Nature Park Nordhavn

NATURE PARK NORDHAVN
ENSURING SPACE FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE
ENCOUNTER WITH THE CULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE
Caroline Elkjær Jensen & Pernille Hillebrand Jørgensen
1

Nordhavn Nature Park - Ensuring Space for Biological Diversity
in the Encounter with the Cultural and Industrial Landscape
30 ECTS Master thesis in Landscape architecture Department
of Geoscience and Nature Resource Management
Faculty of Science
University of Copenhagen
Caroline Elkjær Jensen
Authors: Caroline Elkjær Jensen (wph302) & Pernille Hillebrand
Jørgensen (fcq700)
Supervisor: Anne Tietjen
August 2023 - February 2023
Pernille Hillebrand Jørgensen
2 3

ABSTRACT
This thesis addresses the pressing importance of urban nature
in the light of the continual decline in biological diversity.
The project undfolds at Nordhavnsstubben, a current
soil deposit in the northernmost tip of Nordhavn, where a
new park will be established. The area possesses significant
potential to evolve into a valuable habitat for a great diversity
of species, but neghboring a future container terminal, cruise
terminal and dwellings planned to accomodate up to 40.000
residents; the upcoming park serves as an example of how
significant potential for vital nature areas are often batteling
other land uses and downprioritized for the sake of human
benefits.
We ask; how can we design the future park at Nordhavnstubben
through a more nature-oriented planning practice, that
takes ecological needs of plants and animals into account,
ensuring that space for biological diversity dosent have to
compromise in the encounter with the cultural and industrial
landscape.
Embodying an approach prioritizing ecological needs before
humans, major findings from site analysis and research has
been synthesized in a masterplan design challenging the notion
that thriving ecosystems, excludes human interaction.
The proposal explores and highlights, that space for biological
diversity dosent has to compromise in the encounter
with the cultural and industrial landscape, by allowing ourselves
to naturally intertwine with the ecological dynamics
of nature as a collaborative co-inhabitant.
The conclusions reached emphazie the vast potentials for
biological diversity inside the cities, as a chess piece towards
halting the loss of species in the bigger picture.
RESUME
Dette speciale omhandler den presserende betydning af
bynatur i lyset af den fortsatte nedgang i biologisk mangfoldighed.
Projektet udfolder sig på Nordhavnsstubben,
et nuværende jorddepot i den nordligste spids af Nordhavn,
hvor der skal etableres en ny park. Området har et
stort potentiale for at udvikle sig til et værdifuldt levested
for en stor mangfoldighed af arter, men med en kommende
containerterminal, krydstogtterminal og bolig komplekser,
der er planlagt at huse op til 40.000 beboere, fremstår
den kommende park som et eksempel på, hvordan et stort
potentiale for vitale naturområder ofte nedprioriteres til
fordel for andre arealanvendelser til gavn for mennesker.
Vi spørger: Hvordan kan vi designe den fremtidige park
på Nordhavnstubben gennem en mere naturorienteret
planlægningstilgang, der tager hensyn til planter
og dyrs økologiske behov og sikrer, at plads til biologisk
mangfoldighed ikke behøver at gå på kompromis
i mødet med det kulturelle- og industrielle landskab.
Med en planlægningstilgang, der prioriterer økologiske behov
før menneskelige, er de vigtigste resultater fra stedsanalyse
og for-undersøgelser blevet sammenfattet i et
masterplan-design, der udfordrer forestillingen om, at velfungerende
økosystemer udelukker menneskelig interaktion.
Forslaget udforsker og fremhæver, at plads til biologisk
mangfoldighed ikke behøver at gå på kompromis i mødet
med det kulturelle- og industrielle landskab, ved at vi tillader
os selv at indgå naturligt i parkens økologiske dynamik
som en samarbejdende medbeboer.
Konklusionerne understreger det store potentiale biologisk
mangfoldighed i byerne har, som et led i kabalen om at
standse tabet af arter i den store kontekst.
4 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS
0.1
0.2
INTRODUCTION
Where are we now? 20
Where are we going?
21
Where we work
22
Our project
24
The way we work
26
PRESTUDIES
Historical context
30
Land fill process
32
Establishment of Ydre Nordhavn
34
Future plans
36
Nature in a cultural context
38
The Copenhagen dialouge
39
0.3
0.4
SITE ANALYSIS
Context overview
Infrastructure
Stakeholders
Public use
Non-human users
Green infrastructure
Topography & hydrologi
Nature Types
TRANSECT
Approach
Soil / terrain
Surface cover / textures
Human traces / Percularities
Exposure / Scale
Partial conclusion
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
52
60
62
68
72
74
78
0.5
0.6
PROPOSAL
OUTRO
Vision
Design principles
Masterplan
1. Soil & terrain
2. Nature type
3. Connections
4. Cultural impact
Zoom in: Udsigtspladsen
Zoom in: Diget
Growing a new park over time
Conclusion
Reflection
Literature list
82
84
86
92
98
102
104
106
112
118
122
122
124

DEFINITION
BIODIVERSITY
Bios = Life
European Green Toad - Bufotes viridis
Diversus= Diverse
Biodiversity is defined by the United Nations Environment Program
in 1992 as ”The total biological diversity that is constituted
by all living organisms from all environments - terrestrial, marine
and other aquatic - and the ecological complexes of which they
are part. This includes diversity within individual species, between
species and of ecosystems”.

Site visit: Open grassland with large soil mounds in the background
10 11

Site visit: tread path through Stubben’s landscape between sea and ruderal
hill
12 13

Site visit: Lake view with self-established bench, and hills and traucks in
the background
Site visit: Lake view with cruise ship in the background
14 15

Site visit: Helianthus tuberosus catches sun rays on ruderal mound
Site visit: Glistening ocean surface
Drone photo: KMC
16 17

0.1 INTRODUCTION
PRESTUDIES
SITE ANALYSIS
TRANSECT
PROPOSAL
OUTRO

WHERE ARE WE NOW?
WHERE ARE WE GOING?
That we find ourselves in the midst of a biodiversity crisis
is a known fact. Some experts even believe that we are witnesses
to the sixth mass extinction event, occurring at a
rate 100 times greater than natural extinction rates (WWF).
Since the early 2000s, awareness of this extensive issue
has been growing, and numerous initiatives have been undertaken.
Among them, the Global Aichi Biodiversity Targets
for 2020 were established in 2010 by the United Nations
Global Biodiversity Convention (CBD), outlining 20 different
strategic goals and initiatives to stop the decline of biological
diversity (WWF). A total of 197 countries, including
Denmark, committed to these goals. It was in this context
that Denmark drafted a national Red List in 2010 based on
criteria defined by the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) to gain insights into the current status of
species diversity in Denmark (AU - Ecoscience, 2023).
Thus, there have been awareness campaigns, political commitments,
and funding in the last 10-15 years. However, a
comprehensive Global Assessment report on the world’s
biodiversity status reveals that threats to biodiversity have
only intensified since the global Aichi Biodiversity targets
were created (IPBES, 2019).
This holds true for Denmark as well. Between 2018 and
2020, the World Nature Fund (WWF) and Denmark’s Nature
Conservation Association (DN) conducted an assessment,
Biodiversitetsbarometret, to determine whether Denmark
has met the 2020 Aichi goals. The report indicates that out
of the 20 goals, only 2 have been achieved. One of them is a
slight improvement in people’s familiarity with the term biodiversity,
even though information about its values and the
actions individuals can take to protect and use biodiversity
sustainably is still lacking (WWF).
At the same time, the assessment reveals a contradictory
development for plant and animal life, indicating a direct
decline in the protection of endangered species and their
habitats. When comparing the latest red list from 2019 to
the initial red list from 2010, more species have declined
(15.8%) than increased (2.4%), and, in general, their habitats
have become more endangered over the period (AU -
Ecoscience, 2023).
To sum up, awareness has been raised, but physically, the
circumstances for biological diversity haven’t improved.
The availability of space for nature is still considered the
most significant gap and is a crucial strategy to address the
decline in biodiversity (AU - Ecoscience, 2020).
Denmark is one of the European countries that has the
smallest amount of natural and semi-cultivated land, including
marsh, meadow, grassland, heathland, etc. In comparison
to land area (Wilhjelm, 2001). This is due to the fact
that the majority of Danish land area is covered by agriculture,
constituting 60%, with urban areas and infrastructure
coming next at 14% (Danmarks statistik, 2021).
This leaves a very limited amount of space for biological
diversity to unfold. With the number of citizens living in urban
areas still constantly growing, green spaces often lose
ground in the competition for land and are frequently deprioritized
in favour of other land uses (AU - Ecoscience,
2020).
Denmark has now joined the newest EU Biodiversity Strategy
for 2030, ”Bringing nature back into our lives,” stating
that ”healthy and resilient societies depend on giving nature
the space it needs.” The strategy suggests that 30%
of Europe should be protected as high-quality nature areas
(European Commission, 2020).
In order to achieve such goals, space for nature needs to
be prioritized and integrated into all different forms of land
use to a much greater extent than it has been so far. This
involves not only preserving already protected natural areas
but also restoring them and ensuring the qualities of future
areas reserved for nature, both outside and within the borders
of cities (AU - Ecoscience, 2020).
More clearly than previous strategies, this one points towards
the city as an important component in achieving the
30% goal. Due to a long-standing historical concept of perceiving
nature as something outside and separate from cities,
the promotion and preservation of biodiversity in the
urban landscape have, namely, been neglected (AU - Ecoscience,
2020).
Even though cityscapes physically constitute a smaller surface
area for nature to unfold than the surrounding areas,
it doesn’t mean that cities are completely irrelevant in the
broader context of biodiversity.
First and foremost, how can you learn the importance of
biological diversity and prioritize it if nature isn’t all around
you?
There are several reasons why urban nature is relevant for
both humans and biodiversity.
”Bringing nature back into our lives” refers to the recent
COVID-19 pandemic as an example of the connection between
our own health and the health of ecosystems, illustrating
their co-dependence.
In many ways, the diversity of species helps improve the
living environment for humans, both in terms of ecosystem
services, climate adaptation, etc. When UN-Habitat expects
that two-thirds of the world’s population will live in cities
by 2050, this, in itself, is an argument for integrating
more biodiversity into cityscapes (L. Nystrup, 2023).
Green areas, biological diversity, and their aesthetic values
are fundamental for our physical and mental wellbeing
and living conditions (Andersson et al., 2020). According to
UN-Habitat, it is important for humans to learn about nature
to love it more than we do now (L. Nystrup, 2023). If most
people are going to live and learn in cities, it should be in the
cities where humans interact with and learn about nature’s
importance and experience its aesthetic values up close (L.
Nystrup, 2023). By encouraging interactions and learning
with urban nature, it strengthens human understanding,
which could help promote a stronger sense of responsibility
and care towards it in general.
Nevertheless, urban biodiversity isn’t solely about human
benefits. Another reason for urban nature is simply because
nature has huge intrinsic value and entitlement in itself. As
mentioned before, urban nature does not constitute a very
large physical volume compared to larger contiguous land
areas outside of cities. But the city as a habitat holds great
potential for biological diversity to thrive, particularly in larger
persistent ruderal areas, for example, found in the context
of railways and port terrains (AU - Ecoscience, 2020).
In summary, integrating biodiversity into the urban landscape
is gaining importance and offers multiple benefits for
both human and biological diversity. Despite ongoing and
past initiatives, and an increasing awareness of its importance,
current planning and design still do not seem to prioritize
it to the necessary extent.
We aim to address this issue in our project, located at Nordhavn’s
northernmost tip - Nordhavnsstubben.
COPENHAGEN
Sydhavn
HELSINGBORG
NORDHAVN
Lynetteholm
Refshaleøen
Vest Amager
0km 15km 30km
Fig. 1.1: Site context
MALMÖ
N
Urban expansion
projects
20 21

WHERE WE WORK
A future park is going to be located at Nordhavnsstubben in a
distinctive scenery, nestled between expansive views across
Øresund to the right, a forthcoming container terminal to the
left, and dwellings bordering the area from the south. The new
park will be in addition to the series of Copenhagen’s parks,
and like other public parks, it will serve as fertile ground for
debate: Who is the space for? and What should it contain?
Projectarea, Nordhavnsstubben
The future park is also neighbouring Nordhavnstippen, a
unique and valuable nature gem that has sprung from surplus
soil, human rubbish, and waste. Today, Tippen hosts a great
diversity of plants and animals, including several red-listed
species thriving in the hyper-Anthropocene landscape surrounded
by trucks and large industrial distribution centers.
Stubben shares the same environmental conditions as Tippen
and therefore also possesses significant potential to
evolve into a valuable habitat for a great diversity of species.
With a planned size of 20 hectares, a park like this has the
potential to act as a giant ‘learning book’ about nature for the
citizens of Copenhagen to interact with and explore. It is the
kind of space that the EU biodiversity strategy and UN-Habitat
refer to as an important element and contribution in the
broader context of addressing the decline in biodiversity
NORDHAVN
Nordhavnstippen
As Nordhavn gradually develops with a plan to accommodate
up to 40,000 residents and workplaces, a cruise terminal,
container terminal, etc., the upcoming park serves as an
example of how significant potential for vital nature areas
battles against areas transformed into ’football-field deserts’,
housing blocks, and industrial constructions for the sake
of economic growth and human benefits. Unfortunately, it
doesn’t help that historically embedded norms in the relationship
between nature and culture dictate that nature is
subservient to cultural needs and is considered something
separate from the city.
Of course, nature inside the borders of the city will always be
in the context of people; that’s inherent in the word ’city’. But
does that mean that a diverse and native nature can’t unfold
there too, in cohabitation with people?
ØSTERBRO
Langelinje
Trekorner Fort
ØRESUND
REFSHALEØEN
N
Nordhavn 1:20.000
0km 600m 1200m
Nordhavn
Projectarea for designproposal, Nordhavnsstubben
Nordhavnstippen
Fig. 1.2: Site location
22 23

OUR PROJECT
Two proposals for the park’s design have already been
made, based on subjective wishes from the many different
stakeholders interested in this new unique area. We wish
to draw a third proposal that adopts a more nature-inclusive
approach to landscape design. This aims to address
the fact that nature often must compromise in favor of human
needs and thereby contribute to the conversation on
creating room for biodiverse nature in the city. It raises the
question:
How can we design the future park at
Nordhavnsstubben through a more nature-oriented
planning practice that takes
the ecological needs of plants and animals
into account, ensuring space for
biological diversity in the encounter with
the cultural and industrial landscape?
24 25

THE WAY WE WORK
APPROACH
In order to create a design proposal that accommodates
nature, it is important to base it on the needs and requirements
for thriving.
Just as Jan Gehl points out in his book ’Cities for People,’ it
is necessary to take the human scale as a starting point in
urban planning to create the best conditions for good experiences,
behaviour, and communication for those who are
going to use it, namely, humans (Jan Gehl, 2016).
He writes that over the last 60-70 years, the human landscape
scale has been deprioritised and neglected. Due to
planning ideologies and logistics with growing traffic, an
’oppefra-udefra’ planning approach has emerged, according
to the principle: first the scale of the city, then the scale of
the buildings, and lastly the scale of the human landscape
and common meeting places (Jan Gehl, 2016).
We see this scenario as comparable to the tendency of prioritising
nature lastly in cities. In this case, nature equals the
human landscape scale, and humans equal the scale of the
city. They have likewise used an ’oppefra-udefra’ approach
when planning the city’s common spaces, thereby neglecting
the small scale of nature, the ecological scale.
He writes that the solution is to be found in a changed working
approach where planning happens from a ’nedefra-indefra’
perspective, according to the principle: the scale of
the human landscape first, followed by the scale of the buildings,
and ultimately, the scale of the city.
METHODS
Our approach for the landscape analysis of Stubben was
therefore based on the ’”nedefra-indefra” strategy. Therefore,
our investigation of the site began in the lowest layer
of the landscape, the soil. The soil is the foundation of the
landscape, and the many layers of soil shape the landscape’s
topography. Together, the soil and the topography
create the conditions for which plant species grow and
thrive (in interaction with other environmental factors).
The resulting plant life and plant compositions help create
the framework for the formation of habitats, which are
fundamental to which insects, animals and other living organisms
will establish themselves and inhabit the landscape.
Together, the individual layers of nature have a great
impact on each other and in the interaction between them,
the framework for the spaces we humans seek when we
talk about natural values in the city is created. The composition
of nature’s layers therefore has an important role
in spatial significance, as it is spatiality and sensuality that
determine how people use nature.
Our analysis of nature is based on both Nordhavnstippen
and Stubben to compare the long-standing landscape with
the still young landscape. We used Tippen as our starting
point to gain insight into which species would naturally
thrive on at Stubben as well. To understand the soil and its
structure, we collected soil samples which we then tested
and measured pH values. We investigated plant compositions
using Raunkjær’s circle and collected plant material
that could give us an insight into the variation between the
different habitat types.
As he says, ’It’s about formulating requirements for the new
houses early in the process to ensure that functions and
design support and enrich the city’s space and life’ (Jan
Gehl, 2016).
In our project approach, analysis, and proposal, we draw
significant inspiration from this principle to ensure the prioritisation
of nature in our design.
We have enhanced Jan Gehl’s principle in our planning approach
for the forthcoming park at Stubben by incorporating
an additional layer. It unfolds as follows:
First, the ecological scale (representing nature), followed by
the scale of the human landscape, then the scale of the
buildings, and finally, the scale of the city.
With our ”nedefra-indefra” approach, the next step was
to understand the bodily experience of the site and to
understand the landscape in its context with its surroundings
and the historical foundations of the landscape.
This knowledge was gained through a thorough landscape
analysis, with tools such as personal observations during
multiple site visits, examination of data maps, meetings
with professionals, spontaneous interviews at site with
users, reading literature, strategies and local plans. The
site analysis provided us an understanding of Stubbens
historical, physical and social characteristics. Based on
the analysis, possible solutions for the design emerged
through sketching that explored many possible solutions
and concepts for the development of Stubben. These
were later tested through the use of computer programs
as Adobe and AutoCAD. This allowed us to develop our
design proposal.
Process photos
26 27

INTRODUCTION
0.2
PRESTUDIES
SITE ANALYSIS
TRANSECT
PROPOSAL
OUTRO

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
NORHAVN BEFORE AND NOW
As illustrated in Fig. 2.1, Nordhavn has undergone a sig-
Usage of Nordhavn has changed alongside the expansion
nificant expansion since the gradual filling process began
of land; from being primarily an industrial, shipping port into
as early as the late 1800s to accommodate the growing
also functioning as a residential- and recreational area.
port industry. The first stage of the Free Port was built from
1891 to 1894, in response to Germany’s decision to build
Therefor In December 2005, the Danish government and
the Municipality of Copenhagen signed an agreement in
1904; an industrial port
the Kiel Canal, which connected the North Sea to the Baltic
principle on an sustainable urban development entailing
Sea and increased port competition between Copenhagen
40.000 new residents and workplaces by the end of 2050,
and the northern German cities (By & havn, n. d).
In 2008 an idea competition on the future sustainable city
was initiated (By & havn, n. d).
Nordhavn was further expanded in the years around World
War I in the form of embankment and filling. Redmolen,
With residents moving to the area, the Danish Parliament
Sundmolen and Kronløbsbassinet were constructed in the
designated the northern part of Nordhavn called ’Stubben’
years 1915-1918 and were included in Frihavnen. A couple
years after world war II, the construction of the western end
to a O-1 site; used for park, sports- and spare time facilities,
in order to answer the visionary goals of easy access for
Fotos: Cobe
of the current Levant Quay and the Orient Basin was also
every Copenhagener to green areas, that are attractive to
completed (By & havn, n. d).
use (Københavns kommune, 2019).
In the 1980’s the land of Nordhavnstippen, which is the
Despite this urban development, Nordhavn still carries the
southern part of Nordhavnstubben, was constructed.
logics and scale of an industrial port, especially concerning
Throughout further embankment and development of
the eastern part of the area with the container- and cruise
Nordhavn, green and blue spaces has emerged and disappeared,
but Tippen is one of the few areas that has remai-
terminal
2023; a residential and recreational area
ned stable and undeveloped up until today.
Fotos: Cobe
Stubben
Stubben
Stubben
Skudehavn
Stubben
Stubben
Future park
Future container terminal
Tippen
Cruise Terminal
Proposed structureplan
Future Lynetteholm
Århusgadekvarteret
1915 1950 1975 2000
2018
2023 - Future
Fig. 2.1: Historical timeline stating the deveoplment of Nordhavn as form
30 31

LAND FILL PROCESS
A DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE
Nordhavn’s northeastern tip, is the latest land fill in Nordhavn.
It constitutes such a large area that it increases
Copenhagen’s total area by 1% (By og Havn n.d.)
Like the rest of Nordhavn, Stubben is an hyper anthropogenic
landscape, 100% man-made, built from surplus soil
from construction projects around Copenhagen.
Therefor it has no underlying landscape formation, shaped
by 1000s of years of natural processes and transformations.
Instead, the landscape is formed by the way the trucks
dump the soil, where they drive and from where they choose
to remove the soil again.
Since 2012, the surface of Stubben has changed day by
day and still is today, with part of the area acting as a temporary
soil deposit (figure 2.3).
Approximately 40,000 tons of soil are added to the area per
month, where piles of purified soil are dumped at Stubben
and piles of polluted soil are dumped at the future terminal
(figure 2.2).The soil dumping continues until 2025, after
which a process of removing 2 million tons of the dumped
soil from Stubben to Lynetteholmen begins (KMC).
Due to this process of adding, rearranging and removing
soil, the landscape is very dynamic and constantly changes
its character.
”Where the earth is dug up, it was laid in ancient times. Now
it is moved again and we lay it to rest as the future presses
in and soon demands a fresh start”
- Jens Nejrup, KMC, Teknik- og Miljøforvaltning.
Figure 2.2: Soil distribution at Nordhavnstubben
Purified soil
(By og Havn)
Main road for soil transportation
(20 hektar, 7 mio. tons)
Polluted soil
(KMC)
(80 hektar, 11mio. tons)
Soil transportation by sea
Lynetteholmen
1999 - before 2014
2016 2023
Firgure 2.3: Land fill prcess over time
Temporary soil depsit
Main road for soil transfortation
Different types of soil
Different soil types mixed together
Rearrangement of soil
32 33

ESTABLISHMENT OF YDRE NORDHAVN
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL PLAN
It takes about 40 years to develop Nordhavn as a neighborhood
from the first to the last sod. The first shovel for
housing was put in the ground 10 years ago, and a lot has
happened in the development of Nordhavn since then. It
is a long process to develop a new district, and therefore
the overall lines for urban development are gathered in a
so-called structure plan, which is continuously adjusted as
new decisions are made for the area. The structure plan is
a working tool for By & Havn that sets the direction for how
the areas in Nordhavn are used and how the many sub-projects
are gathered, so that the district continues to have a
good coherence and unity. (By & Havn, 2023)
In 2009, the consulting team (Cobe, SLETH, polyform and
Rambøll) won the architectural competition for the structural
plan for the future Nordhavn. The structural plan for
Nordhavn has been revised several times since 2009. The
reason for this is that the conditions have changed: new
knowledge has emerged, new policy decisions have been
made, new projects have been developed and changes
have been made to the physical and planning conditions.
These include the Copenhagen Municipality Plan (KP19),
which came into force in 2018/2019 and has an impact
on the overall guidelines for the structure plan. In addition,
the Municipality of Copenhagen has increased its focus on
biodiversity in the city, and in March 2023 the strategy ”Biodiversity
in Copenhagen, strategy 2022-2050” was approved.
This will further influence the planning of the green and
blue structures in Ydre Nordhavn. (By & Havn, 2023)
plan, the park is now called Nordhavnsparken, the nature
focus is thus less important and the focus is more on creating
an urban park with human activities. (By & Havn, 2023)
(By & Havn, 2018)
According to the Danish Society for Nature Conservation, it
is important that urban development areas also have room
for green spaces, preferably large enough to accommodate
urban nature. A good city must have proper green areas,
and they are therefore an important part of the planning of
new urban districts. The law passed by the Danish Parliament
in 2011 to stop further land filling around Nordhavn
meant that the plans for the future Nature Park could not
become a reality, and since then, no plans for a corresponding
park have been shown by either By&Havn or the City of
Copenhagen. The legislation in 2011 has thus led to nature
being the target, as it is areas set aside for nature that must
be reduced, and it is once again the space for urban development
in the form of housing and jobs that is prioritized
over nature. (Danmark’s Naturfredningsforening, n,d).
Competition proposal (2009)
Since the first structural plan was published in 2009, much
has happened in the planning of the future nature park at
Ydre Nordhavn. The area set aside for green spaces and
nature has shrunk significantly over the last 14 years. The
original planned nature park had an area of 90 hectares,
while the planned area today, according to the structural
plan from 2023, only covers an area of 28 hectares, which
makes the future park minimized to an area corresponding
to 1/3 of the original. (Danmakrs Naturfredningsforening,
n,d).
Structure Plan Revision 1. (2018)
In addition, the terminology of the park has also changed
over time. In the plans up to and including the 2018 structure
plan, the park is described as a nature park and named
’Naturpark Nordhavn’, while in the current 2023 structure
Fig 2.4: Reduction of green spaces from 2009-2023
Structure Plan Revision 2. (2023)
Fig 2.5: Illustrations from By & Havn
34 35

FUTURE PLANS
THE FUTURE OF NORDHAVN & PREREQUISITES
The future development of Nordhavn is one of Scandinavia’s
largest and most ambitious urban development projects
to date. The former industrial area is transformed into a
dense and varied district with space for 40,000 residents
and 40,000 workplaces. ( Dansk Arkitektur Center, n.d.).
The latest structural plan for Nordhavn, which includes Århusgadekvarteret
in the south to the most recently filled
areas in the outer Nordhavn to the north, will act as a steering
tool for the future urban development of Nordhavn.
”The Sustainable City of the Future” is the title of the vision
for the future Nordhavn. The vision contains six themes:
Nordhavn should be a vibrant city, a city by the water, a city
for everyone, an environmentally friendly city, a city with
green traffic and a dynamic city. Today, Ydre Nordhavn is primarily
used for industrial and commercial businesses, most
of which will disappear as Nordhavn develops. Nordhavn
must be developed with an eye on existing qualities, and
thereby become an attractive and dynamic urban district
with a unique character. Nordhavn is an area with many characteristic
cultural traces on both a large and small scale,
which together form a strong starting point for the transformation
of the industrial harbor into an urban area with a
special identity and various local qualities. Existing structures
such as Tunnelfrabrikken, Skudehavnen, Nordhavnstippen,
the environment at the fishing port, traces of the industrial
port, harbor basins and views of the water are some
of Nordhavn’s important elements for the foundation of the
future Nordhavn. (By & Havn, 2023)
and size of the future nature park was determined by law in
2018, where the area was also designated for recreational
and maritime purposes. This has created a prerequisite that
the area must be designed to support sports and physical
movement. As a result, plans have been made to lay out a
large part in the park’s southern area with 3-6 soccer fields,
which will occupy an area between 3.5-6.5 ha (16-22%) of
the park’s total area, however, there is also a desire to plant
larger areas so that larger nature-oriented areas can be
established. The final design of the park will be decided through
a competition based on a competition program with
a focus on nature and activities. The construction phase for
the future nature park is expected to take place in 2028.
(Andersen 2022)
The future, the park will be located between a container terminal,
cruise terminal, residential buildings and distribution
centers, all with a scale that has a completely different dimension
than the area. The scale of the park’s neighbors
is particularly notable, as visitors of the park will be able
to see either a crane, a ship/ferry or a large building from
almost any angle(See fig. 2.8). In addition, a long dike in the
eastern edge zone of the park will create a barrier between
the park area and the container terminal. (Meeting KMC)
Fig. 2.7: illustration from By & Havn - Strukturplan
Nordhavnstippen
Future Naturepark
(Nordhavnstubben)
The future of Ydre Nordhavn is based on structuring layers,
including the blue and green layer, the infrastructural layer
and the neighborhood structure layer. The blue and green
structures will create a cohesive network that divides Nordhavn
into smaller neighborhoods. In all parts of Nordhavn,
there must be either water or green space within a distance
of 250m. This interplay between the blue and green structures
will enable a diversity of habitats, offering a wide variety
of habitats for animals and plants. By interconnecting
green spaces, biodiversity can also be increased, as connections
between green areas will allow plants and animals to
migrate. (By & Havn, 2023)
Naturpark Nordhavn Islands brygge Hans Tavsens Park Nørrebroparken Fælledparken Amager Strandpark
Fig. 2.8: Comparison of scale
The area where the future Nature Park Nordhavn will be located
is currently owned by By & Havn, but the plans are
for the park to be owned by the municipality in the future.
(Københavns Kommune, 7. februar 2022). The location
Fig. 2.6: Soccer field scenarios
Fig. 2.9: Future surrounding scales
Crane and containers Unicefs distribution center Cruiseship and cruiseship terminal arrival hall
36 37

NATURE IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
THE COPENHAGEN DIALOGUE
As described in the plans for the future park, the municipality
do recognize the importance of a larger green area
as an important part of developing Nordhavn and do also
regcognize that the future park should contain an area of a
more nature-oriented character.
In general, access to smaller and bigger green areas for the
well-being of city inhabitants, have been widely prioritized
since ’The Finger Plan’ was created in 1947, making sure for
easy access to those.
However, the green areas has historically been primarily for
the well-being of humans and human recreation and thereby
nature has had to adapt accordingly to human demands.
Among others, this has resulted in lawn deserts with 2-3
species of cultivated grasses, and that older
trees with high biodiversity potential are cut down as soon
as they show signs of disease. Aesthetic considerations
has also meant that road slopes and verges with bare soli
and a rugged ruderal character have been seeded with lawn
grass, and that disused
raw material pits has been filled with topsoil and planted
(AU - Ecoscience, 2020).
Humans historically perceived nature as subservient to cultural
needs and considered as something separate from
the city. Whether its been seeing the natural world as something
dangerous that needs to be controlled. Or later on
as a sublime, authentic and natural antithesis to the false,
soulless and artificial cityscape (Cronon 1996). Both concepts
describes a nature-culture relationship as two opposites
with no relation (Cronon 1996).
Today, the understanding that nature and humans are connected
and not separate, is heading in the right direction.
As mentioned in the introduction, there is an increased
awareness among the population about biodiversity and its
importance. The new biodiversity strategy ”bringing nature
back into our lives” and Copenhagen’s new biodiversity
strategy for 2022-2050 are further expressions of this. Also
in the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the importance
of nature is on the agenda in goal 15: life on land and goal
14: life in the sea and both are described as necessary to
achieve goal 3: health and well-being (Københavns kommune,
2022.)
In the guiding principles for the development of the future
park, it is also clear that more biodiversity and a connected
nature-culture relationship is desired:
”Copenhageners want a park where wild nature is the starting
point. There is a broad desire to make room for unmanaged
nature and biodiversity. ” (Københavns Kommune,
2022)
Which is somehow contra dictionary to the fact that the park
has been downsized over three rounds and now, in addition,
they want to use a large part of the area for football fields.
Wiliam Cronon argues in his publishment ”The Trouble with
Wilderness: or, getting back to the wrong nature”, that, the
new terminology and emerging concept of a nature that needs
to be ’wild’ and ’unmanaged’ in order to be authentic, is
yet another cultural and romanticized concept of nature as
something separate from humans, we still ourselves do not
inhabit (Cronon 1996).
He argues, that by idealizing human-free and untouched wilderness
as the answer to our environmental crisis, the moral
and political discourse adopt a high nature-standard, that
overlooks and still doesn’t consider urban nature, fx. such
as old street trees, as something noteworthy in comparison
to the wild lands. As he describes, this new discourse put
humans in one end of the spectrum as something bad and
wilderness in the other, as something good. In this ”cultural
myth” as he calls it, people do therefore, still not feel fully
obligated to properly integrate- and prioritize it the city where
humans live. (Cronon 1996). As he describes, It turns into an
issue because:
”The wilderness dualism tends to cast any use as ab-use,
and thereby denies us a middle ground in which responsible
use and non-use might attain som kind of balanced, sustainable
relationship” (Cronon 1996)
Fig. 2.10: Nature and city are separated, nature is outside the city
In Budget 2019 (BR October 4, 2018) (A, B, C, F, I, O and V),
the Danish Parliament allocated DKK 2.5 million for ”planning
the future nature park in Nordhavn”. The appropriation includes,
among other things, the involvement of Copenhageners,
the future users, from which the Copenhagen Dialogue
emerged, which is an involvement process that was carried
out in the period August-December 2021. The process was
funded by By & Havn, and was carried out in collaboration between
the City of Copenhagen and the consulting firm BARK.
As part of the Copenhagen Dialogue, a citizen panel survey,
digital engagement on SoMe and interviews with key stakeholders
and special target groups were conducted. The
process was concluded with a public meeting in December
2021, where the results and the vision were described.
The vision contains three main cornerstones that are intended
to guide the prioritization of the park’s content and
character (fig. 2.9).
The Copenhagen Dialogue has focused on 4 target groups:
Copenhageners, selected Copenhageners (those who are
difficult to reach), core stakeholders (organizations, associations
and enthusiasts) and politicians. (City of Copenhagen,
2022) The objective has been to reach a broad segment
of the many expected users to give as many people
DEN VILDE, STILLE, STORE KYST
Kysten er variert og præges af den vilde natur, der
tåler salt og vand og som trives naturligt på de
vindblæste strækninger. Her er udsigt, fred og ro.
Mange vandrer, sanker og fisker. Alle kan komme
til at opleve Nordhavns åndehul.
Fig. 2.11: Vision diagram from the Copenhagen Dialogue.
Depicting only human uses described
as possible a voice and create a broad knowledge base as
mentioned earlier (Københavns kommune, 2022).
The results of the Copenhagen Dialogue illustrate that there
is a broad consensus in the desire for the programming of
the park to be grounded in nature, of which human activities
can be incorporated. The results of the survey will be used
as a basis for writing a consultation response to Teknik- og
Miljøforvaltningen, Økonomiforvaltningen and Kultur- og Fritidsforvaltningen,
which will be responsible for the further
planning of the Nature Park. (Østerbro Loakl Committee
2021)
When we read into it, we see a limitation and termonology
tendency towards what Cronon describes. It is clear that
many people want the park to contain nature, and terms
such as ’wild nature’, ’unmanged’ and ’biodiversity’ are frequently
used. Wild nature is even included in one of the three
cornerstones issued for the park. However, in further description
of the vision, there is little elaboration on what this actually
is, and instead ends up focusing more on how people are
expected to benefit from this new common space. The ’wild
nature’ therefore appears more as a cultural and romantic representation
of the desired atmosphere for the park, rather
than the actual focal point (Fig. 2.9)
?
DEN BLÅ AKTIVITETSPARK
Vandet er parkens helt store aktiv. Mange nyder udsigten.
Leger, griller og griner i kanten. Nordhavnere og andre
københavnere bruger vandet til at få sved på panden eller
et koldt gys. Her samles børn og unge. Vinterbadere,
surfere, dykkere, havsvømmere og sejlere.
LIV I LANDSKABET
Landskabet er kuperet og summer af liv. Stierne er
snoet. Her er fyldt med vild natur, børn og bier. Friluftslivet
og dicgolf-holdet krydser hinanden. Naturvejlederen
sender skoleklasser og bedsteforældre på jagt. Løberen
orienterer sig i terrænet. Et par slapper af. En gruppe slår
lejr. Oplevelserne er rige og uforudsigelige.
38 39

INTRODUCTION
PRESTUDIES
0.3
SITE ANALYSIS
TRANSECT
PROPOSAL
OUTRO

Nordhavnstippen
Future Container
Skudehavn
Tunnel
Fabrikken
Future Naturepark
(Nordhavnstubben)
Terminal
Current Container
Terminal
Cruise
Orientkaj Metro St.
Terminal
Docken
Foto: COBE

DGI Storkøbenhavn
sNordhavn if
Idrætsforeningen B93
Boldsklubben Skjold
København håndboldklub
Nordhavn F
Hovedstadens Svømmeklub
Københavns Frisbeeklub
DBU København
Østerbro Lokaludvalg
Fugleværnsfonden
Kajak Nordhavn
DGI
Sports and activity interest
Nature Park Nordhavn
Nordhavns Naturvenner
Nature interest
Dk’s Naturfredningsforening
DOF
Hovedstadens forskønnelse
Friluftsrådet København
Miljøpunkt Østerbro
NOAH
Verdens skove
Østerbro Havnekomite
Østerbro Lokalråd
Østerbro Lokaludvalg
Klimabevægelsen i DK
Project area
Main road
Existing distribution road
Future distribution road
Existing loacal road
Future loacal road
Road to container terminal
The Nordhavns tunnel
Existing metro line
Future metro line
Existing metro stop
Future metro stop
By & Havn
Copenhagen municipality
Økonomi forvaltningen
Teknik- & Miljøforvaltningen
Kultur- & fritidsforvaltningen
Fig. 3.1: Diagram showing the current and planned (based om the structureplan)
connections
Fig. 3.2: Diagram illustrating the stakeholder organizations for the new nature park
INFRASTRUCTURE
STAKEHOLDERS
The infrastructure of Ydre Nordhavn is influenced by the
area’s industrial use, especially in terms of heavy transport
and truck traffic. The roads in Ydre Nordhavn are primarily
designed to accommodate the needs of larger vehicles,
which are reflected in large wide roads. The infrastructural
connections to Stubben are not separated between road
users, therefore trucks, cars and cyclists drive side by side
to get to Stubben.
As Nordhavn develops, the need to improve local infrastructure
arises. The existing infrastructure needs to be redesigned
in order to accommodate the futures more varied use.
The future Norhavn’s Tunnel, which is already under construction,
will provide access to Nordhavn for heavy vehicles,
such as trucks and cars. In addition, a separate road
towards the future container terminal, will differentiate the
heavy and light traffic, and thereby creating better conditions
for the soft traffic, such as cyclists and pedestrians.
In the future the existing metro line will be extended with
two new metro stations, the last of which will be close to
the future nature park. (By & Havn, 2023)
The overall plans for the infrastructural development seek
to balance the continued industrial needs with future urban
development.
Naturpark Nordhavn is an area that involves a number of
stakeholders ranging from local residents to authorities and
organizations. These stakeholders play different roles and
have different interests in the development of Nature Park
Nordhavn. The diagram above is divided into three main
stakeholders categories, the municipality of Copenhagen,
sports and activity stakeholders and nature interested stakeholders,
each with their own level of influence.
Highly influential stakeholders in the development of the
park are By&Havn (Stubbens current owners) and Copenhagen
Municipality (the park’s future owners), who have a
crucial role in the park’s development. The municipality sets
policies and resources that affect the development of the
park. Their decisions includes funding, legislation and master
planning to ensure the park meets community needs
and sustainability standards. Because By&Havn is a municipal
and state-owned company, one of their main agendas is
the sale of land to investors to cover the costs of projects
such as the metro construction. (By&Havn n,d)
DGI is an orginization of sports associations. DGI wants to
support and promote the active lifestyle of the Danish population
and therefore has an interest in transforming the
park into an active park. The number of members strengthens
DGI’s voice and gives them a solid position in the fight
for the park’s development. Less impactful stakeholders
are smaller associations and activist groups, such as Nordhavns
Naturvenner, that prioritize a green agenda. Nordhavns
Naturvenner is an umbrella organization, comprising
10 groups, that supports the development of the park into
a nature park. They advocate for a park that prioritizes nature
over sports amenities, offering diverse natural spaces
encouraging visitors to observe natural progression and biodiversity.
The different desires and agendas for the park create conflicting
visions. These conflicts is particularly evident between
DGI and Nordhavn’s Naturvenner, who both have developed
two very different conceptual plans for Nature Park
Nordhavn. (NordhavnAvis 2021)
44 45

Securigera varia
Vanellus vanellus
Verbascum densiflorum
Alcedo atthis
Sailing
Habour
Swimming
Diving
Swimming
Nature
Fishing
Unofficial bird watching
Unofficial fishing
Helianthus tuberosus
F. tinnunculus
Events
Culture
International School
Promenade
Metro Station
Events & Culture
Troll hunting ’Kaptajn Nalle’
Paddle Tennis
Trampoline park
Stubbeskoven
Arrival for cruise tourists
Baggage hall
Events & Culture
Project area
Culture and institutions
Residential/Private
Industrial/Commercial
Disappearing industrial Buildings
Public spaces
Speciel Views
intensity of public use
Trifolium pratense
Atriplex prostrata
Scopula rubiginata
Oenanthe oenanthe
Alauda arvensis
Photedes morrisii
Konditaget
Swimming zone
Cafés & restaurants
Playgrounds
Bufotes viridis
Pieris brassicae
Zygaena filipendulae
Redlisted according to Arter.dk
Fig. 3.3: The diagram shows how current human activity is.
Fig. 3.4: Diagram of some of Nordhavntippens and Stubbens species
PUBLIC USE
NON HUMAN USERS
Public use at Nordhavn is primarily centered around Århusgadekvarteret.
The entire neighborhood is a relatively newly
developed urban area, and it was only a few years ago
that the people of Copenhagen gained access to the harbor
fronts, which are now being used extensively by many
Copenhageners. Approximately 2000 of Nordhavn’s current
3884 residents live in Århusgadekavrteret, it is also in this
area the majority of public use takes place, as urban functions
are facilitated here. (By&Havn, n,d)
Today, Stubben is not open for public use, but fishing enthusiasts
and visitors on walks still find their way there.
Nordhavnstippen, which is Nordhavn’s current largest green
area, is used by locals for recreational use and nature
experiences. Nordhavn is today visited more for its urban
environment around Århusgadekvarteret, rather than its
ecological values.
The transformation of Nordhavn will create new, dense neighbourhoods
with 40,000 residents and 40,000 workplaces.
Therefore, it is important that the future green areas meet
the needs of the many different future users. The design
of the new Nature Park Nordhavn is therefore particularly
important, as it will be Nordhavn’s only larger green area.
Based on the Copenhagen Dialogue, the results show that
the vast majority of citizens from Østerbro and Nordhavn
expect to use the future Nature Park Nordhavn. The majority
of the future users emphasizes nature values in the
design of the park to create a green breathing space in an
otherwise urban area. (Østerbro loakludvalg, 2021)
The residents of Nordhavnstippen and Stubben consist of
the plants, animals, insects and amphibians that live out
here, and together they create an area rich in flora and fauna.
The area has a wide spectrum of inhabitants due to the
variety of nature types that provide good habitat conditions
for many species. Nordhavnstippen and Stubben have
a rich bird life, as many birds are attracted to the area’s size
with its open, low vegetation, shrubs and small lakes. The
area’s ”island effect”, a green spot in an otherwise distinct
industrial/urban landscape, also contributes to a concentration
of birds, and as a whole, the above-mentioned
conditions make Nordhavnstippen a unique bird site within
the City of Copenhagen. In addition to a rich birdlife, there
are also a number of other wildlife values at Nordhavn.
The flora, insect and animal life is particularly interesting on
Nordhavnstippen, as the presence of many plant species,
and especially many ruderal plants, also indicates a certain
quality of nature in the area. (DOF, n,d) In addition, rare moths
such as Scopula rubiginata and Photedes morrisii have
also been found at the site, the second of which is considered
a national responsibility species. The toad, Bufotes
viridis, which inhabits the brackish water lakes in the area is
protected by the Habitats Directive, and the population of
toads at Stubben is assessed as significant. The two lakes
at Tippen are suitable breeding sites for the toad, and the
area on land near the lake with slopes is suitable for feeding
and wintering for the toads. In summary, it is especially the
rich bird life, the population of the green toad and the rare
Photedes morrisii that are important to pay attention to.
Therefore, these species should be taken into account for
the future nature park, also in view of Denmark’s obligations
under the Biodiversity Convention on halting the decline in
biodiversity. (DOF, n,d)
Now that Nordhavn is a rapidly developing area, it puts
pressure on local biodiversity and the city’s green breathing
spaces. Therefore, it is important to ensure nature, its inhabitants
and biodiversity the best possible conditions - now
and in the future.
46 47

Nordhavnstippen
Nordhavnstubben
Stubbeskoven
C
B
A
Project area
Project area
Vertical dock edge, existing
Future green areas
Current green areas
Stone dike, existing
Principle location of
future sluice gate
future precipitation solution
Fig. 3.5: Diagram showing the current and planned green areas
Fig. 3.6: Diagram of current and future (based om the structureplan) meeting with
water
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
TOPOGRAPHY & HYDROLOGY
In Copenhagen, the city’s nature areas and parks play an
important role in the variety and number of species. As
they are places with many habitats for animals and plants.
They not only support existing biodiversity, but also attract
new species to the area. Preserving these nature areas and
parks is therefore essential to maintain and support the diversity
of species in the city and to allow them to spread
and establish new populations in the rest of the city. (Københavns
Kommune, n,d)
Today, the green infrastructure in Nordhavn is relatively fragmented
and isolated between Nordhavn’s large industrial
areas. The largest green area in Nordhavn is Nordhavnstippen,
where biodiversity is high, as the greatest biodiversity
on land is found in areas with a long history as a green area
and a variation in terrain and vegetation. Furthermore, the
two lakes on Nordhavnstippen are protected under §3 due
to the population of Bufotes viridis. By designating Stubben
as a nature park, there will be an opportunity to further improve
biodiversity. (Københavns Kommune, n,d)
In addition, the future plans for Nordhavn are also to create
green corridors that can support nature’s ability to migrate.(By&HAvn,
2023) The designation of the area for nature
could help support the Municipality of Copenhagen’s
biodiversity strategy for 2050, with the vision of reversing
the decline of species in Copenhagen and ensuring that
all Copenhageners have good access to nature and nature
experiences. The points below are examples of how the design
of a nature park can support the Municipality of Copenhagen’s
biodiversity strategy:
• In 2050, Copenhagen has a higher biodiversity with
more habitats and greater species richness
• By 2050, there must be more space for biodiversity in
Copenhagen.
• At least 30% of Copenhagen’s area should be designated
as publicly accessible green spaces, and 10% of
Copenhagen’s area is protected under §3 of the Nature
Protection Act. (Københavns Kommune, n,d)
Since Nordhavn was created by land reclamation, the edges
that connect with the water are man-made. Today, the
meeting of water consists of vertical dock edges and stone
dikes that protect Nordhavn from seawater. Water depths
vary, from the deepest harbor basins at 8-10 meters deep
to 2-3 meter deep canals and basins and very low water
levels at sloping edges. In the future, Nordhavn will be part
of a larger solution to protect Copenhagen from rising sea
water by establishing a sluice gate between Oceankaj and
Lynetteholm, which will secure the areas south of it. Similarly,
storm surge protection in the form of another sluice to
the west will secure the western side of Nordhavn and the
surrounding areas.
In Inner Nordhavn, neighborhoods are divided into small islets
by many small canals. New canals will connect existing
basins and open water areas in Nordhavn, creating a cohesive
network of waterways for the benefit of water recreation
and blue biodiversity. In Ydre Nordhavn, one large landscape
canal with varying depth and width will be established as
a rainwater channel. In the future, Nordhavn will contain
different types of blue spaces: narrow canals, wide harbor
channels, lakes, large and small pools and open water. Together,
the varying blue spaces create a great diversity in
the experience and use of the water. The diversity of blue
spaces also creates different habitats, enhancing the variety
of blue biodiversity(Ny&Havn, 2023)
The terrain in Nordhavn is generally flat, however, this does
not apply to the outer Nordhavn. Here the terrain is characterized
by being a soil dumping ground. In some areas, soil
is added daily, which shortly after is moved again. This dynamic
process of soil disposal also means that the basis for
the contour lines is constantly changing, which is why the
above curves on the diagram are from 2022.. Around the
project area, the edge towards the sea consists of a stone
dike at elevation 3, creating an abrupt meeting with the sea.
(see fig. 3.7 on the following page.))
48 49

3.00
7.00
E
E
3.00
6.00
D
D
3.00 7.00
C
C
3.00 5.00
B
B
3.00
7.00
A
A
Fig. 3.7: Sections 1:1000
50 51

GRASSLAND / PASTURE
The pasture is characterized by being an open area on
well-drained soil that is under the influence of recurring disturbances.
On Nordhavnstippen, the pasture is significantly
more elevated than the surrounding landscape, with a drained
calcareous soil and has for a number of years been disturbed
by grazing sheeps, which together have created the
open grass cover. (NOVANA, 01.02.2021)
GRASSLAND / NARROW
The meadows are created on nutrient-poor soils that at
times vary from dry, moist, wet or flooded. The meadow
consists of a grass-herb community that has a seasonal
variation, as the meadow in the summer appears as drier
grass-herb vegetation, while the winter season is more wet.
(NOVANA, 01.02.2021)
Fig. 3.8: Current nature typologies at Nordhavnstippen and Stubben
GRASSLAND / RUDERAL & MOUNDS
Due to years of land filling, hills and slopes with calcareous
soil have emerged. The soil is light and loose, and erosion keeps
the vegetation open. There is visible bare soil between
the plants and a large number of annual species. The ruderal
has a dynamic expression as the different environments of
the south- and north-facing slopes create great variation in
the species composition. (NOVANA, 01.02.2021)
WOODLAND / SHRUBS
NATURE TYPES
Nordhavnstubben and Tippen, located by the sea, experiences
harsh weather conditions such as strong winds,
occasional heavy precipitation, and potential storm-related
flooding. This is reflected in the species composition
on Nordhavnstippen, that are resilient to this high level of
harsh weather exposure. The unique character of the rugged
sucssesion driven vegetation, especially on Nordhavnstippen,
is the result of vegetation spontaneously growing
and adapting on top of decades of construction waste and
residual soil that has been dumped in the sea.
Landscapes are a shared space for the activity of living
beings, and it is the interaction between humans, animals,
plants, soil and climate that shapes the different nature types.
Human activities have a particular impact on the landscape
and the conditions for flora and fauna. The development
of the vegetation is therefore also influenced by how
it is managed, operated and used. At Nordhavstippen, the
unique nature has been preserved by implementing grazing
sheep, in order to prevent overgrowth and thereby maintain
the open spaces. In addition, invasive species have been
removed to avoid the spread of invasive monocultures that
harm biodiversity. As a result, the diversity in species at
Nordhavnstippen today is very rich, and the varying nature
types create habitats for a diverse animal and plant life. The
different nature types at Nordhavnstippen have been changing
and evolving for decades and will continue to do so,
influenced by the environmental surroundings, such as soil,
terrain, wind and weather, but also how people use nature
and manage it.
On Nordhavnstubben, surplus soil has been tipped and
removed again and again over the last many years, creating
a very young and still fragile nature, but with high biodiversity,
which the ruderal habitats contribute to.
Fig. 3.9: Nature types
The shrubs is self-grown vegetation dominated by shrubs
and low trees. It is a successional stage that will eventually
overgrow with bushes and forest trees. As the soil in
Nordhavnstippen is very dry and nutrient-poor, the overgrowth
process is very slow, and the shrubs has therefore
not developed into a forest. The shrubs is rich in different
species of woody plants and has a rich bird life. (NOVANA,
01.02.2021)
WOODLAND / MIXED FOREST
A small part of the area consists of forest-like vegetation,
with a relatively open forest floor with few herbs, grasses
and mosses. The ground is relatively calcareous and slightly
waterlogged, which prevents specific species from dominating.
(NOVANA, 01.02.2021)
WETLAND / BRACKISH WATER LAKES & REED BEDS
The lakes of Nordhavnstippen consist of brackish water,
which are lakes that receive diluted seawater and are
nutrient-rich. Surrounding the lakes is a band of reed bed
consisting of a lush vegetation of tall grasses and grass-like
marsh plants. (NOVANA, 01.02.2021)
52 53

NATURE TYPES DYNAMICS
GRASSLAND / pasture
The pasture varies in different types of herbs and grasses, with both tall
grasses swaying in the wind and the lower grasses covering the various
hilltops.
WOODLAND / Shrubs
The shrubs covers areas that are semi-open with low bushes to more dense
vegetation with larger trees. The area shows a picture of how natural
succession develops.
GRASSLAND / narrow
The narrow changes expression through different seasons. In the dry and
warm months, the meadow is colorful with many flowering herbs, while the
wet and cold months create a more grass-dominated landscape.
WOODLAND / Mixed forest
The forest is relatively open with various species of multi-stemmed trees
of a larger character. The forest floor is hilly and grass-dominated.
GRASSLAND / ruderal & mounds
The rudarate has a species-rich appearance, with many flowering herbs. The
density of species and the amount of bare soil varies on the different orientation
of the slopes.
WETLAND / Brackish water Lakes & reed beds
The large surface of the lakes creates reflections of the sun’s rays and is also
home to green algae, while the shores are covered in tall reeds.
54 55

MARINE TYPOLOGIES
SEA & SHORE
Øresund, the sea between Zealand and Skåne, creates
Stubben’s north-western border. The sea as a neighbor provides
great views of the undulating sea surface, and has
great recreational potential. The barrier between water and
land consists of a wide stone dike with a height of 3m above
sea level, preventing a close encounter with the sea.
The marine typologies around Stubben, are according to
the Marine Map of Denmark (MSDI), not mapped or described.
However, MSDI has mapped data that describes the
environmental condition of the sea around Stubben. The
results of the data map indicates that the overall environmental
marine condition around Nordhavn is poor, including
a poor condition of eelgrass. Therefore, there is a goal that
the overall ecological environmental status have to be improved
in the future. (MSDi, n,d) By looking at other projects,
it is indicated that the state of the marine environmental
condition is improved through initiatives such as introducing
stone reefs that support a larger cod population, mussel
beds that improve light conditions, and eelgrass that
binds carbon, nitrogen and fosfor. These initiatives all help
to increase biodiversity. (Flindt, 2022)
G. morhua
B. belone
The stone dike along the shore, creates good hiding places
for fish between the stones, as well as habitats for kelp
forests and mussel beds.
Pleuronectes platessa
In 2016, an artificial stone reef, in the form of a wreck for diving
purposes, was established 100 meters from the shore
at a depth of 4 meters. The wreck is made of pure materials
such as concrete and granite, that makes it look like a stone
reef. The wreck became quickly overgrown with seaweed
and mussels. The purpose of the wreck was to create diving
experiences and great diversity beneath the oceans surface.
Marine mammals, fish, shellfish and seaweed all benefit
from the artificial stone reefs. (Nordea Fonden, 2016)
Photo of the edge og the stone dike
56 57

INTRODUCTION
PRESTUDIES
SITE ANALYSIS
0.4
TRANSECT
PROPOSAL
OUTRO

B6
B4
B5
1. soil / Terrain
B3
B1
B2
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
2. Surface cover / Textures
Fig. 4.1: The route of the transects & markings of collected soil samples
TRANSECT APPROACH
The purpose of the transects was to create a broader understanding
of the project area and its qualities on different
scales, both in terms of the present nature, the spatialities
and the atmosphere of the place. Therefore, we focused on
the following four themes:
1. The soil and terrain
2. The surface cover and textures
3. The human traces and percularities
4. The exposure and scale.
The soil is the main element of the site. The structure and qualities
of the soil form the basis for what can grow. In addition,
the disposition of the soil is what creates the unique terrain.
The surface cover is what makes the experience value of the
different types of nature varies, but also the composition
and number of species tells us something about biodiversity.
The human traces tell a story about how people
have used the area and left their traces over time.
The large open landscapes, hills, cranes, ships and expanses
create a very specific character to the place and have
a great impact on the embodied experience of the place.
We created and followed two transect lines to investigate
both the landscape that has been established for many
years (Nordhavnstippen) and the very young landscape that
is still being established and evolved (Nordhavnstubben).
In order to gain knowledge about the nature that has existed
for many years on Nordhavnstippen and create an understanding
of what can grow on the Nordhavnsstubben,
the transects were also a way to compare the two areas
through soil samples and plant collections, and create an
understanding of the existing nature on a small scale.
By following a transect, it is the bodily embedding that
explores and experiences, whereby the senses form a
picture of the spatialities and perceptions of the place.
This embedding creates a picture of the overall perception
of the project area, as through investigation with the senses
we gain an understanding of how the composition of textures,
colors, sounds, wind impact, etc. is constantly changing
and varying in character throughout the landscape.
3. Human traces / Percularities
4. Exposure / Scale
Fig. 4.2 Elements investigated through the transect
60 61

Kunstværket ’Flakkende tilstedeværelser’ af Nana Fransisca Schottländer (picture from Stubben)
SOIL / TERRAIN
The soil is surplus soil from construction projects, in other
words, it is a remnant from something earlier that now
forms the foundation for a completely new landscape, a
landscape that among other things will consist of nature
- nature on artificial ground. The soil is one of the elements
that gives the area its distinctive character. The way the
soil has been dumped mimics to some extent an ice age
landscape but somehow also creates references to a lunar
landscape. This creates both a landscape we understand
and recognize from other Ice Age landscapes, but at the
same time also a completely alien landscape that we don’t
normally experience in nature or public spaces. The shape
of the soil, creates a spectacular terrain that makes the
embodied experience of the place very unique. This particular
landscape has also been of interest to artist Nana
Fransisca Schottländer, whose performance art piece ’HA-
BITAT + Bodyscaping’ explores the ever-changing landscape
in a dynamic choreography between people, machines and
everything that spontaneously comes to life here. The artwork
takes a curious and critical approach to the dynamics
that drive the shaping of a landscape such as this, with
themes of city, human, nature, materiality. With her quote
’Our traces continue to live on in the landscape, and the
landscape continues to live on in us’ (translated). we find
it interesting how the landscape is dependent on us to go
from sea to new land, but how we are also dependent on
the values the landscape gives us. (Francisca, 2021)
The expression of the soil varies throughout the area, in
terms of structure, color and layout. The quailty of the soil
also varies seasonally in terms of water retention and drainage.
The soil forms the basis for what can grow and thrive,
and is therefore an important layer in the understanding of
the specific nature at Nordhavnstippen and Nordhavnstubben.
We have therefore collected soil samples along both
transects and measured the pH of the soil samples. (See
samples and results on next page) Morten Ingerslev, Associate
Professor at the University of Copenhagen, guided us
through the laboratory procedure for measuring the pH value
of the soil samples and the outcome. The different pH
values appeared in a range between 5.5-8, which generally
corresponds to a neutral to alkaline soil. The pH of the soil
is crucial for the availability of the individual nutrients that
plants can absorb. Most plants have their pH optimum between
5.5 and 7.5, but there are wide variations. Some nutrients
are not available in soils that are too acidic or alkaline.
(Københavns Univeritet, n.d.) The neutral to alkaline value
of the soil is due to the fact that the soil is derived from
surplus soil from construction. A large proportion of the endangered
biodiversity in the urban landscape is linked to
these soils. The soils that create the larger, persistent ruderal
areas. The nutrient-poor, disturbed and abandoned soils
that are left uncultivated and provide the foundation for the
natural migration of species. (AAU Ecoscience, 2020)
Pictures of the different soils at Stubben
62 63

A1 / Soil sample / pH: 7
A2 / Soil sample / pH: 7,5
A3 / Soil sample / pH: 6,5
A4 / Soil sample / pH: 7,5
A5 / Soil sample / pH: 7,5
A6 / Soil sample / pH: 7
A7 / Soil sample / pH: 7,5
A8 / Soil sample / pH: 5,5
64 65

B1 / Soil sample / pH: 7 B2 / Soil sample / pH: 7
B3 / Soil sample / pH: 7,5
C1 / Discarded material
B4 / Soil sample / pH: 7,5 B5 / Soil sample / pH: 8
B6 / Soil sample / pH: 7
C2 / Discarded material
66 67

Pictures from By&Havn of the art installation
SURFACE COVER / TEXTURES
The different textures of nature, which are composed of the
individual species, create variation in the expression of the
different typologies. Therefore, with the transect, we also
wanted to investigate the very close scale of the varying nature.
Similarly, an art route at Nordhavn focuses on zooming
in on the unnoticeable nature and giving it a voice. The aim
is to create curiosity about the different dimensions of nature
and encourage more people to experience it up close.
For when we create a relation to nature, it also makes us
want to take care of it to a greater extent. (By&Havn, 2022)
Jan Gehl also articulates this close scale in connection with
the social field of vision. Because it is only when the distance
becomes significantly smaller that it becomes possible
to perceive details, and at the very close scale, the amount
of information increases dramatically because the other
senses begin to supplement the visual sense, thereby forming
impressions and emotions. (Gehl, 2003)
The images on the opposite page are a depiction of the close
scale of Norhavnstippen and Stubben, showing the variation
in textures of the different habitats. The plants on the
next page are scans of our collected plant material, which
together create the different textures.
Pictures of the different textures and surfaces
68 69

17.
25.
9.
15.
30.
26.
2.
23.
21.
24.
11.
5.
1.
32.
12.
29.
3.
36.
20.
6.
10.
16.
8.
33.
18.
19.
PLANT SPECIES
1. Achillea millefolium 6. Calystegia sepium
11. Epilobium hirsutum
16. Hordeum jubatum
2. Anchusa officinalis
7. Carduus
3. Atriplex prostrata
8. Cichorium intybus
4. Bolboschoenus maritimus
9. Crepis vesicaria
13. Equisetum palustre
14. Geranium
5. Calamagrostis epigejos
10. Dacus carota
15. Helianthus tuberosus
12. Euphorbia helioscopia 17. Jacobaea vulgaris
18. Lotus corniculatus
19. Lepidium ruderale
20. Medicago sativa
21. Melilotus albus
22. Pastinaca sativa
23. Phragmites australis
24. Plantago lanceolata
25. Potentilla reptans
26. Senecio vulgaris
27. Solanum Dulcamara
28. Solidago
29. Taraxacum officinale
30. Trifolium pratense
31. Trifolium repens
32. Tripleurospermum inodorum
33. Tussilago farfara
34. Urtica dioica
35. Verbascum
36. Vicia sativa
70 71

Granite stones from the harbor of copenhagen
HUMAN TRACES/PERCULARITIES
The human traces creates a strong identity and give the
area its distinctive expression and unique character. In
every corner, the human traces hide stories about the past,
and the stories that the soil and the traces have been a
part of before being dumped on the outer Nordhavn. Traces
of building materials, concrete blocks, rebar, glass shards
and broken plastic have been integrated into the landscape,
where plants and animals have found their way to live over,
under and between these traces. As well as providing habitats,
the traces are also used by humans - an old granite
stone from the harbour of copenhagen becomes an unofficial
bench or a canvas for graffiti art, while piles of stones
create spatialities that feed curiosity. And in this way, watse
and remnants of the past creates a common habitat, beneficial
for both.
Another unique element of the area is that there is not a
single laid path in the area. All the path connections are entirely
self-made footpaths, which contribute to the quality
of the nature.
Pictures of human traces
72 73

Drone photo of Nordhavnstubben
EXPOSURE / SCALE
The new land at the outermost tip of Nordhavn is completely
exposed between the wide open sea and the current
landfill where the future container terminal will be located.
Out here on the tip, the scale of large ships, cranes, buildings,
piles of earth and surfaces is of its own character,
creating a unique sense of freedom and exposure that is
both alluring and overwhelming, as this landscape is not
found anywhere else in the city. Together, this scale and
exposure adds up to a very special and exciting atmosphere
to be in.
At the top of the large hill of the Nordhavn stump, the feeling
of freedom is at its climax, here is complete silence and
peace, and as a small individual in the vast landscape, the
feeling arises that time stands still for a brief second. At
the top of the hill, you become a spectator of the city that
contrasts with the landscape at the tip and the panorama
of dynamics that unfolds around it.
Images of characterizing large scales
74 75

Images of big hills at Nordhavnstubben
76 77

PARTIAL CONCLUSION
The diagram below, is a reflection of site-qualities and relational
structures within the area, that we found in the previous
analysis and registration. Where the most important
points and insights have been summarized and presented
in point form to the right.
The park holds a great potential to accommodate both natural
value and human recreation, which can be unlocked by
a design proposal with these points in mind.
Preserve and enhance the strong character and identity of the place. The historical human
traces, sense of freedom and exposure, various scales and peculiarities are especially characteristic
of the area.
Preserve existing nature on Tippen and expand the biodiverse plant life qualities of Norhavnstippen
to Stubben. The wide, open spaces are a good starting point for creating a
high level of species diversity.
The site’s varying elevated terrain and mounds of soil form an dynamic foundation of the
park, and the diverse terrain provides a gradient between large- and small scales, and microclimates.
Engage exploration and diverse interaction with nature on various scales.
The future dike between the container terminal and the park is an important transition zone
between nature and the industrial landscape.
Create various habitat types for various biological needs of the existing wildlife, especially
birds and amphibians. The composition of habitats should continue uninterrupted in continuation
of each other to support the ability of species to migrate and contribute to the
future migration corridor.
Wework the edge to enhance the physical encounter with the water. Thereby enabling its
potential to benefit both human recreation and varied coastal nature.
Nature undergoes dynamic processes during the seasons of the year, therefore future use
should adapt and respect these.
Fig. 4.3: Illustration of partial conclusion points
78 79

INTRODUCTION
PRESTUDIES
SITE ANALYSIS
TRANSECT
0.5
PROPOSAL
OUTRO

NATUREPARK NORDHAVN
Fig. 5.1: Vision collage
VISION
FROM PARK TO COMMON HABITAT
The new common habitat at Nordhavn will be a park where
biological diversity, resonates with- and adapts to the urban
environment, and the urban environment adapts to- and
resonates with biological diversity. It will be a park where
new valuable nature emerge, which we allow ourselves to
integrate with without unnecessarily denigrating it and its
space for flourishing. While new inhabitants appear and engaging
nature experiences arise, the park still preserves its
ecological and urban memory from the historical wasteland
and soil deposit that the place once was.
The upcoming park on Stubben, unfolding as an extension
of the existing ecological habitat Tippen, will belong to neither
only humans nor nature alone but will function as a
common habitat built on nature’s premises. A place where
human interaction, naturally intertwines with the site’s ecological
dynamics as a collaborative cohabitant.
In summary, the ultimate vision for the park is to set an
exampel, that nature within the borders of the city, in close
relation to the cultural and industrial landscape, can promote
and enhance a valuable habitat for biological diversity to
flourish, word prioritizing and protecting.
Fig. 5.2 diagram of the visions for the furture park
82 83

Stubben = Stump
The fundamental and rooted part left behind when the tree is cut
down. From the stump new shoots can grow and new life can flourish
Layer 4
Layer 3
Fig. 5.4: Design language inspiration
Layer 2
Layer 1
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
The concept for our design is guided by a layered structure
and planning approach, that ensures the quality of life, for all
its users. The individual layers include both the ecological scale
and the human landscape scale. These serve as a charter
and design guideline that facilitates the opportunity to draw a
proposal on nature’s premises, while still allowing cultural interference,
so room for nature does not have to be compromised.
The layers are structured in a way that prioritizes firstly; to determine
the growth conditions and the expectation of species
that will inhabit and thrive in such ecological habitat. Secondly;
on base of their needs, programs are drawn up for spatial qualities
and connections between them. And, lastly; once these
have been determined, functions, facilities and cultural leisure
activities are integrated.
The layers are constructed and used in the following order, and
are further elaborated in the next chapter.
Layer 0
Fig. 5.3 diagram of the layered structure
1. Soil and terrain, as soil and terrain creates the foundation
for life to grow.
2. Nature types, species that will naturally dwell here and
how to accomodate its dynamics and bioloogical needs.
3. Connections, where humans encounter the spatial and
aesthetic qualities of biological diversity.
4. Cultural impact, where, when, and to what degree humans
intertwine with inhabitants who dwell there.
84 85

Stone dike
Stone reef
Main
path
Association
buildings
Bird watching
tower
Fishing
platform
Stone reef
B
Soft
coastline
Exploration path
with stepping
stones
Lake
Mounds
Main
path
Clearing with views
to industry
Platform water
sports
Facilities for
water sports
Secondary
path
Lake
Wetland
Zoom in plan B
Stone reef
A
Stone dike
Secondary
path
Northfacing
hillside
Mounds
Main
path
Grasslands with
occasional grazing
Picnic
Pavillion
Clearing
with bonfire
Encounter with
industry
B
Container Terminal
Stone benches
in terrain
Noahs Ark
Zoom in plan A
Wetland
Mounds
’Udsigtspladsen’
Dike with mixed
forest
Zone for
swimming
Platform for
swimming
Stone reef
Soft
coastline
Main
path
Lake
Secondary
path
Grasslands with
occasional grazing
South.
facing
hillside
Main
path
Encounter with
industry
Stone dike
Stepping
stones
Stone piles for gaps in
vegetation
A
Mounds
Meadow
Existing lake
Entrance
Association
buildings
Distributuinscenter
Existing
Shrubs
Wetland
Small
entrance
Shrubs
Grassland for
mixed acticities
Main
path
Clearing with
playground
Existing lake
Arrival
area
Dike with mixed
forest
Housing
Housing
Small
entrance
Metro line
Housing
Grasslands with
occasional grazing
Housing
Existing
mixed forest
’Kamelen’
Culture & nature
center
Entrance
UNICEF
distributuinscenter
Small
Parkingfor bikes Housing
entrance
Small
and cars
86 87
entrance
Housing
N
Masterplan 1:3000

Pasture
Pasture with individual smaller trees and schrubs
Meadow
Forest glade
Stone barrier
23.0
Container terminal
17.0
12.0
9.0
3.0
3.0
A1, pH: 7
A5, pH: 7,5 A7, pH: 7,5
A4.2
A6/A7, pH: 7,5
Section AA. 1:500 - Landscape relation between terrain, soil and vegetation (Species and soil are found on the site)

1. SOIL AND TERRAIN
Soil and terrain is the primary foundation, that currently
builds compositions and spatiality at Stubben. In one
hand It serves a strong, weighty foundation, while on the
other hand providing a very dynamic and diverse landscape
in motion, as it still functions as temporary soil deposit.
To carry this quality forward, the terrain as a structural
element is made up of 3 main upward topography types:
B
A
3. The mounds
1. The Hill
2. The Dikes
3. The Mounds
2. The Dikes
A
The Hill acts as focal point from where the park will grow. With
an elevation of 23m above sealevel on the highest point, the
hill resonates with the surrounding scales of the containerterminal
and the vast expanses of the sound. Offering a spatial
experinense that truly accomodates the sense of freedom
and exposure.
C
3. The mounds
1. The Hill
The Dikes acts as protective element to the park’s various
habitats, so that the ecosystems do not suffer from potential
pollution. At the same time, the dikes provide an opportunity
to wander between the stems of the forest that will be established
here, and the ’stems’ appearing as tall cranes, chimneys,
masts etc., in the neighboring industrial forest.
2. The Dikes
C
B
23m above sea level
The Mounds acts as a more dynamic, irregular and less static
type of terrain. Over time, these piles of soil will be turned,
redistributed and shifted, constantly contributing to a dynamic
spatiality in motion, passing the story of the vibrancy and
ever-changing landscape that exists on the soil deposit today.
Fig. 5.5: Princip of he hill, dikes and mounds
Fig. 5.7: Diagram of the terrain
0m above sea level
12m
A
A
23m
10m
B
B
12m
15m
C
C
Fig. 5.6: Terrain from 2022 compaired to our proposed terrain.
92 93

2. NATURE TYPES
The establishment of Nature Park Nordhavn builds on the
existing ruderal character of the naturally adapted nature on
Nordhavnstippen, which is characterized by spontaneous
vegetation in different stages of succession. The different
habitat types will ensure good living conditions for animal,
plants and the various needs of their lifecycles, as well as
a wide range of nature experiences for human. To promote
biodiversity, a great variation in habitat conditions such as
food sources, breeding and nesting sites is in general important.
The new nature types in Nature Park Nordhavn will,
among other things, create habitats for the European green
toad (Bufotes viridis) and ensure a rich bird life.
The variation between open spaces, shrubs, forest and
hillsides creates ecological variation. The nature types will
consist of native species, many of which are already found
on Tippen that are robust and resilient to the extreme microclimatic
conditions on Stubben, such as extreme heat,
drought, wet soil, strong winds and compacted soil.
To uphold great variation in habitat types and thereby support
the various ecological dynamics and needs, humans
will intertwine naturally with some of the maintenance processes
as a collaborative cohabitant, as envisioned. Several
habitat types such as ruderal areas and meadows actually
depends on disturbances and disruptions, so that more
resilient species don’t outcompete the more light-demanding
ones, and overgrow into a less species rich habitat.
The following pages suggest a maintenance toolbox after
the principle of Gilles Clement ’a garden in motion’: to do as
much as possible with, as little as possible against.
We suggest including locals and associations in these
maintenance actions to promote learning about nature as
a full lifecycle, constantly changing. And further, foster an
understanding of human interaction and use do not always
equals ’ab-use’, and that human are an integral part of the
system.
Meadow
Pasture
Wetland
Forest
The hill
Stone dike
Ruderal
Mixed forest
Shrubs
Pasture
Shrubs
Shallow shore with stone reef
Brackish water lake
Ruderal
Meadow
Wetland
Fig. 5.8: Nature types and the spatialities they create
Fig. 5.9: Nature types
Brackish water lakes
94 95

MANAGEMENT TOOLBOX
All management actions includes removal of invasive species.
Shrubs / Natural succession
Ruderal
The area will be planted with mosaics of a mix of less robust, native
species that will grow through the different successional phases
into green volumes. The dynamic area will have patches of relatively
open spaces with lower shrubs and herbs, while other areas are characterized
by more dense stands of 6-8 m tall trees. The shrubs form a
habitat for light-requiring organisms, and are often characterized by
tree species such as: oak, common hawthorn, elm, guelder-rose, willow, blackthorn,
wild cherry og cherry plum, while the small scale of grasses and herbs
is characterized by species such as: Crested Dogstail, ox-eye daisy og
sweet vernal grass. To maintain variety, some areas are managed so that
they do not achieve climax succession.
The existing soil is redistributed by either excavating, re-placing, or locally
scraping the topsoil to activate potentially existing seed banks. The ruderal
landscapes are located on the mounds, which creates a varied structure
as the north-facing and south-facing slopes have different microclimates.
The south-facing slopes are more light-exposed, creating good habitat for
low competition plant species, egg-laying for reptiles and nesting for birds.
Similarly, the shadier and cooler habitats on north-facing slopes provide a
more stable environment, which benefits, for example, drought-sensitive
mosses and various fungal groups.
Mixed forest
Stone reefs / shore
The forest will consist of a mixed forest that corresponds to forest development
type 21. The stand consists of oak forest with a mix of ash, hornbeam,
lime and cherry, hazel, Norway maple:. In order for regeneration of
the light demanding species active thinning is important. Creation of larger
gaps, respectively smaller clear-cuts in combination with a rapid canopy
removal are necessary in the regeneration phase. This forest type enables
a very rich flora and fauna, and a high number of insects, invertebrate and
birds are connected especially to oak. This mixed forest with a pronounced
under story and a rich ground flora provides a multitude of recreational
experiences through-out the year. (Larsen et. al., 2005)
The existing stone dike that forms the encounter between water and land
is disrupted in several places. This allows the sea to be let in at specific sections,
creating new wetlands on land and a gradual transition to the sea.
The stones removed from the coast will be placed on the seabed where
they can create hiding places for fish, as well as habitat for mussels, seaweed
and other organisms.
Grazing or cutting of grassland
Brackish water lakes
The pasture, narrow and salt meadow avoid overgrowth through management
in the form of grazing or cutting. It is important that these open
nature types do not become overgrown as a result of lack of grazing, as
this is a big threat to biodiversity.
The three nature types are characterized by open vegetation with grass
and herb-dominated species and in some places, scattered occurrences
of trees and shrubs occurs. The intention of sheep grazing occurs periodically
in the area where grazing is used as a management method.
The edges of the lake have a flat sloping terrain, which is important for
small animals to have good access to the water. The flat slope creates a
wide shallow zone with marsh vegetation that supports rich wildlife. The
bottom of the lakes is laid out with sand and underwater vegetation, which
helps to provide good water quality and, together with the marsh vegetation
and rocks, provides good hiding places for amphibians and other animals.
In addition, a deep rock formation creates the possibility of frost-free
overwintering for amphibians such as the European green toad (Bufotes
viridis).
96 97

Forest
Ruderal
Meadow
Shallow shore with stone reef
Brackish water lake and wetland
Container terminal
11.0
6.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
A3, pH: 6,5 B2, pH: 7
A1, pH: 7
A6/A7, pH: 7,5
Section BB. 1:500 - Landscape relation between terrain, soil and vegetation (Species and soil are found on the site)

3. CONNECTIONS
The proposal encourages a new circulation in the park, acrossand
along the spatialities and aesthetics of the diverse nature
types and the varying terrain. The connections are placed strategically
in a way that allows as many different aspects of the
park’s nature to be experienced, but without interfering with
the most disturbance-intolerant habitats. Main entrances are
placed on the outskirts of Tippen so that human circulation
doesn’t become too heavy in this area. A third arrival destination
by the coast, allows acces from the water side.
The new connections is a system of 3 different types of paths:
Coastal arrival
1. Main path
2. Tread path
3. Exploration path
Arrival from Skudehavn
The main path will be the only constructed path in park. It will
be paved with gravel and with a fixed width of 2.5 meters so
that it can also be used by smaller maintenance vehicles. The
main path is alwasy accesible trough alle seasons. It will serve
as a universal accessibility path for everyone to use and appeals
to experiencing nature’s diversity in a larger landscape
context
Main intrances
1. Main path
The Tread path will occur with natural ground cover and overtime
evolve into a system of auto-roofed paths, like it has on
Tippen. These will naturally be directed by the amount of vegetation
growth. To start the process, some paths are cut in advance,
as illustrated on the plan in fig. 5.9. Natural grondcover
fosters a diverse walking experince in closer relation to nature.
Arrival from Metro Arrival from Metro
Primary arrival
by vehicle
Arrival from cruiseterminal
2. Tread path
3. Exploration path
Paths that will
occasionally be flooded
Secondary entrances
Fig. 5.11: Path system
Extension of existing
art route
1. MAIN PATH
Gravel
2. TREAD PATH 3.1 EXPLORATION PATH 3.2 EXPLORATION PATH
Naturally occurring ground
Stepping stones
Tree stumps
cover
The exploration path will encourage discovery and interaction
with nature on a close scale. which allows for a greater understanding
in the diversity of textures, scents and aesthetic qualities.
In the forest, these will occur as wooden stumps and in
the open landscape and towards the coast, these will occur as
stepping stones. In this way, they accommodate the habitat in
which they are situated.
2,5 m 80 - 100 m 30-50 m 30-50 m
Fig. 5.10: Hirakian path system
In addition, we want to extend the already existing art route
that wishes to sharpen people’s view of urban nature by
zooming in on the smallest details. Arendse krabbe, the artist
behind the project, has used a sculptural magnifying glass as
one of the tools to do so, we suggest integrated into the park’s
different types of nature.
Sculptural magnifying glasses
where you can examine nature
up close, Designed by Arendse
Krabbe.
102 103

4. CULTURAL IMPACT
Ecological needs and processes changes throughout the
seasons. Likewise does the degree of human activity In outdoor
areas. Synchronizing human activities according to the
seasons is therefor a part of our proposal, in order to allow
ourselves integration, without unnecessarily denigrating the
species space for flourishing.
The habitat will be open all year around, but activities will
happen after a seasonal program (Fig. 5.10):
During winter, the human activity will be limited and most
species will go dormant. so this is when physical development
and soil distribution will happen, Conversely, in the
summer, human activity and cultural impact will be at its
highest and because the vegetation is more stable during
midsummer, it can also tolerate a higher level of disturbance.
During spring and fall, both vegetation and animals activity
will be higher and more fragile. Therefore, activities
during these periods will be more in form of guided tours
and study-oriented work. To protect the unique bird life and
the green toad, areas will be fenced off during periods when
birds are migrating and frogs are breeding.
Physical development
-Constructions
Swimming area:
- Bathing bridge
- Active swimming
- Sun bathing
- Diving
High
”Noahs ark” diving attraction
-Exploration pillars
”Tippen” - passive recreational use
Water activities:
- Kayak and canoe
- Small sailing boats
- Crap hunt and
seaweed collecting
- Kayak club and related
facilities
-Association premisis
Kamelen
-Exploration pillars
The Hill:
- View point
- Space for temporary art
installation
- tribune and stage for events
-Close experience with
Containerterminal
Arrival area:
-Disponiple lawn for
varios activities including
Football, rundbold, etc.
-Picknic pavilions
-Lunch space for
visitors of ”kamelen”
-Available area for events
held/related to ”kamalen”
-Toilet facilities
Fishing area:
- Fishing from bolder dike
- ”Flåd” Fishing
- fishing with lures
and with leader
Bird watching tower
- Recreational lunch area
- Nature play and
exploration trails
-Close experience with
Containerterminal
-Toilet facilities
High-intensity area
Passive recreation area
Culture- and nature
Center
Park features
Low
Maintenance and operations
zone
Fig. 5.13: Degree of cultural impact and Site program
Fall bird migration
Spring bird migration
- Specific areas are closed of
-Specific areas are closed of
- Bird watching -Birdwatching
As a common habitat, there will be no sharp division such as
fences, between human-only or nature-only areas. Instead there
will be zones where the cultural impact is allowed to a higher
Breeding season for
grønbroget tudse
Cod and flounder season
-Lake areas are closed of
degree than others, as illustrated in fig. 5.11. This is to ensure,
-Fishing
that usage of the land is equally distributed between human
and species. In the high-intensity areas, there will be room for
all sorts of leisure activities, sports, social community life and
other recreations. This is also where association premisis, for
Study-oriented activites
Passive recreation
-Lessons and tours
all sorts of communal life and citizens involvement hosted by
-Hiking
-Research
-Excursions
-School trips
organizations such as Nordhavns naturvenner, DOF. etc., will
dwell. In the passive recreation areas, usage will consist of quieter
activities such as hiking, or taking a rest at some of the
informal seating possibilities, allowing thoughts to wander.
Fig. 5.12: Activity throughout the year
Dense human recreation and activities
-Sports
-Cultural events and happenings
The existing building ’kamelen’, will be transformed into a culture-
and nature center, where nature will be the focal point in
teachings, happenings and exhibitions. In general, the cultural
impact is characterized by nature as focal point and the habitat
as a rich educational space.
104 105

”UDSIGTSPLADSEN”
Dead wood
North facing slope
Rocks and bare soil
An important element in the common habitat will be the
facilitation of udsigtspladsen. The circle is advantageously
located in terms of view at the highest hill top in the area,
Here, one becomes a spectator to a dynamic panorama of
far-reaching views over the Sound, sky-high cranes and all
the way to ”Marmorkirken” in the center of Copenhagen.
Exposed to the elements, a sense of freedom and silence
exists in close relation to the urban landscape.
Rocks and stones
Habitat for wild bees
Small tread paths
occur
Rocks and bare soil
In spring and fall, the vantage point becomes an aerial landmark
for migratory birds coming from afar to rest their wings.
Udsigtspladsen will offer the opportunity for occasional art
exhibitions and events centered around nature and biological
diversity, in line with Nordhavn’s additional art identities.
Further, offer as a complementary supplement to the cultural
life in ”Tunnelfabrikken” and the baggage halls at the
cruise ship terminals.
South facing slopes
Habitat for uncompetitive
species
Sitting edges integrated
in terrain
Main path
On the way to the hill top, old dock edges discarded and
dumped at Tippen, appears revitalized as seating stones
narrating the urban memory of the historical wasteland the
area once was. These Invites you to take a rest while spiders
and small lizards, coming from the south side of the
hill, can warm themselves in the sun.
Rocks and dead wood
Nesting for small birds
’Udsigtspladsen ’
Rocks and bare soil
Udsigstpladsen on top of the hill overall, serves as a new
focal point where culture is fostered while the relationship
to nature is strengthened.
South facing slopes
Sitting
edge
Opportunity for
temporary art installations
Small tread paths
occur
Main path
Sitting edges integrated
in terrain
Shrubs
Stepping
stones
Dead wood
Habitat for insects
Dead wood
South facing slope
N
Fig. 5.14: ’Udsigtspladsen’ and reused old disgarded dock edges
106 107
Shrubs and Forest
edge
Zoom in plan A 1:500

Section CC, 1:250
Facing south
Facing North
Succession driven
vegetation,
species rich
Exploration path
with stepping
stones
Less steep, more
uniform and easily
accessible
Open grassland
Steep, more irregular
and inaccessible
Facing Øresund
Facing
Containerterminal
Sitting ledge
”Flimrende tilstedeværelser”,
Alexis Shotwell
’Udsigtspladsen’, views,
occasional art exhibitions and
events. 30Ø
Main path
Old dock edge and sitting stone
Forest edge
Section DD, 1:250
108 109

Visualization from the path leading to the top of the hill with a view of
’Udsigtspladsen’
Visualization from ’Udkigspladsen’ overlooking the sea and Copenhagen
110 111

Cow grates
THE DIKES
The newly established dike that forms the edge between
the container terminal and the park is another important
component of the design proposal. This zone plays an important
role in making human, the co-inhabitants, aware
that nature can thrive with something as demit rally opposite
as a container terminal. While protecting the park’s ecosystems
from pollution, the dike also functions as a special
attraction. Instead of hiding the industrial side with container
terminals and cranes, the park’s dike and the path on
top of it invite you to engage with this contrasting environment.
It is precisely this contrast between the urban and
the wild, the robust and the changeable that makes this
experience unique by unifying two worlds that are usually
perceived as opposites. An opening in the dike invites you
to get up close to the fence and experience the area from a
new perspective.
Grazing sheeps
Pasture with
grazing sheeps
Torbists and other insects eat
fertilizer
Main path
F
Dead wood
E
Bonfire
Benches
Stepping
stumps
Between the stems of oak, cranes, cherry and chimneys,
paths of tree stumps emerge and encourage you to explore.
Down between the stumps live woodchucks and insects
that small birds nesting in the trees above use as a food
source. Dead wood serves as sculptures, playground equipment,
seating and living habitats for the smallest inhabitants
in the park.
Habitat for mosses and
lichens
Nesting for larger birds
Stones to create
openings in vegetation
Benches
Exploration
path
Piles of stones
F
Fence
Dead wood
Main path
Picnic pavillion
Historic trace
(construction waste)
Secondary path
Mesh fence
Encounter witk
industri
Exploration
path
Stone dike
Big trees and canopy cover
Containerterminal
E
Dead wood
N
Fig. 5.15: Principle of the exploration paths in the forest
Zoom in plan B 1:500
112 113

Section EE, 1:250
Nature play
Main path
Dead wood
Exploration path,
wood stumps
Emcounter with
industri
Bonfire place
Grazing animals
Main path
Nature play and
exploration path
Section FF, 1:250
Dense mixed forest
114 115

Visualization from the dike with a view through the treetops towards the
container terminal
Visualization of the exploration path through the forest
116 117

GROWING A NEW PARK OVER TIME
DEVELOPMENT PHASES
The scale and complexity of the parks transformation means
that the process will inevitably take time. Therefore, the
park will be developed in phases over 10 years.
In the early years, incremental and adaptive development
of park use is proposed to occur gradually - so the park literally
”grows” over time. The growth process will eventually
form new landscapes and habitats, creating structures that
can accommodate a range of future uses. The early phases
will build the site’s identity, establish the main infrastructure
and flow, gradually create a framework for public programs
and begin the ecological development process.
The phases envisions to ensure steady and flexible growth
throughout the anticipated xx-year period of development.
A robust and flexible landscape framework can accommodate
change over time, and respond to unforeseen challenges.
The goal is to create an initial framework of habitats
that will define the park’s spatial form and character.
In summary, the phasing plan proposes a set of initial goals
for the park’s growth and development to create a good
and stable framework for the final park. However, the park
will never really be finished as the park will continue to grow
and adapt over time.
2024
2034 Future
Phase 1 Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4 Phase 5
Phase 1 shapes the landscape and builds main access paths
• The main path and the viewpoint at the top of the hill are
established, so that management can take place and the
first public use can be initiated.
• Public use only takes place along the main paths which
allows users to observe the very young nature
• Completing soil preparation for the dike and the area
around the arrival area
• The coastline is transformed and wetlands emerge
• The lakes are created
• Ecological transformation process underway and visible
With much of the main infrastructure already in place, Phase 2
enhances the first program setting and more habitats.
• Planting the forest
• Small clusters of trees are planted to start succession
• Existing soil is redistributed, soil is turned or surfaces are
scraped to activate local seed bank
• The arrival area is created and forms the framework for
further use, where learning about nature can also be included
• Public space and habitat significantly improved
• Larger natural setting for the parkland taking shape
Phase 3 expands the acreage open to the public to support new
uses.
• Grazing begins, periodically so area can retain open landscape
character
• Recreational initiatives along the coast
• Secondary paths are created in parts of the park that open
up for more use
• Birdwatching tower, hillside seating and other programs
are added
• Continued wildlife and habitat enhancement
The last habitats are robust enough to open for use.
• The last habitats are robust enough to open for use, allowing
secondary paths to emerge
• Possibly new requests and initiatives will be added
• Habitats resilient and evolving, with full public involvement
The last phase is dynamic and never ends - the habitats will be
constantly changing, but the hill, main paths and dike are static
and become a narrative of the time we are in right now
• All park areas and programs built out and active
Fig. 5.16: Development phases
118 119

INTRODUCTION
PRESTUDIES
SITE ANALYSIS
TRANSECT
PROPOSAL
0.6
OUTRO

CONCLUSION
In the beginning of our thesis we asked our selves:
How can we design the future park at Nordhavnstubben through
a more nature-oriented planning practice that takes
the ecological needs of plants and animals into account,
ensuring space for biological diversity in the encounter with
the cultural and industrial landscape?
The future common habitat at Nordhavnsstubben, Nature
park Nordhavn, demonstrates, that through a planning
approach following the principle: First, the ecological scale
(representing nature), followed by the scale of the human
landscape, then the scale of the buildings, and finally, the
scale of the city; space for biological diversity doesn’t has
to compromise in the encounter with the cultural and industrial
landscape.
The proposal showcases that humans doesn’t stand in opposition
or must exclude species rich and flourishing nature,
by encoring and allowing ourselves to naturally intertwine
with the parks ecological dynamics as a collaborative co-inhabitant.
Through research findings, analysis and design proposals,
the thesis contributes to the broader discussion on urban
nature and its potential to address the decline of biodiversity
in the big picture.
.
REFLECTION
Nature is dynamic, complex and changeable in ways that
don’t always follow design guidelines. It is constantly shifting
and evolving. It knows no boundaries or defined forms,
and through our work with Nordhavnstubben, we realized
that this poses a dilemma for us as landscape architects:
where in the word forming lies. Throughout the process, we
have therefore often discussed questions such as: where
and how much should we manage? How do you plan for
the unplanned? and how do you adapt to something that is
constantly changing?
Navigating the boundaries between the many disciplines
required to plan and create such spaces that meet human
needs while respecting ecosystems, plant and animal behavior
and needs, has been challenging.
As we started sketching, we realized that the marriage between
these entities is very much about making sure that
what can actually be controlled adapts to what can’t. For
example, how much, when and how people interact with
the park’s ecological processes and in what way. We can
create the framework and conditions for nature’s development,
but the rest is up to nature itself. This is why we have
chosen to focus on areas of our design proposal where the
cultural and industrial footprint is high, because these are
the areas where we have had the opportunity to form and
control how people will intertwine with nature.
Another important outcome for us has been to try and understand
the discourse around the oft-used concepts of
biodiversity, wild nature and unmanaged.
The text by Wiliam Cronon in relation to the Copenhagen
dialogue has made us aware that the problem is not necessarily
about labelling something as wild nature, but rather
becoming more aware of what we mean when we use the
term.
This, so that wild nature is not only perceived as something
only true and valuable outside of the city where humans to
not interfere with it.
In conclusion, our process and thesis has raised many reflections
about our role and mandate as landscape architects
working with urban nature. We have become aware that in
order to truly prioritize space for biological diversity in the
cities, realize its importance and vast potentials, we need
to challenge our habits, our understanding of wild nature
and the way we plan.
Stacking old dock edges
122 123

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Figures: All visual material contained in this book were produced by the authors unless other stated in figure captions.
124 125

Master Thesis in landscape architecture
Univeristy of Copenhagen December 2023