Chapter Five 1999 Post-Elections Period - Leicester Research ...
67 the voluminous text data. The three different case studies corpora were examined separately. The nature of the programme is that it enables the researcher to add categories to the analytical framework as these categories emerge in the data. This, in turn, facilitates open coding which is a basic cornerstone of this analysis. After coding is completed, the programme can then provide standard statistics for the completed coding task. It is important to note that this study was not a linguistic study. In this respect, the software did not have to be primed to pickup keywords or any linguistic feature. Indeed, the main purpose of using the software was to take advantage of its ability to manage text and its ability to enable access of data for comparative purposes at the touch of a keyboard button. Further, the QDA Miner feature enabled the coders to code the same data on the same computer without being aware of each other‟s work. Distinct from a tool of analysis, the other reason for using computer assisted analysis was the software‟s ability to manage and organise the voluminous amount of data. The software facilitated the electronic linking of data to show relationships and comparisons or contrasts among the data. Multiple positions could be highlighted using the linking facility of QDA Miner and WordStat to enable a micro-analysis to be undertaken on related data in the corpus. The data within the study was diverse. Any of the three case studies had texts from the three sets of newspapers and parliamentary speeches from several political parties. Thus, the linking facilities proved to be a useful way of relating different text to each other. The other feature of QDA Miner and WordStat that proved useful for this study was the quick retrieval feature. The program enabled the researcher to efficiently locate particular data that were related in ways that were deemed relevant to the study. Both
68 coded and uncoded text could be retrieved within the program. Further, statistics could be generated from coded data. The third feature which proved useful for this study was the software‟s ability to enable two or more coders to code the same data on the same computer without viewing each other‟s work. Further this feature enabled the software to calculate intercoder reliability. For purposes of analysis with QDA Miner, each of the three case studies was divided into two parts. The first part consisted of all the newspaper editorials and the second part consisted of all the parliamentary speeches. This means that there were six cases which were submitted to QDA Miner for Open Coding separately (See Table 3.1 above). As noted earlier on in chapter two, the frames detected in this study are not Generic Frames. Rather, they are Issue-Sensitive or Emergent Frames. In this respect, there was no a priori setting of frames as could have been the case if the intention was to detect generic frames. Therefore, the Open Coding stage involved the identification of substantive paragraphs within the text of the editorials and parliamentary speeches. 3.2. The Data 3.2.1 Data Collection Between October 2007 and May 2008, the researcher spent time in Malawi collecting data for this study. All data could only be accessed in hard copy format as electronic copies were either unavailable or access was denied. Because the analysis was going to be accomplished through Computer-Assisted Data Analysis software, a method of scanning the data using a flatbed scanner and then using Optical Character Recognition
FRAMING POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN
iii To the memory of late my father
v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Together with the
vii Fortenberry, Dr. Merle Ziegler,
3.2 The Data…………………
xi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Profile
xiii Table 7.2 Newspapers frame com
xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFORD Alli
2 why the newspapers‟ discourse i
4 had successfully convinced Wester
6 be able to establish whether or n
8 The first reason is that the pres
1.2.2 1999 Post-Election Case Study
12 Mutharika, a former World Bank e
14 Malawi, and how this study will
118 The foregoing section discussed
120 Further to that, the president
122 President Bakili Muluzi, who ri
124 advanced the argument that the
126 polemics masquerade as critical
128 The section discusses two gener
130 4.5.2.1 Opposition Journalism i
132 opposition parties sought to im
134 The second research question in
5.1 The Newspapers Landscape 136 Th
138 Table 5.1: Summary of Editorial
140 (See Table 5.2). As the editori
142 otherwise the country would deg
144 Malawi today stands a confused
146 Who can speak a good word in se
148 The Problem Definition and the
150 As treatment recommendations, t
152 leader who has been declared a
154 information with contradictory
156 event of a minority winner emer
158 addition, the UDF was reported
160 The second was the Leadership F
162 The first Moral Evaluation argu
164 country.” In that respect Mul
166 For example, the first media re
168 However, the NPL newspapers did
170 self-congratulatory, they simpl
172 The following section of the ch
174 Apart from the change of politi
176 The newspapers‟ Challenges Fr
178 framed, his party, the UDF and
180 committed in the course of his
182 The second aspect of this compo
184 the party and cut his own swath
186 nuanced pinpointing problem are
188 Table 6.9: Treatment Recommenda
190 to the public (making it less a
192 not only unable to deal with th
194 effort and performance. Further
196 . . . our interconnectedness, o
198 to the Challenges Frame and its
200 The frame had 42 paragraphs cod
202 in the 11 speeches (See Table 6
204 to arrogance. There were 13 suc
206 Political actors recognize that
208 The Failed Government Frame was
210 For example, one of the main st
212 Admittedly, we were critical to
214 newspapers maybe an indication
7.0 Introduction 216 Chapter Seven
218 detected in both the newspapers
220 adopt that issue as a cause for
222 commercial city of Blantyre for
224 the Unity Frame, in particular,
226 prescriptions. The Failed Gover
228 political communication. In det
Table 7.3: Parliamentary frame comp
232 Table 7.4: Chi Square Test diff
234 was rooted in this aspect of mo
236 argument that framing in politi
238 study established generalisatio
240 understand how the press have m
242 Thus, in 1994, the Nation and t
244 divisive rhetoric when celebrat
246 president. The Electoral Proces
248 The state is also important in
250 when Rob Jamieson changed the C
252 In the 2004 post election perio
254 and analytical national interes
256 The first is value association
258 Perhaps one of the most strikin
260 target audience to think, feel
262 an objective press working in t
264 limbo at the BNL newspapers. On
266 organizations often face cash c
268 Thus, the government must lead
270 problem is diversification of m
272 Another area requiring further
274 Assembly cues. This type of jou
276 1994 - The first multiparty ele
278 APPENDIX III OPEN CODING FOR A
280 APPENDIX V PILOT STUDY HOLSTI I
282 that you change the labelling o
284 APPENDIX VII A MODEL FOR FRAMIN
286 Asen, R. (1999) „Toward a nor
288 new management ideas in constru
290 Cho, S. H., & Gower, K. K. (200
292 Daily Times (1994c) „Potentia
294 Eko, L. (2004) Hear all evil, s
296 Study Research. (paper presente
298 Hall, S. (1980) Race, Articulat
300 Jamieson, R. (1999) „Calling
302 on public opinion: The rise and
304 Malawi News (1999g) „Let the
Palgrave. 306 McManus, M. (1994). M
308 Nampuntha, C. (1994) „Aid, fa
310 Patel, N. (2004) In Ott, M., Im
312 the Church. Ecumenical Review,
314 Snow, D.A. & Benford. R.D. (198
Media Review, Vol. 5, No.1. p. 1-16
318 Watkins, S. C. (2001). Framing
320
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