<br />
a beneficial property for many biomedical applications. Furthermore, I show that<br />
all methods can also be applied to orientation scores of three-dimensional<br />
images. This enables major improvements of image processing algorithms for 3D<br />
medical imaging techniques, particularly for modern MRI techniques such as high<br />
angular resolution diffusion imaging.<br />
37
Applied Physics<br />
dr.ir. R.P.J. Kunnen<br />
Rudie Kunnen obtained his MSc degree in Applied Physics at <strong>TU</strong>/e in 2004.<br />
He conducted his PhD research on turbulent rotating convection in the same<br />
department. Currently he is working as a postdoc at RWTH Aachen<br />
University (Germany) on the numerical simulation of droplet collision<br />
and coagulation in clouds.<br />
Figure 1: The convection cell. Photo credit: Bart van Overbeeke.<br />
Figure 2: Visualization of the vortical plumes in a simulation.<br />
38<br />
Turbulent rotating convection<br />
Many flows in nature and technology are driven by buoyancy and modulated by<br />
rotation. Examples include the large-scale flows in the atmosphere and the<br />
oceans. A simple and relevant model is found in rotating Rayleigh-Bénard<br />
convection: a fluid layer enclosed vertically between parallel rotating walls<br />
is heated from below and cooled from above. This model is studied with<br />
experiments and numerical simulations. Focal points are the effects of rotation<br />
on the flow organization into coherent structures and the rotational dependence<br />
of the convective heat transport. These topics have direct relevance for weather<br />
forecasting and climate modeling, and technological applications in turbomachinery<br />
and crystal growth.<br />
SPIV<br />
In situ velocity measurements are performed using stereoscopic particle image<br />
velocimetry (SPIV) in a water-filled cylindrical convection cell (Figure 1), placed on<br />
top of a rotating table. SPIV is a nonintrusive method that measures the three<br />
components of velocity at many positions in a two-dimensional cross-section of<br />
the fluid. This study is the first to measure three-component velocity vectors in<br />
rotating convection. Experiments at various rotation rates showed changes in the<br />
flow organization: for small rotation rates a single convection roll fills the domain,<br />
while at larger rotation rates an irregular, unsteady array of vortical plumes<br />
is found. Rotation reduces the turbulence intensity and the vortical plumes<br />
introduce considerable anisotropy.<br />
Numerical simulation<br />
Simulations of turbulent rotating convection are carried out to complement the<br />
experimental results. The equations of motion for the fluid are discretized using<br />
finite-difference approximations. The simulations confirm the findings from the<br />
experiments and extend these in various ways. For example, it is found that,<br />
despite the reduction of turbulence intensity, the convective heat transfer through<br />
the fluid is enhanced in a range of rotation rates. The vortical plumes (Figure 2)<br />
are responsible for nearly all vertical transport of fluid and heat. They possess the<br />
efficient means of Ekman pumping for entraining boundary-layer fluid and<br />
transporting it towards the vertically opposite side. At the highest rotation rates,<br />
this mechanism is overwhelmed by the inhibition of velocity by rotation and the<br />
heat transfer decreases abruptly.
Architecture, Building and Planning<br />
dr.ir. J. Maljaars<br />
Figure 1: Test set-up for compression tests.<br />
Figure 2: Test specimens after testing.<br />
Figure 3: Results of numerical simulations.<br />
Johan Maljaars was a PhD student during 2004 – 2008 under the supervision<br />
of prof.ir. Frans Soetens. He currently works as a researcher at TNO Built<br />
Environment and Geosciences. Research topics comprise large aluminium<br />
and steel structures such as bridges.<br />
Local buckling of slender aluminium sections exposed<br />
to fire<br />
Research topic<br />
Fire is an important aspect to account for in the design of aluminium structures<br />
such as ships, roof structures and drill platforms. Yet little is known about the<br />
structural behaviour of aluminium when exposed to fire. This complicates the<br />
design of such structures and in some cases it obstructs the use of aluminium<br />
alloys. The aim and the contribution of this thesis comprise:<br />
1. the development of a constitutive model for aluminium alloys exposed to fire,<br />
including the influence of time- and temperature-dependent strain;<br />
2. the development of a design model for the important failure mechanism of<br />
local buckling of aluminium columns.<br />
Constitutive model<br />
A constitutive model has been developed and calibrated by uniaxial tensile tests<br />
on aluminium alloys subjected to a constant force and constant temperature<br />
(creep tests). The model was validated by tests with a varying force and<br />
increasing temperature in time (fire tests).<br />
The constitutive model was implemented in the finite element program DIANA.<br />
Local buckling<br />
Structural experiments have been carried out on aluminium, thin-walled sections<br />
in compression in a specially designed test set-up (Figure 1). The sections failed<br />
by local buckling (Figure 2). Numerical models were developed and validated by<br />
the experimental program (Figure 3).<br />
It was demonstrated that the numerical models using the constitutive model<br />
provide a powerful tool for determining the structural response of aluminium<br />
structures subjected to fire conditions.<br />
A design procedure and a parametric design model are developed based on the<br />
results of the experimental and numerical program. The design procedure and<br />
model provide a first and essential step in the fire design of slender aluminium<br />
members. They are suited to serve as a basis for developing design models in<br />
standards.<br />
39
Applied Physics<br />
dr.ir. B. Marcelis<br />
Bout Marcelis has a background in theoretical and applied physics.<br />
He completed his MSc and PhD both Cum Laude at <strong>TU</strong>/e. Part of his PhD<br />
research was done at the Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles<br />
Statistique of Université Paris Sud XI. He is currently working at Philips<br />
Research Laboratories on medical applications.<br />
Compression-induced factors influencing the damage<br />
of engineered skeletal muscle<br />
Figure 1: A series of snapshots of atoms released from the<br />
center and flying apart at ultralow temperatures. The dark and<br />
bright spots form an interference pattern and directly<br />
demonstrate the wave-like behavior of ultracold atoms, as<br />
predicted by the rules of quantum physics.<br />
Figure 2: Sketch of the BEC-BCS crossover. In the middle, the<br />
interaction strength (blue line) is very large and resonant pairs<br />
are formed, linking the BEC and BCS regimes.<br />
Figure 3: Example of calculated resonances in the interaction<br />
strength (vertical axis) as a function of magnetic field<br />
(horizontal axis) and at various electric fields (different colors).<br />
40<br />
Introduction<br />
When things get extremely cold, particles are slowed down to a snail’s pace and<br />
show phenomena which can only be understood from quantum physics (see<br />
Figure 1). At low enough temperatures, the thermal energy becomes so small that<br />
all particles condense into the lowest energy state of the system. This new state<br />
of matter is known as a Bose-Einstein condensate and has some spectacular<br />
properties. For example, all particles behave completely identical and flow with<br />
zero friction: they form a superfluid.<br />
Particles in nature come in two kinds: bosons and fermions. For bosons, no<br />
interactions are needed to form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). However,<br />
fermions can not form a condensate directly. Fermions need a weak attractive<br />
interaction to form Cooper (BCS) pairs and these pairs then condense into the<br />
lowest energy state. An example is superconductivity, where electrons form<br />
Cooper pairs and flow with zero electrical resistance as a result of the superfluid<br />
properties of these pairs.<br />
Strong interactions lead to an intermediate regime with universal behavior which<br />
links the BCS and BEC regimes. This is known as the BEC-BCS crossover and is<br />
closely related to models for high-Tc superconductivity (see Figure 2).<br />
Main results<br />
In this dissertation, the role of strong interactions between atoms in ultracold<br />
gases has been investigated. It is shown how these interactions can be described,<br />
predicted and realized, by inducing resonances with the help of magnetic and<br />
electric fields (see Figure 3). The role of specific two-, three- and four-body<br />
interaction processes and the link to universal behavior has been studied in<br />
detail. We discovered that two parameters are of key importance, both of which<br />
can now be controlled: the width of the resonance and the strength of the nonresonant<br />
background interactions.<br />
Implications<br />
The results described in this dissertation can be used to study new aspects of<br />
collective quantum behavior and the link between few-body and many-body<br />
physics. In the long term, this research can potentially lead to a better understanding<br />
of high-Tc superconductivity, to new tools in quantum computation and<br />
to new metrology tools, such as improved atomic clocks or gravity measurements<br />
with unprecedented precision.
Chemical Engineering and Chemistry<br />
dr. E.A Pidko<br />
Figure 1: Molecular recognition of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene<br />
(DMB) and O2 in alkali-earth-exchanged faujasites, and<br />
frontier orbitals involved in the initial step of the photooxidation<br />
reaction that is the intermolecular charge transfer<br />
between the confined DMB and O2 at the active site of CaY<br />
zeolite.<br />
Figure 2: (Left) Mechanism of light alkane dehydrogenation<br />
over the reactive binuclear Ga-sites in zeolite and their<br />
“self-repair” in the presence of water. (Right) Experimental<br />
results on the conversion and selectivity of catalytic propane<br />
dehydrogenation over Ga-containing MFI zeolite as a function<br />
of water partial pressure.<br />
Evgeny Pidko successfully completed his PhD research in the group of<br />
prof.dr. R.A. van Santen in 2008. Currently he holds a position of a<br />
postdoctoral researcher at the <strong>TU</strong>/e Chemical Engineering and Chemistry<br />
department and is a member of the Institute for Complex Molecular<br />
Systems. His research interests include reaction mechanisms and<br />
structure-reactivity relationships in heterogeneous catalysis, as<br />
well as self-organization and molecular recognition phenomena<br />
in chemo-catalytic systems.<br />
Chemical Reactivity of Cation-Exchanged Zeolites<br />
Zeolites are crystalline microporous aluminosilicates containing cavities and<br />
channels of molecular dimensions. The possibility of fine-tuning their steric and<br />
chemical properties positions such solids as promising heterogeneous catalysts<br />
for many important catalytic reactions. Chemical reactivity and catalytic<br />
properties of zeolites are mainly associated with the presence of cationic species<br />
in the micropores. Understanding their role in catalytic transformations is crucial<br />
for the development of new or improved catalysts to make chemical processes<br />
more efficient, less energy demanding and benign for the environment. This<br />
research aimed at the development of a molecular-level picture of chemical<br />
reactivity of zeolites modified by metal cations via theoretical modeling.<br />
Molecular recognition in zeolite catalysis<br />
Catalytic selective oxidation is the base for the production of fine chemicals and<br />
for the reduction of harmful exhaust gases. Improvements in this area require<br />
novel chemical conversion concepts. Despite the low intrinsic reactivity of<br />
alkaline- and alkali-earth cations stabilized in low-silica zeolites, these<br />
catalysts efficiently promote such reactions as photo-oxidation of alkenes and<br />
disproportionation of N 2 O4. Quantum chemical modeling shows that catalysis<br />
by zeolites with a high density of “non-reactive” cations is governed by molecular<br />
recognition features of the zeolite cavity (see Figure 1). The high density, the<br />
specific arrangement and the size of the cations in the microporous matrix<br />
determine the optimum configuration of the adsorbed reagents which results<br />
in their specific chemical activation. These insights have led to a new concept<br />
of confined space-driven reactivity in low-silica zeolites.<br />
“Local” reactivity in confined space<br />
Improvements in hydrocarbon conversion processes are needed for the efficient<br />
conversion of natural gas-derived components to transportation fuels. Selective<br />
activation of C–H bonds over soft Lewis acids is one of the promising routes.<br />
Understanding chemistry of such sites in confined space will open the door to<br />
new applications of zeolites for the utilization of natural gas. Through a comprehensive<br />
computational study of the catalytic reactivity of zeolites modified with<br />
Zn, Cd and Ga, the catalytically active sites were identified and the fundamental<br />
factors that underlie their reactivity were established. These theoretical insights<br />
allowed proposing a route towards a substantial improvement of the performance<br />
of the real catalysts (see Figure 2).<br />
41
Industrial Design<br />
dr.ir. P. Ross<br />
Philip Ross conducted his technological design PhD at Industrial Design,<br />
supervised by prof.dr. C.J. Overbeeke (first promotor), prof.dr.ir. L.M.G. Feijs<br />
(second promotor) and dr.ir. S.A.G. Wensveen (co-promotor). It received a<br />
cum laude distinction. Ross is currently Assistant Professor at the<br />
Designing Quality in Interaction group at Industrial Design.<br />
Ethics and aesthetics in intelligent product and system<br />
design<br />
Figure 1:<br />
Intelligent reading lamp prototype. In the depicted behavioural<br />
mode, the direction of the light beam can be influenced<br />
directly using the hand. In other modes, the lamp portrays<br />
pro-active behaviour like autonomously following the reading<br />
material. These different behavioural modes are used to invite<br />
specific human behaviours in interaction.<br />
Figure 2:<br />
The Perspectives on Behaviour in Interaction framework<br />
supports the design of intelligent product and system<br />
behaviour. Such design work entails decision making on<br />
multiple, mutually dependent levels, which the framework<br />
helps distinguish. These levels include the mapping of sensor<br />
data to actuator control (sensory-motor activity), social<br />
implications of behaviour, and dynamic form.<br />
42<br />
The products we use transform the way we behave and the way we experience the<br />
world. See, for example, how mobile phone use has changed the way people<br />
manage their social relations. Every technology in use invites specific behaviours<br />
and concurrently inhibits others, as Verbeek explicates in his Technological<br />
Mediation framework. New technological developments pave the way for new<br />
kinds of transformations of human behaviour and experience. Visions like<br />
Ambient Intelligence sketch a world in which an ever-greater part of everyday life<br />
is mediated, and thus transformed, by intelligent technologies. Design in this new<br />
technological context needs to consider how to give the social transformations,<br />
inherent to any technology in use, a desirable direction. What kind of human<br />
behaviours should our products and systems invite or inhibit? This question<br />
brings an ethical dimension of intelligent system design to the fore.<br />
This thesis investigates how to take this ethical dimension into account in design<br />
of intelligent products and systems, using intelligent lighting as design carrier.<br />
The research combines three main topics. Firstly, the emerging design layer of<br />
system behaviour is identified and explored. Secondly, human value theory is<br />
employed to operationalise ethics for experimental study and to specify what<br />
kind of human behaviours a system should invite. Examples of human values are<br />
creativity, politeness and helpfulness. Thirdly, an aesthetics based design<br />
approach is developed for inviting specific human behaviours in interaction with a<br />
system. This approach relies on invitation and attraction rather than coercion and<br />
persuasion. The general research question is formulated as follows: How can<br />
we design intelligent products or systems that invite human behaviours that<br />
correspond to specific human values? For example, how can we design an<br />
intelligent lighting system that invites creative, polite or helpful behaviours?<br />
Design knowledge is developed through systematic reflection on actual design<br />
activity.<br />
This ‘research-through-design’ process involves development of several design<br />
concepts, two fully-functioning intelligent lamps and empirical studies to evaluate<br />
the designs. The frameworks and design techniques developed in this research<br />
support incorporation of ethics through aesthetics in intelligent product and<br />
system design.
Architecture, Building and Planning<br />
dr. W. Zhu<br />
Wei Zhu was a PhD student during 2004 – 2008 under the supervision of<br />
Prof. Harry Timmermans. He currently works as a postdoctoral research<br />
fellow at the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max-Planck-<br />
Institute for Human Development, in Berlin. His research interests are<br />
mainly in modeling human decision making processes.<br />
Bounded Rationality and Spatio-Temporal Pedestrian<br />
Shopping Behavior<br />
Figure 1. Modeling decisions as a two-level two-stage process.<br />
Figure 2. The multi-agent framework for simulating pedestrian<br />
behavior.<br />
Research Purpose<br />
Understanding pedestrian decisions is an important task for urban and retail<br />
planning. Pedestrian decision research has dominantly relied on conventional<br />
rational choice models which assume that pedestrians have complete knowledge<br />
about the environment and, by trading-off all relevant factors in a compensatory<br />
fashion, choose the alternative with the highest overall utility. In contrast, due to<br />
the fact that their cognitive capacity and computation ability are limited, people<br />
often use simplifying decision strategies which allow them to use information<br />
selectively, process information in non-compensatory manners, make choices<br />
with simplified rules-of-thumb, and accept satisfactory alternatives which may<br />
not be optimal. This evidence and these conjectures are founded on the theory<br />
of bounded rationality.<br />
Guided by the motivation to investigate pedestrian behavior in shopping<br />
environments using behaviorally more realistic modeling approaches, the aim<br />
and the contribution of this thesis is three-fold: (1) to develop and test a model<br />
of pedestrian behavior based on principles of bounded rationality; (2) to develop<br />
a modeling approach that allows heterogeneity among pedestrians in terms of<br />
the decision heuristics they use; (3) to systematically examine time-dependent<br />
aspects of behavior.<br />
The Heterogeneous Heuristic Model<br />
Based on the principles of bounded rationality, the heterogeneous heuristic<br />
model (HHM) was developed as the major methodological contribution of this<br />
thesis. In HHM, (1) factor thresholds are introduced as the fundamental cognitive<br />
mechanisms for information representation and factor selection; (2) heterogeneous<br />
non-compensatory decision heuristics can be identified under the<br />
assumption of stochastic individual decision standards; (3) choice of heuristics<br />
is modeled by estimating mental effort, risk attitude, and expected outcome<br />
involved in the evaluation of heuristics under decision uncertainty.<br />
Two datasets on pedestrian behavior were collected in two shopping streets in<br />
China. Better estimation results were obtained from the heuristic models than<br />
conventional rational choice models. Multi-agent simulations also showed that<br />
pedestrian behavior can be satisfactorily predicted based on the proposed<br />
bounded rationality models, suggesting the potential of using this new modeling<br />
framework for developing more customized, effective, and efficient policies in<br />
urban and retail planning, and extending it for decision research in general.<br />
43
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44
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