Chapter Five 1999 Post-Elections Period - Leicester Research ...
275 APPENDIX I BRIEF HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF MALAWI‟S POLITICAL HISTORY SINCE 19963 1963 - Malawi (whose colonial name was Nyasaland) attains self-Government status under Great Britain, with MCP as the majority party and Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda as Prime Minister. By this act, Nyasaland is removed from the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (comprising of Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, and Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia. This also spells the end of the Federation. 1964 - Malawi gains independence from Great Britain with Dr. Banda as prime minister and the MCP ruling party. This marks the beginning of a political era characterised by systematic human rights abuses and consolidation of Dr. Banda and the MCP‟s dictatorial rule. 1966 - Malawi becomes a republic and de facto one party state with Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda as President and the MCP as the ruling party. 1970 - Malawi adopts a new constitution which makes the country a single party state under the MCP and Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda as Life President. 1992 - The Catholic Bishops in Malawi issue their Lenten Letter which calls for political freedom in Malawi. This marks the beginning of open opposition to Dr. Banda and the MCP‟s rule in Malawi. Under both diplomatic pressure and emboldened internal opposition, Dr. Banda agrees to a referendum in which the people of Malawi would decide on whether or not they want a multiparty political system. 1993 - The referendum outcome is in favour of a multiparty political system.
276 1994 - The first multiparty elections are held in the country since 1964. Bakili Muluzi of the UDF is elected president. The UDF emerge with majority seats in parliaments but not enough to rule effectively. By September, the UDF persuades the AFORD to leave the MCP/AFORD opposition alliance to enter into a coalition government. 1997 - Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda passes away. 1999 - Bakili Muluzi and the UDF win a narrow and disputed victory in Malawi‟s second democratic elections. Violence erupts in the Northern and Southern Regions of the country. 2002 - The UDF attempt to change constitution to enable Dr. Bakili Muluzi to run for a third term. The move is defeated in parliament and finally abandoned after it becomes clear that the changes would be rejected in subsequent sittings of parliament. Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika becomes the UDF‟s presidential candidate for the 2004 elections. 2004 – Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika wins a narrow victory in the presidential elections becoming Malawi‟s third president. However, the UDF loses its majority status in parliament. In September 2004, the UDF becomes an opposition party as Mutharika leaves the party to form his own party.
FRAMING POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN
iii To the memory of late my father
v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Together with the
vii Fortenberry, Dr. Merle Ziegler,
3.2 The Data…………………
xi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Profile
xiii Table 7.2 Newspapers frame com
xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFORD Alli
2 why the newspapers‟ discourse i
4 had successfully convinced Wester
6 be able to establish whether or n
8 The first reason is that the pres
1.2.2 1999 Post-Election Case Study
12 Mutharika, a former World Bank e
14 Malawi, and how this study will
16 this study was denied. Thus, the
18 provide a better understanding o
20 The next chapter examines the th
22 about each other. The social fra
24 . . . to frame is to select some
26 Journalists select whom to quote
28 text and separate the issues inh
30 society” (Gitlin 1980, p.10; D
32 African media have coupled it wi
34 especially true with respect to
36 content. The argument is that th
38 ownership and that owner‟s ali
40 ownership and its influence on j
42 Khaila and Chibwana (2005) noted
44 respondent are reported to be in
46 their role in a multiparty socie
48 Within this strand of literature
50 Chipangula (2004:23), in her com
52 In short, the government has not
2.5.1 Editorials and Opinion Column
56 In this respect, as will be note
58 (1972)‟s agenda-setting theory
3.0 Introduction 60 Chapter Three M
62 Contextual factors in case studi
64 (problem definition, causal inte
66 Journalists, through editorials,
68 coded and uncoded text could be
70 For the 1994 case study, the edi
72 of parliament was the 38 th Sess
74 a. What are the perceived moral
76 literature on culture, politics,
78 However, even though the above m
80 For the 1994 editorial corpus, t
82 3.5.2 Researcher Positioning and
3.6 Limitations of the Study 84 Hav
86 These include the issue of objec
88 researcher of the task of interp
90 Chapter Four 1994 Post-Election
92 prominent among them were the BN
94 The parliamentary corpus consist
4.3.1 Unity Frames 96 The first par
98 Any leader governing a fragmente
100 emotions negatively against any
102 reconciliation. This aspect was
104 In their moral evaluations, the
106 In eight paragraphs (See Table
108 Tribalism, regionalism and favo
110 Even though the UDF-led governm
112 and its leadership as being res
114 In contrast, the Nation and the
116 the same of today‟s change? W
118 The foregoing section discussed
120 Further to that, the president
122 President Bakili Muluzi, who ri
124 advanced the argument that the
126 polemics masquerade as critical
128 The section discusses two gener
130 4.5.2.1 Opposition Journalism i
132 opposition parties sought to im
134 The second research question in
5.1 The Newspapers Landscape 136 Th
138 Table 5.1: Summary of Editorial
140 (See Table 5.2). As the editori
142 otherwise the country would deg
144 Malawi today stands a confused
146 Who can speak a good word in se
148 The Problem Definition and the
150 As treatment recommendations, t
152 leader who has been declared a
154 information with contradictory
156 event of a minority winner emer
158 addition, the UDF was reported
160 The second was the Leadership F
162 The first Moral Evaluation argu
164 country.” In that respect Mul
166 For example, the first media re
168 However, the NPL newspapers did
170 self-congratulatory, they simpl
172 The following section of the ch
174 Apart from the change of politi
176 The newspapers‟ Challenges Fr
178 framed, his party, the UDF and
180 committed in the course of his
182 The second aspect of this compo
184 the party and cut his own swath
186 nuanced pinpointing problem are
188 Table 6.9: Treatment Recommenda
190 to the public (making it less a
192 not only unable to deal with th
194 effort and performance. Further
196 . . . our interconnectedness, o
198 to the Challenges Frame and its
200 The frame had 42 paragraphs cod
202 in the 11 speeches (See Table 6
204 to arrogance. There were 13 suc
206 Political actors recognize that
208 The Failed Government Frame was
210 For example, one of the main st
212 Admittedly, we were critical to
214 newspapers maybe an indication
7.0 Introduction 216 Chapter Seven
218 detected in both the newspapers
220 adopt that issue as a cause for
222 commercial city of Blantyre for
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