Student Sustainability Handbook

STUDENT SUSTAINABILITY
HANDBOOK
The Queen’s College, Oxford

“
Hi! I’m Ollie and, at the time of writing, I am a second-year
biology student at Queen’s and the JCR Environment and
Ethics rep. As you’re hopefully already aware, climate
change and the associated biodiversity loss is the greatest
challenge of the 21st century, and the picture is not looking
good - with temperatures having exceeded 1.5 degrees
(the ‘safe’ threshold) for most of 2023 1 , and 150 species
becoming extinct every day 2 . To have a chance of overcoming
climate change, action needs to be taken at all levels,
by governments, businesses, and institutions, as well as
individuals.
The Queen’s College is committed to reducing its impact,
especially when it comes to energy: the College has fitted
solar panels on St Aldate’s House and is looking to place more
in main College; the new library and auditorium have groundsource
heat pumps to give gentle and sustainable heating and
cooling; and the College is working as a landowner to support
its tenants decarbonise as well. You can find out more about
other things the College is doing later in this leaflet.
The aim of this handbook is to help you make a difference
by reducing your day-to-day carbon footprint. Though
an individual has a tiny impact compared to global CO2
emissions, this does not mean we can carry on, business as
usual. Changing just one of the 35,000 decisions we make per
day for the better helps create new social norms that prioritise
the environment. However, it can be a minefield trying to work
out what the best choices are and hopefully this leaflet will
help with that. Finally, this guide is not about making you feel
guilty – it is just to make you think!
“
FOOD
We all need to eat but what we eat has a huge impact on the environment. Food makes up a quarter
of a person’s annual carbon footprint in the UK – a whopping 3.2 tonnes of CO2! For context, that’s
the equivalent of filling three standard-sized oil drums with petrol and setting them on fire. This
does seem like an awful lot, but since we sit down to nosh multiple times a day, there are ample
opportunities to make positive choices for the environment – and often also for your student loan.
In this part of the handbook, I’m going to focus on protein sources as these have by far the highest
carbon footprint.
Protein
Probably the easiest carbon reduction anyone can make is to eat less meat. However, not all meat
is equal. Beef and lamb are rightly lambasted (sorry) as having an especially high carbon footprint,
as they are both ruminants; this means anaerobic bacteria break down the grass they eat in a
specialised stomach compartment called the rumen. It’s a beautiful symbiosis, the only flaw is that
the bacteria produce methane gas as a by-product. Methane is 28x more powerful a greenhouse
gas than CO2, and whilst one cow fart isn’t going to cause a heatwave, the emissions (ahem) from
the billion-strong global herd might. This is why a 4 oz beef burger has the truly shocking footprint of
around 6kg of CO2 – the equivalent of driving 35 miles in a diesel car 3 .
Thus, it is broadly better from a CO2 perspective
to eat meats like chicken or pork, which do not
originate from ruminants, and thus have carbon
footprints 9x and 6.5x lower, respectively, than that
of beef.
All meat has a relatively high carbon cost though,
save perhaps fish (more on that later), because
it is very inefficient to produce it. Animals are
not very efficient at converting grass and grain
into flesh – for every 10kg of food eaten roughly
creates only 1kg of meat. It would be far more
efficient in terms of land use and CO2 to just
simply eat the plants themselves and cut out the
middleman, or in this case, pig. I’m not going
to suggest that everyone immediately goes
vegetarian, but a couple of meat-free days a week
might not be a bad idea.
There are plenty of vegetarian protein sources – chickpeas, eggs, nuts, soya, cheese in all its forms
– but before feeling too virtuous it is worth remembering that gram-for-gram, cheddar cheese actually
has the same carbon footprint as chicken, at 3kg CO2 per 250-gram block! That’s the same as
filling three-pint milk bottles with petrol and setting them on fire. In stark contrast, 250 grams of nuts
have a carbon footprint of 0.13 kg. Cheese has such a high carbon footprint because it comes from
those pesky ruminants with their planet-warming burps. This is emphasised in this excellent guide to
sustainable sandwiches, as put together by Dutch scientist Frank Holleman:

Compared to the carbon footprint of a hummus, rocket, and tomato sandwich,
A chicken sandwich has 2x the carbon footprint
A pork sandwich 3x the footprint
A cheese sandwich 5x,
And a beef sandwich 8x.
Holleman also found that the Dutch cheese industry had the same carbon footprint as TATA steel, the
biggest single emitter in the Netherlands.
What about fish? In Britain, we love our fish, especially cod wrapped in a beige overcoat of batter
and fried in enough oil to drown a horse. Wild-caught fish is, technically, far lower carbon than other
meats – at 1.1 kg CO2 per 250 grams of cod 4 , this is three times more sustainable than chicken or
cheese. However, fish is the least sustainable way to get your protein. Britain’s favourite fish, cod, has
declined by 90% purely due to overfishing, and Atlantic Bluefin Tuna have only just recovered from
being fished to near extinction using bizarre methods such as chasing shoals via helicopter. 5
Most salmon served in the UK is now farmed – but this isn’t great either. Salmon are carnivorous,
and many farms are feeding the salmon fishmeal made from fish taken from developing countries in
Africa. Not only is this an environmental disaster for marine African ecosystems, but it is also a social
one, plunging African fishermen into poverty due to lack of fish.
If you do choose to eat fish, it is better to eat smaller, oily fish such as herring, because they are not
(currently) overfished. The most sustainable seafoods out there though, are tilapia (a vegetarian fish)
and farmed UK mussels.
What is the College doing?
The College is trying to make its food as sustainable as possible – though with so many
different diets to cater for this is no easy task! The kitchen buys the majority of its veg through
Good Food Oxford, a local cooperative that links up businesses with allotments and market
gardens in Oxford. This not only helps the local economy, but also reduces food miles – which
are particularly problematic if food is flown: air-freighted asparagus has the same footprint as
beef! In a bid to reduce food waste, the kitchen also reuses leftovers from dinner in stews and
pies and is working to reduce the amount of meat served.
Five things you could do to reduce the carbon footprint of your food
1. Eat less meat! Try switching out meat for vegetarian alternatives two days a week.
2. Try switching out red meat for white meats, such as pork and chicken, or eat the more
unusual cuts of meat, such as oxtail, which might otherwise go to waste.
3. Eat less cheese…try replacing it with eggs, an excellent low carbon source of animal
protein. Another idea is to grate cheese rather than eating slices, as you tend to eat less
this way.
4. Don’t eat much fish….and if you do, don’t eat carnivorous fish like tuna, salmon, or cod.
5. Finally...don’t waste food! One sixth of all the food produced (650 million tonnes) is thrown
away in the rich West. The emissions that result from this are equivalent to the annual
emissions of Russia: 1.6 billion tonnes of CO2.
DRINKS AND TREATS
Caffeine, sugar, and alcohol can all play a very important role helping us get through our essay crises
and celebrate our successes, but what about their carbon impact?
Coffee
Here, the kind of coffee really matters. A typical filter
coffee or americano has an 87g CO2 footprint, whereas
a cow’s milk latte has a much larger footprint of 552g!
This is purely because the ½ pint of milk that makes up
an average latte comes from a cow, with all its methane
emitting burps and farts. You can almost halve the
footprint of your latte by having it with oat or soy milk, but
it is also worth considering the source of the coffee itself.
Coffee plantations are a major driver of deforestation,
and child labour has previously been found in the supply
chains of Starbucks and Nespresso. Many of Oxford’s
independent cafes, such as Jericho Coffee Traders, only
buy ethical and sustainably harvested coffee – so it is
worth supporting them!
Tea
100 million cups of tea are drunk per day in Britain,
so it is fortunate that tea has a lower carbon footprint
compared to coffee. Like coffee though, you can halve
the impact of a typical cup of tea (71g CO2) by having a plant-based milk in it rather than cow’s milk,
or by simply having it black (or green).
Alcohol
Although carbon footprints are probably the last thing on anyone’s mind as they quaff their Sex on
the Quad cocktail, so much alcohol is drunk at universities that it is at least interesting to consider
its carbon footprint. The average pint of beer has a slightly larger impact than that of a latte (~700g
CO2), however locally brewed stuff generally has a lower footprint because beer is heavy and thus a
lot of fuel is needed to transport it.
Oxford’s wine scene is unfortunately less sustainable – a bottle of wine has the footprint equivalent to
driving from Oxford to London and back (1.4 kg CO2). Interestingly though, more than half the impact
of the bottle is, in fact, the bottle itself – hence it is far better to buy wine in cartons. Carton wine is
generally cheaper too. However, I love a good bop as much as anyone, and it is important to keep
things in perspective. The carbon saving of carefully buying cartons of wine for eight weeks could be
undone by eating two beef burgers during that time.
Chocolate
100 grams of dark chocolate has an average carbon footprint of 350g CO2. However, this disguises
significant variation, as cocoa bean cultivation is a major driver of deforestation. Eating chocolate
from deforested land can have the same impact, gram-for-gram, as a beef burger! Hence it is
important to source your chocolate from sustainable sources; smaller companies such as Tony’s
Chocolonely and Divine get their cocoa from cooperatives that prioritise social and environmental

welfare – ironically, whilst cocoa is a driver of deforestation, climate change will likely frazzle most of
the world’s cocoa plantations.
But enough doom and gloom, what of hot chocolate and that most important Oxford institution,
Knoops? My rough calculations gave me a figure of 790g CO2 for a regular 70% Knoops with cow’s
milk. Once again, most of those emissions are from the milk, and you can halve the impact of your
Knoops by having a plant-based milk.
In 2018, the College became FairTrade accredited and serves FairTrade tea, coffee, and chocolate.
Cups
Time for us at Queen’s to feel a little smug – out of the many college bars I have visited (yes, my first
year was well spent), Queen’s was one of the very few to provide reusable glasses or compostable
cups. Each disposable paper cup has a footprint of 110g CO2, which is not a lot, but this can easily
mount up. If 200 people went to a college bop and each had two stunningly strong blue cocktails in
paper cups, this would have a greater carbon footprint than a flight from London to Paris.
The problem with disposable cups is not limited to the evening – just look in any bin in Turl Street and
you will see hundreds of Knoops paper cups. The main takeaway here is buy the Queen’s KeepCup!
Not only will you be able to take your coffee into the library, but you are also reducing the number of
trees felled to make paper. You will also get a discount in many independent cafes (and in our very
own College Servery).
Four easy wins to make your habits green
1. Swap out cow’s milk for plant-based milk in hot drinks.
2. Invest in a Queen’s KeepCup!
3. Buy chocolate from sustainable brands such as Tony’s Chocolonely and
Divine (and feel virtuous while doing so).
4. Buy wine in cartons, rather than bottles.
CLOTHES
The eagle-eyed amongst you may be wondering why this page is covered in pretty blue flowers and
fluffy white pom-poms. These are of course the plants that make up our clothes – blue-flowered flax,
which produces linen, and the cotton plant. Unfortunately, the fashion industry is far from blue and
fluffy – it is responsible for 10% of global emissions, four times more than aviation! 6 7 Hence reducing
the impact of our clothes is, along with food, the easiest way we students can lower our CO2
emissions. Read on to see how to make your clothing more sustainable.
Material
In the words of Madonna, we are living in a material world, and what material your clothes are made
from has a huge impact on their carbon footprint. Globally, most of our clothes (62%) are made from
synthetic fibres like polyester which originate from crude oil 8 . The rest are natural in origin – cotton,
wool, bamboo (in the form of viscose), and linen. Most of us would probably assume that natural
fibres have a lower impact than synthetic ones. Think again. All the processes in the fashion industry
are high energy, as it is hard to convert plant
stems, seedheads, and crude oil into cloth.
However, synthetic clothes require much less
material than natural ones, so the production is
more efficient. A pair of polyester trousers has a
footprint of 8kg CO2, whereas cotton jeans have
a footprint of 19kg! 9
But sustainability is about more than just
CO2 emissions. Polyester is basically plastic,
and washing a load of polyester clothes can
release 700,000 microplastic fibres into the
environment 2 . The impact of microplastics in the
environment is mostly unknown, but they are
probably harmful to our own health – a recent
study linked ingested microplastics with
clogged arteries. 10
Ultimately, clothes are a sobering reminder
that any form of consumption damages the
environment, as it takes resources from a
finite planet. The best thing to do is to wear
your clothes for as long as possible, and
shop second-hand. Many of Oxford’s charity
shops, e.g. Oxfam, have an extensive range of
second-hand clothes at very reasonable prices.
Another easy swap is to hire formal clothes. Unless you are going to a ball once a week, it is far more
sustainable to hire suits and ball gowns instead of buying them and wearing them once.
Washing
There are some easy wins here. An average Circuit load generates around 540g CO2 11 – so quite low
carbon – however this amount quadruples if you tumble-dry it. Thus, investing in a clothes
horse is very a good idea and it will also save you money. Washing at lower temperatures also
reduces emissions.
Six easy wins to increase the sustainability of your wardrobe
1. Buy fewer clothes! Before buying a garment, think whether you will really wear it. This way
you will have more money for that all-important bop.
2. Buy second-hand! As well as charity shops, try checking out online second-hand stores like
Vinted and Depop.
3. Wear your clothes until they wear out! Synthetic fibres can be very durable and even when
that hole inevitably forms…
4. Repair your clothes! This is a bit rich coming from someone with zero sewing skills, but
darning and mending certainly looks very therapeutic.
5. Don’t use the tumble-dryer! Hang your clothes up to dry on a clothes horse instead.
6. Hire clothes for special, once-a-year formal events.

Shoes
Sorry for the pun, but shoes have a relatively large
footprint. A typical pair of synthetic running trainers
emits around 13.6kg CO2 12 - the equivalent of
driving more than 70 miles in a diesel car. 13 And
that’s not even considering the hundreds of tiny
microplastic fibres that a synthetic shoe will shed
with every step. However, leather shoes are even
worse. When you include the impact of farming the
cattle, and the methane emissions this entails, a pair
of leather brogues has a carbon footprint of 30kg
CO2! 14 It is not good economic policy to discourage
consumption, but, as with clothes, this is really
the only way to reduce the footprint of your shoes.
Unless, that is, you are buying crocs, which, with
a footprint of 1.5kg per pair, are probably the most
sustainable shoes out there.
A pair of actions you could do to reduce your footprint
1. Buy fewer shoes and wear them until they wear out.
2. Opt for crocs!
Five tips for reducing plastic consumption
1. Don’t buy bottled water. Aaaah! This is a disaster easily
avoided. A water bottle takes 450 years to disintegrate
– indeed, all the water bottles ever produced are still
intact. Oxford water is renowned for tasting bad, so
investing in a water filter might be a better idea.
2. Use that giveaway tote bag in the supermarket, instead
of buying a plastic one every time.
3. Buy fruit and veg loose where possible, rather than
wrapped in stretchy plastic. Gloucester Green market
has very good deals on loose fruit on a Wednesday
afternoon.
4. Use the Queen’s KeepCup! A lot of cafes put an
unnecessary plastic lid on their disposable
coffee cups.
5. At the risk of sounding like a grandma here, join me
in taking Tupperware to takeaway stalls. You may get
amused looks, but you can bask in the virtue of not
contributing to the plastic crisis.
What is the College doing?
The College encourages students to recycle their unwanted clothing by providing
British Heart Foundation collection points in its buildings.
For its laundry, the College uses a local company that is signed up to the Textile
Services Association Climate Change Agreement; the company carefully coordinates
its collections and deliveries to minimise wasted journeys/emissions in the city.
PLASTICS
The invention of plastic probably prevented the extinction of elephants. In the 1860s, elephant
populations were collapsing due to the ivory trade, which was used for the manufacture of essential
items such as billiard balls and piano keys. In 1869, plastic was invented as a substitute for ivory
and the elephants breathed a sigh of relief. However, plastic has caused more problems than it
solved, with 12 million tonnes of it dumped in the ocean every year, where it clogs turtles’ throats and
ensnares seabirds.
Plastic does not chemically break down, but instead disintegrates into billions of tiny microplastics
that accumulate inside marine animals, causing untold damage. There are now more pieces of plastic
in the ocean than stars in our galaxy. Recycling is not the answer – only 9% of plastic produced
is recycled 15 , and much of the plastic put in our ‘recycling’ bins is in fact shipped and dumped to
developing countries like Malaysia. 16 Fortunately, the solution is pretty simple: just use less of it.
What is the College doing?
All our disposables are now compostable, and our disposable cutlery is made of
bamboo. We recycle all our glass and cardboard and any plastic waste via Oxford City
Council, along with our food waste, which they collect daily. Queen’s encourages the
use of KeepCups by offering a discount for each hot drink if you use one.
TREADING LIGHTLY ON THE EARTH
At the risk of getting too philosophical, it is vital to connect with the world that we are trying to save.
Western culture and urbanisation have done their very best to divorce us from the natural world; in
2012, the Oxford Junior Dictionary dropped ‘acorn’, ‘buttercup’ and ‘conker’, along with many others,
mirroring the ‘extinction of natural experience’ that has occurred through much of the 20th Century.
Children today spend less time outside than prison inmates. 16 This is not only desperately sad, but
dangerous for our health and the health of the environment. Countless studies show that people who
spend a substantial amount of time outside live longer and are more likely to protect the environment
they love 17 .
We are so lucky in Oxford to be blessed with huge areas of green spaces near the heart of the city
– so let’s use them! I have seen water voles squabbling on Christchurch meadows, and peregrine
falcons hunting golden plover on Port Meadow. In Trinity Term bats fly around Back Quad, and swifts
scream above students sweating in the library. If global warming and biodiversity loss proceed as
forecasted, all these simple wonders will be lost.

The climate and biodiversity crises are such huge issues, it is easy to feel powerless, and that nothing
you do has any impact. It is true that action is required at the corporate, national, and international
levels as well as from the individual; but we are global citizens and must revel in the world we are
trying to save. The next step from imagining the change is, in the words of Gandhi, to be the change.
Even the smallest person can change the course of the future.
What is the College doing?
The greatest long-term contribution of the College to reducing carbon will be through
supporting its world-class researchers and providing excellent education to the students
who will shape the future. Two examples of relevant research are our researchers working
on prolonging the life of rechargeable batteries and the research team who are working to
improve the efficiency of rice crops to feed a growing population without putting extra strain
on the world’s finite resources.
As part of our commitment towards carbon reduction on site, Queen’s has commissioned a
sustainability masterplan to examine ways in which we can reduce energy use and carbon
emissions across our site. A team of architects and environmental engineers has reviewed
our existing buildings and activity and recommended innovative new solutions. This work
was carried out alongside a sustainability listening programme by the Head of Sustainability
at MIT, Dr Julie Newman.
Since it was established in 2019, the College’s Carbon Control Committee has monitored
the College’s greenhouse gas production, indirect as well as direct, and worked to develop
measures which will assist in reducing this to a proportionate minimum. The Carbon Control
Committee evaluates proposals for carbon control initiatives to attempt to disentangle the
hype from the reality; unfortunately, a process that is becoming more important.
The College is always open to ideas and feedback from students and invites you to work with
us to be the change.
FURTHER INFORMATION
Clubs and societies to get involved in if you are extra-interested (and I hope you are ?!):
OUNCS (Oxford Nature Conservation Society). Runs practical activities enhancing the biodiversity of local
wildlife sites, and a great chance to get out of Oxford city centre. Instagram: Oxfordconservationsoc website:
www.oxconsocorg.wordpress.com
OXOSS (OXford Ornithological Society). With yours truly as social sec, this is a FANTASTIC soc with two
(birdwatching) events per week to Port Meadow and further outside of Oxford. We have a surprising number of
birds here in Oxford, and some are very docile and easy to spot. Instagram: Oxornithologicalss Website:
www.oxoss.org
OxEntSoc (Oxford Entomology Society). Tirelessly promoting the conservation and (sadly often lacking)
appreciation for insects and creepy critters everywhere. Instagram: OxEntomologySoc.
Oxford Deep Blue (Marine Biology and Conservation Society). Oxford is possibly the farthest point in the UK
from the sea, but Oxford Deep Blue is doing its very best to change that! Instagram: Oxford Deep Blue
Oxford Envsust (Environmental Sustainability at Oxford): This is the official environment and sustainability
team here at Oxford, and they coordinate hundreds of great events throughout the year, so it is really worth
signing up to their email or following their Instagram: Oxfordenvsust.
Eco Eagles: This is the Queen’s College environment and ethics Instagram page, run by yours truly! I try to post
everything that is going on in the above societies and more so that they are easy to find.
Books to read if you want to know more (of course you do!):
• How Bad Are Bananas? By Mike Berners-Lee: I am greatly indebted to this book, which assesses the
carbon footprint of everything. If you are wondering whether it is better to eat strawberries or bananas, or
what form of transport you should take, this book has the answer.
• A Life on our Planet by David Attenborough: Written by the titan of natural history, it documents the tragic
loss of wildlife throughout the 20 th Century and gives a vision of a sustainable society.
• Go Gently by Bonnie Wright: Formerly starring as Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter films, Wright is
using her platform as an award-winning actress to campaign on environmental issues. Her book is a great
introduction, and far more comprehensive than this guide could ever be, for anyone looking to make their
lifestyle more sustainable.
• The End of the Line and Rewilding the Sea, both by Charles Clover: Clover’s first book, on overfishing,
helped me write the section on fish and is why I am so negative about the sustainability of fish. Read it and
you will see why. It is, however, a little depressing and thus his second book is a good read if you want to
know what a truly wild sea could be like. We used to, and could again, have great grey whales migrating up
UK coasts.
• Wilding by Isabella Tree: The Knepp estate used to be an intensive arable farm, before its owners, Charlie
Burrell and Isabella Tree, took it out of production 20 years ago and let it return to a ‘natural’ state. What
turned up was truly extraordinary and shows how little time is needed for biodiversity to rebuild if we simply
leave it alone.
• At Home by Bill Bryson: Not strictly an environmental book, it is a hugely amusing read on how humans
have come to live as we do, in all our eccentricities. It very much helped me write the clothes section, and
astutely points out that in our endless quest for comfort, we are creating a very uncomfortable world, for
wildlife and ourselves.
• Braiding Sweetgrass by Robin Wall Kimmerer: I have not yet read this book. However, everyone I have
spoken to has declared this an essential read, taking down humanity’s perceived separation from the rest of
the natural world and stating how ancient and damaging it has been.

REFERENCES
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https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-68110310. Accessed 23/8/24
2. Djoghlaf, A., Message from the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations
Environment Programme [online article], 22/5/07, https://www.cbd.int/doc/speech/2007/sp-2007-05-22-
es-en.pdf. Accessed 23/8/24
3. Saget et al., Comparative life cycle assessment of plant and beef=based patties., including carbon
opportunity costs. Science Direct [website], 1/10/21, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S2352550921002165?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=8b7c433ad8a463b4. Accessed 23/8/24
4. Berners-Lee, M., How Bad are Bananas? Croydon: CPI Group (UK) Ltd., 2020. Pages 71, 89, 104, .
5. Clover, C., The End of the Line, London: Ebury Press, 2005. Page 53.
6. European Parliament, The Impact of Textile Production and Waste on the Environment (Infographics),
European Parliament [website], 21/3/24, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/
article/20201208STO93327/the-impact-of-textile-production-and-waste-on-the-environmentinfographics.
Accessed 23/8/24.
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https://ourworldindata.org/global-aviation-emissions#article-citation. Accessed 23/8/24.
8. The Common Objective, What are our clothes made from?, The Common Objective [website],
https://www.commonobjective.co/article/what-are-our-clothes-made-from. Accessed 23/8/24.
9. Kozlov, M., Landmark Study links Microplastics to Serious Health Problems, Nature [website], 6/3/24,
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00650-3. Accessed 23/8/24.
10. Goldenberg, S., Running Shoes leave a Carbon Footprint, Study Shows, The Guardian [website], 23/5/13,
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/may/23/running-shoes-carbon-footprint. Accessed
23/8/24.
11. Ritchie, H., Which form of transport has the Smallest Carbon Footprint?, Our World in Data [website],
https://ourworldindata.org/travel-carbon-footprint. Accessed 23/8/24.
12. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, Leather Carbon Footprint – Review of the European
Standard., United Nations Industrial Development Programme [website], https://leatherpanel.org/sites/
default/files/publications-attachments/leather_carbon_footprint_p.pdf. Accessed 23/8/24.
13. Main, D. Think that your plastic is being recycled? Think Again. MIT Technology review [website], 12/10/23,
https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/10/12/1081129/plastic-recycling-climate-changemicroplastics/#:~:text=Only%209%25%20of%20the%20plastic,enter%20the%20ocean%20each%20
year. Accessed 23/8/24.
14. McVeigh, K., ‘Loophole will let UK continue to ship plastic waste to poorer countries., The Guardian
[website], 12/1/21. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/12/loophole-will-let-ukcontinue-to-ship-plastic-waste-to-poorer-countries.
Accessed 23/8/24.
15. Bullough, T., Sarn Helen, London: Granta Books, 2024.
16. Tree, I., Wilding, London: Picador, 2019. Page 293.
Written by Oliver Ray
Linocuts and front cover design by Oliver Ray
Additional design by Joe Graham
www.queens.ox.ac.uk/working-towards-net-zero/