Forestry & Energy Review Spring / Summer 24

Forestry& Energy
Volume 14 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2024
Price €5.95. £5.00 (Stg)
REVIEW
THE VOICE OF FORESTRY & RENEWABLE ENERGY
ASH
DIEBACK
FINANCIAL SUPPORTS
OUTLINED
>> SEE PAGE 30
IRISH
CONSTRUCTION
FIRE
THREAT
SUITABILITY OF TREE SPECIES
HOW TO PROTECT
GROWN IN IRELAND
YOUR FOREST
>> SEE PAGE 40 >> SEE PAGE 60

IT PAYS
TO PLANT
TREES
Ireland’s new Forestry Programme is now
open. Attractive grants and premiums
worth more than €1,100 per hectare are
available. Plan for the future with trees on
your farm.
Explore your options at
www.gov.ie/forestry

Foreword/Contents/Credits
Forestry& Energy
Volume 14 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2024 REVIEW
14 16
Features
14 Are You Ready? Protecting Your Forest From
The Threat Of Fire
Managing fire risk is vital for Irish forest owners to
protect upland habitats and communities. This article
provides practical steps to assess, prevent, and prepare
for wildfires, ensuring forest safety and sustainability.
16 Carbon Dioxide Removal – A Vital Tool In
Tackling Climate Change
With global CO2 emissions still rising, this article
highlights the crucial role of carbon removal strategies
alongside emission reductions to achieve climate
targets and ensure a sustainable future.
20 APF 2024 – An Unmissable Event
The UK’s Premier Forestry and Arboricultural Event
Returns to Ragley Estate.
22 Wood Fuel Quality Assurance Scheme
Mobilising the biomass supply chain nationwide.
46
Foreword
Welcome to the Spring/Summer
Edition of Forestry & Energy
Review Magazine. There has been
a lot of activity in the forward planning
space of the Forestry sector in the past short
period. Applications for the new afforestation
program are now open. It is viewed as being
reasonably generous if it is available to you.
As usual the devil is in the detail: restrictions
in relation to soil type, species selection,
protection of watercourses, bird habitat,
and various other measures is causing a lot
of worry and stress to potential growers.
Everybody agrees that more trees need to be
planted and the willingness among farmers
and other landowners to get the job done
Publisher:
Denis Lane
Tel. + 353 91 777222
Email:
dlane@dawnmedia.ie
Production:
Lauren McGregor
Shauna Quinn
Contributors:
Noel Kennedy Teagasc
Marie Doyle UCD
Sarah Keenan UCD
Charles Harper UCD
Killian Murphy UCD
Virginia Morera-Pujol UCD
Barry MacMahon UCD
Dr Simone Ciuti UCD
Maarten Nieuwenhuis UCD
Tom Kent SETU
Tom Houlihan Teagasc
Michael Somers Teagasc
John Casey Teagasc
Oliver Sheridan Teagasc
Jonathan Spazzi Teagasc
Dr. Ian Short Teagasc
Dr. James Moran GMIT
Dr. Daire Ó hUallacháin UCD
Dr. John Finn UCD
John O’Connell LTWO
Jonathan Sykes LTWO
Fergus Moore DAFM
Eugene Curran DAFM
Rachel Irwin Teagasc
Niall Farrelly Teagasc
Aine Ni Dhubhain UCD
Eugene Hendrick SmartEarth
Dr Dheeraj Rathore Teagasc
Edward Wilson Silviculture
David Gil-Moreno TERG
Conan O Ceallaigh TERG
Dan Ridley-Ellis TERG
Annette M Harte TERG
is the…perhaps a formula to overcome the
hurdles will become clearer over time.
The ash-dieback financial support scheme
has also been announced. Again, it will take
some time for the details to be ironed out and
finance to become available for the work to
be done.
Hoping you all Keep safe during these
challenging times. We trust you will enjoy
reading this publication which will continue
to provide a voice for the Forestry and Energy
sectors
The Publisher
Forestry & Energy Review
Vincent A Byrne DAFM
Ciaran Nugent DAFM
Eibhlín Vaughan UCD
John O’Sullivan UCD
Fiachra O’Loughlin UCD
Mary Kelly-Quinn UCD
Eva Freeney UCD
Johnathan Turner UCD
Kevin O Connell Teagasc
Joe Harrington MTU
Rodhraí Crowley MTU
Jeremy Ryan GRET B
Denis Mahon DAFM
Brendan Fitzsimons Tree
Council
Brian Tobin UCD
Susie Foreman UCD
Conor O Reilly UCD
Ian Short Teagasc
Ken Byrne UL
Mike Clancy UL
Liwen Xiao TCD
Mark O Connor TCD
Ana de Miguel Munoz SETU
Enda Coates SETU
Brian Cronin SETU
Alex Troy SETU
Sean Finan Irbea
Grace Jones Teagasc
Emma Fuller Teagasc
Distribution:
EM News
Newspread
52
Published by:
Dawn Media Ltd,
2 Barrack St
Clarinbridge
Co Galway
Tel. + 353 91 777 222
Email:
dlane@dawnmedia.ie
24 Expanding Equipment Markets Amid
Environmental Urgency
As global calls for increased forestation rise, companies
like McHale Plant Sales boost their portfolio with
advanced machinery, aiming to meet the burgeoning
demand for sustainable forestry practices.
26 Worrell Timber Group: Revolutionizing
Biomass Harvesting
Biomass harvesting techniques and technologies for a
sustainable future.
30 Ash Dieback Disease
New financial support available to affected
landowners.
34 Arboriculture Careers: Fostering a
Sustainable Future with Trees
As Ireland’s sole arboriculture education provider, our
mission is to ensure a steady, sustainable influx of new
professionals, regardless of background or experience.
40 Irish Timber Species For Building
Construction
Dr David Gil-Moreno and Dr Patrick McGetrick
give an insight into the quality of tree species grown
in Ireland.
46 Sustainable Timber Transport Solutions –
The Scottish Experience
A recent study tour saw how technological solutions
and a collaborative approach are helping Scotland’s
drive for sustainable timber transport.
52 Ash Dieback - Updates from the Teagasc Ash
Breeding Programme
There is intensive research ongoing in Ireland to
identify Ash trees tolerant to Ash Dieback disease.
Dr.Dheeraj Rathore, Teagasc Tree Improvement
Researcher updates the progress of this research.
58 Transforming Forests and Forest Cultures in
a Changing World
A group of pioneering Irish foresters and woodland
owners are emerging as leading practitioners and
advocates of Continuous Cover Forestry in Europe.
64 ADAPTForRes
Exploring strategies to enhance climate resilience in
Irish forests.
70 Advantages of Do-It-Yourself Forestry
Machinery
There are as many opinions on how to manage your
forest as there are forest owners ; especially regarding
Sitka spruce in Ireland.
72 Logosol
Spring Campaign 2024 now on.
All material contained in this edition is copyright of Forestry and Energy Review 2024 and may not be reproduced or electronically
stored without the permission of the publisher. However items may be freely reproduced provided the source is acknowledged.
Content and views expressed in the publication do not necessarily represent those of the publishers.
Forestry&Energy
3

News
New Chainsaw Safety Video Launched
With up to 4% of farm workplace deaths in Ireland and an
estimated 6.5% of injuries associated with chainsaw and
timber related work, chainsaws on the farm can be a lethal
tool if improperly used or poorly maintained.
A new chainsaw safety video launched in October by Minister of
State at the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine with
special responsibility for Farm Safety, Martin Heydon TD is designed
to educate users with the knowledge and skills necessary to operate
chainsaws effectively and safely.
A collaborative project between Teagasc, FBD, Farm Safety
Partnership and Health and Safety Authority the video provides
practical information for farmers on chain saw use and associated
timber work. With up to 80,000 chainsaws used on Irish farms of
varying age and states of repair the video highlights the necessary
safety measures needed when undertaking this hazardous work
activity.
The video is presented by Arthur Kierans, Machinery Training
Technician at Teagasc Ballyhaise Agricultural College, County Cavan
who communicates the message that safe chain sawing and timber
work is a combination of having adequate knowledge and skill, having
a modern chainsaw with up-to-date safety devices, wearing chainsaw
PPE and using safe techniques.
The Chainsaw Safety video shows approaches and techniques for
small scale timber work. For large scale chain sawing and timber work
the Teagasc advice is that a specialist contractor be used. Further
guidance on approaches to adopt is available on the Health and Safety
Authority web site.
The Chainsaw Safety video can be viewed at: https://www.teagasc.ie/
rural-economy/farm-management/farm-health--safety/videos/
Pictured officially launching the new Chainsaw Safety video was Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine with special
responsibility for Farm Safety, Mr Martin Heydon TD along with Ciaran Roche, FBD; Teagasc Director Frank O’Mara; Harry Hill, Farm TV; Frank
Ryan, Teagasc, Oak Park; Frances McHugh, Forestry Development Officer, Teagasc; Brendan Burke, Teagasc Oak Park Farm Manager and John
McNamara, Teagasc Health and Safety Specialist.
• Forestry
• Fencing
• Firewood
Please visit our website for more information.
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4 Forestry&Energy

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News
Strong Interest in Teagasc Forestry Clinics
New planting enquiries made up more than 60% of all consultations
with farmers and landowners seeking objective and independent
guidance and information on the many planting options offered under
the 2023-27 Afforestation scheme. In particular there was a lot of
interest in eligibility for the Native Tree Area scheme (NTAS).
Issues and topics covered at the clinics included:
• Native Tree Area Scheme – conditions and eligibility
• Other planting opportunities under the 2023-27 Afforestation
Programme
• Afforestation interaction with farming schemes especially ACRES
and BISS.
• How to apply, what are the returns and getting the job done
• Forest management schemes and advice including Reconstitution
of Ash Dieback, Forest Roads and Woodland Improvement
Scheme
• Felling and selling timber and replanting
Teagasc recently completed a nationwide series of forestry one to
one advisory clinics and reported strong interest for information
about forestry across the country. Due to their popularity and
very high demand, additional clinics were required bringing the total
to 70 clinics in 26 Teagasc locations.
Planting a new forest or managing an existing forest raises many
questions. However everyone’s situation is different and so the tailored
advice provided at the clinics can prove critical to empowering farmers
and landowners to make informed decisions on many relevant issues.
In total there were 482 individual consultations completed providing
a local, objective and confidential source of advice and information
about a whole range of forestry topics.
In relation to the Native Tree Area scheme, Teagasc forestry advisers
carried out over 300 NTAS eligibility checks. Where land was ineligible
the reason/s were identified and explained with potential alternative
afforestation options being discussed in many cases.
An important cohort of those attending the clinics were forest
owners seeking advice and information on how best to manage their
conifer and broadleaf forests. Issues raised during consultations
ranged from early management where plantations had just received
their maintenance grant at four years old to managing Ash Die-back
and planning for the thinning of conifer and broadleaf forests, selling
timber and market options.
For the latest comprehensive information on all aspects of forestry see
www.teagasc.ie/forestry.
New ‘Your Tree Planting Companion’ Booklet Launched
With ever increasing awareness of the vital role of trees
in mitigating climate change, as well as contributing
to improved biodiversity and water quality, Teagasc
has launched “Your Tree Planting Companion” as a practical
guide to planting trees.
At its recent launch, Minister of State with responsibility
for Forestry at the Department of Agriculture, Food and the
Marine, Senator Pippa Hackett, congratulated Teagasc on the
launch of the new booklet, which explains the key stages to
successfully planting and looking after trees, as an important
resource for all landowners.
The 60 page booklet provides plenty of inspiration and
comprehensive guidance on where to plant trees. It aims to
take the mystery out of planting and looking after trees by
explaining how to plant trees and how to look after them to
ensure successful and strong growth.
Is your soil dry or damp, acidic or alkaline, are you looking
for a large or small tree, or maybe a tree that has beautiful
autumn foliage? If you’re not too sure what tree would suit, the
handy tree selector table gives you the confidence to choose
the most suitable tree for your farm or garden.
This booklet will help you to plant and grow on the right
trees in the right locations benefitting local biodiversity,
enhancing landscapes and storing carbon. - the trees you
plant now, can give many years of enjoyment to you and the
people around you.
“Your Tree Planting Companion” is authored by Teagasc
Forestry Development Officer, Steven Meyen.
Your Tree Planting Companion is available from your local
Teagasc Forestry Advisor and can be downloaded from the
forestry section of the Teagasc website: https://www.teagasc.
ie/media/website/crops/forestry/advice/Your-tree-plantingcompanion.pdf
Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Pippa
Hackett with Steven Meyen, Teagasc forestry adviser
6 Forestry&Energy

FOREST OWNERS
Are you prepared for the threat of FIRE?
Do you have adequate Insurance in place? Remember to cover reconstitution costs.
Are your Firebreaks in order?
Do you have a Fire Plan and review it regularly?
Report fires to the Fire and Emergency Services. Report suspicious activity to the Gardai.
The burning of growing vegetation on uncultivated land between
1 March and 31 August each year is prohibited by law.
Landowners who intend to burn vegetation are obliged to give you (and the Gardai)
written notice if they intend to burn within a mile of your forest and you are entitled to
object by counter notice (within three days).
BE PREPARED. BE VIGILANT
STAMP OUT FOREST FIRES.

News
Teagasc Busy Promoting New Forest Creation Options
Following the launch of the Forestry Programme 2023-2027,
Teagasc Forestry Development Department, in conjunction with
the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM),
has been busy with both in-person and virtual promotion of the
exciting forest creation opportunities that are available in the new
Afforestation scheme.
Forestry Webinar –In September over 800 people registered to
attend an information webinar focussing on the opportunities available
to farmers and landowners to plant new forests.
Titled “New Forestry Programme – New Opportunities for Forest
Creation, the one hour webinar was broadcast from the new Teagasc
studio in Oak Park, Carlow with the technical support of the Teagasc
Digital Media Production Team.
Following a welcome address by Minister Pippa Hackett the webinar
combined video and in-person presentations with overviews by DAFM
and Teagasc speakers of the new Afforestation/Forest Creation options
and forestry in the context of farming and climate change. Leitrim
farmer Sean Creamer, winner of the 2023 TDS Teagasc Farm Forestry
Award recounted his personal forestry experience in a short video.
The webinar included with a panel discussion with Teagasc and
DAFM experts addressing the importance of decision making when
considering forestry, the grant and planting processes and dealing with
the challenges that can arise. The event concluded with a busy Q&A
sessions where many and varied questions submitted by the audience
were analysed and answered.
The link to the recording of the webinar on YouTube is https://youtu.
be/xRnVzcOrVkk?si=B6g6_iDkIsuBjqBq
Forest Information meetings – Public meetings were the focus
during October when 930 farmers and landowners attended a
nationwide series of 20 information meetings to promote the new
Afforestation Scheme 2023-2027.
Held mainly in local Teagasc centres the meetings were led by the
local Teagasc forestry adviser with a DAFM forestry inspector who
presented on a range of topics including the opportunities for forestry,
new grants and premiums, changes to technical scheme requirements,
selecting a forest type that suits different situations and how forestry
interacts with other agricultural schemes. Attendees also had the
opportunity to ask questions during an extensive question and answer
session with a range of afforestation and management information
leaflets available to take away.
Many attendees also engaged in individual discussions with the
presenters towards the end of the event and Teagasc advisers also
followed up on several queries raised at the different meetings.
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8 Forestry&Energy

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Teagasc provides objective and
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Teagasc forestry advisors
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News
Talking Timber 2024 Draws Large Numbers
In March all roads led to Limerick Junction, Co.Tipperary for a
very successful Teagasc Talking Timber 2024. This popular annual
conifer timber marketing event organised by Teagasc in association
with DAFM and Forests Industry Ireland drew an impressive audience
of three hundred forest owners and industry representatives.
This year’s Talking Timber theme “Know Your Forest” clearly struck
a chord with forest owners with timber to sell keen to build their
awareness of the timber products and economic returns they can
realise from their forests. With many private forests on the pathway
to producing high quality, large volume logs and many other products
and services, forest owners need to know the value of this resource.
A key take home message was the importance of owners arming
themselves with robust inventory and valuation information for their
forests and standing timber before going to the market.
Talking Timber provided a great opportunity for forest owners
with timber to sell to hear about the challenges and opportunities for
successful forest management and timber sales, what logs the sawmills
are looking for, the current market prices and to talk business with a
wide range of forest industry service providers.
The event was opened by Paul Savage, Assistant Secretary General,
DAFM who welcomed attendees and gave an overview of the new
2023-27 Forestry Programme and the opportunities if offers across the
forestry supply chain from nurseries and afforestation to forest roads
and knowledge transfer.
At the FII outdoor log and timber products display Gerry Dolan
of Glennon Brothers, who supplied the timber, explained how he as
an experienced timber buyer assesses log quality to ensure that the
sawmill can meet both its volume and quality requirements. The key
messages here were that actively managed forests with quality timber
production will generate interest and competition from sawmills and
other timber markets. He emphasised the importance of Sitka spruce
to produce commercial timber and that we need to keep planting
enough Sitka spruce to ensure a sustainable future for timber growers
and end users.
In the mini conference session, local Teagasc forestry adviser
Michael Somers challenged owners to become their own forest
managers by developing their knowledge and information about their
forests putting them in a powerful position to sell timber. He outlined
the continued advisory and research support of the Teagasc Forestry
Department to forest owners.
Ciaran Nugent, DAFM forestry inspector outlined the opportunities,
improvements and innovative aspects in the new forest roads scheme
to support sustainable timber mobilisation.
Dr.Máirtín MacSiúrtáin, Emeritus Professor of Forestry, UCD posed
the simple question “Why measure?” He went on to demonstrate
how accurate and regular measurement of commercial conifer
forests provides invaluable knowledge and that “knowledge is power”
for owners and foresters to plan and execute optimal silvicultural
strategies, timing of harvesting and timber sales.
Tim Ryan, a tax expert with Ifac, presented a timely forestry taxation
update. With the potential for substantial one off income from clearfell
and large later thinning sales he highlighted the importance of tax
planning to minimise tax liabilities including in inheritance situations.
In the final presentation Tipperary forest owner Michael Ryan
described his personal forestry journey from planting to clearfelling,
the lessons learnt and his advice to forest owners to know your forest
and keep control. Michael said, “There is plenty of help available if you
look for it: Teagasc, forest owner groups, and professional foresters.” In
conclusion he expressed concern about the increasing bureaucracy in
forestry and that this could damage the future of farmer forestry.
Talking Timber was closed by Teagasc Regional Manager Donal
Mullane. He summarised the key messages that our conifer forests
provide great economic and environmental opportunities but like
farming, building knowledge and active management are key to
success. He reassured the audience that Teagasc will continue to offer
support to owners to maximize their crops.
There was strong positive feedback from both forest owners and
industry representatives who welcome this annual opportunity
to network with each other and start building forestry business
relationships. Presentations from Talking Timber 2024 are available
to view on https://www.teagasc.ie/crops/forestry/news/2024/talkingtimber-2024.php
.
Gerry Dolan, Glennon Brothers discussing log and timber quality issues at 2024 Teagasc Talking Timber
10 Forestry&Energy

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News
Teagasc Welcomes New Forestry Staff
Teagasc Forestry Development Department extends a warm
welcome to new administration and research staff.
Tracey McDermott, Forestry
Administrator
Tracey spent some time in Belfast,
Northern Ireland working for the
Northern Ireland Civil Service and the
Health Service. During this time, Tracey
gained over eight years public sector
administrative experience in various
government departments including the
social security benefits office, arrears
collection, payroll & expenses, legislation
as well as audit & data collection.
In her new role as Forestry Administrator she aims to deliver
a compliance, customer-focused and solution-based approach to
administration to ensure business continuity by facilitating improved
collaboration which will directly lead to operational excellence and
increased efficiency.
Based in Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Tracey can be contacted
at: Email tracey.mcdermott@teagasc.ie and Telephone + +353
(0)91845256
Laura Gillardin, Postdoctoral Fellow in
forestry
Laura has joined the ADAPTForRes
Research Project looking at the adaptation
and protection of Irish forests in order to
increase their resilience.
Laura graduated with a BSc in
Forestry Engineering in 2011 and MSc in
Biotechnology Agroforestry in 2018 both
from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain. She is on the way to
finish a Doctor of Philosophy by the Universityof Oxford, UK.
In her Teagasc role Laura is interested in understanding the genetic
adaptation of forest species to climatic changes inside and outside
their natural range, including the role of species hybridization and the
effects of speciation.
Based in Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Laura can be contacted
at: Email laura.guillardin@teagasc.ie Telephone +353 (0)91 845200
Junliang Zou, Researcher - Forest
Carbon
In his role Junliang will be involved in
estimating the impacts of afforestation
and forest management on carbon
sequestration and greenhouse gas
emissions. This will involve a variety of
approaches including model and broadscale
data synthesis, observational studies,
and field experiments.
Junliang graduated with a BSc in Soil
and Water Conservation and MSc in Soil
Sciences from Northwest A & F University,
Yangling, China. He was also awarded
a PhD by the School of Biology and
Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Junliang sees his role to contribute to the scientific understanding
and policy implications of forest-based climate change mitigation and
adaptation strategies.
Based in Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co Wexford, Junliang can
be contacted at: Email junliang.zou@teagasc.ie Telephone +353
(0)539171367
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12 Forestry&Energy

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Fire threat
Are You Ready? Protecting Your
Forest From The Threat Of Fire
Like many other European countries, Ireland is a fire country,
with wildfire incidents regularly present in our landscapes.
Coming out of one of the wettest winters in Irish history in
2024, discussions around fire may seem whimsical, but as
rains yield (hopefully) to drier weather, fire risk rapidly follows in our
uplands, bogs and other high fire risk landscapes.
Wildfires can have catastrophic impacts on upland habitats and rural
communities, putting homes, property and lives at risk and diverting
emergency services from their main tasks of saving lives. In recent years,
fires have also caused considerable damage to forests both private and
State-owned. In addition to the direct losses faced by the forest owner,
there are downstream economic impacts for our forestry sector, which is
an important indigenous industry and a significant rural employer.
While improvements in fire prevention and preparedness have
helped dramatically reduce losses to fire in forestry in recent years, the
potential remains and will continue to develop in line with ongoing
climate and land use changes. Forest owners and managers need to
continue to maintain appropriate vigilance around fire issues.
Luckily, Ireland’s wildfires present at the lower end of the scale of
intensity and size, when compared with other parts of Europe. Forests
can be insured against losses to fire, and this is advisable. Forest
owners can also largely limit exposure to fire risk on their forest
holdings though taking some simple, low-cost steps at the onset of fire
season.
BASIC RISK ASSESSMENT
Owners should assess properties in relation to fire risk and basic fire
mitigation factors that can be applied. An assessment can be simple,
based on available up to date online imagery or by field assessment,
or both. Understanding where and how fire can interact with forest
properties is central to this.
At its most basic the risk assessment will look at the following issues:
1. Exposure to fire risk
2. Available fuels
3. Access
4. Fire plan
1. EXPOSURE TO RISK
Most fires affecting forests in Ireland come from outside the forest
from other land use types. Put simply, some areas of Ireland are more
fire prone than others, and fire is a regular landscape feature in these
places. E.g., Hilly and rugged West Cork landscapes are more fire prone
than cultivated, arable lands of East Cork. If your forest is located
in an upland area, this is likely to be more fire prone than lowland
pastureland due to the nature of the vegetation involved. The greener
the land, the better, where fire is concerned. The type of farming also
has a bearing – there is a tradition of fire use associated with traditional
upland sheep farming and also with some types of traditional turf
cutting for fuel. Forest owners living close to their forest holdings will
be well aware of these patterns, but these may not be apparent to newer
owners of properties in these types of areas.
The presence and proximity of flammable vegetation types to the
forest edge is critical, as is arrangement of vegetation that can act as
“ladder fuels” that lift fire into the canopy of forests. For example,
dead grasses such as Fionnan or Molinia Grass can carry fires quickly
over ground, and tall shrub species such as Gorse act as ladder fuels.
Identifying and keeping ladder fuels cut back and suitably separated
from crops is a critical step in protecting forest properties from fire.
2. FUELS AND FIREBREAKS
Fuels are any material that will burn in the event that a fire approaches
the forest, including dead grasses, light shrubs such as heather and
gorse. Heavier materials such as dead logs and standing trees will also
become available to burn over time as dry weather persists. In spring,
in dry weather, almost all upland vegetation is flammable. In high risk
weather conditions, these fuels can be expected to carry fire rapidly
over extensive areas, until the fuels run out or are broken. Certain tree
species, especially pine species are especially flammable, and are adapted
to fire as part of their natural reproductive cycle.
Firebreaks are a long standing method of ensuring that fuels and
crops are kept apart. Typically, an effective firebreak will be 1.5 times
the expected flame length for the fuels involved. The current standard
for firebreaks was developed with grass fuels in mind. For grass fuels
this is reasonable, but tall overgrown gorse may need a firebreaks
multiples of usual dimensions to be effective. As land use changes take
hold and grazing and prescribed burning intensities fall off, greater
quantities of vegetation are available as fuels than was previously the
case. Again, the treatment of fuels to reduce the requirements of
firebreaks to a reasonable level is critical. Existing firebreaks should
be maintained by screefing or removing vegetation mechanically by
excavator so that the soil is bare and unable to carry fire.
As a minimum, based on grass fuels, Firebreaks should be at least 6
metres wide and should be maintained clear of flammable vegetation
throughout the lifecycle of the plantation. The use of this type of
firebreak may not always be compatible with water quality protection
requirements at every site and screefing may have to be substituted with
other more suitable actions like flailing or mowing that will reduce
fuels availability without exposing bare soil to the elements. Where
14 Forestry&Energy

Fire threat
there is an existing firebreak in place owners should ensure it has been
adequately maintained and fit for purpose.
3. ACCESS
Good access is essential to safe, fast and effective firefighting, in the
event this is required. Forest owners should assess if existing access
routes are adequate, accessible to HGV sized vehicles, and clear of
obstructions. For older crops 15+ years of age, the Forest Road Scheme
offers supports for road construction. Consideration should be given
to future fire protection needs when designing forest roads, including
provision of suitable water storage and open water access where
available.
4. FIRE PLAN
Following assessment, updated Fire Plans should be developed for
all forests, including a map showing access routes, potential fuel
free control lines, safe assembly points for firefighting personnel and
equipment and potential open sources of water for firefighting. The plan
should also include contact details for local private and Coillte foresters,
neighbouring landowners, and forest owners to summon help should
the need arise.
Keep the fire plan to hand throughout the fire season and adjust
vigilance levels in line with Fire Danger Notices issued by the
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. Have fire-fighting
tools such as beaters and knapsack sprayers to hand, tested and ready to
use. If you do not live in reasonable proximity to your woodland a local
caretaker or forest neighbour should be employed to keep watch and
should also have a copy of the fire plan with your details and the above,
contact numbers. Ensure forest entrances and access routes are not
blocked by parked vehicles or other obstacles, especially where visitors
or recreational users may be present. Suitable signage to this effect
should be displayed on gates or barriers.
Forest fires are a reality in our landscapes in Ireland, in spite of our
climate. Lessons learned during the past decade need to be applied
to reduce the risk when it occurs, and at the level they present in
Ireland, forest fires should be an manageable risk. Small steps taken by
individual forest owners, and steps applied cooperatively through forest
owner groups should greatly reduce the risk of fire in privately owned
forests.
A typical Irish Upland Scene. All of this vegetation is highly flammable
Low fire risk. Broadleaf forest on former pasture land with separation from
public road network
High Fire Risk site. The Forest is young, intermixed with molinia grass with
no firebreaks or separation
A robotic flail mower will make fast work of fuels management in all types
of difficult terrain and weather conditions
Forestry&Energy
15

Climate
Carbon Dioxide Removal –
A Vital Tool In Tackling
Climate Change
By Eugene Hendrick
Figure 1. Trend in global human induced carbon dioxide emsssions 1960-2023 (Global Carbon Project).
It is over eight years since the Paris Agreement on limiting global
warming was adopted by 196 countries at the end of 2015. In the
meantime, and despite some success stories in reducing emissions,
the annual rate of human-induced carbon dioxide emissions at the
global level continues to increase, with 2022 (estimated by the Global
Carbon Project (GCP)) reaching a total of 41 billion tonnes, or over
5 tonnes per person per year. Fossil fuel combustion is the leading
emission source, which when combined with emissions from cement
manufacture is estimated to have reached 37.5 billion tonnes in 2023
(Figure 1 from the GCP).
To further illustrate the scale of global carbon dioxide emissions,
Ireland’s carbon dioxide release in 2022 (including land use, landuse
change and forestry), was some 41 million tonnes 1 , so about
one thousandth or 0.1% of the global figure. Not that this small
contribution exonerates Ireland from contributing to emission
reductions. Far from it, the argument that we make no difference no
matter how much we reduce emissions simply allows others off the
hook. If they don’t do it, then why should we.
In a nutshell, as Figure 1 graphically shows, the cumulative level
of carbon dioxide emissions means we have gone beyond a stage
where, on their own, even the most stringent of emission reductions
over the coming years will be sufficient to control global warming.
That is because carbon dioxide, once it has been emitted, stays in the
atmosphere for a very long time, up to 1,000 years.
While the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) report states that removals cannot substitute for immediate
and deep emission reductions, it also acknowledges, given the level of
emissions to date, that removals will be an important tool in attempting
to reach net zero and net negative greenhouse gas goals by the end
of the century. (Simply stated, net negative means that there are less
greenhouse gas emissions than removals over any given timeframe.)
Even if net zero is achieved by mid-century (itself a very tall order and
not attainable in my view) by way of far deeper cuts than heretofore
in greenhouse gas emissions, this will not be enough to constrain
the global temperature rise to below 2 o C. Instead, most of the IPCC
scenarios say that at the global level removals of up to 6 billion tonnes/
year are likely to be needed post 2050, and to at least the end of the
century.
For the IPCC the targets are at the global level, for the EU and other
countries and blocs it means policies and measures to bring themselves
to net zero and then to net negative. These extremely challenging
county-level goals will entail difficult choices for countries and for some
16 Forestry&Energy
1
Ireland’s total emissions (which include LULUCF and methane (which is not included in the GCP
carbon budget)) in 2022 were just over 68 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent. 60% of the emissions are
estimated to be of CO 2, so a total CO 2 emission of about 41 million tonnes in 2022.

Climate
it simply will not be possible to achieve the reductions required.
The EU has taken a lead in developing and deploying ambitious
policies and measures under its Green Deal as part of a legally-binding
commitment under EU law to become carbon neutral by mid-century.
The intermediate goal, Fit for 55, is to reduce total EU greenhouse
gas emissions by 55% by 2030, compared with 1990 levels. While
emissions declined by 30% over the period 1990-2021, the current
projection by the European Environment Agency (EEA) projection
to 2030 is for a 48% decrease, well short of the 55% target. The says 2
that “compared with the pace of emission reductions observed during
the past 10 years, the average annual rate of absolute GHG emission
reductions must more than triple to reach the 2030 climate target” (see
Figure 2 for trends). It is very hard to see this level of ramping-up being
achieved, particularly as a number of Member States, including Ireland,
are, on current trends, likely to fall well short of their 2030 target.
Figure 2. Trends and projections of net greenhouse gas emissions in the EU
over the period 1990-2050 (European Environment Agency).
But are we traveling the best and most effective road to net negative,
and doing the right things, those that make sense from an economic as
well as from a climate change and sustainability perspective.
POLICY BLINKERS AND THE LAW OF UNINTENDED
CONSEQUENCES
There is strong argument to be made that at national and EU level
the policy mixes around emission reductions needs to be reconsidered
and adjusted. There is too much dependence on electrification and
associated measures, such as supporting EVs and solar panels and
the like. Unrealistic targets are the order of the day, with insufficient
consideration of effectiveness, in retrofitting for example. Nor is
there enough thought given to other important policy matters, such
as technology sourcing and access to raw materials, including the
all-important and scarce transition metals for battery manufacture.
Furthermore, this narrow electrification focus tends to overshadow
other renewables such as forest-based biomass and stifle their potential
expansion.
In recent days the European Court of Auditors (ECA) has
questioned the level of public investment across the EU in supporting
EV uptake, and what they regard as unrealistic targets, such as having
30 million EVs on the EU’s roads by 2030. A major concern it raises
is the impact of increasing levels of EV imports to the EU at much
reduced prices and the threats to the European car industry and
associated jobs. Similar concerns were raised by US Treasury Secretary
Janet Yellen following her visit to China at the beginning of April. It
is worth highlighting some of what she said in a press release after her
visit had concluded: “I am particularly concerned about the impact
of Chinese industrial overcapacity in certain sectors as a result of
government support, and the impact it could have on the American
economy. Last week, I visited Suniva—a solar company in Georgia that
was once forced to close down, like other companies across a number
of industries, because it could not compete against large quantities
of goods that China was exporting at artificially depressed prices. It’s
important that this doesn’t happen again. These concerns are shared by
our allies and partners, who see potential risks to their own domestic
workers and firms”. As this article goes to press the US has announced
a range of tariff increases on imports from China, with rises from 25%
to 100% on EVs, from 7.5% to 25% on lithium batteries, from zero to
25% on critical minerals, from 25% to 50% on solar cells, and from
25% to 50% on semiconductors.
These are real and pressing issues, with some of the unintended
consequences of the rush to electrification becoming manifest. And
okay, while the policy message to China is you better let us compete on a
level playing field for the EV and solar panel markets or else face tariffs,
these recent pronouncements also serve to illustrate the earlier point,
about a blinkered policy approach to backing electrification without a
fully-thought-out downside strategy, and a tendency to let other proven
low carbon technologies, that can contribute to decarbonisation in a cost
effective and sustainable way, wither on the vine.
REMOVALS – NOT JUST FORESTRY AND CERTAINLY NOT
FOSSIL BASED
To return to the challenge of balancing emissions and removals -
for most, removals mean growing forests, and using them, as some
simplistic commentary has stated, to suck carbon dioxide out of the
air. As foresters will tell you it is a lot wider than that, and entails not
just growing productive forests, and their ability to concentrate carbon,
but also using the carbon to substitute for fossil fuels and displace high
emission materials such as oil-based fabrics, and extractives such as
cement and iron ore.
While forest-based mitigation is far and away the largest humanmediated
removal, the current rate of afforestation globally, as well as
across Europe and in Ireland is not sufficient to remove anywhere near
the level of carbon dioxide that is needed for a net negative future.
Land-use change from agriculture to forestry is made more difficult
where there are competing incentives, for retaining the existing
enterprise. Also, to be effective in climate mitigation, incentives need to
favour the establishment of large blocks of forest, and certainly in excess
of 5 ha, so that they can be economically managed and harvested,
and which will give a good economic return to the owner (Figure 3).
Sustainable levels of harvest will support viable businesses in converting
Figure 3. A thriving crop of Sitka spruce which has been well thinned, and
is removing significant quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
and storing it in the trees and soil. At harvest as much as possible of
the above ground biomass should be used to displace fossil energy and
materials. This will provide the largest sustained mitigation benefit. Rapid
reforestation using a similar replacement crop will continue the climate
service indefinitely.
2
https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/total-greenhouse-gas-emission-trends#:~:text=Net%20
greenhouse%20gas%20(GHG)%20emissions,%2Dyear%20reduction%20of%201.9%25.
Forestry&Energy
17

Climate
and processing wood and wood products, and using them to extend
the removal engine.
But afforestation and forest products are not the only show in town
when it comes to carbon dioxide removal (CDR). There are a number
of other CDR approaches, and while most are in their infancy, some
of them can be scaled up in relatively short periods of time. Some
are closely related to forestry, but not all. Scaling up and diversifying
the removals portfolio will require strong political will, as strong as
the current commitment to emission reductions. It will also need
community buy-in, and R&D investment tied to feasibility and pilot
scale operations, leading to large scale public and private investment
in well-tested technologies. All of the removal technologies will need a
good carbon price to enable capital investment.
So what exactly is CDR? It is defined by the IPCC as: “Deliberate
technologies, practices and that remove carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere… It also involves durably storing carbon after is has
been extracted from the atmosphere either in reservoirs such as
soils, vegetation [biomass], geological formations, or the ocean, or in
manufactured products”. The IPCC makes an important distinction
that CDR refers only to human activities that intentionally remove
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere; it does not include removals by
natural forests. The atmosphere must see a difference in carbon dioxide
levels as a result of the activity.
Neither does removal mean carbon capture from fossil fuel use.
This process involves storing emissions released from combustion of
coal, oil and gas but it does not result in a removal of atmospheric
carbon dioxide. It is an important distinction as the fossil fuel industry
is strongly pushing carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a climate
solution. Why CCS is not a removal, and why bioenergy with carbon
capture and storage (BECCS) results in lowering carbon dioxide levels ,
is illustrated in Figure 4.
The figure shows a simple comparison of the atmospheric
implications of CCS and BECCS projects, both supplying the same
energy service, and both with carbon capture and storage. A number of
simplifying assumptions as to scale and a number of variables have been
made. For example, upstream (extraction, processing and transport)
emissions have been omitted, though for natural gas these are usually
several times those from biomass. In the example, the specific carbon
dioxide emission per unit of energy delivery have been set as double for
biomass in comparison with gas, in line with IPCC guidance (this is
because biomass – which comprises mainly carbohydrates - contains
Figure 4. The contrasting pattern of carbon dioxide emissions in CCS
(fossil) and removals in BECCS (bio) over a 15-year period. Negative
numbers show removals, positive are emissions.
water and less hydrogen than fossil fuels – which comprise mainly
hydrocarbons). It is assumed that in both cases 90% of the combustion
emissions are captured. After 11 years the biomass raw material system
is assumed to be steady state, no new areas enter the supply chain as
the emitted biomass from harvest in year 1 has been recaptured. The
assumptions can be changed, but as long as the biomass system is
sustainably managed the likelihood is that it will eventually become
a net sink – a carbon remover. Meanwhile the fossil carbon CCS will
continue to emit carbon, albeit at a reduced rate compared to a no
capture scenario. In the example the biomass project reaches carbon
neutrality on the fuel side after 4 years, and thereafter it is net negative.
The IPCC points out that “CDR methods differ in terms of removal
process, timescale of carbon storage, technological maturity, mitigation
potential, cost, co-benefits, adverse side-effects, and governance
requirements. Implementation strategies need to take into account these
differences and potential trade-offs”.
For present purposes a short description of the main on-land removal
technologies, the cost range per tonne of carbon dioxide removed, and
other salient features are provided in Table 1, which is based on an
IPCC infographic.
Table 1: CDR methods, timescales, costs and trade-offs (based on IPCC infographic).
18 Forestry&Energy

Climate
PROPOSED EU LEGISLATION ON VOLUNTARY
CERTIFICATION OF REMOVALS
Given the importance of removals in tackling climate change and the
need to greatly expand their level, draft legislation for a carbon removal
certification framework was proposed by the European Commission
in 2022 (see Forestry and Energy Review Autumn 2022). Following
an extended period of negotiation and consultation, the framework,
CRCF for short, has recently (10 April) been approved by the
European Parliament, and will now be considered for approval by the
Environment Council.
What exactly the CRCF regulation will enable, and what
contribution it could make to the EU’s ambition to be carbon neutral -
net zero - by 2050, is now discussed.
Essentially the CRCF is to enable increased public and private
investment in carbon removals towards the 2050 goals and endof-century
goals. Fundamental to the CRCF is that activities meet
four overarching criteria in order to be certified: quantification,
additionality, long-term storage and sustainability. These criteria are
essential components of any voluntary carbon removal framework, and
with a fully operational register should ensure that removals certified
under the CRCF will have a climate impact. This has not always been
the case in the voluntary carbon market.
The CRCF establishes four classes of carbon removal and emission
reduction activities:
• permanent carbon removal (storing atmospheric or biogenic
carbon for several centuries)
• temporary carbon storage in long-lasting products (such as woodbased
construction products) of a duration of at least 35 years and
that can be monitored on-site during the entire monitoring period
• temporary carbon storage from carbon farming (e.g. restoring
forests and soil, wetland management, seagrass meadows)
• soil emission reduction (from carbon farming) which includes
carbon and nitrous oxide reductions from soil management, and
activities that must overall reduce the carbon emissions of soils
or increase carbon removals from biological matter (examples
of activities are wetland management, no tilling and cover crop
practices, reduced use of fertilizer combined with soil management
practices, etc.)
Permanent carbon removals refer to bioenergy with carbon capture
and storage or direct air capture of carbon dioxide, with storage in
geological formations. As pointed out in the previous issue of Forestry
and Energy, and in the SEAI publication Carbon Capture Utilisation
and Storage, there is considerable potential for BECCS in Ireland, and
given the very low level of current afforestation it is an approach that
merits serious consideration. It is essential that the feasibility studies
for BECCS and the other removal types set out in Table 1 are fully
addressed in the studies outlined in the Climate Action Plan, and that
the conclusions set out a clear pathway for how chosen options can be
brought on stream.
Meanwhile the Commission has established a carbon removals expert
group 3 as part of the CRCF to develop certification methodologies for
the different types of removals. This work will take another year or
more to bring to a conclusion.
While the CRCF is a welcome development, a level of ambition in
terms of volume of removals is lacking. There is also a lack of clarity on
how the additionality provisions will operate in relation to afforestation
projects, given the already high levels of grant aid and premium
payments that operate in Ireland. A further critical consideration is how
the removal units generated will work in relation to compliance and the
need for registry adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS
The ability of the EU to reach its 2030 and mid-century net greenhouse
gas emission goals, is becoming increasingly unlikely. This trend is
mirrored at the national level, where it is highly likely, based on EPA
projections, that the carbon budgets will be exceeded and neither will
we meet the EU Effort Sharing 2030 target.
Overall, the heavy reliance at EU and national levels on
electrification of heat and transport to drive down emissions is
increasingly seen as narrowly focussed, and its reach will be insufficient
to achieve the 2030 or mid-century targets. Also, concerns are now
being raised about the impacts on European manufacturing of
cheap and below-cost imports of EVs and solar panels, and related
technologies. Across many developed countries the rush to electrify
everything is now causing pause for thought.
Electrification is too often seen as the only answer to decarbonisation.
This is unwise and risks a number of perverse outcomes, not only
in trade, but as has been seen in electricity markets themselves with
windfall profits being generated for renewable energy suppliers when,
following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the very expensive oil and
gas prices that prevailed set the market clearance price. This outcome
is due to the need for a fossil backup to deal with the intermittency
problem of wind and solar, which will remain unresolved for at least
another decade.
Removals, too often wrongly viewed as an excuse to go easy on
emission reductions, are now viewed by most of the responsible
scientific community as essential to avoid catastrophic climate
change, combined of course with deep and immediate reductions in
all greenhouse gas emissions. Forests and forest products are likely
to remain the predominant removal for the coming decade, but with
constraints in terms of competing land uses, and the emergence of a
suite of new and not so new removal technologies, such as bioenergy
with carbon capture and storage, biochar and direct air capture and
storage, the removal spectrum is broadening, and projects using these
approaches are beginning to come on stream.
The EU’s Carbon Removal Certification Framework is a welcome,
albeit low ambition development. It should bring greater assurance
to buyers of voluntary carbon credits that each tonne of removals
bought is making a real contribution towards a net negative future. It
is imperative that it is made operational in as short a time as possible. It
also needs a stated level of ambition and the promotion, recognition and
supports needed to encourage and mobilise private sector investment to
achieve a climate-meaningful scale.
3
https://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-your-voice/events/4th-eu-carbon-removals-expert-groupmeeting-2024-04-15_en
Forestry&Energy
19

Events
APF 2024 – An Unmissable Event
The UK’s largest forestry, woodland, arboricultural, fencing,
trees and timber show, APF 2024, will take place once again
at Ragley Estate, Alcester, Warwickshire on the 19/20/21st
September 2024.
Exhibitor bookings are very strong with over 230 exhibitors booked
in so far and with more bookings coming in daily the exhibition is on
course to reach the 300 exhibitors that exhibited at APF 2022.
Exhibition Secretary Ian Millward commented “We are delighted
with the levels of bookings to date. Already 90% of our available
demonstration circuit frontage has been sold. That is over two miles
and around £80 million of working machinery to look at in addition to
our static display area, competitions and events. I advise any company
wanting to book to do so as soon as possible so they don’t miss out”
Over 95% of all visitors are forestry and arb professionals so
exhibitors have a very targeted audience. The APF show was originally
set up to serve the trade and has always had that focus and we will
never lose sight of the core trade business. Exhibitors know that almost
everyone coming past their stand is a potential customer. We have
always been keen to attract not just the large, multi-national companies
but smaller companies with great new ideas and products. Stand prices
are very competitive when compared to agricultural shows and other
trade events. Stands at the event start at just £920. A full list of all
exhibitors booked in so far can be found in the visitor section of the
website. If you would like to book a site then maps and booking forms
are available in the useful documents area in the Exhibitor section of
the website.
APF 2024 will see an enlarged Fencing Village dedicated to all
things fencing. All the major players in the fencing industry have
already booked in. Visitors will be able to see all the very latest tools,
equipment, machinery and materials, much of them shown working.
We will host two UK championships on the Thursday and Friday of
the event, sponsored by McVeigh Parker. One for quick fencing using
metal posts and the other on the Friday for traditional post and wire
fencing. The championships were extremely popular in 2022 so we
have expanded the fencing arena to allow more two-man teams to
compete. Go to the competitions and events page on the website if you
would like to enter a team.
We have more events and competitions taking place than ever before.
Our very popular world poleclimbing championships, sponsored
by Husqvarna and the European chainsaw carving championships
sponsored by A W Jenkinson and Tilhill return. We have a stellar lineup
of carvers this year including five previous winners. If you watched
the television carving competition A Cut Above last year we have three
of the top four competitors including the winner Sam Bowsher and
runner-up Chris Wood.
APF 2024 sees the welcome return after a number of years absence
of the UK Forwarder Driving Championships in an enlarged arena
and sponsored by Richard Court Forestry Engineering and Coombes
Forestry. This will be a challenging course to determine the top
forwarder driver in the UK. The woodland crafts area, probably the
largest display of traditional woodland crafts anywhere in the UK, will
be another major draw for visitors. Many of the crafts on show are very
rarely seen and it is vital that these skills are kept alive. You can see
everything from coracles to clogs, charcoal to wheelwrighting, willow
20 Forestry&Energy

Events
weaving to hazel hurdles. Want to know what a Sussex Pimp is? APF
2024 is the place to find out! The British horse loggers will be giving
daily demonstrations and the opportunity to try your hand at handling
a timber horse.
For the arborist we will have a high quality pairs speed tree climbing
competition sponsored by Teufelberger and Pfanner with some excellent
cash and equipment prizes on offer. This will be situated in the
heart of the showground and offer exciting 360 degree spectating for
visitors. You can enter in advance or on the day subject to availability.
Equipment will be available to use if you haven’t brought your own.
If you have always wanted to try your hand at tree climbing but never
had the opportunity then APF 2024 will be the place to do it. We will
be running a have-a-go climbing area where you can learn to ascend
into a tree with rope and harness under expert tuition.
We will welcome the return of the UK Lumberjacks to APF 2024.
We will stage the UK championships with five disciplines including the
two board climb and the underhand chop using axes and crosscut saws
in a trial of skill and raw power. The souped up ‘hot’ saws will make
their very noisy presence known!
If after watching the professional axemen you fancy a new challenge
then try your hand at axe throwing.
Confor will be hosting the seminar tent with some topical updates of
all the major issues affecting our industry.
If you are looking to increase the exposure of your company at the
show or launch a new product then there are still some high profile
sponsorship opportunities available including entrances, the UK
Lumberjack competition and tree climbing. We can design a bespoke
package to fit your exact needs.
There is far too much to do in one day so come for two or all three
days. We have a big campsite right next to the showground. Advance
tickets and camping can be booked online via our website. Ragley
Estate is only 40km from Birmingham airport and 320 Km from
Fishguard.
Full details of the show, a list of booked exhibitors and details of the
competitions can be found on our website www.apfexhibition.co.uk
If you would like to book a site then forms are available in the Exhibitor
section of the website or contact the Exhibition Secretary Ian Millward on
info@apfexhibition.co.uk or Tel: +44 1428 723545
Forestry&Energy
21

Fuel
Mobilising The Biomass Supply Chain
Nationwide Through The Wood Fuel
Quality Assurance (WFQA) Scheme
BIOMASS RECOGNITION IN RENEWABLE HEAT TARGETS
Ireland currently has the lowest deployment of renewable heat in
Europe at under 7%. Biomass contributes significantly to this low
renewable heat share in Ireland. The scale of the heat decarbonisation
challenge is enormous. The EU and Ireland have set ambitious targets
for reducing fossil fuel use by 2030, and with net zero emissions targets
by mid-century. It is increasingly certain that forestry will be a provider
of construction materials and the use of forest by-products and residues
to produce quality indigenous wood fuels will play a significant role in
displacing imported fossil fuels.
Minister Ryan and his Government need to urgently recognise
the significant role that solid biomass can play in decarbonising
our energy uses. A basic first step is to recognise the potential of
solid biomass in key Government policy documents and as a readily
available decarbonisation option in achieving renewable energy targets.
In addition, we need to also see an enhanced focus and increased
promotion by Government, of the biomass support through the SEAI
administered Support Scheme for Renewable Heat (SSRH).
THE WOOD FUEL QUALITY ASSURANCE (WFQA) SCHEME
Ireland has its own wood fuel quality scheme called the Wood Fuel
Quality Assurance scheme (WFQA). This scheme is managed and
administered by the Irish Bioenergy Association (IrBEA), which is
the representative body for the bioenergy industry on the island of
Ireland. Some support for promotion of the WFQA and wood fuel
sector is provided by the Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine.
All wood fuels certified must be produced sustainably in line with
the latest EU sustainability requirements. The WFQA has now up to
ninety certified supplier members across Ireland producing firewood,
woodchip, wood pellets and wood briquettes. Fuel supplies are certified
to produce wood fuel to the European EN/ISO 17225 fuel quality
regulations. WFQA certification of wood fuel is a requirement for the
Sustainable Authority of Ireland (SEAI) Support Scheme for Renewable
Heat (SSRH). Certification is also required for the recently introduced
solid fuels regulation.
THE WOOD FUEL SECTOR AS CUSTOMERS FOR
FORESTRY MATERIAL
The network of WFQA members is nationwide and growing. For wood
fuel businesses to grow they need a consistent supply of raw material
from forestry to produce quality wood fuel. In recent years, the main
challenge faced by wood fuel producers has been the availability and
consistency of supply of pulpwood, sustainable forest management
thinning materials, residues and specified biomass harvesting material.
WFQA members are interested in engaging and collaborating with
forest owners, forestry companies and producer groups for the supply of
wood pulp and forest thinnings. Wood fuel suppliers are also potential
off takers of ash die back material and agriculture derived biomass from
land maintenance and clearance activities. The www.wfqa.org website
has a map of wood fuel suppliers and their contact details, for forest
owners who are interested in collaboration.
SPECIFIED BIOMASS HARVESTING (SBH) DOCUMENT
LAUNCH
Recently, IrBEA has published a guide to Specified Biomass Harvesting
(SBH) as part of sustainable forest management. Ireland has grown
a significant forest resource over the past century, with much of this
forest resource now reaching harvest stage. Maximising the value of this
harvest, while protecting the forest environment and optimising future
crops are challenges that are being addressed through sustainable forest
management practices.
Typically, forests are mostly grown for roundwood production.
Specified Biomass Harvesting (SBH) refers to the planned and
specified harvesting of tops and branches which are removed during
normal felling operations for use in energy or other uses according to
market demand. SBH also facilitates forest regeneration, more efficient
subsequent crop management, and more uniform and higher quality
crops in future cycles. IrBEA has published this technical guide aimed
at foresters, forest owners and environmentalists to outline how SBH
should be practised in a cost-effective and sustainable way. The IrBEA
document has been welcomed by the Department of Agriculture
Food and Marine, as it provides important information and guidance
on energy assortment harvesting considering sustainable forest
management.
As a biomass fuel, SBH displaces fossil fuels with significant
greenhouse gas savings. This is achieved through fossil fuel
displacement and avoidance of emissions from decaying residues on
22 Forestry&Energy

Fuel
site. Where SBH is harvested reforestation costs can be lowered and
regeneration is more uniform. SBH has the potential to provide a
significant amount of renewable fuel while facilitating regeneration and
closing the forest cycle.
Irish foresters and forest owners, and those involved in forest
certification now have guidance, which enables the sustainable
harvesting, of an additional forest energy assortment through
SBH. This publication brings together previous research work and
summarises current best practice. Following the guidance will provide
for better biomass and better future forests assurance to growers. This
SBH document is a win-win for forest owners by improving returns,
the environment by reducing replanting ground disturbance and
windrowing requirements, and the State in facilitating the achievement
of national bioenergy and climate change targets.
The document can be found on the IrBEA website at https://www.
irbea.org/specified-biomass-harvesting-good-practice-guidance-energyassortment-harvesting-clearfell/
SUPPORT SCHEME FOR RENEWABLE HEAT (SSRH)
The SEAI administers the SSRH to support businesses seeking to
decarbonise their heating with wood fuels. The SSRH provides a
strong financial incentive over a 15-year period to convert fossil fuel
boilers to wood chip and wood pellet boilers. The scheme is open to all
non-domestic heat users including hotels, leisure centres, commercial
buildings, intensive agriculture buildings (pig, poultry, horticulture
and mushrooms) manufacturing and food processing to name but a
few. To date, forty-one biomass projects have been supported by SEAI
through the SSRH programme with huge potential for hundreds of
more projects.
SOLID FUEL REGULATIONS
In 2022, the Department of Environment, Climate and
Communication (DECC) introduced the solid fuel regulations.
The predominant issues arising when using biomass as a fuel is the
combustion emission of particulates (smoke). The regulations places
limits on the moisture content of wood fuels that can be sold and used.
Fuel quality and correct boiler design, installation and maintenance
are critical components to control these emissions. Calls were made for
many years by Irish suppliers of wood fuels in the Wood Fuel Quality
Assurance scheme, through the Irish Bioenergy Association, to set
statutory limits on the moisture content of firewood offered for sale.
Research proves that lower moisture content wood fuels significantly
reduce particulate emissions from domestic stoves while increasing
efficiency. Industrial woodchip and wood pellet boilers are designed
to limit emissions through proper combustion control and by having
particulate filters installed. Dry fuel burns better, more efficiently and
produces far less smoke.
MARKETS – MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF A
DECARBONISED ECONOMY
Biomass fuels can readily meet the challenges of domestic, commercial,
and industrial energy demands, predominantly for heat. Industrial
use of biomass for heat is familiar to the sawmilling sector, with many
sawmills incorporating large-scale biomass heating and power systems.
The sector is also very familiar with biomass CHP systems utilised to
produce onsite electricity as well as providing large scale heat for onsite
use. Large demand and higher temperature heat users such as food
processing and the pharmaceutical sector will be difficult to decarbonise
without the use of biomass.
CONCLUSION
Biomass and wood fuel production supports indigenous jobs and
local supply chains through the provision of quality, dry, certified,
and renewable fuels. Growing and developing the wood fuel sector
have significant potential in Ireland. The importance of certified and
quality wood fuels will be crucial for that potential to be realised. The
Irish Bioenergy Association (www.irbea.org) through its lobbying and
advocacy activities will continue to work on behalf of members to
develop the Irish bioenergy sector. The Wood Fuel Quality Assurance
(WFQA) Scheme is a key enabler for those who produce wood fuel
and want to become a certified supplier, for new or existing consumers
of wood fuel who want to find a local certified WFQA supplier and
forestry owners who want to find new customers for their forestry
outputs. Full details are available on www.wfqa.org
Seán Finan B.E. C.Eng MIEI
Irish Bioenergy Association CEO
seanfinan@irbea.org
Map of Wood Fuel Quality
Assurance Scheme Suppliers
Available at www.wfqa.org
WOODCHIP
FIREWOOD
WOOD PELLETS
BRIQUETTES
Forestry&Energy
23

Equipment
Expanding Equipment Markets
Amid Environmental Urgency
As global calls for increased forestation rise, companies like McHale Plant Sales boost their
portfolio with advanced machinery, aiming to meet the burgeoning demand for sustainable
forestry practices.
As governments respond to the urgings of climate scientists or,
as the case may be, take flight in order to distance themselves
from the wrath of global warming protesters, one thing seems
certain: the call to grow more trees and expand the amount of
land we allocate to forestry is becoming louder and louder, embellished
with an increasing air of urgency.
In forestry, the heat is on! For those who earn their living from
forestry, including the many whose business model is built around
the harvesting of timber, earnings indicators must surely point in
an upwards direction. Significant amongst them are the machinery
suppliers whose equipment contractors rely upon a growth in demand
from contractors to carry out their trade: the threesome of the timber
harvesting business being Komatsu, John Deere and Ponsse.
Of the three, Komatsu forest equipment distributor in Ireland,
McHale Plant Sales has introduced an additional and distinctly unique
machine to their line-up of forestry equipment: the German Prinoth
range whose addition to the McHale range
has secured for them a line of products with a large part to play in
the forestry sector.
Complementing other products in their portfolio, the Prinoth
line-up includes machines and attachments that cater for the needs of
forestry managers, contractors and those charged with protecting and
managing the landscape. Typically, applications for which they are most
suited include: Biomass Harvesting, Plantation Management, Forestry
Maintenance, Right of way maintenance, Landscaping, Land clearance,
Stump removal, Firebreaks and prevention of fires, and the Tackling of
Diseased trees.
Of particular interest to contractors anxious to attract new business
and build-on and expand their value to clients, the range includes one
item in particular (and there are others)…the Prinoth M450E -1100
hydraulic mulcher for universal use with excavators of 12 to 18 metric
tons in the 60-120 HP power class.
With a working width of 1100mm, an overall width of 1382mm,
height of 868mm, weight of 690kg, and a volume flow of 100-200 l/
min, the Prinoth M450E -1100 hydraulic mulcher is the fit-for-purpose
tool across a number of forest applications.
Also impressive within the Prinoth range is a highly versatile ‘low
ground pressure’ tracked dump truck. First to recognise its potential
was leading civils and groundworks specialists, Priority Construction,
whose purchase of two tracked units were recently put to work on a
major landfill project in Allenwood, Co. Kildare.
Especially useful when it comes to stump grinding, forest and land
24 Forestry&Energy

Equipment
clearance, right-of-way maintenance, and the
creation of forest fire breaks, Prinoth range of uses
embraces a host of special applications of which
embankment, landscape and habitat maintenance,
re-naturalisation and composting are but a few.
Adding to McHale Plant Sales burgeoning
presence in forestry , agricultural and
environmental sectors generally, their
appointment as Prinoth distributors is one that
their sales director, Denis McGrath says: “has
added depth to our operations at a time when
the establishment and maintenance of forests,
the protection of landscape, waste recovery and
ecological issues generally have become matters of
policy and public concern”.
“For ‘mulch it, trim it, grind it, churn it’
applications, the Prinoth Raptor and T-Rex range
of brush cutters, site preparation, and tracked
carrier vehicles are also worth noting as are their
rapid mulching units for creating an optimum
environment for plant growth and reforestation,”
McGrath added.
“In addition, the range includes equipment
designed to work on uneven ground, sloping
terrain, and difficult-to-reach worksites without
causing ground damage. Used in many different
industries and applications, an ability to operate
in snow conditions, to climb gradients up to
60% steep, and a usefulness in forest firefighting
situations,” he said.
Forestry&Energy
25

Biomass
Worrell Timber Group:
Revolutionizing Biomass
Harvesting
Worrell Harvesting stands at the forefront of innovation
in biomass harvesting, offering sustainable solutions
that address the growing demand for renewable
energy sources. With a commitment to excellence and
environmental stewardship, Worrell Harvesting has earned widespread
recognition for its pioneering technologies and practices. In this
exploration, we delve into the company’s core initiatives, including its
KZR certification, utilization of Log-watch technology, and specialized
biomass harvesting techniques. Through using these techniques Worrell
Timber Group are able to maximise the amount of volume on sites
by using Specified Biomass Harvesting and keep full traceability of
products.
Established in 1988 Worrell Harvesting initially focused on
traditional logging practices starting out with chainsaws and
purchasing their first machine in 1992. However, recognizing the
pressing need for sustainable energy solutions, the company swiftly
pivoted towards biomass harvesting. Today, Worrell Harvesting
operates across diverse landscapes of all forests offering comprehensive
biomass solutions to clients worldwide.
KZR CERTIFICATION: ENSURING QUALITY AND
SUSTAINABILITY
At the heart of Worrell Harvesting’s operations lies its commitment
to quality and sustainability, epitomized by its KZR certification. The
KZR certification, represents the company’s stringent standards for
biomass products. To attain this certification, Worrell Harvesting put
years of work in to get their company to the level required to maintain
this high standard WTG employs a multifaceted approach that
includes:
1. Sustainable Harvesting Practices: Worrell Harvesting adheres
to sustainable harvesting practices, ensuring minimal impact
on ecosystems. By selectively harvesting biomass materials and
implementing reforestation initiatives, the company maintains the
ecological balance of forested areas.
26 Forestry&Energy

The WFQA is managed and administered by the
Irish Bioenergy Association
Certifying Firewood, Wood
Chip, Wood Pellets & Wood
Briquettes
Are you a Wood Fuel supplier or consumer?
Ensure quality wood fuels through the
Wood Fuel Quality Assurance scheme.
Contact: www.wfqa.org | @WoodFuelQA | noelgavigan@irbea.org
WFQA certification allows compliance with requirements of the Support Scheme for
Renewable Heat (SSRH) and the new Solid Fuels Regulation
To become a member of the Irish Bioenergy Association (IrBEA)
check out www.irbea.org |@irishbioenergy | seanfinan@irbea.org

Biomass
2. Drying control: Worrell Harvesting utilizes advanced technology
to process biomass materials efficiently. This ensures optimal
moisture content, enhancing the energy efficiency and combustion
properties of the biomass products.
3. Quality Control Measures: Stringent quality control measures are
implemented throughout the production process to uphold the
integrity of KZR-certified products From initial harvesting to final
delivery, every step is meticulously monitored to meet the highest
standards which benefits the Grower of a job well done.
The KZR certification not only assures customers of product quality
and a job well done but also underscores Worrell Harvesting’s
commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility.
LOG-WATCH: MONITORING FOR ENHANCED
EFFICIENCY
Central to Worrell Harvesting’s operational efficiency is its utilization
of Log-watch technology. Developed in-house by a team of engineers
and data scientists, Log-watch is an integrated monitoring system that
tracks various parameters during the biomass harvesting process. Key
features of the Log-watch system include:
1. Real-Time Data Collection : The Log-watch system allows full
traceability of timber throughout the forest harvesting. With emails
and texts coming in to track loads and a portal to recount all loads that
left the site.
By integrating log-watch technology into its operations, Worrell
Harvesting achieves unparalleled precision and efficiency in timber
traceability. Assuring the grower is fully aware of all transport to his
timber.
SPECIALIZED BIOMASS HARVESTING TECHNIQUES
In addition to its technological innovations, Worrell Harvesting
employs specialized techniques tailored to different biomass sources.
These techniques are designed to maximize yield while minimizing
ecological disturbance. Some notable examples include:
1. Forest Residue Recovery: Worrell Harvesting utilizes advanced
equipment such as state of the art Harvesters, forwarders and chipper
trucks to recover forest residues, including branches, tops, and smalldiameter
trees. These materials, often left behind during conventional
logging operations, are transformed into valuable biomass feedstock,
reducing waste, enhancing resource utilization and allowing more
revenue for growers.
By tailoring harvesting techniques to specific biomass sources,
Worrell Harvesting maximizes resource recovery while minimizing
environmental footprint, thereby promoting sustainable bioenergy
production and getting the most revenue from every site.
By using Worrell Timber Group and the Specialized Biomass
Harvesting method not only do you enhance the possibility of getting
more revenue from your forests but you save money as you don’t have
the cost of windrowing your forest.. This means your forest has a vast
area of nutrients now meaning you have allowed your forestry the
strongest replantation.
In conclusion, Worrell Harvesting stands as a beacon of innovation
in the field of biomass harvesting, driven by a steadfast commitment
to quality, sustainability, and technological advancement. Through
initiatives such as KZR certification, logwatch technology, and
specialized biomass harvesting techniques, the company not only meets
the growing demand for renewable energy but also contributes to a
greener, more sustainable future. As the world continues to embrace the
transition towards clean energy sources, Worrell Harvesting remains
at the forefront, shaping the landscape of biomass utilization for
generations to come.
28 Forestry&Energy

WORRELL HARVESTING LTD.
Certified Biomass Suppliers
RED 11 SGS/KZR/BIO/1014
The complete forestry company
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT
Ken 087 2599372 Eoin 083 3323342
Do you want to sell your timber?
Worrell harvesting is specialising in timber from
Pine & Spruce Clearfell and Thinning’s, Hardwood and Softwoods.
Fire damaged areas, roadside timber.
Contact us today for top log prices, reduced reforestation cost,
extra revenue from BIOMASS HARVESTING, and a Demo of our
LOG WATCH live digital Timber Trackability system
WORRELL TIMBER GROUP
19H The Junction Cluster 2, Axis Business Park, Tullamore, Co Offaly R35 P285
Email: info@www.worrellharvesting.ie
www.worrellharvesting.ie

Support
Ash Dieback Disease
NEW Financial Support Available to Affected Landowners
The Government recently approved a new Climate Action
Performance Payment of €5,000 per hectare for ash forest
owners affected by ash dieback.
The payment will be made available to grant aided forest owners
who either have or will clear their sites and replant through one of the
Departments Ash Dieback Reconstitution Schemes.
Ash forest owners who have not already entered one of the
reconstitution schemes for ash dieback are encouraged to join the
Reconstitution Ash Dieback Scheme (RADS) 2023-27 to become
eligible for the new payment.
Ash Forest Owners will be eligible to receive the additional Climate
Action Performance Payment (CAPP) of €5,000 per hectare when
their sites have been cleared and they have carried out replanting, in
accordance with the terms and conditions of the Reconstitution Ash
Dieback Scheme.
This will be paid in three instalments, as follows:
• €2,500 can be applied for after 1st grant on Ash reconstitution
scheme
• €1,250 can be applied for after 2nd grant on Ash reconstitution
scheme if the forest owner is out of premiums or at the end of their
premiums if they are still in receipt
• €1,250 can be applied for the following year
Note: The Climate Action Performance Payment will be exempted from
income tax by virtue of section 232(2) TCA.
WHAT RECONSTITUTION SCHEMES MUST I HAVE
JOINED OR MUST JOIN TO QUALIFY FOR THE CLIMATE
ACTION PERFORMANCE PAYMENT
If you have previously joined one of the following Department schemes
you are eligible for the CAPP payment, provided that you have
replanted:
• Reconstitution Scheme Ash Dieback 2013
• Reconstitution and Underplanting Scheme (Ash Dieback) 2020
• Interim Reconstitution Scheme for Ash Dieback 2023
• Reconstitution for Ash Dieback Scheme (RADS) 2023 – 2027
HOW TO APPLY FOR THE CAPP INSTALMENTS?
The Department is developing an easy and accessible system to apply for
payments which we expect to roll out as soon as possible. Details of how
to apply will be provided by circular and through updated Frequently
30 Forestry&Energy

Our Wheeled Harvesters
The Komatsu harvesters have been in the forefront
of productivity enhancing technologies for decades,
and the best days are still ahead. In everything from
smarter thinning to heavy duty final felling. Choosing
a red harvester will get you maximised productivity
from day one and many years to come. Komatsu
offers an impressive line-up of market-leading
harvesters that are paired with equally impressive
services. The power to deliver.
Birdhill, Co. Tipperary
Tel: 061-379112
Greenogue Business Park
Rathcoole, Co Dublin
Tel: 01-4018540
sales@mchaleplant.com
www.mchaleplantsales.com

Support
Asked Questions on our website.
The Reconstitution Ash Dieback Scheme 2023-2027 is now open. To
apply for support under this scheme, contact a Registered Forester and
ask them to make an application on your behalf. Details of this scheme
and a list of FAQs on the Climate Action Performance Payment Scheme
is available at gov.ie/AshDiebackSupports
WHAT SUPPORTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR SITE CLEARANCE
AND REPLANTING?
Owners of forests affected by Ash Dieback may apply for support under
the Reconstitution Ash Dieback Scheme 2023-2027 (RADS), which
opened on the 24 July 2023 as part of the New Forestry programme.
RADS supports owners of ash plantations to clear their site and replant
with trees in line with the new Forestry Programme.
RADS supports owners of ash plantations to clear their site and
replant with trees in line with the new Forestry Programme.
To mitigate the cost of clearance there has been a 100% increase in
the site clearance grant rate from €1000 - €2,000 per hectare.
For applicants whose sites are still in premium they will continue to
receive the premium due for the remaining years.
They will also receive a once-off top-up payment equivalent to the
difference between the existing premium and the associated new Forest
Type (FT) premium they opt for under the new Programme.
We have provided a couple of examples to assist in understanding the
funding available when opting for a specific Forest Type.
If you’re interested in reading more about the Forest Types available under
the new afforestation programme and their respective annual premiums,
which can last up to 20 years, check out how much you could get paid by
visiting gov.ie/forestry
To download the Farm Forestry Booklet, see gov.ie/forestrybooklet
For more information visit gov.ie/ashdiebacksupports
32 Forestry&Energy

MASTER.indd 41 27/08/2019 14:10

Training
Arboriculture Careers: Fostering
a Sustainable Future with Trees
As the exclusive provider of arboriculture education in Ireland, our mission revolves around
ensuring a robust and sustainable inflow of new professionals into the field, irrespective of
their background or level of previous experience.
We are committed to offering ample opportunities for
individuals to build long, rewarding, and successful
careers centred around Irelands trees and amenity
woodlands. By championing arboriculture as a
profession, we aim to reshape perceptions, making it an appealing and
diverse career choice for school leavers or those considering a career
transition.
The QQI Level 6 Advanced Certificate in Arboriculture serves as
a pivotal stepping stone, equipping individuals with the necessary
skills and knowledge to embark on a fulfilling career journey. For
those contemplating a career in arboriculture, this editorial presents
some potential pathways and outlines the educational and experiential
requirements to guide you toward your career goals.
NURSERY PRODUCTION
The nursery sector serves as the backbone of arboriculture, responsible
for nurturing the wide variety of trees that are essential to maintain our
historic parks and gardens, amenity woodlands, and urban landscapes.
Cultivating large, semi-mature trees capable of being transported across
Ireland and beyond demands a deep understanding of arboriculture
coupled with many years of professional experience. This encompasses
expertise in soil science, dendrology and tree biology, as well as
proficiency in tree pruning and surgery – both above and below ground.
Our students benefit from a comprehensive curriculum covering both
theoretical knowledge and practical skills, including seed tree and
provenance selection, seed harvesting and storage, and effective tree
production methods, all taught at our purpose-built nursery facility.
CLIMBING ARBORIST
The role of a climbing arborist is highly specialized, requiring advanced
skills in tree climbing and in conducting tree surgery and dismantling
tasks. These professionals play a critical role in maintaining tree
health, safety and aesthetics across urban and rural environments.
From pruning and shaping to tree felling and disease control, climbing
arborists handle a diverse range of responsibilities. As apprentices,
our students work closely with experienced teams and receive handson
training in tree climbing techniques, equipment handling, safety
protocols and tree pathology at our specialised training centre. The
demand for competent and qualified climbing arborists remains very
high across the island of Ireland and overseas.
UTILITY ARBORIST
In the Utility Vegetation Management (UVM) industry, arborists play
a vital role in ensuring the safe and efficient delivery of essential utilities
such as electricity, communication, and transportation infrastructure.
Utility arborists must possess a comprehensive understanding of UVM
programs, industry best practices, and the principles of environmental
stewardship. Tasks may include assessing vegetation along utility
line easement strips, obtaining necessary permissions, and operating
specialized off-road equipment for vegetation removal. Through our
34 Forestry&Energy

Training
apprenticeship program, students gain practical experience in tree
climbing and operating mechanised equipment, preparing them for the
challenges of working at heights in various high-risk environments.
TREE AND WOODLAND OFFICER
Tree and Woodland Officers, also known as arboricultural officers,
are employed by local authorities to safeguard tree populations
and to enhance their environmental and wildlife benefits. Their
responsibilities include protecting trees during development and
demolition projects, from pests, diseases, and mismanagement, as well
as designing and overseeing new tree planting projects. They advocate
for trees by engaging with stakeholders such as residents, community
groups, developers, and policymakers, promoting the importance of
green infrastructure. In times of emergencies like storms, tree officers
prioritize maintenance tasks based on public safety concerns. The
number of tree officers is expected to rise steadily in the coming years,
reflecting the growing emphasis on environmental conservation and
sustainable (sub)urban landscapes.
CONSULTANT ARBORICULTURIST
A Consultant Arboriculturist is a seasoned professional who, following
advanced education and training, provides expert management advice
on trees, particularly in settings where trees contribute to public
enjoyment and well-being. Consultants offer assessments on tree
health and hazards, provide recommendations for tree care, and may
investigate cases involving trees and structural damage or accidents.
They also offer guidance on planning regulations, tree preservation
laws, and tree protection on construction sites. Some of our students
opt to serve their apprenticeship with independent arboricultural
consultancies, with aspirations to pursue higher education and to
advance to consultancy roles upon graduation.
Arboriculturists are increasingly being called upon to help preserve
Irelands veteran and champion trees. These trees are not only natural
wonders but also hold significant cultural and ecological value. The fact
that over 14,000 champion trees have been recorded demonstrates the
rich diversity and history of Ireland’s arboreal heritage. Arboriculturists
play a vital role in providing expertise to protect these trees, whether
it’s through advising on proper care, assessing risks to their health, or
advocating for their continued protection and preservation.
In conclusion, arboriculture offers a dynamic and fulfilling career
with diverse opportunities for growth and meaningful environmental
impact. Whether you’re interested in nursery production, tree
climbing, utility management, consultancy or conservation, the
field welcomes passionate individuals committed to nurturing and
preserving our arboreal heritage and treed landscapes.
Further information on arboriculture education, training and careers:
Jeremy Ryan – National Programme Coordinator
QQI Level 6 Advanced Certificate in Arboriculture
arbapprenticeship@gretb.ie
Forestry&Energy
35

PUNCHING WAY ABOVE
ITS WEIGHT
The 574F is a 14-tonner that punches
way above its weight with a tractive
drive force of 195knm. Power
reliability and fuel efficiency are the
three key ingredients that make the
574F stand out. Sharing the Volvo
Penta engines with our harvesters
means high fuel efficiency, which in
turn increases profitability. Powerful
crane options from Epsilon and
Cranab are also available. Driver
comfort comes with a high-visibility
cabin and cushion drive damping
system. Increase your profits with
the Ecolog 574.
C ALL LIAM BERGIN 086 607 9564

UNIT B NURE HOUSE
CLONCOLLIG INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
TULLAMORE
CO OFFALY
CALL LIAM BERGIN 086 607 9564
EMAIL: LIAMBERGINGREMO@HOTMAIL.COM
WWW.LBGREMO.COM
INFLATION BUSTING FUEL
ECONOMY WITH THE
ECOLOG 688F
The EcoLog 688 powered by a tier V Volvo Penta engine is the most cost efficient harvester
in its class on the market. With fuel consumption of 13-14 Litres per hour in the toughest of
clearfell, on steep terrain, the EcoLog 688F cannot be beaten on fuel consumption. In
todays market with the rising cost of fuel, the EcoLog 688F will save you €15,000-20,000
per year in fuel costs when compared to other harvesters in this class.
The innovative design further leads to increased efficiency and a reduction in running
costs. The ergonomic design of the cab ensures operator comfort and ease of driving.
The Log Max head is a perfect match for the EcoLog 688F, it’s simplistic and clever design
results in fewer hose breakages and considerably less waste of hydraulic oil compared to
competitors.
Through exceptional ground-clearance, reliability, serviceability and a powerful harvester-crane
you control your destiny to high productivity and a profitable total cost of ownership.
Don’t burn your profits, call Liam on 086-607954 to discuss your new EcoLog today.
C ALL LIAM BERGIN 086 607 9564

For Sales & Service please contact
John Deere Forestry Ltd.
Ballyknocken, Glenealy, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
Tel: +353 (0)404 44969
(Sales) Contact Ed Power Mob: +353 (0)87 2542570

www.johndeere.ie/forestry

Construction
Irish Timber Species For
Building Construction
Dr David Gil-Moreno and Dr Patrick McGetrick give an insight into the quality of tree
species grown in Ireland.
The Wood Properties for Ireland (WoodProps) programme,
funded by the Forest Sector Development Division of the
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM),
is coordinated by the Timber Engineering Research Group
(TERG) at University of Galway. Since 2017, this programme has
been addressing issues related to the characterisation of timber species
in Ireland with a particular focus on timber properties and strength
grading.
For a long time, only Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) could
be strength graded in Ireland, either visually or by machine. Despite
that, information on some properties relevant to structural design,
such as tension strength, was still limited. The work conducted at
WoodProps addressed this gap in the knowledge, leading to improved
characterisation of the species that now enables better utilisation of
the species’ structural performance. Nevertheless, relying solely on
one species for timber supply has raised concerns due to recent pest
and disease outbreaks, as well as the growers concerns on the long
term suitability of affecting other species under the impacts of climate
change. Introducing more species to the market offers customers greater
choice and access to products better suited for specific uses.
Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst) is already often mixed with
Sitka spruce in both the forest and the sawmills, resulting in the species
combination commercially known as “British spruce”; note that the
name has nothing to do with the origin of the timber. The combination
is possible due to the similarity of the structural properties, namely
modulus of elasticity, strength and density. These properties collectively
constitute what we typically define as timber quality for structural
applications, of which the C16 strength class, commonly achieved in
grading Irish Sitka Spruce, is just one example.
Other species that could provide a reserve of timber and a wider
range of end uses include Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco) and larch (Larix spp). Since 2018, as a result of collaborations
between TERG and Edinburgh Napier University in Scotland, as well
as the involvement of the forest industry, Douglas fir grown in both
countries can now be machine strength graded. This is possible due to
the similar timber characteristics of the species grown on both sides of
the Irish Sea. In general, the subsamples of Douglas fir studied on the
Woodprops programme had better mechanical properties than Sitka
spruce, which together with its slightly higher natural durability, may
contribute to play a key role in end uses requiring higher performance.
In 2020, similar work was undertaken to enable the strength grading
of larch. The species produced higher timber quality than spruce or
Douglas fir. Unfortunately, larch is no longer included in the Irish
afforestation program due to the outbreak of the Phytophthora ramorum
pathogen, but TERG aimed to give the best possible use to the felled
trees and not to under-utilise them. Regrettably, the relatively small and
dispersed volume of these two species in Ireland may not always make
grading these species on their own attractive to sawmills and therefore
they may not make it to the market. Another option to concentrate the
timber volume and increase the use of the local timber resources is to
enable grading of the two species together, either mixed in production
(as a species combination) or not (as individual species). Thus, between
2022 and 2023, WoodProps work addressed the grading of the species
combination Douglas fir with larch for the first time in Europe, and
Destructive bending test on birch specimen at University of Galway for determination of mechanical properties. More information on WoodProps
Programme at https://www.universityofgalway.ie/terg/activeprojects/woodprops/
40 Forestry&Energy

Construction
precisely for the grading area formed by Ireland and the UK.
Another species studied within WoodProps was Scots pine (Pinus
sylvestris L.), whose timber is also known as red deal. It is the only
native coniferous species in Ireland that reaches dimensions suitable
for the timber market. The species is broadly used in Europe in
construction, and although it was the main conifer in Ireland until
about 1950, the area currently grown is relatively small (1.2% of the
forest area). The 160 timber pieces examined achieved slightly better
quality for structural applications than Sitka spruce, however this
number of pieces is fewer than the 450 that would be required to derive
the models that govern machine strength grading. It is also worth
noting that the sampled trees were 77 years old, whereas the typical
rotation length for Sitka spruce ranges from 35 to 45 years.
Regarding hardwoods, the amount of suitable hardwood for
structural applications is relatively small, particularly if we consider
the lack of straightness of the Irish-grown species. Birch (Betula
spp.) is the most common broadleaf species (7.2% of the total forest
area) in Ireland. Ongoing work in WoodProps is examining the
structural properties of the species, including non-destructive acoustic
measurements carried out on the standing trees and felled logs. While
the dataset studied is relatively small (circa 100 pieces), from two
young plantations aged 22 and 27 years, preliminary results show that
birch can produce timber of a quality somewhat comparable to that of
Douglas fir. The results of this study will provide guidance on the best
use of these species coming to harvest age and add useful knowledge to
the Birch Improvement Programme carried out by Teagasc.
Further research should examine timber under different silvicultural
regimes, particularly those that may lead to a reduction in the size of
knots in Douglas fir and Scots pine. A summary of the WoodProps
programme and the fundamentals of strength grading of timber
can be found in COFORD Connects, Processing/Products No. 52
http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/
cofordconnects/Woodpropsprogrammefinal030622.pdf. (Gil-Moreno et
al 2022). More information on Forestry & Timber Properties of Irishgrown
species can be accessed at: https://www.universityofgalway.ie/terg/
publications/topic/
David Gil-Moreno, Conan O’Ceallaigh, Dan Ridley-Ellis, Annette M.
Harte (2022).
Timber structure in Avondale, Co. Wicklow.
Author - Dr. Conan O’Ceallaigh
Timber roof incorporating steel ties
42 Forestry&Energy

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Commercial
Commercial
Feature
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Robinson Distribution Ltd
Established in Portarlington, Ireland in 2004, Robinson Distribution Ltd. has continuously
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ever growing customer base in the transport and forestry sector across Ireland, the UK and
mainland Europe.
Our Customer Mission
The company now boasts an ever increasing customer base across Ireland,
the UK and Europe. Our goal is to support our customers in their goal
of purchasing trailers and equipment that will provide a strong return on
investment and augment the success of their business.
Background
Robinson is an ambitious family owned and managed business with a
long and proud history of transport, agri–products and forest machinery.
Throughout its history, Robinson’s has been an innovative company
with continuous research and development being at the core of the
business. Our track record of trailer and crane design and manufacture
provides us with a strong competitive advantage in terms of new product
development. All our trailers and cranes are designed and customised
by our team of experienced engineers. Each product is manufactured to
meet the specific needs of the operator which is backed up by our strict
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that will simply outlast others with superior strength and durability.
Our success has been built on an ethos of serving our customers
with quality transport solutions, efficiency, and reliability and also
by ensuring there is a complete focus on customer satisfaction at
the core of everything we do.
“Our state of the art production plant
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manufacturing facilities in Ireland”
Facilities & Competencies
With ongoing investment, research and development; the company
has continuously developed a modern manufacturing facility designed
to manage the expectations of today’s transport sector. Our state of the
art production plant is one of the most modern trailer manufacturing
facilities in Ireland.
As a business we continuously innovate by applying cutting edge
design aligned to the specific and changing requirements of each trailer’s
function with the aim of saving fuel, maximising payloads, increasing
manoeuvrability and flexibility, improving safety whilst ensuring we
comply with all legal regulations Our focus is on building the highest
quality trailers to the highest manufacturing standards. We achieve this
through a combination of: Engineering & Design Excellence, Advanced
Technology, A Wealth of Experience
Trailers & Cranes
Robinson manufactures a wide range of trailers and cranes, all designed
to meet the specific needs of our customers, with specifications across
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Cranes: The company also
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Our new timber cranes are now operating out in the Irish forestry
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manufacture two models of crane to choose from, a 9 tonne and a 12
tonne. These both come in a single and double extension model. Our
cranes have the highest quality finish with investments in our own forms
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44 Forestry&Energy
44 Forestry&Energy
58 Forestry&Energy

Transport
Sustainable Timber Transport
Solutions – The Scottish Experience
A recent study tour saw how technological solutions and a collaborative approach are helping
Scotland’s drive for sustainable timber transport. Noel Kennedy, Teagasc Forestry Development
Officer reports.
Photo 1: Specialist timber truck with low ground pressure dolly
Scotland’s forestry sector is often referenced in Ireland because of
the many similarities between the two countries including the
importance of Sitka spruce for commercial timber production.
With a forest area of 1.4 million hectares, an annual timber
harvest of 6.8 million tonnes and forests extensively planted on similar
marginal land in isolated rural communities, Scotland also faces
significant challenges for the sustainable transport of timber.
In September, members of the Forest Industry Transport Group
travelled to Scotland to explore sustainable timber transport models
and technologies being used in timber harvesting operations and to
inform their potential application to address similar sustainable timber
transport challenges in Ireland.
The Forest Industry Transport Group includes representatives from a
range of state and private forestry stakeholders. The objective of the Group
is to ensure that Ireland’s timber industry can access and market our timber
resource in a sustainable manner with minimal impacts on the public road
network, local communities and the environment.
THE CHALLENGES
Scotland’s timber transport challenges closely mirror those experienced
in the transport of timber from Ireland’s forests. These include:
• Hard to access locations
• Sensitive environments
• Fragile public and private roads
• Rural communities
• Large timber volumes
• Forest road network maintenance
Led by Neil Stoddart of Creel Maritime who provide services for the
shipping and logistics sectors, specialising in forest products, the FITG
group visited a number of working forests on the west coast and in the
central highlands to see the timber transport solutions being employed
to address these challenges.
TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Low Ground Pressure (LGP) systems – Distributing the weight of a
timber truck and its timber load over a larger surface area is a proven
way to reduce the potential damage to roads.
In forest timber transport using a specialist LGP truck.
In this case a new Renault 8X8 truck fitted with a dolly wheel system
(Photo 1) to distribute weight more evenly was hauling 120,000 tonnes
of timber in 55 tonne loads through the harvest site to a stacking area
where it was collected by road going timber lorries. Enabling all weather
and all year round forest haulage this in forest transport system reduces
road wear and fuel consumption with economic and environmental
savings in the longer term.
Central Tyre Inflation (CTI) (Photo 2) This is an established and
effective LGP automated tyre pressure system which has been widely
46 Forestry&Energy

Transport
Photo 2: Timber lorry with Central Tyre Inflation system for low road wear
adopted by the Scottish timber haulage fleet. We saw a Scania timber
truck fitted with the system which allowed the driver to remotely
reduce tyre pressure thereby reducing road wear both on the forest road
and outside the forest on weaker “fragile” roads. On “better” roads the
system automatically re-inflates the tyres to normal road going pressure.
In Ireland’ s new 2023-27 Forestry Programme a CTI grant is
included as part of the Innovative Forest Technology Scheme.
TIMBER TRANSPORT BY WATER
Many of Scotland’s production forests are located in difficult to
access and sensitive locations along the rugged west coast or inland
lochs. Scottish Government funding supports projects to facilitate the
transportation of timber by sea.
Floating pontoons (Photo 3)
This is the most significant technological and engineering solution
being utilised with support through the Scottish Government’s
Timberlink project. In the coastal area of Gortenorm we saw a recently
constructed floating pontoon which was enabling the loading of a small
freight boat with up to 2000 tonnes of timber from the land. The boat
was then delivering the timber to local “short” ports for road transport
onwards with considerable environmental benefits.
Photo 4: Transport of harvesting equipment by barge across Loch Arkaig
Environmentally friendly forwarder
A forestry forwarder is a specialised low ground pressure machine
that collects the logs in the forest and brings them to the forest
road. In acknowledgement of the high environmental sensitivity
of barging a fully loaded forwarder across Loch Arkaig, Creel
Maritime in association with John Deere developed the “world’s most
environmentally friendly” forwarder which runs on HVO fuel and Bio
oil lubricants.
Scottish Government support
Timberlink - is a public service contract, funded by the Scottish
Government through Scottish Forestry to support short-sea coastal
shipping of roundwood from Argyll to Ayrshire and reduce the
environmental impacts of timber transport. Since it began operation on
2000 it has supported the transport of 1.3 million tonnes of roundwood
by sea, reducing timber lorry journeys by 9.9 million timber and CO2
savings of 18,500 tonnes.
TIMBER TRANSPORT BY ROAD
Timber Traffic Improvement Plan
A number of the harvesting sites visited had Timber Traffic
Improvement Plans on the agreed timber haulage routes. The
improvement works received significant funding though the Scottish
Government’s Strategic Timber Transport Fund (STTF).
Pre cast concrete road bridges (Photo 5)
In Gortenorm we also saw a 15 metre wide single span pre cast
concrete and steel bridge built as a critical element of the forest road
infrastructure facilitating timber transport to the pontoon. The use of
pre-cast concrete for bridge and other forest construction removes the
Photo 3: Floating pontoon to facilitate timber transport by sea
Loading jetties and custom built barge (Photo 4)
To facilitate the harvesting of non-native trees for the Loch Arkaig
Caledonian pine restoration project and the barging of the timber
across the loch, a number of loading jetties were built and a custom
built barge assembled on site. This operation will continue on a
seasonal basis for the next five years.
Photo 5: Single span forest road bridge
Forestry&Energy
47

Sustainability
environmental risk from the use of more traditional poured concrete.
Scottish Government support
The Strategic Timber Transport Fund - Since 2005, the Strategic
Timber Transport Fund (STTF) has financed projects that facilitate the
sustainable transport of timber in rural areas of Scotland and deliver
benefits for local communities and the environment through innovative
projects and partnerships. Annual STTF funding ranges £5-7 million
per annum and to date has provided £65 million to support 381
projects.
A successful STTF application prompts the development of a local
Timber Traffic Improvement Plan with agreed haulage routes,
upgrading of local roads and bridges, involvement of Timber Transport
Officers to resolve operational issues and clear community benefits.
LEARNINGS AND OPPORTUNITIES
As a group we were impressed and inspired by the scale and success of
the forestry operations we visited and in particular by the innovation,
collaboration and professionalism of the various stakeholders in the face
of significant physical and environmental challenges.
The positive attitude of Scottish Forestry and the effectiveness of
their STTF and Timberlink projects were recognised as critical in
achieving sustainable timber transport and supporting the forest
industry and rural communities and this is an area that FITG will be
actively exploring in an Irish context.
48 Forestry&Energy

BROPHY
TIMBER SERVICES
Forestry Services
Site Clearance (excavators 5T – 24T, tractor & dump trailer)
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Contact
Office: +353(0) 870640161
Harvesting & Extraction: +353(0) 872236454
Email: bts@live.ie
Website: www.brophytimberservices.ie
Forestry&Energy
49

Forestry Dashboard
Forestry Licensing - May 24
Forestry Licensing Dashboard – Week ending 24 th May 2024
Number Afforestation Licences Issued
Number Road Licences Issued
Number Tree Felling Licences Issued
100
100
350
80
60
80
60
300
250
200
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2023 2024
2023 2024
2023 2024
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Non-licence Approvals 2024
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Native Tree Area Scheme
Reconstitution of Ash Dieback Scheme (RADs)
Woodland Improvement Scheme
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Number of Licences Issued - April 2024
7
21
5 19 8
18 15
18 25
7
26
5 17 12
2
w/e 5th w/e 12th w/e 19th w/e 26th
Afforestation Roads Private Felling Coillte Felling
Forestry Licensing Dashboard – Week ending 24 th May 2024
29
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Number of Licences Issued - May 2024
3
24
19
9
13
5
13
0
5 1
25
30
30 10
9 12
w/e 3rd w/e 10th w/e 17th w/e 24th w/e 31st
Afforestation Roads Private Felling Coillte Felling
Hectares/Kilometres for Licences Issued
Afforestation
Roads
Felling
Hectares Planted/Kilometres Constructed
Hectares
Kilometres Hectares Volume (000) m 3
Hectares Planted Roads Constructed Km
2022 2023 2024 2022 2023 2024 2022 2023 2024 2022 2023 2024 2022 2023 2024 2022 2023 2024
January 482 47 351 29 3 27 3,507 2,561 2,889 929 692 867 January 69 90 38 6 6 6
February 269 39 326 14 3 29 3,858 3,039 1,812 853 888 530 February 267 23 116 5 5 5
March 440 0 268 43 2 28 4,654 3,444 1,131 786 888 314 March 290 82 119 6 3 3
April 183 0 260 25 7 33 4,071 3,008 1,568 662 814 388 April 135 127 119 4 2 9
May 329 33 457 19 4 23 4,113 4,061 1,273 646 1,084 331 May 304 191 125 5 7 2
June 317 14 0 39 10 0 4,219 2,392 0 849 660 0 June 208 274 0 5 3
July 452 7 0 27 12 0 4,221 2,468 0 951 598 0 July 227 233 0 5 12
August 527 30 0 17 8 0 3,959 3,440 0 731 858 0 August 217 207 0 8 5
September 690 10 0 20 12 0 3,788 2,620 0 811 748 0 September 162 141 0 4 6
October 479 196 0 23 6 0 3,090 1,807 0 791 595 0 October 144 184 0 10 11
November 479 217 0 21 9 0 3,861 2,643 0 952 719 0 November 136 63 0 5 8
December 326 197 15 13 0 2,686 1,935 0 735 339 0 December 115 36 0 7 9
Totals 4,972 789 1,661 293 87 140 46,027 33,416 8,673 9,696 8,883 2429 Totals* 2,273 1,651 517 70 77 26
*The figures for afforestation planted in 2024 reflect afforestation that has been paid at first grant stage this year to date only (including NTAS)
Page 1 of 2
Licences Appealed 2024
Other Schemes issued
Since Programme commenced
Issued YTD
Afforestation 25 No. Ha No. Ha
Forest Roads 3 Reconstitution of Ash Dieback Scheme
594 2,259 389 1,391
Tree Felling 10 Deer Tree Shelter scheme (DTS) 132 497 123 471
Woodland Improvement Scheme (WIS) 57 286 57 286
Valid Licences
Applications Issued
Received YTD YTD
Afforestation Schemes issued Since Programme commenced Issued YTD
Afforestation 300 202 No. Ha No. Ha
Felling Private 373 459 Afforestation Licences
278 2,138 202 1,661
Afforestation Licences, previously
Felling Coillte 814 373
approved, now approved under the new
Roads 322 393 scheme. 163 1,336 75 567
Total 1,809 1,427 Native Area Tree Scheme (NTAS)
253 275 223 242
Total
694 3,749 500 2,470
Felling Licences issued - current week
Type Hectares No.
Thinning 79 6
Clear fell 407 25
Issued V Planted 2023 and 2024 (ha)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2024 Issued 2024 Planted 2023 Issued 2023 Planted
Page 2 of 2
50 Forestry&Energy

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Ash Dieback
Ash Dieback - Updates from
the Teagasc Ash Breeding
Programme
There is intensive research ongoing in Ireland to identify Ash trees tolerant to Ash Dieback
disease. Dr.Dheeraj Rathore, Teagasc Tree Improvement Researcher updates the progress of
this research.
Ash (Fraxineus excelsior) trees play a crucial role in Ireland’s
ecosystem, economy, and cultural heritage, serving as
habitats for diverse wildlife, contributing to carbon
sequestration, providing valuable timber for Hurley making,
and featuring prominently in folklore and traditional crafts. It is the
second most abundant species in hedgerows. However, the continued
presence of ash is threatened by the persistent attack of ash dieback
disease, a devastating fungal disease caused by the invasive pathogen
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus.
Originating in eastern Asia, this pathogen has spread across Europe
since its first detection in Poland in 1992. While certain Asiatic ash
species, such as Fraxinus mandshurica and F. chinensis, coexist with
the fungus without significant losses, the European ash, including
common varieties and narrow-leaved species, are highly susceptible.
Since its confirmation in 2012, ash dieback disease has progressively
impacted ash trees and forests throughout Ireland. To address this
major threat, the Ash breeding programme at Teagasc aims to develop
ash trees with high levels of dieback disease tolerance, contributing to
the preservation of this vital species.
THE PATHOGEN
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, unlike many other fungal and oomycete
plant pathogens, exhibits a complex life cycle. The infection begins with
the release of ascospores from apothecia during the summer months.
These ascospores are dispersed by wind, landing on healthy ash leaves,
where they penetrate the epidermis, leading to necrotic lesions. As the
infection progresses, severe symptoms appear on leaves, and the fungus
spreads into the woody parts of the tree, forming diamond-shaped
lesions that can encircle branches or the main stem, resulting in crown
loss or tree death. Infected leaves fall to the ground in autumn, serving
as a source of overwintering for the fungus. By early summer, earlystage
growth of pre-fruiting bodies occurs on leaf petioles, eventually
developing into mature fruiting bodies that release microscopic
ascospores into the air. These ascospores spread to healthy ash leaves,
completing the cycle. The disease spreads rapidly via wind-borne
spores and affects ash trees of all ages, with younger trees being more
susceptible and experiencing faster mortality.
The fruiting bodies (apothecia) of ash dieback fungus; Hymenoscyphus
fraxineus, germinated on the rachis (leaf litter) that produces infectious
spores (sexual) which can be wind-blown over long distances (20-30 km).
ASH DIEBACK DISEASE TOLERANCE
Ash trees have evolved and co-exist with a native fungus –
Hymenoscyphus albidus, which also causes dieback of branches but
rarely kills the tree. Meanwhile, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is a more
aggressive fungal pathogen from Asia and has a more devastating effect
on our Irish ash trees, killing the majority of them. Previous research
shows that around 1% of the ash population exhibit a high level of
tolerance to this more potent pathogen, and up to 10% of ash trees
show a good level of tolerance. This resistance is controlled by several
genes and from a positive perspective, is heritable from tolerant healthy
The symptoms of ash dieback disease affecting various parts of trees include: (A) leaf and shoot wilting/necrosis, (B) stem and branch discoloration, (C)
diamond-shaped lesions on the stem and trunk, (D) epicormic growth and necrosis, and (E) dieback of the crown in severely infected trees.
52 Forestry&Energy

Ash Dieback
trees to their offspring. Therefore, these healthy ash trees that have a
high level of tolerance can be identified, and ash genotypes that are
tolerant to the disease can be bred and produced. This highlights the
critical importance of identifying tolerant genotypes for conservation
efforts.
Scientific evidence from genetic studies has provided compelling
insights into the heritability of resistance to H. fraxineus. These studies
have identified genetic markers linked to higher level of tolerance to
ash dieback, presenting promising avenues for breeding programmes
focused on cultivating resilient ash tree genotypes. However,
investigating resistance in adult ash populations presents significant
challenges due to the intricate nature of their response to H. fraxineus
infection and the protracted onset of symptoms. To overcome these
challenges, researchers recommend the systematic collection of both
tolerant and susceptible adult trees for genome-wide association studies
(GWAS). This approach enables researchers to comprehensively analyse
the genetic factors underlying tolerance to ash dieback and inform
targeted breeding efforts aimed at enhancing the resilience of ash
populations. This approach is particularly crucial in populations with
prolonged exposure to H. fraxineus, such as those found in Poland,
where a thorough understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying
tolerance is paramount for effective conservation and management
strategies.
Field trial of selected ash genotypes of Irish origin in Carlow planted in
2023.
Ongoing monitoring of Ash forests where potentially tolerant trees
identified
Identification of healthy ash trees (yellow) among susceptible trees (red) in a
plantation in county Cavan.
RESEARCH IN IRELAND
In 2015, Teagasc initiated an ash-breeding program aimed at
developing ash genotypes tolerant to dieback disease. As a component
of this initiative, a field trial featuring 1000 grafted Irish genotypes
was established in Lithuania, a region known for its high disease
pressure at that time, to assess and pinpoint level of dieback-tolerance
in Irish genotypes. Furthermore, gene banks were established,
comprising 208 ash genotypes sourced from ash within 15 European
countries (Provenance trial). These genotypes exhibited higher level of
tolerance to dieback in their native environments, prompting further
investigation into their adaptability to Irish climatic conditions.
Over the past two years, preliminary data collected from the ash
gene bank in Kilkenny indicates that approximately 28% of the
208 ash genotypes demonstrate a good level of tolerance to dieback.
Moreover, approximately 5% of these genotypes exhibit an even higher
level of tolerance, showing between minimal and no signs of dieback
to-date. While these results are promising and generate excitement,
it’s important to acknowledge that tree breeding is a lengthy process.
Consequently, necessitating further testing and screening to ensure the
development of resilient ash genotypes with durable tolerance to the
dieback disease.
Results from the Lithuanian-based trial indicate that approximately
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Ash Dieback
Teagasc researchers monitor healthy Ash clones for future outdoor field trial establishment
3.5% of the grafted ash genotypes of Irish origin exhibited higher levels
of tolerance. As a result, these trees have been undergoing field testing
in Ireland since 2023. Moreover, a new collection of Irish genotypes
that have survived the disease infestation of over a decade has begun
since 2021. Since then, a total of 220 new genotypes of Irish origin
have been identified and cuttings were collected for grafting in order to
screen for disease tolerance. These genotypes are currently progressing
in terms of grafting and plant husbandry before being included in a
multi-site field trial in Ireland.
More recently, a significant research project called ‘AshforFuture’,
jointly funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the
Marine (DAFM) in the Republic of Ireland and the Department of
Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) in Northern
Ireland, UK, has brought together research-performing organizations
and partners from the broader forestry sector on the island of Ireland.
This collaborative effort aims to preserve and restore ash as both
a commercial and biodiversity resource. To achieve this aim, the
AshforFuture project is structured around four distinct work-packages:
1. AshComm: This component is focused on developing a
comprehensive communication strategy targeting various
stakeholders including the public, forestry practitioners, Hurley
manufacturers, policymakers, and the scientific community.
Additionally, it supports the creation of the AshforFuture project
webpage for knowledge transfer, coordination of stakeholder
networks, and organization of steering group meetings.
2. AshGen: This aspect focuses on identifying tolerant ash trees for
selection and propagation through grafting for disease screening.
Seeds obtained from healthy ash trees will be used in progeny
trials, followed by the development of genetic investigation tools
to validate durable tolerance, such as molecular genetic markers
development.
3. AshPath: This segment investigates the interactions between the
pathogen H. fraxineus and ash trees, including the variability of
H. fraxineus across the island of Ireland and its virulence against
selected putatively tolerant ash varieties to ensure future resilience.
4. AshSilva: This work-package aims to establish field trials to
examine the impact of mixed tree species on ash and dieback
disease, instead of monoculture for future planting.
Together, AshforFuture leverages a multidisciplinary wealth of
knowledge and expertise to embrace a holistic approach towards
ensuring the survival and sustainability of ash trees within the Irish
landscape.
For further information about Teagasc Ash Dieback research please see the
links below:
• https://www.teagasc.ie/contact/staff-directory/r/dheeraj-rathore/
• https://www.teagasc.ie/crops/forestry/advice/forest-protection/ashdieback/lifecycle-of-hymenoscyphus-fraxineus/
• http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/cofordconnects/
CCNRM22BreedintoleranceAshDiebackDisease160620.pdf
56 Forestry&Energy

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Forest Strategy
Transforming Forests and Forest
Cultures in a Changing World
A group of pioneering Irish foresters and woodland owners are emerging as leading
practitioners and advocates of Continuous Cover Forestry in Europe.
In summer 2023, a major forestry meeting on the topic of
continuous cover forestry (CCF) was convened by Pro Silva Ireland
to address the imperative need for transforming forest management
practices in response to our changing social, economic and
environmental priorities. Delegates from across Europe attended the
three-day event based in County Wicklow. Recognising that CCF is
not yet widely adopted in many countries, particularly those sharing
a similar forest history to Ireland, the meeting aimed to explore both
technical and cultural shifts necessary for professional foresters to
embrace and implement new forestry strategies. This article summarises
the key challenges and strategies for increasing the use of CCF, in
Ireland and elsewhere in Europe.
CHANGING ENVIRONMENT, CHANGING SILVICULTURE
Our changing climate and increased threats to forest health from pests
and diseases are having an unprecedented impact on the structural
and functional components of forest ecosystems. Furthermore,
public expectations of how forests should be managed are becoming
increasingly diverse and embracing values beyond timber production.
Consequently, there is hot debate about the science and practice of
silviculture and how forest management must adapt to these changing
realities. Established practices and norms are being challenged and this
is transforming the “culture” of silviculture.
Silviculture has traditionally been defined as the science and art of
growing and tending forest crops. This refers to the theory and the
practice of controlling the establishment and growth of trees in forest
stands in order to meet landowner objectives. Over time, two models
have emerged for the management of high forests; rotational forest
management (RFM) and continuous cover forestry. Both have their
roots in an understanding of natural forest stand dynamics, which
comprises four developmental stages: stand initiation, stem exclusion,
understorey re-initiation and gap dynamic (Figure 1).
The primary objective of RFM is maximizing timber production. A
stand is managed as a crop and clear-felled at the point of maximum
economic return; a new rotation commences with re-stocking and
establishment of a new crop. Conversely, CCF maintains the canopy
as a permanent feature of the stand. The stand is allowed to develop
through all four development stages. Trees are removed selectively from
one intervention to the next and the structure becomes increasingly
irregular. Ultimately, regeneration, growth and harvest of trees takes
place simultaneously and the structure is controlled through regular,
planned interventions.
Figure 1. The relationship between forest development stages and the major management systems in high forest. Currently most plantation forests are clearfelled
towards the end of the Stem Exclusion stage. In CCF the woodland is managed through to the Gap Dynamic stage by selective removal of individual
and small groups of trees. This allows for continuous production, natural regeneration, and retention of habitat attributes (e.g., coarse woody debris, standing
deadwood). Transformation can be initiated early or later in forest development, depending on the site and stand conditions. Crown or graduated density
thinning are especially effective for early-stage transformation.
58 Forestry&Energy

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Forest Strategy
THE PAST SHAPES THE PRESENT AND INFORMS THE
FUTURE
The County Wicklow conference included a formal business meeting,
field trips to showcase Irish silviculture, and informal gatherings. A
historical survey of Irish forestry was adopted to provide a context
for discussions. Unlike most countries in Europe, Ireland was largely
deforested by the early 20th century. Restoring woodland has been an
ongoing mission for over 100 years and relied largely on the use of nonnative
species, including Sitka spruce and Douglas fir. Ireland shares
a similar forest history to the United Kingdom and Denmark, but is
quite distinct from elsewhere in Europe where larger areas of woodland
have always been present. Nevertheless, the relative youth of Ireland’s
forests belies a tangled cultural relationship with trees that stretches
back to the mists of time. References to trees and woods in song, art
and literature attest to a time when trees were more dominant features
in the landscape, and influence contemporary values and appreciation
of the natural environment.
Field trips took delegates to sites that represented the diversity
of Irish forests and current management systems (Table 1). These
started with semi-natural woodlands and progressed to modern forest
plantations. Subsequent visits focused on forests at early and later stages
of stand transformation to CCF, and where research and technical
development projects could be presented, specifically: Ballycullen
Forest (transformation research), Cloragh Wood and Knockrath Forest
(advanced transformation, timber management, forest monitoring and
water conservation), and Ticknock Forest (habitat and recreation).
These visits provided a backdrop for discussions on the opportunities,
barriers and knowledge gaps associated with promoting wider adoption
of CCF in Ireland, and across Europe (Figure 2). A great discovery for
many delegates was that there are outstanding examples of woodland
with more than 20 years of active management on Continuous Cover
Forestry principles (Figure 3).
Table 1. Meeting agenda, providing delegates with a historical perspective
and showcasing CCF in Ireland.
Figure 2. Liam Byrne, Chair of Pro Silva Ireland, leading a discussion at
Cloragh Wood. Photo: E. R. Wilson.
Figure 3. A mixed-conifer stand at an advanced stage of transformation to
CCF at Cloragh Wood. Photo: E. R. Wilson.
COMMON GROUND
Despite differences in woodland area and management traditions,
foresters and researchers across Europe share many concerns about
future resilience and the most appropriate practices in response to
threats from climate change and forest health (Figure 4). Consensus
was reached on the many benefits of continuous cover forestry, in
addition to knowledge gaps and barriers to future progress:
Major benefits of Continuous Cover Forestry include:
1. Resilience Enhancement: CCF promotes the maintenance of a
continuous tree canopy, mimicking natural forest dynamics and
enhancing ecosystem resilience to environmental disturbances.
With a diversity of tree species and age classes, CCF systems are
better equipped to withstand climate variability and resist pest and
disease outbreaks;
2. Biodiversity Conservation: CCF maintains habitat continuity and
supports a variety of flora and fauna. This promotes biodiversity
conservation and ecological stability over the long term;
3. Environmental Protection and Carbon Sequestration: CCF
systems minimize soil disturbance and nutrient loss compared to
RFM. Healthy soils support tree growth and contribute to carbon
sequestration and storage within the forest ecosystem. CCF has a
positive role in water quality and riparian habitat conservation.
Significant knowledge gaps were identified, especially among foresters
in regions where RFM remains dominant:
1. Ecological gaps:
• Applying CCF in a changing climate, including selecting
climate-adapted species, appropriate species mixtures, and
managing carbon storage and sequestration;
• Comparison of resilience in stands managed on CCF and
RFM systems;
2. Technical gaps: Application of mechanised harvesting systems in
CCF;
3. Educational gaps: Limited professional experience of CCF and
restricted number of reference sites at the local and regional level;
4. Economic gaps: Inadequate data on the economics of CCF,
including timber quality, growth and yield.
Several common issues were identified as barriers to the wider adoption
of CCF, including:
1. Educational: Limited awareness of CCF amongst woodland
owners and inadequate knowledge mobilisation;
2. Cultural and historical: Lack of dedicated training opportunities
for professional foresters and contractors, especially in areas where
RFM has been dominant;
3. Ecological:
• Limited evidence-base for transformation of even-aged
stands (with low species or structural diversity) to CCF;
• Browsing pressure from deer and other animals that limits
natural regeneration of desired tree species;
60 Forestry&Energy

Forest Strategy
4. Economic: costs and revenues of CCF are not well understood,
and decision support tools are not widely available; lower prices (€/
m3) for large-dimension logs in CCF stands (depending on species
and region);
5. Administrative: Current financial and tax incentives do not favour
CCF in many regions.
RISING TO THE CHALLENGE
The meeting allowed Pro Silva Ireland to present some of the pioneering
forestry practices, policies, research, education and training taking
place in Ireland. These include research into early-stage transformation
of Sitka spruce stands, training initiatives in both the state and private
sectors, implementation of forest monitoring networks using the
AFI protocol, and policy advances supported by a new CCF grant
programme for woodland owners. The ensuing discussion facilitated
valuable knowledge sharing and agreement that an integrated strategy is
necessary for wider adoption of CCF.
A successful future calls for a closer relationship between policy,
practice and practitioners. We might call these the “Three Ps” to
progress in technical and cultural transformation of our forest resources
(Figure 5). Each component must be closely aligned. The policypractitioner
axis requires two-way dialogue and consultation; the
policy-practice axis focuses on the development of a robust evidencebase
for new silvicultural approaches; the practitioner-practice axis is
where new evidence is incorporated into management decision through
time. Research, technical development and knowledge mobilisation are
now recognised as critical for effective cultural transformation.
Key strategies for implementing CCF:
1. Research and Knowledge Mobilization: Invest in research to better
understand the ecological and economic benefits of CCF, as well
as the practical aspects of implementation. Disseminate knowledge
through workshops, publications, and peer-to-peer learning
networks to build capacity among forestry professionals.
2. Policy Development and Stakeholder Engagement: Develop
policies that support the adoption of CCF, including financial
incentives, regulatory reforms, and certification programmes.
Engage stakeholders, including professional foresters, landowners,
indigenous communities, and policymakers, in the decisionmaking
process to ensure buy-in and support for CCF initiatives.
3. Training and Professional Development: Provide training and
professional development opportunities for foresters to acquire the
skills and knowledge needed to implement CCF effectively. This
includes hands-on training in silvicultural techniques, ecological
monitoring, and adaptive management practices tailored to local
ecological and socioeconomic contexts.
CONCLUSION
The meeting highlighted the urgent need for transformative change in
forestry practices to address the challenges posed by a changing world.
Continuous cover forestry offers a promising solution for enhancing
forest resilience, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating climate change
impacts. By embracing technical innovation and fostering cultural
change within the forestry profession, we can work towards a more
sustainable and resilient future for forests and the communities that
depend on them.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The success of the conference was due to the dedication of the Pro
Silva Ireland committee and financial support from the Department
of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. Additional input was provided
by woodland owners who hosted the visits, University College Dublin,
Teagasc Forestry Development Department and Coillte.
Edward (Ted) Wilson, is a silviculturist and director of Silviculture
Research International. Email: ted.wilson@silviculture.org.uk.
Figure 5. The “three P’s” of cultural transformation in forestry.
Figure 4. Discussion in the woods – can CCF serve industry, the environment and people equally? Tipi Adventures, Avonmore River Valley. Photo: E. R.
Wilson.
62 Forestry&Energy

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Climate
ADAPTForRes – Exploring
Strategies to Enhance Climate
Resilience in Irish Forests
Authors: Luke Dowd (UCD), Blair Ruffing (UL) and Stephen Byrne (TCD).
Zeb Horizon mobile laser scanner being trialed at Ballykilcavan, an innovative method to calculating carbon stocks (left). Results from the scan giving a
detailed point cloud of the scanned area with some individual trees segmented in blue (right).
AdaptForRes is a project funded by the Department of
Agriculture Food and the Marine and led by Dr. Niall
Farrelly (Teagasc) looking to increase the resilience of
Irish forests given the challenge of climate change. The
project takes an all-Ireland approach with researchers involved from
institutions such as Teagasc, AFBI, University College Dublin,
University of Limerick, Trinity College Dublin and National Botanic
Gardens. The research effort is split across three main pillars:
• Pillar I – Forest Genetic Options
• Pillar II – Forest Management Practices
• Pillar III – Forest Protection Measures
The main aim of Pillar I, is to assess whether the current range of forest
reproductive material (FRM) is suitably adapted for climate change
and whether additional FRM has potential to assist adaption, while
maintaining sustainable production or conservation goals. Pillar II aims
to conduct research into forest management options for minimising the
impacts of climate change through enhanced mitigation (assessment of
afforestation options). It will also evaluate the potential of using diverse
and adaptive practices to increase the resilience of Irish forests. Work in
this pillar will examine how to minimise the risk of carbon losses from
existing forest stocks owing to the expected increasing frequency of
natural disturbance. Pillar III will conduct research in forest protection
and is in the process of carrying out a global horizon scanning exercise
and pest risk assessment of key forest species. As well as examining
the potential of using an innovative risk-based surveillance network
(using sentinel sites) to detect and track the progression of pathogens in
Irish forests. Taken together this project has a significant opportunity
to increase the resilience of Irish forests and reduce the uncertainty
associated with climate change. This article will focus on Pillar II,
particularly on the ongoing work and future planned activities.
OBJECTIVES FOR PILLAR II – FOREST MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
Climate change poses a significant threat to the carbon sequestration
capacity of Irish forests, exacerbated by heightened risks from pests,
pathogens, and escalating climate extremes, including storms,
drought and intense rainfall. Building resilience in forest ecosystems
is vital to protecting the numerous services they deliver such as
carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, timber production,
recreational space etc. The term resilience has become increasingly
popular in both scientific literature, national and international policy,
as a result of the challenge posed by climate change. One of the most
relevant definitions for this project was posed by Holling in 1973, “a
measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb
change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships
between populations or state variables.” Trees and forest ecosystems
are particularly vulnerable to climate change due to their long-lived
nature and their limited capacity to respond to accelerated changes in
the environment. Climate proofing or inferring resilience into the forest
estate is of immediate concern. Currently, Ireland’s forest resource is
very reliant on one species – (SS) Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), which
compromises ~50% of planted forests predominately managed using a
clearfell system (DAFM, 2022).
Forestry is slated to play a key-role in climate change mitigation
both globally and nationally (Government of Ireland, 2023) and such
strategies rely on the ability of forest ecosystems to sustain carbon
stores and sequestration potential. Therefore, understanding carbon
fluxes, external perturbations (such as storms, pathogens, pests etc.)
and anticipating how climate change might influence these dynamics
is essential to ensure the resilience of this resource. A major focus of
ADAPTForRes Pillar II is to assess forest management options and
identify climate-smart enhanced mitigation strategies. Carrying the
64 Forestry&Energy

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65

Climate
main work burden in the project are three PhD students: Luke Dowd
(UCD), Blair Ruffing (UL) and Stephen Byrne (TCD). Each student
has individual responsibilities for different tasks, with an additional aim
to combine their findings to develop a holistic approach to increasing
forest resilience.
WORK IN PROGRESS
Study sites have been established to investigate the carbon stock and
flux dynamics on three distinct forest types: commercial Sitka spruce
forest on mineral soil (Dooary), broadleaf-dominated native woodland
on mineral soil (Ballykilcavan), and a mixed Norway spruce and birch
forest on peat soil (Colgagh).
LUKE DOWD (UCD)
Luke is investigating carbon stores in the woody vegetation associated
with the three sites. Our understanding of carbon fluxes in the most
common commercial coniferous forest type in Ireland has been well
described in previous work, including up to date allometric equations
for spruce species 1 . An allometric equation relates a difficult to measure
variable such as biomass to an easily measured variable such as DBH
or height. However, there is very little information on carbon fluxes
or allometric equations for other increasingly important forest types/
species, or indeed for stands with diverse species or structures (e.g.
mixed ages). For the peat site type, allometric equations specific
for Norway spruce, birch and willow have been needed to quantify
carbon stores. This process is labour intensive and involves destructive
sampling, weighing all components of the tree in the field and the
collection of sub-samples for further processing. An innovative
approach to carbon estimation is being undertaken in the mature
broadleaf type with the use of mobile laser scanning. This process
involves a hand-held scanner to collect high-density point cloud data
(c. 300,000 points per second), which can be used for tree volume
estimation. This method, if successful, will be an alternative to
destructive sampling of the large mature native trees associated with the
site and carbon stocks will be established though manipulation of the
point cloud instead. Through this work there is an opportunity to better
understand and quantify the carbon stores within different forest types
and “look into the future” to see how the carbon stores of forest estate
might develop if current management approaches were altered.
BLAIR RUFFING (UL)
Blair is measuring carbon losses via soil respiration, using both
manual and automated chamber measurements, and partitioning
between heterotrophic and autotrophic fluxes. Forest ecosystems play
a significant role in global carbon cycling, harbouring a substantial
portion of aboveground and belowground terrestrial carbon. Accurately
understanding the balance between photosynthetic activity and
ecosystem respiration is crucial for determining whether forests act as
carbon sources or sinks. In this context, measuring soil respiration and
partitioning autotrophic and heterotrophic components are essential
to comprehend carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.
Blair’s study investigates resilience factors in Irish forests by evaluating
soil carbon fluxes across the same three forest types. The study sites,
characterised by variations in age, soil type, management practices,
and species composition, provide valuable insights into how respiration
rates change in response to such variables and will indicate their
likely implications for climate change mitigation. To enhance the
understanding of soil respiration and ecosystem carbon dynamics in
different forest types, this project collects additional data on litterfall,
coarse woody debris, fine root turnover and distribution, and soil
organic carbon stocks. These supplementary datasets will support the
development of accurate models for carbon and nutrient cycling in
forests, enabling better predictions of the impacts of environmental
change on these vital ecosystem processes. Ultimately, the findings
from this study will contribute to improved climate models, helping
policymakers and land managers make informed decisions for
sustainable forest management and climate change mitigation.
STEPHEN BYRNE (TCD)
Stephen is conducting long-term continuous carbon flux measurements
using the Eddy covariance (EC) technique mainly above the forest
canopies. The long-term measurements being conducted over the
three sites will provide annual estimates of net ecosystem carbon
exchange (NEE), providing insights into the impact of climate
variables and management strategies on the productivity of the entire
ecosystem. Stephen will use data obtained from tower measurements
to parameterise a model (QUINCY) to predict forest carbon flux
dynamics in response to various management interventions. Enhancing
the QUINCY model for use in Irish settings will be important for
developing predictions of the response of various forest types to likely
changes in climate up to the year 2100. It may also have the potential
to improve estimates of current CO2 emissions across various forest
types in Ireland. The ADAPTForRes team plan to collect EC data
before, during and after a clearfell event at Dooary forest to investigate
the impacts of that particular management strategy on stand carbon
sequestration potential. The carbon storage capacity of a clearfelled
forest is dramatically reduced immediately following clearfell, however
there are uncertainties as to the patterns of respiratory losses from the
ecosystem following clearfell. This is an important knowledge gap to
fill as such losses dictate the speed of recovery of a stand to a positive
An automatic soil chamber taking measurements in Ballykilcavan (left). Blair uses manual soil chamber measurements to cover a greater extent of the
spatial variation at Dooary (right).
1 66
Black et Forestry&Energy
al., 2009.

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Climate
View from the EC flux tower installed at Colgagh, a Norway spruce & birch mixed planation on a peat soil in Co. Offaly. Photo by Brian Tobin UCD (left).
Dooary, a first rotation SS forest planted in 1988 in Co. Laois (right).
carbon balance. This study will provide quantitative data on the carbon
flux dynamics following such an event, increasing knowledge about
how best to manage rotation forestry.
SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Initial results from the eddy covariance monitoring suggest that the
Sitka spruce forest at Dooary, which is nearing the end of its first
rotation, is assimilating the most carbon of the three forest types (i.e.
the current sequestration rate), while the mature deciduous broadleaved
forest appears to be approximately carbon-neutral, possibly due to the
age/maturity of the stand and high quantities of decaying biomass on
the forest floor. The much younger mixed spruce/birch forest seems to
be dominated by high levels of ecosystem respiration driven by the high
organic content of the peat soil and low water table heights in summer.
There is still much work to be carried out in unravelling these initial
ecosystem assessments and investigating the proportional contribution
from the various components of the ecosystems.
FUTURE WORK
Forestry is inherently long-term in nature and requires sustained
monitoring, particularly to further our knowledge of the continued
impacts of climate variation on the Irish forest estate. Currently the
primary focus is on data collection to enhance the ability to model
simulations of future climate and various management options.
Forthcoming work will involve modelling carbon dynamics using
the QUINCY as well as the CBM-CFS3 models, to examine a
range of scenarios. This work aims to inform landowners and policy
makers alike to the trade-offs and synergies associated with various
management objectives. Other modelling exercises will be conducted
to assess current as well as future risk to the Irish forest estate from
disturbance events like storms, pest/disease spread, fire, etc. The
project will condense outcomes from across the work carried out in the
three pillars into a series of climate smart management options which
may be used for resilience building across the sector. The ultimate goal
is to equip stakeholders with the necessary knowledge to ensure an
adaptable, multi-functional and resilient forest estate.
68 Forestry&Energy
References
• Black, K., Byrne, K. A., Mencuccini, M., Tobin, B., Nieuwenhuis,
M., Reidy, B., Bolger, T., Saiz, G., Green, C., Farrell, E. T., &
Osborne, B. (2009). Carbon stock and stock changes across a Sitka
spruce chronosequence on surface-water gley soils. Forestry: An
International Journal of Forest Research, 82(3), 255–272. https://doi.
org/10.1093/forestry/cpp005.
• DAFM. (2022). Ireland’s National Forest Inventory 2022.
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. Johnstown Castle
Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland.
• Government of Ireland (2023). Ireland’s Long-term Strategy on
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction. Department of Environment,
Climate and Communications. 9-31 Adelaide Rd, Dublin 2.
• Holling C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Vol. 4:1-23.
The EC tower and associated instruments measuring weather variables such
as: wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, solar radiation and
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The infra-red gas analyser (IRGA)
measures CO2, H2O and energy fluxes allowing for estimates of NEE, gross
primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). Photo credit:
James Rambaud (Teagasc).

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Machinery
Advantages of Do-It-Yourself
Forestry Machinery
There are as many opinions on how to manage
your forest as there are forest owners ;
especially regarding Sitka spruce in Ireland.
Planting and grass clearing are merely expenses in the early
growth period but pay off in the long term. Thinning is done
once or twice and probably gives a little income, most especially
when the thinning harvest is contracted out.
Disadvantages of contracting out the harvesting of thinning’s are:
1. You are paying for the hire of equipment that costs hundreds of
thousands of euros to do the work very quickly and often at a time
not best suited to your land type or the weather conditions. You are
also having to delay the thinning until the trees get to size that is a
viable/profitable size for the big harvesting equipment.
2. You forgo the opportunity to be involved in the active management
of your own woodland.
3. You lose much of the benefits of the grants available for the 1st and
second thinning’s of your Broadleaf woodlands.
The average size of private grant-aided afforestation since 1980 is 8.6
ha. Therefore, on average harvesting thinning’s in these plantations will
be more expensive when the cost of transferring the big machines in and
out is considered.
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1. It is very different when it can be done with your own equipment
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However, in the slower growing broadleaf crops it can be earlier for
example if you avail of the Woodland Improvement grant Scheme
which provides support (€1200 per ha) for thinning and tending of
broadleaves that now cover 218,000 hectares, of the overall forest estate.
243,000 m³ of firewood was used in the Republic of Ireland to a value
of €35 million. This is a ready income stream for the private woodland
owner. It can contribute enormously to the circular economy, in rural
Ireland.
If you are a tillage farmer, spring and autumn are intensive periods.
Many people work long hours and into the night to get the job done
when the weather and conditions are at their most optimal. However,
the income comes twice a year, at harvest time and when the EU
grants come, therefore many have crop cultivation as a side job and
mainly work with other things. In these situations, forest work may fill
the gaps and provide healthy income to the family farm.
Machine Specifications:
The logic behind the development of the WP50
WOODPECKER by Syketec Oy in Finland is to build a
simple yet multifunctional wood processor.
It is built in modules:
• the base frame with the 50cm stroke is hydraulically
tilted but is manually slewed
• it can handle up to 20cm of stems, winched into the grip
• a hydraulic winch is an option, to be used if no crane is
available
• it can travel on its own bogie, or if on a three-point
linkage on a tractor it has support legs instead
• the oil tank is an option, used when base a tractor-based
machine is not used. Connected to the tank it can have a
tractor driven PTO pump
• if not tractor driven it can be ATV pulled, then with its
own power unit. It is then completely self-contained.
In short it can be applied to different platforms in very many
ways.
The control system is specifically developed for multipurpose
use:
• it can process full length trees; it has 6 preselect lengths:
e.g. it can cut to 3-meter lengths or longer.
• in another mode it is doing a fully automated wood
processing, splitting into two or four pieces
• It may be fitted with its own small bundler device.
JoBo ST35
Rabbit
Want to know more: look up www.syketecharvesteri.fi. Interested? Contact
Con Little t/a TreeDimensions
Email clittle@treedimensions.ie or telephone +353 87 2554183
70 Forestry&Energy

Jobo Stroke Harvesting Heads were developed by a private woodland owner
in Finland, for private woodland owners who want to harvest their own
timber. JMEKA Multi-function mini-diggers with continuous 360° rotation
and 30 accessories is a perfect complement to power the JoBO ST35.
Tried and tested in Ireland by private woodland owners.
They can be fitted to 6 or 8 tonne excavators, or to a
reverse drive tractor with forest crane mounted on the
3-point linkage.
Interested? So ask.
Con Little t/a TreeDimensions. Powerstown, Clonmel
Email: clittle@treedimensions.ie | Phone 0872554183
Actual model delivered depends on specification ordered and the pictures are for illustration purposes.
Forestry&Energy
71

Logosol
Logosol - Spring Campaign
2024 Now On
Logosol are proud to announce that they are celebrating 35
incredible years as a company! To mark this milestone, we’re
bringing you great deals and exciting new products to enhance
your sawing experience.
Enjoy discounts of up to 35% on accessories! Yes, you read that right
- up to 35% off selected accessories to complement your machines.
Here are some favourite deals:
• 12,5 % discount on chain sawmills F2 & F2+
• 10 % discount on band sawmills!
• 15 % discount on the Timberjig
• Upgrade your band sawmill! 35% on accessory packs
• Upgrade your chainsaw mill! 35% on accessory packs
• 30% Discount on Carbide Band Blades
• 10% Discount on LM410 Log House Moulder
Logosol’s Spring Campaign runs until June 10th 2024, so don’t miss
out and get in touch with Roland on 085 1395457.
LOGOSOL INTRODUCES REVOLUTIONARY NEW
PRODUCTS AND LAUNCHES THE INDUSTRY’S BEST
WARRANTY POLICY, 5 YEARS
As the sawing season begins, Logosol welcomes spring with exciting
developments!
“Logosol are proud to introduce the latest addition to their band
sawmill family, the Logosol B1651, capable of sawing enormous logs.
Logosol are also rolling out extensive upgrades to our existing band
sawmill models.
In addition, Logosol are introducing a 5-year warranty on their
machines, offering the best warranty policy in the industry,” says
Fredrik Forssberg, CEO at Logosol.
highest precision.
Thanks to a patent-pending solution with movable blade guide rollers
and flexible log beds, it can also saw timber of all sizes, even slender
logs, a feature unique to sawmills in this size class.
The B1651 is the ultimate choice for both professional sawyers and
dedicated hobbyists.
“With the B1651, you can saw boards as wide as table tops with a very
high value. You’ll quickly earn back your investment with a sawmill like
this,” states Fredrik.
UPGRADED FEATURES ON SEVERAL BAND SAWMILLS
In addition to the launch of the B1651, Logosol introduces upgraded
control systems for its band sawmills B751 PRO and B1001.
They are designed to offer simplicity, increased flexibility, and
efficiency in the wood processing process. Here’s a closer look at each
accessory:
NEW CRANK ATTACHMENT FOR B1001 BAND SAWMILLS,
“CUT SET”
LOGOSOL B1651 HANDLES ENORMOUS LOGS
The Logosol B1651 represents a milestone in band sawmill technology.
This fully automatic band sawmill is designed to handle enormous
logs and offers an unbeatable combination of stability, precision, and
capacity.
The B1651 sawmill is incredibly useful because it can saw wide
wooden slabs up to 1500 mm in width and regular timber with the
Logosol are excited to introduce a new crank attachment for our B1001
band sawmills. This attachment will enhance the performance and
accuracy of your sawing operations. It is designed to give you precise
control over the saw head height and make your work easier and more
comfortable.
The new crank attachment features a manual cut set with a
millimetre scale. This allows you to adjust the saw head height in
millimetre increments, which gives you absolute precision. You can
easily read the measurements on clear scales. You can also adjust the
pointer for optimal viewing angle, making reading easy.
The ergonomic design of the crank attachment gives you a
comfortable sawing experience. Thanks to separated ratchet and crank
functions, you can easily operate the ratchet with your left hand and
crank with your right. You can customize the crank handle to adjust
speed and resistance to your own preferences. A smart gear ratio makes
the setting smooth.
72 Forestry&Energy

UP TO
12.5%
DISCOUNT
ON OUR SAWMILLS!
FEEL CONFIDENT WHEN BUYING WITH LOGOSOL!
NOW 5 YEAR WARRANTY - BEST IN THE BUSINESS
IN-HOUSE MANUFACTURING - SWEDISH QUALITY
TRUSTWORTHY COMPANY - CELEBRATING 35 YEARS
Scan the QR code
to access the
campaign
35 YEAR ANNIVERSARY
35%
DISCOUNT
ON ACCESSORY
PACKAGES
5
FIVE YEAR
WARRAN T Y
SPRING CAMPAIGN
GREAT OFFERS & BEST WARRANTY IN THE BUSINESS
NEWS!
GIGANTIC
B1651
BAND SAWMILL
Scan the QR
code to read more
about B1651
B751 BAND SAWMILL
10%
DISCOUNT
5 913 €
(6 590 €)
F2 CHAIN SAWMILL
12.5%
DISCOUNT
1 479 €
(1 690 €)
CONTACT US TODAY!
CALL +353 851395457
VISIT LOGOSOL.IE
All prices and offers in the campaign
are excl. VAT and shipping and are
valid until 10 th of June 2024
CONTACT US TODAY!
The Saw Doctor (Logosol Ireland) | Clough, Kenagh, Co Longford, N39 V184
+353 851395457 | info@thesawdoctor.ie or info@logosol.ie

Logosol
PRO FEED
Pro Feed is an automatic feeding system that controls moving the saw
head through the log.
With Pro Feed, users can set a smooth and consistent feed rate,
ensuring even sawing and reducing the saw blade’s risk of deviating.
The system helps users find the right speed.
EASY SET
Easy Set is a manual, motorized height-adjustment system that makes it
easier for the user to adjust the saw blade’s height and width of the cut.
This system is perfect for sawyers looking for a quick and easy
method to adjust their cuts without compromising precision.
PRO SET
Pro Set is an advanced, motorized height-adjustment system that offers
speed, higher precision, and convenience in setting cuts.
With Pro Set, users can program their own series of cuts and save
specific cut settings, enabling consistently accurate results at the push of
a button.
THE INDUSTRY’S BEST WARRANTY POLICY, 5-YEARS
Logosol has taken a significant step forward for customer satisfaction
by introducing an extended 5-year warranty.
“This extended warranty period is our way of showing our
commitment to quality and sustainability,” explains Fredrik Forssberg,
CEO of Logosol.
Customers can now enjoy added security and confidence in their
purchase.
“Our machines are designed to perform over time, and this warranty
underscores our belief in the product’s durability,” adds Forssberg.
Logosol, founded in 1989 in Härnösand, Sweden, celebrates 35 years in
the industry this year.
With a passion for innovation and quality, Logosol offers a wide range
of sawmills, planing machines, and accessories designed to meet the needs of
anyone looking to saw or plane building materials from wood!
In early 2024, Logosol moved into its newly built facility in Härnösand.
6000 square meters, including product development, in-house
manufacturing of machines and accessories, a large warehouse, and a
stylish showroom.
For Information/Brochures on all Logosol Products, Please Contact the
Exculsive Distributor of Logosol Products to Ireland Roland Flower at
The Saw Doctor on Tel: +353 851395457 or e-mail Info@thesawdoctor.ie
websites: www.logosol.ie and www.thesawdoctor.ie
74 Forestry&Energy

Biomass
Required
Sawdust | Woodchip | Pulp wood
Forestry thinnings & residues
Bord na Móna has a substantial annual biomass
requirement to fuel its power plant at Edenderry
Co. Offaly. The company is offering suppliers
a continuous year round offtake with
sustainable contracts.
For further details please contact:
Kevin Whelehan
087 1732448
kevin.whelehan@bnm.ie
Joseph Spollen
087 965 4645
joseph.spollen@bnm.ie
Ciara Wynne
087 185 3647
ciara.wynne@bnm.ie

Driving the future of
private forestry.
With world class processing facilities
capable of processing in excess of
1,000,000m3 of logs annually, Murray
Timber has the capacity to ensure
that forest owners always get the best
price for their timber.
Call our Forestry Manager
John Ryan today
on 087 7928405
Ballon,
Co. Carlow, Ireland.
T: +353 (0) 59 915 9178
E: sales@mtg.ie
Proud Sponsors of
Connacht Rugby
Ballygar,
Co. Galway, Ireland.
T: +353 (0) 90 662 4688
E: sales@mtg.ie
visit mtg.ie