HOOK.IT

HOOK.IT

Enhancing the lives of those with poor grip

strength

2024 UTS PRODUCT DESIGN HONOURS

REMEE L BALLANTYNE

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PHOTO OF REMEE’S FAMILY, JONATHAN BALLANTYNE

ON THE LEFT, REMEE BALLANTYNE NEXT, ALEXIS

BALLANTYNE SECOND FROM THE RIGHT AND NUNDA

WIERSMA ON THE RIGHT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my

gratitude to the UTS Product Design Honours

staff: Rodrick Walden, Stefan Lie, Edward Ko, Bert

Bongers, Eloise Cleary, and Isabella Alevato. Your

expertise and guidance have been invaluable

throughout this honours year and has significantly

encouraged me to push myself.

I also want to thank my family and friends for their

unwavering support and patience during this

journey. A special thanks to my dad (Jonathan) and

partner (Isaac) for lending me tools and sharing

their material and building expertise during the

prototyping phase, particularly in developing ideas

for the mechanism. To my sister (lexi), thank you for

keeping me company on the train, taking photos,

and providing constant encouragement. Lastly,

I’m grateful to my mum (Nunda) for her ongoing

support.

This project has pushed me beyond my boundaries,

revealing my capabilities and resilience. I am proud

of my ability to navigate design setbacks and have

learned immensely from responding to feedback

and refining my prototypes. This would not be

possible without the support of my friends.

Finally, I’d like to acknowledge my Honours

Product Design 2024 cohort for their support,

encouragement, and valuable feedback

throughout the year.

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Green Shopping basket

Ebay. (n.d.).

The purpose of an assistive wearable device is to improve

independence and daily function for individuals with physical

impairments. As the WHO states, assistive devices “foster

independence and participation in everyday life,” enhancing users’

well-being and quality of life (WHO, 2018).

“Ensuring that individuals have independence while completing

basic human tasks such as supermarket shopping is a major

confident boost for individuals with physical disabilities as they

navigate a society built for an able society.” (Ballantyne. R. 2024)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter one: Introduction

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................15

1.1 Thesis ......................................................................................................................................................................16

1.2 Background and Context ...........................................................................................................................18

1.3 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................................................20

1.4 Statement of Purpose ..................................................................................................................................21

1.5 Research Questions ......................................................................................................................................22

1.6 Rational and Significance ...........................................................................................................................22

1.7 The Researcher ................................................................................................................................................23

1.8 Assumptions ......................................................................................................................................................24

1.9 Key Terminology .............................................................................................................................................24

Chapter Summary ..........................................................................................................................................25

Chapter Two: Literature Review

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................27

2.1 Grip Strength .....................................................................................................................................................28

2.2 Hook Grips .........................................................................................................................................................30

2.3 Inclusive Design ...............................................................................................................................................31

2.4 Supermarket Share ........................................................................................................................................31

2.5 Fine and Gross Motor Skills ......................................................................................................................32

2.6 Poor Grip Strength Causes .......................................................................................................................34

2.6.1. Aging and poor Grip Strength ..............................................................................................34

2.6.2 Arthritis ................................................................................................................................................35

2.6.3 Cerebral Palsy ..................................................................................................................................36

2.7 Social Stigma .....................................................................................................................................................38

2.8 Wearables ............................................................................................................................................................39

2.9 Case Studies .......................................................................................................................................................40

2.9.1 Exoskeleton ......................................................................................................................................40

2.9.2 Active Hand Company ..............................................................................................................40

2.9.3 Open Bionics .....................................................................................................................................41

2.10 History of Prosthetics ....................................................................................................................................42

2.11 3D Printing in the Medical Field................................................................................................................43

2.12 Competitive Analysis (Wrist Guards) ..................................................................................................44

2.13 Competitive Analysis (Gym Grips) .......................................................................................................46

2.14 Problem and solution Space Map....................................................................................................... ..48

Chapter Summary .............................................................................................................................................51

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Chapter Three: Research Questions and Hypothesis

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................53

3.1 Research Question One .................................................................................................................................55

3.2 Research Question Two .................................................................................................................................57

3.3 Research Question Three .............................................................................................................................59

Chapter Four: Research Methodology

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................61

4.1 Research Questions ..........................................................................................................................................62

4.2 Research Sampling .............................................................................................................................................62

4.3 Overview of Research Needed .................................................................................................................63

4.4 Research Design ..................................................................................................................................................64

4.5 Data Collection Methods ..............................................................................................................................65

4.6 Ethical Considerations .....................................................................................................................................65

4.7 Method One ..........................................................................................................................................................66

4.8 Method Two ..........................................................................................................................................................68

4.9 Method Three .......................................................................................................................................................70

4.10 Method Four ......................................................................................................................................................... 72

4.11 Method Five ............................................................................................................................................................74

4.12 Method Six`..............................................................................................................................................................76

4.13 Method Seven ......................................................................................................................................................78

4.14 Method Eight ......................................................................................................................................................80

4.15 Method Nine .........................................................................................................................................................82

4.16 Method Ten ............................................................................................................................................................84

Chapter Summary ..............................................................................................................................................87

Chapter Five: Analysis and Interpretations of Findings

Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................89

5.1 Design Brief ...........................................................................................................................................................90

5.2 Design Features

5.2.1 Aesthetics and Customisation .................................................................................................92

5.2.2 Function ..................................................................................................................................................94

5.2.3 Ease of Use ............................................................................................................................................96

5.2.4 Materiality ...............................................................................................................................................98

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5.3 Mechanism Development

5.3.1 Three Point Mechanism .........................................................................................................102

5.3.2 Ski Boot Mechanism ................................................................................................................106

5.3.3 Manual Mechanism Development .................................................................................108

5.3.4 Flip Back Fastening Method .................................................................................................112

5.3.5 Number of Hooks ......................................................................................................................114

5.3.6 Slotting Mechanism development ..................................................................................116

5.3.7 Mechanism Summary ..............................................................................................................119

5.4 Form Development

5.4.1 Basic Hook Form .........................................................................................................................120

5.4.2 Hook Shape/Location .............................................................................................................124

5.4.3 Hook Refinement ........................................................................................................................126

5.4.4 Ergonomics of the Placement and Shape of Hooks ............................................128

5.4.5 Joining of the Hook Component .......................................................................................130

5.4.6 Form and Fitting of the Wrist Guard ................................................................................132

5.4.7 3D Scanning Form ......................................................................................................................136

5.4.8 Sketching Around the Scan...................................................................................................138

5.4.9 Fastening Method of The Wrist Brace ...........................................................................142

5.4.10 Form Development Summary ............................................................................................145

5.5 Materiality

5.5.1 Initial Testing of Hook Material ............................................................................................146

5.5.2 Testing Sewing the Plastic Mold into Neoprene .....................................................148

5.5.3 HP Nylon Print ................................................................................................................................150

5.5.4. Weight Testing the HP Nylon Print ...................................................................................152

5.5.5 Metal 3D Printing ..........................................................................................................................156

5.5.6 Materiality Summary ..................................................................................................................159

5.6 Aesthetic Refinement

5.6.1 Fillets and Curves .........................................................................................................................160

5.6.2 Lattice Patterning Development ........................................................................................162

5.6.3 Logo Implementation ................................................................................................................170

5.6.4 Aesthetic Refinement Summary .........................................................................................173

5.7 Final Refinements to Design

5.7.1 Neoprene Lining ...........................................................................................................................175

5.7.2 Finalising Form and Shape of the Wrist Brace ............................................................176

5.7.3 Location of the Hook Joining Section ............................................................................178

5.7.4 Velcro Offsets ................................................................................................................................183

5.7.5 Hook Strengthening ..................................................................................................................184

5.7.6 Push Pin Mechanism .....................................................................................................................186

Chapter Summary ..........................................................................................................................189

Chapter 6: Conclusion

Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................................193

6.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................194

6.2 Thesis Reinstated ..........................................................................................................................................196

6.3 Research Questions and Hypothesis ..............................................................................................198

6.4 Design Intent .................................................................................................................................................200

6.5 Wider Significance......................................................................................................................................202

6.6 Future Prospects ..........................................................................................................................................204

6.7 Final Product ...................................................................................................................................................206

6.8 The importance of the two component .....................................................................................208

6.9 Aesthetic of the lattice ............................................................................................................................207

6.10 Manufacturing ..............................................................................................................................................209

6.11 Final design in context .............................................................................................................................212

6.12 Final Design.....................................................................................................................................................214

6.13 The Users experience .............................................................................................................................217

Chapter 7: Appendix

7.1 Interview Results .........................................................................................................................................230

7.2 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................236

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1 : 3D PRINTED HERO INSPIRED PROSTHETIC

FIGURE 1.2: CEREBRAL PALSY TRACKING LEVELS

FIGURE 1.3: IMAGE OF THE RESEARCHER

FIGURE 1.4:3D PRINTED SKULL PROSTHESIS

FIGURE 2.1: PINCH GRIP EXAMPLE

FIGURE 2.2: POWER GRIP EXAMPLE

FIGURE 2.3: TYPES OF GRIP EXAMPLES

FIGURE 2.4: TYPES OF GRIP EXAMPLES

FIGURE 2.5: TYPE OF HOOK GRIP

FIGURE 2.6: TYPE HOOK GRIP ON A WEIGHTS BAR

FIGURE 2.7: PERSON GRIPPING SHOPPING BASKET

FIGURE 2.8: INCLUSIVE DESIGN DIMENSIONS

FIGURE 2.9: AUSTRALIAN SUPERMARKET POPULATIONS

FIGURE 2.10: SENSORY MILESTONE TRIANGLE

FIGURE 2.11: FINE MOTOR SKILL

FIGURE 2.12: AGING FIGURES

FIGURE 2.13: ARTHRITIS IN KNEES

FIGURE 2.14: ARTHRITIS IN FINGER

FIGURE 2.15: ARTHRITIS IN X-RAYS

FIGURE 2.16: TYPES OF CEREBRAL PALSY

FIGURE 2.17: WHAT IS CEREBRAL PALSY

FIGURE 2.18: CP EFFECTED AREAS OF THE BRAIN

FIGURE 2.19: TYPES OF PALSY

FIGURE 2.20: BASIC EXAMPLES OF ASSISTIVE DEVICE

FIGURE 2.21: HAND PROSTHETIC

FIGURE 2.22: MAGNA READY (MAGNETIC BUTTONS ON

CLOTHING)

FIGURE 2.23: EXOSKELETON EXAMPLE

FIGURE 2.24: ACTIVE HAND COMPANY HAND AID

FIGURE 2.25: NASA HAND MOVEMENT AIDE

FIGURE 2.26: OPEN BIONICS HERO ARM

FIGURE 2.27: TILLY AMBASSADOR FOR HERO ARM

FIGURE 2.28: HERO ARM PROSTHETIC

FIGURE 2.29: ANCIENT PROSTHETIC ARM

FIGURE 2.30: EXAMPLES OF OLD PROSTHETICS

FIGURE 2.31: IMAGE OF THE TIMELINE OF DEVELOPMENT

OF PROSTHETICS OVER THE YEARS

FIGURE 2.32: 3D PRINTING OF ORGANS IN THE BODY

FIGURE 2.33: EXAMPLE OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICINE

FIGURE 2.34: 3D PRINTING IN MEDICINE

FIGURE 2.35: COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF WRIST GUARD

FIGURE 2.36: WRIST GUARD SUPPORT

FIGURE 2.37: BASIC WRIST GUARD MEDICAL

FIGURE 2.38: WRIST GUARD

FIGURE 2.39: WRIST GUARDS FOR ROLLER BLADING

FIGURE 2.40:THUMB BRACE

FIGURE 2.41: PLASTIC THUMB SUPPORT

FIGURE 2.42: BASIC WRIST COMPRESSION GUARD

FIGURE 2.43: LATTICE PATTERN WRIST CAST

FIGURE 2.44: COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF GYM GRIP

FIGURE 2.45: LIFTING HOOKS

FIGURE 2.46: LIGHTING STRAPS


FIGURE 2.48: ACTIVE HAND COMPANY WEIGHT BRACE

FIGURE 2.49: RESEARCH MAP

FIGURE 4.1: INFORMATION NEEDED TABLE

FIGURE 4.2: RESEARCH DATA GRAPH

FIGURE 4.3: MOVEMENT POINT IN THE HAND

FIGURE 4.4: GRIP MUSCLE DIAGRAM

FIGURE 4.5: CARDBOARD PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 4.6: JOURNEY MAP OF USER USING A BASKET.

FIGURE 4.7: ANALYSIS OF SHOPPING BASKET

FIGURE 4.8: PROTOTYPE OF PALM DESIGN CONCEPT

FIGURE 4.9: TESTING THE PALM CONCEPT USING HINGES

FIGURE 4.10: MECHANISM CONCEPTS

FIGURE 4.11: PULL AND PULL MECHANISM

FIGURE 4.12:HINGING AROUND THE FINGERS

FIGURE 4.13: IMAGE OF THE PLA PRINT FORM TEST

FIGURE 4.14: AROUND FINGER MECHANISM

FIGURE 4.15: METHOD 7 PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 4.16: CONCEPT AROUND FINGERS

FIGURE 4.17: FORM FITTING TESTING

FIGURE 4.18: METHOD 7 PROTOTYPES

FIGURE 4.19: POLYMORPH MOLDING

FIGURE 4.20: FORM TESTING OF HAND GUARD

FIGURE 4.21: FORM TESTING OF GUARD

FIGURE 4.22: PALM VIEW OF FORM TESTING

FIGURE 4.23: ELECTRONIC MECHANISM

FIGURE 4.24: SKETCHES OF DESIGN ITERATION

FIGURE 4.25: SKETCHES OF DESIGN ITERATIONS

FIGURE 4.26:COLLECTION OF POLYMORPH PLASTIC

FIGURE 4.27: PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 5.1: COLLECTION OF PROTOTYPES OF WRIST

GUARDS AND HOOKS

FIGURE 5.2: COLLECTION OF PROTOTYPES

FIGURE 5.3: POLYMORPH PLASTIC PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 5.4: PROTOTYPE TEST ON HAND

FIGURE 5.5: COLLECTION OF HOOK PROTOTYPES

FIGURE 5.6: GRAPH OF CHAPTER 5 METHODS

FIGURE 5.7: THREE PART MECHANISM PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 5.8: 3 PART MECHANISM FORM IN CONTEXT

FIGURE 5.9: THREE PART MECHANISM PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 5.10: SKETCH OF THREE PART MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.11: JOURNEY MAP OF USER

FIGURE 5.12: MIMICKING SKI BOOT MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.13: HINGE MECHANISM TESTING

FIGURE 5.14: HOOK MECHANISM TESTING

FIGURE 5.15: PROTOTYPE IMAGE

FIGURE 5.16: SKETCH OF HINGE FASTENING METHODS

FIGURE 5.17: NUMBER OF HOOKS TESTING

FIGURE 5.18: SKETCH OF SLOTTING MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.19: RENDER OF SLOTTING MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.20: HOOK PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 5.21: COLLECTION OF FORM HOOK ON BASKET

FIGURE 5.22: HOOK FORM PROTOTYPE ONE

FIGURE 5.23: HOOK FORM PROTOTYPE TWO

FIGURE 5.24: HOOK FORM PROTOTYPE THREE

FIGURE 5.25: TESTING OF THE LOWER POSITIONING

FIGURE 5.26: TESTING HIGHER HOOK POSITIONING

FIGURE 5.27: HOOK REFINEMENT PROPOSAL

FIGURE 5.28: HOOK FORM TESTING AND POSITIONING

FIGURE 5.29: FORM AND THICKNESS TESTING

FIGURE 5.30: POSITIONING AND FORM OF THE HOOK

FIGURE 5.31: JOINED HOOK FORM AND POSITIONING

FIGURE 5.32: JOINED HOOK FORM AND POSITIONING

FIGURE 5.33: JOINED HOOK FORM AND POSITIONING FIGURE

5.34: JOINED HOOK FORM AND POSITIONING

FIGURE 5.35: SKETCH OF JOINED HOOK

FIGURE 5.36: FORM OF THE WRIST BRACE

FIGURE 5.37: FORM CREATED FOR 3D SCAN

FIGURE 5.38: PALM VIEW OF THE FINAL FORM FOR SCAN

FIGURE 5.39: SOLUTION X 3D SCANNER

FIGURE 5.40: THE FORM PRODUCED BY THE 3D SCANNER

FIGURE 5.41: THE SCAN PRODUCED BY SOLUTION X

FIGURE 5.42: SKETCHING AROUND THE SCAN

FIGURE 5.43: CLOSE UP OF FORM AROUND THE SCAN

FIGURE 5.44: FORM BEFORE FEEDBACK/CHANGES

FIGURE 5.45: CURRENT FORM AT THAT METHOD

FIGURE 5.46: SKETCH OF VELCRO IMPLEMENTATION

FIGURE 5.47: TESTING DURING THE FABRIC PROTOTYPE.

FIGURE 5.48:FORM PROTOTYPE

FIGURE 5.49: METAL AND PLASTIC TESTING

FIGURE 5.50: STRUCTURAL STEAL ANALYSIS

FIGURE 5.51: SURE HOOK METAL ANALYSIS

FIGURE 5.52: POLYMORPH PLASTIC TESTING

FIGURE 5.53: COVERING THE PLASTIC IN NEOPRENE

FIGURE 5.54: SEWING IN THE VELCRO

FIGURE 5.55: FORM ON THE HAND IN THE NEOPRENE,

FIGURE 5.56: HP JET FUSION PRINTER

FIGURE 5.57: WEIGHT TESTING NO WEIGHT BASKET

FIGURE 5.58: WEIGHT TESTING 5KG



FIGURE 5.61: HP PRINT FORM AND MATERIALITY TESTING.

FIGURE 5.62: RENDER SHOWING THE METAL

FIGURE 5.63: PROTOTYPE OF THE HP PRINT

FIGURE 5.64: FILLET AND CURVE CHANGING

FIGURE 5.65: EXTENDED AND ROUNDER BOTTOM EDGE

FIGURE 5.66: ADDING FILLETS AND CURVES

FIGURE 5.67: AESTHETIC LATTICE

FIGURE 5.68: CIRCLE LATTICE TESTING

FIGURE 5.69: RANDOM SHAPE LATTICE

FIGURE 5.70: SAME SIZE TRIANGLES LATTICE

FIGURE 5.71: EXPLORATION IN TO TRIANGLE LATTICE

FIGURE 5.72: PLA PRINT EXPLORING TRIANGLE LATTICE

FIGURE 5.73: TESTING MORE RANDOM SIZED TRIANGLES

FIGURE 5.74: FILLETED TRIANGLE TESTING

FIGURE 5.75: INSIDE FILLETED TRIANGLE TESTING

FIGURE 5.76: DIFFERENT SIZE FILLET TESTING

FIGURE 5.77: FURTHER FILLETING EXPLORATION

FIGURE 5.78: FILLETING THE VELCRO SECTION

FIGURE 5.79: FINAL FILLET AND TRIANGLE SHAPES

FIGURE 5.80: LOGO TESTING

FIGURE 5.81 LOGO TESTING

FIGURE 5.82: EXPLORATION OF LOGO DESIGNS

FIGURE 5.83: LATTICE STRUCTURE

FIGURE 5.84: LOGO IMPLEMENTATION

FIGURE 5.85:JOURNEY MAP AND FINAL DESIGN SKETCHING

FIGURE 5.86: LOCATION OF THE NEOPRENE LINING

FIGURE 5.87: REFINEMENTS OF FINAL CONCEPT

FIGURE 5.88: REFINEMENTS OF FINAL CONCEPT

FIGURE 5.89: FORM OF THE TWO LATEST PROTOTYPES

FIGURE 5.90: ERGONOMIC TESTING

FIGURE 5.91: REFINEMENTS MADE

FIGURE 5.92: COMFORT REFINEMENTS

FIGURE 5.93:ERGONOMIC REFINEMENTS

FIGURE 5.94: MECHANISM REFINEMENT

FIGURE 5.95: MECHANISM REFINEMENT

FIGURE 5.96: FUNCTIONAL FORM REFINEMENT

FIGURE 5.97: VIEW OF THE CHANGES MADE

FIGURE 5.98: FINAL REFINEMENTS

FIGURE 5.99: VELCRO OFFSETS FOR AESTHETIC PURPOSES

FIGURE 5.100: HOLES FOR THE VELCRO,

FIGURE 5.101: ADDING STRONGER FILLETS

FIGURE 5.102: ELIMINATING THE RIGHT ANGLE

FIGURE 5.103:HOOK REFINEMENT

FIGURE 5.104: THE HOOK IN THE FINAL FORM WITH BRACE

FIGURE 5.105: PIN ON THE LEFT SIDE

FIGURE 5.106: TESTING PIN ON THE RIGHT SIDE

FIGURE 5.107: SPRING MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.108:THICK WIRE TESTING

FIGURE 5.109: LIGHTER WIRE TESTING

FIGURE 5.110:FINAL PUSH MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.111: ADDING VELCRO PLACEMENT

FIGURE 5.112: CUTTING THE VELCRO TO LENGTH

FIGURE 5.113: FINAL VELCRO STYLE AND LENGTH

FIGURE 5.114:NEOPRENE PLACEMENT

FIGURE 5.115: FINAL MODEL

FIGURE 6.1 : RENDER OF THE FINAL WRIST BRACE

FIGURE 6.2: METAL VERSION OF THE HOOK FINAL

FIGURE 6.3: CLOSE UP OF THE JOINING PART OF THE WRIST

GUARD AND HOOK

FIGURE 6.4 :FINAL RENDER WITHOUT VELCRO

FIGURE 6.5 : INSIDE VIEW OF THE WRIST BRACE

FIGURE 6.6: IMAGE OF DEVICE BEING WORN

FIGURE 6.7: RENDER OF FINAL DESIGN

FIGURE 6.8: LATTICE STRUCTURE CLOSE UP

FIGURE 6.9: HOOK FINAL

FIGURE 6.10: FINAL DESIGN

FIGURE 6.11: MECHANISM FUNCTION



FIGURE 6.14: CLOSE UP OF THE VELCRO

FIGURE 6.15: CLOSE UP IN CONTEXT

FIGURE 6.16: FINAL PRODUCT IN CONTEXT

FIGURE 6.17: FINAL PRODUCT IN CONTEXT

FIGURE 6.18: FINAL CONCEPT

FIGURE 6.19: FINAL PRODUCT

FIGURE 6.20: COLOUR OPPORTUNITIES

FIGURE 6.21:THE FINAL PRODUCT

FIGURE 6.22:FINAL PRODUCT

FIGURE 6,23: MATERIAL TABLE

FIGURE 6.24-6.29:EASE OF USE FOR USER

FIGURE 7.1: APPENDIX ONE

FIGURE 7.2: APPENDIX TWO

FIGURE 7.3: APPENDIX THREE

FIGURE 7.4: APPENDIX FOUR

FIGURE 7.5: APPENDIX FIVE

FIGURE 7.6: APPENDIX SIX

FIGURE 7.7: APPENDIX SEVEN

FIGURE 7.8: APPENDIX EIGHT

FIGURE 7.9: PHOTOGRAPHING THE FINAL DESIGN

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Bionic Hand highlighting

the evolution of amputee

design. Sandle, P. (2022).

ABSTRACT

This research report examines the social and

physical barriers experienced by individuals with

poor grip strength, often experienced by individuals

that have the physical disability of Cerebral Palsy.

Investigating the social stigma involves closely

analysing seamless, functional, aesthetic design.

The focus of this research-led design project is

aiding individuals in the supermarket setting, by

improving their ability to carry shopping baskets

and bags from the store to their vehicles or homes,

thereby reducing the reliance on assistance from

others.

The research explores the potential of 3D printing

and CAD technology, which have proven effective

and cost-efficient in similar applications like

bionic limbs. Investigating how this method of

manufacturing and prototyping, will make for more

of an accepting and knowledgeable society. This

research report highlights the emerging need for

inclusivity as a society also exploring the level of

customisation necessary to provide an appropriate

level of support for the individual to function in an

able-bodied society.

A research-led design approach was adopted in the

product’s design. Scientific literature, case studies,

human-centred testing, product analysis and other

research methods have been used. This approach

has led to a comprehensive understanding of the

social, emotional, and physical challenges faced

by individuals with poor grip strength. The report

argues that existing solutions fall short of meeting

the needs of the target market. Through continuous

prototyping and evaluation, the study aims to refine

ergonomic development and functionality to

better serve its intended users.

“Early-stage research revealed a significant need for

an assistive device among individuals with cerebral

palsy who have limited grip strength in one upper

limb. This user group relies heavily on their stronger

hand to lift grocery items but faces challenges in

managing a shopping basket simultaneously, often

needing to set it down repeatedly. Addressing

this gap, the project aims to create a functional,

wearable device that empowers users by enabling

easier, more independent shopping experiences.”

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01

INTRODUCTION

14

Introduction

Welcome to the project where the designer

strongly challenges the social challenges associated

with have a disability in particularly cerebral palsy

within a public context. The projects focus is on

exploring how design can help overcome these

challenges and provide meaningful support.

This chapters provides an introduction into the

purpose, background, context, significance and

more knowledge into the researcher’s passions

and background that led to the exploration of the

problem space.

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1.1

THESIS

The social and physical barriers experienced by

individuals who have poor grip strength due to

cerebral palsy can be solved through a wearable

enhancement product. This research project

specifically addresses these challenges in the

context of carrying supermarket baskets and

carrying shopping bag. By creating a seamless

design, the users will feel comfortable and

empowered to wear the device in a public context.

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FIGURE 1.1

OPEN BIONICS, 3D PRINTED

HERO INSPIRED PROSTHETIC

(OPEN BIONICS. 2024)

17

1.2

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

To provide context for this research project, it

originated from a deep personal interest in usercentred

design, specifically aimed at individuals

affected by disabilities. The project is informed

by the researcher’s own experience with cerebral

palsy and her struggles with a disability that is not

immediately visible. The researcher faces zero

fine motor movement in her right hand and has

limited grip strength, which has directly influenced

her understanding of and approach to the design

challenges addressed in this study.

Stigmas are also a barrier for individuals with

disabilities as they can choose not to participate in

daily activities because society hasn’t completely

normalised having assistive devices. For instance,

some older people refuse to go outside their

homes due to embarrassment about their reliance

on assistive devices (Hirsch, T. et al (2000) p72-75).

Cerebral palsy is the leading cause of childhood

disability, there is no cure for cerebral Palsy but

there is supportive treatment, and the disability is

non-progressive (Hallman- Cooper. JL and Cabero,

F. 2022). Due to the nature of the disability, through

research, it was found that there is a large user

group that would benefit from an adaption to their

life that produces independence.

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FIGURE 1.2:

CEREBRAL PALSY TRACKING

LEVELS

HEADS UP. (N.D.)

19

1.3

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The human hand is an extraordinary part of the

body, fundamental not only for survival but also for

the countless complex tasks that make up daily life.

It combines gross and fine motor skills that allow

for precise, delicate movements as well as larger,

more forceful actions. According to research in the

Evolution of the Function of the Hand, the hand’s

design enables complex interactions with the world

around us, making it central to personal autonomy

and social interactions. Yet, assistive options for

individuals with limited grip strength or dexterity—

those without visible or severe disabilities—remain

limited, particularly for those who desire discretion

and style in assistive wearables.

This gap is especially impactful for individuals with

cerebral palsy or similar conditions that affect fine

motor skills. Many people with mild or moderate

physical disabilities must adapt their routines or

even forgo certain tasks, like grocery shopping

or carrying heavy items, due to limited hand

strength. This lack of practical solutions often

leaves individuals dependent on others or unable

to participate fully in their daily activities, which can

impact their self-confidence and independence.

While 3D printing has greatly advanced the

accessibility and afford-ability of prosthetic

devices, the assistive technology market has largely

focused on options for individuals with limb loss.

There are few affordable, accessible solutions that

support people who have hand function but need

enhanced grip strength. A focus on accessible and

aesthetically pleasing assistive devices, tailored

to meet the needs of individuals with fine motor

limitations, could significantly improve the lives of

those who currently face these daily challenges.

Often the level of customised necessary for this

user group isn’t explored due to the time that is

needed for each product. This project aims to

explore whether that level of customisation is

needed.

These users rely on their stronger hand to lift

grocery items but face difficulty managing a

shopping basket, often having to set it down

frequently to pick items up off.

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1.4

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

The researcher seeks to challenge the prevailing

social stigma associated with wearing assistive

devices for daily independence. The goal is to

eliminate the need for external assistance in routine

tasks such as shopping at the supermarket.

At the beginning of this research project, the

research was driven by personal experiences,

interests, and assumptions.

*In the initial phase, it was noticed that there

is currently a problem with the lack of assistive

devices for poor grip strength.

The research project has changed and progressed

over the first semester. In the beginning, Initially the

project was cantered around a gym contexts and

weightlifting, the scope was later refined to address

a more universally experienced context. This shift

aimed to better serve a broader population.

While acknowledging that various physical

disabilities can lead to poor grip strength, this report

specifically addresses individuals with cerebral palsy.

The potential for creating a universally applicable

product, such as an adapted supermarket basket,

was explored.

The significance of this project is in the context

of individuals with cerebral palsy who otherwise

have all limbs and full muscle control in all other

limbs apart from the one of their lower forearm,

wrist, and hands, who have poor grip strength

and cannot complete basic daily tasks without

assistance. Through a wearable device using

emerging technology, that is cost-efficient, and

ergonomic for the user and breaks the social

stigmas associated with wearing a wearable assist

device.

21

1,5

RESEARCH

QUESTIONS

1.6

RATIONAL AND

SIGNIFICANCE

Question one

“What is the current role of testing and

manufacturing methods such as CAD to achieve

an appropriate level of customisation for the user

group?”

Question Two

“Can negative conations of disability assistive

devices be destigmatised by challenging new form

and materialisation in a new product that current

‘solutions’ do not?

Question Three

“What is the current role of CAD /CAM in the

design process of designing for individuals with

disabilities and how could it be used within the

context of this project to develop a wearable that

benefits the user?

The issue of poor grip strength in individuals with

cerebral palsy is often ignored. This project is

centred around two main objectives: addressing

the social stigma and physiological effect of

wearing an assistive device in public content

and understanding this design of a wearable

that provides the user with the ability to gain the

independence they wouldn’t have without it.

The significance of this project is in the context of

individuals with cerebral palsy who otherwise have

all limbs, and muscle control in all other limbs apart

from the lower forearm, wrist, and hands. The users

have poor grip strength and cannot complete basic

daily tasks without assistance. By utilising emerging

technology to create a cost-effective and

ergonomic wearable device, this project aims to

enhance user independence while also challenging

and dismantling the social stigmas associated with

assistive devices.

22

1.7

THE RESEARCHER

The researcher Remee Ballantyne, a Bachelor of

Product Design (Honours) student at the University

of Technology Sydney, decided to continue her

studies after completing a Bachelor of Product

Design in 2023 to strengthen my knowledge.

She came into honours with a strong passion

for inclusive design. As previously mentioned in

background and context the motivation towards

the topic researched in this research project is from

personal reasoning.

FIGURE 1.3: IMAGE OF THE RESEARCHER REMEE

BALLANTYNE

Her enthusiasm for inclusive, human-centered

design began in her final years of school, where

she focused on designing adaptable clothing for

people with disabilities. Throughout her university

career, she has directed her projects towards

improving the quality of life for consumers. Remee

firmly believes in the importance of developing

products that are both impactful and transformative

for individuals.

She is extremely passionate about designing

meaningful products that enhance the lives of users.

She is an aspiring young designer who thrives off

creating products that assist users who otherwise

wouldn’t be allowed to succeed without the aid of

a product.

23

1.8

ASSUMPTION

At the commencement of this research project,

several concepts are assumed to be true, later

these may be revisited to assess how these initial

assumptions have been challenged these include:

• People with disabilities are restricted by the

cost of current adaptive wearable devices.

• Social barriers restrict people with disabilities

from wanting to wear an adaptive device in a

public setting.

• 3D printing can be a resolution for people

with cerebral palsy with poor grip strength for

customisation and cost.

• Society has more of a focus towards individuals

with obvious disabilities.

• Precautions must be taken throughout this

project are it could potentially be seen as a

medical device.

• Robotic mechanisms could potentially take

too much time throughout this project and a

mechanical system may be more appropriate.

• There are social barriers for individuals

with cerebral palsy where a society’s poor

perception of using obvious disability aids

that limit a person’s confidence in gaining

independence to do their daily tasks.

1.9

KEY TERM

TERMINOLOGY

KEY TERMS

• Cerebral Palsy

• Assistive wearables

• Inclusive Design

• Stigma

• Disability

• Enhancement

• Grip Strength

• Inclusivity

24

FIGURE1.4: 3D

MANUFACTURED

SKULL PROSTHETICS

(TECHNAT.2024)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

Research suggests that there is critical need for

innovative design solutions that cater to the needs

of individuals with disabilities, challenging existing

norms and fostering inclusivity. With an emphasis

on not only creating a device that is practical but

has appeal to the user through the appropriate use

of aesthetics. The insights gained in exploring the

background and context from this research have

the potential to drive further advancements in

inclusive design, ultimately contributing to a more

equitable and supportive society.

The project’s significance demonstrates the

potential to enhance the quality of life for individuals

with cerebral palsy by providing a wearable device

that integrates seamlessly into daily activities.

This not only improves physical functionality but

also contributes to greater social acceptance and

reduced embarrassment associated with using

assistive technology.

This chapter was beneficial in developing

significance and understanding what literature

should be further explored.

Figure 1.4

3D printing in medicine

sutterstock (2020)

25

LITERATURE

REVIEW

26

02

INTRODUCTION

This chapter of this research report contains

secondary research conducted throughout this

research project. This research is the foundation

for the development of the research questions.

27

2.1

GRIP STRENGTH

Grip strength is most known as how firmly and

securely a person can hold onto and how heavy

the thing is that they are holding onto. (Jewell, T.

2020). Grip strength is used as a routine measure

in a stand-alone measurement or as a component

for identifying adults with poor health status

(Bohannon R. W 2019). “Grip strength has been

proposed as a biomarker” (Bohannon R. W 2019. p.

1681).

“Grip strength is commonly measured quantitatively

using a hand dynamo metre - variables can be the

type b of a dynamo metre (hydraulic, pneumatic,

mechanical, strain)”. (Helen C. et all 2011. p. 423).

Due to the wide range of measuring systems, and

current methods of assessing grip strength, which

makes it is hard to make a comparison between

studies (Helen C. et al.2011 p. 423).

The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE)

Study suggests that grip strength measurement is a

simple and cost-effective method for assessing risk

related to all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death,

and cardiovascular disease (Leong, 2015, p. 274).

Within a gym context, grip strength is crucial

for lifting heavier weights (MacPherson, 2022).

Individuals with all four limbs can still be constrained

by their grip strength, which limits the amount of

weight they can lift.

Power grip (Figure 1.2) is performed by using a

person’s fingers and palm to move and manipulate

objects. Power grips are predominantly gross

motor movements and are used for handling and

grasping objects. (CLARKSON, J. 2007). “Power

grip is the maximum force that can be developed

by the hand. Influenced by wrist orientation and

grip span” (Human Cowell. N.D). The commonly

known grips that generate a power grip are the

Lumbrical grip, Spherical grip, Hammer grip, and

Hook grip. (Hasman et al. N.D.).

Pinch grip (Figure 1.1) involves holding an object

between the thumb and the fingers in one hand.

There are three types of pinch grips: Tip pinch,

Tripod Pinch, and Lateral pinch. (Hasman. M. et al.

N.D.).

28

FIGURE 2.1: TYPES OF POWER GRIP (NIGEL PALASTANGA

PHD 1994)

FIGURE 2.2: PINCH GRIP (SHUTTERSTOCK N.D)

FIGURE 2.4 FUNCTIONS OF THE HAND (SEMANTIC

SCHOLAR. 2008).

FIGURE 2.3: TYPES OF GRIP VECCHI, FABRIZIO & MICERA,

SILVESTRO & ZACCONE, F. & CARROZZA, MARIA CHIARA

& SABATINI, ANGELO & DARIO, PAOLO. (2001)

29

2.2

HOOK GRIPS

FIGURE 2.5: HOOK GRIP (MA STRENGTH 2021)

FIGURE 2.6: HOOK GRIP ON BAR (MA STRENGTH 2021)

The most used grip to carry shopping basket is

the hook grip, this grip is most known within the

weightlifting context. The hook grip is used when

lifting a shopping basket to improve grip security

and stability. By positioning the thumb under the

basket handles and wrapping the fingers over the

top, it creates a more secure and stable hold, which

helps to prevent the basket from slipping (Haff

& Stone, 2014). Additionally, this technique can

reduce hand and forearm fatigue, making it easier

to carry heavier or fully loaded baskets for extended

periods (Kelley & Morris, 2016; Schoenfeld & Grgic,

2018).

Similarly, the finger hook grip is another commonly

used grip. The finger hook grip is employed

when lifting a shopping basket to accommodate

situations where thumb use is limited or impaired.

This grip technique involves curling the fingers

around the basket handle, allowing for a secure

hold without thumb involvement. It is beneficial for

individuals with limited thumb function and helps to

strengthen finger flexors (Bohannon, 2019; Helen

et al., 2011). This alternative grip method ensures

effective handling of objects even when traditional

thumb-based grips are not feasible (Jewell, 2020).

FIGURE 2.7: PERSON CARRYING SHOPPING

30

2.3

INCLUSIVE DESIGN

According to the centre of inclusive design

Australia. “Inclusive Design is human-centered

design. It considers the full range of human

diversity, including ability, language, culture, gender,

age, and other forms of human difference, as part

of the design process. Inclusive Design triggers

innovation opens new markets and creates richer

engagement with customers and citizens” (citation

needed). Within society over the last few decades,

it has become important that designers adapt this

way of thinking and recognise diversity. Within this

design context it is evident that not all members of

society are able use the basket designs that exist

within Australia’s current supermarket market.

FIGURE2.8: INCLUSIVE DESIGN DIMENSIONS (CENTRE

FOR INCLUSIVE DESIGN, 2024)

2.4

SUPERMARKET

SHARE

This research report will focus on the basket

design in the two major supermarket chains in

Australia, which collectively hold approximately 65

percent of the market share. Woolworths Group

supermarkets lead with the highest market share

at 37 percent, while Coles holds the remaining 28

percent (Hunt Export Advice, 2024).

FIGURE 2.9: SUPERMARKET MARKET SHARE IN AUSTRALIA

(GOURMET PRO. 2024)

31

2.5

FINE AND GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

According to the Australian government, motor

skills are described as “the ability to control

and coordinate movements” (Department of

Education. N.D.). Fine motor skills are defined as

actions requiring degrees of control and accuracy

and are controlled by the smaller muscles (Subsai,

F. 2020 p 12-14). Also in this study, it is mentioned

that grip strength and motor skills have a strong

correlation with each other.

A study done by the Development Medicine and

Child Neurology looked at children with cerebral

palsy and their ability to self-care and complete

daily tasks and concluded that “the acquisition

of self-care skills is also bound up with the

development of motor skills, and it is difficult to

achieve independence if fine and gross motor skills

are significantly impaired” (öhrvall, m. et al. 2010.

p1048). The study highlighted that children’s levels

of fine and gross motor skills are an indication of

whether the child will be able to complete tasks

independently and look after themselves in the

future.

Fine motor skills are an important motor

function developed during childhood working in

collaboration with gross motor skills to perform

life skills. “Fine motor skills involve the use of the

smaller muscles of the hands” (Kids Sense, n/d).

These are essential in performing intricate and

detailed movements. (Gov. uk. n.d).

Hand dexterity is strongly associated with grip

strength and muscle control. According to

Buckingham Health Care in The UK suggests

that hand dexterity is the ability to perform small,

precise hand movements with flow and accuracy.

(NHS trust. 2021). It is important to understand that

hand dexterity is a term commonly used when

elaborating on fine motor skill development.

32

FIGURE 2.10: DEVELOPMENT

PROGRESSION GRAPH

(SIVANAN DAMOORTHY.. 2023)

FIGURE 2.11: FINE MOTOR SKILLS

(NORTH WEST FAMILY CLINICS.N.D)

33

2.6

POOR GRIP STRENGTH CAUSES

34

This research report highlights three potential

causes of poor/limited grip strength in Individuals;

these include Cerebral Palsy, ageing, and Arthritis.

Though this research report is limited to these

conditions, the researcher does acknowledge

many other conditions can lead to poor grip

strength.

2.6.1: Aging and poor grip strength

Grip strength is a great indicator of health, grip

strength is used as a measure to identify potential

health conditions in the older generation. Losing

muscle control is part of the aging of humans and

can be quite a debilitating process. Individuals

particularly those over 60 can begin to lose

muscle density making daily activities harder and

independence declines.

Grip strength is used as a measure in stand-alone

measure for identifying older people at risk of poor

health. (Bohannon, R. W. 2019. P1681). According

to Physiopedia, “Tests show that in elderly people

the largest declines in upper extremity functioning

(greater than 50%) are in hand-force steadiness,

speed of hand-arm movements, and vibration

sense.” (Hampton. L, et.. 2024)

Tests show that in elderly people the largest

declines in upper extremity functioning (greater

than 50%) are in hand-force steadiness, speed

of hand-arm movements, and vibration sense.

(Hampton. L, et. al. 2024)

The loss of grip strip strength is often associated

with a disease called sarcopenia. “Sarcopenia is the

age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and

strength. The main symptom of the condition is

muscle weakness. Sarcopenia is a type of muscle

atrophy primarily caused by the natural aging

process.” (Cleveland Clinic. 2022). Grip strength

can be the first indicator of this disease and is used

as a measurement.

FIGURE 2.12: AGING

CAUSES CONT.

FIGURE 2.13: ARTHRITIS IN THE KNEE(NEIL.P, R.H. JARRA.

2023)

2.6.2: ARTHRITIS

Arthritis affects the joint movement, pain, and

joint disease. Common symptoms of arthritis are

swelling, pain, stiffness, and poor/declining ability

to move joints. (Rath, L. 2022). Arthritis can affect

one or more joints and is quite closely associated

with aging (Mayo Clinic. 2023).

Arthritis is an umbrella term for the main types of

arthritis, but the two main types are Osteoarthritis

and Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a

person’s immune system attacking the lining of the

joint capsules. Osteoarthritis is the most common

form and is caused by the wear and tear of the joint

cartilage. (Mayo Clinic. 2023).,

According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, there is

currently no cure for arthritis. Although Arthritis

itself medicinally is not a disability it is progressive

and can cause disability, the treatment options

currently available aim to improve the quality of life

and stop the progression of the disease. (Hopkins

Medicine. 2024)

FIGURE 2.14: ARTHRITIS IN THE HAND :(ARTHRITIS

QUEENSLAND . 2022)

FIGURE 2.15: X-RAY SHOWING ARTHRITIS IN THE BODY

(TRISTATE ARTHRITIS SOCIETY. N.D.)

35

CAUSES CONT.

2.6.3: CEREBRAL PALSY

Cerebral Palsy Alliance of Australia defines Cerebral

Palsy as; “Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that

refers to a group of disorders affecting a person’s

ability to move” (Cerebral Palsy Alliance. 2023)

Cerebral means ‘of the brain’ and palsy is ‘lack of

muscle control’ (Cerebral Palsy Alliance. 2023).

“Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by abnormal

development of brain or damage to the developing

brain that affects a child’s ability to control his or

her muscles” (CDC. 2024). 85-90 per cent of CP

causes occur before or during birth, it is uncommon

for the cause to occur later. According to the NDIS

around 34000 Australians are living with some

sort of cerebral palsy. (NDIS. 2023).

Key movement issues that are caused by cerebral

palsy are muscle stiffness (specificity, uncontrollable

movement (dyskinesia), and poor balance and

coordination) (NINDS. 2023). Cerebral palsy can

affect all muscle tone across to the other side of

the spectrum of one limb. (Cerebral palsy research

network.N.D.).

The cerebral Palsy that affects 80 per cent

of sufferers is Spasistic cerebral palsy this is

the increased muscle tone causing awkward

uncontrollable movements. (CDC. 2024). The

Cerebral Palsy Alliance Australia states that this CP

is caused by injury to a bundle of neurons in the

brain or spinal cord (Cerebral Palsy Alliance. 2023).

The faster a limb moves the stiffer the limb might

seem.

Dyskinetic commonly known as Atheriod,

Cerebral Palsy which causes difficulty controlling

their arms, feet and legs. These individuals have

trouble controlling their ability to sit, stand and

walk. (NINDS. 2023) cerebral palsy affects 1.8 to

3.5 cases per 1000 births (Li, X. 2022). Dyskinetics

can include some of the most serve cases of CP.

Dyskinetic CP is caused by basal Ganglina of the

brain, typical symptoms often include random

uncontrollable muscle movements and random

floppiness. (Cerebral Palsy Alliance. 2023)

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy causes unsteady walking,

have a hard time controlling their hands or arms

when participating in fine and gross movement

of arms and hands. (CDC. 2024). It is the least

common type of CP and is a result of damage to

the cerebellum (The balance centre of the brain).

Individuals may experience tremors and be very

shaking in appearance (Cerebral Palsy Alliance.

2023)

Individuals with Cerebral can also have a mixture

of one or more types of CP. It is not uncommon

and the most common type of mixed is between

Spastic and Dyskinetic (Bass, P. 2024

36

FIGURE 2.16: TYPES OF CEREBRAL PALSY (MY CARE.2023)

FIGURE 2.17: WHAT IS CP? (TRISHA FOUNDATION .N.D.)

FIGURE 2.18:AFFECTED AREAS OF THE BRAIN (OFCP, 2024)

FIGURE 2.19: TYPES OF CP (PHYSIO-PEDIA, N.D)

37

2.7

SOCIAL STIGMA

The social stigmas associated with wearing

an adaptive is a barrier for many people with a

disability wanting to be independent within a

society. Often individuals rely on assistive devices

or wearables to complete daily tasks. “In addition

to the functionality of assistive devices, their

aesthetics can also influence the relationship

between product and user.”: (Santos. A, et al 2022,

152). For example, a visually impaired individual

cannot remove their assistive device without

removing their independence but it’s still not

completely socially accepting to walk around with

a cane without comments and questions. (Santos.

A, et al 2022).

People with disabilities often use assistive

technologies to compensate for reduced

functionality.’ (Santos, A et al. 2022 p.152). Assistive

devices are given to those who need them to

gain independence. Society assumes that it is not

commonly a fashion statement, but it has been done

in the past with for example prescription glasses

who’s to say that making a wearable aesthetically

and ergonomically friendly would change society’s

perception? (Cahill, S. E et al. 1995).

It is obvious that a “User’s acceptance of assistive

technology is an important factor that contributes

to satisfaction and engaged use, thus reducing the

risks of product abandonment” (Santos. A, et al

2022, 152). If an individual is not comfortable using

their ‘assistive ‘device within a public setting, they

are either not going to engage with that device

limiting their ability to have independence or they

may try to participate in daily activities potentially

causing further injury. (Fayazi, N. N.D).

A study based on 8 face-to-face European students

was conducted to probe their experiences and

knowledge related to disability, assistive technology,

visual impairment, as well as handheld and wearable

devices, based on the results concluded that

designers should consider aesthetics are part of

the design of disability assistive devices as people

had a positive acceptance of the device based on

its aesthetics. (Santos. A, et al 2022). Furthermore,

individuals with a disability had more confidence

when aesthetics was considered.

38

2.8

WEARABLES

FIGURE 2.20: BASIC EXAMPLES OF ASSISTIVE DEVICES

(JAMPPJA .N.D)

For a person with a disability an assistive wearable

is a technology that makes independence possible

but for a person without a disability assistive

technology can be used as an addition to people’s

lives. (Tools for life. N.d.). According to Physioing

current accessibility challenges are cost, insufficient

insurance/NDIS funding, stigma and potential

discrimination. (Physio inq. 2023).

Some examples of wearable technologies:

(Strapsco. N.D.), (Physio in. 2023).

FIGURE 2.21: HAND PROSTHETIC (ARMY DYNAMICS.)

• Speech-generating devices.

• Hearing aids

• High-tech automatic devices

• Magna Ready (magnetic buttons on button-up

shirts)

• GlassOuse (head movements control actions

on electronics without hands)

• Wheelchairs

• Cane

• Walking stick/ aid

• Prosthetics

FIGURE 2.22: MAGNETIC CLOTHING FOR POOR FINE

MOTOR SKILLS (MAGNA READY. 2024)

39

2.9

CASE STUDIES

FIGURE 2.23: EXOSKELETON (STOCK IMAGE. 2024).

2.9.1:Exoskeleton

FIGURE 2.24:ACTIVE HAND COMPANY (ACTIVE HAND

COMPANY .N.D.)

A robotic exoskeleton is a mechanical device

worn by a human being for certain purposes

or applications. An exoskeleton is generally

considered to be a hard mechanical frame with

joints that allow movement of the human operator.”

(Iberdrpola. 2024). The exoskeleton (Figure 2.23) is

commonly known to assist individuals who cannot

walk, controlling the muscles and moving the limbs

for a paralysed individual. They are made to build

on human performance. (Kawamoto, D. 2022)

2.9.2: Active hand company

FIGURE 2.25: SOFT ROBOTIC GLOVE (HARVARD.2015).

The Active Hand Company is a United Kingdombased

company that designs gripping aids for

many sorts of general lifestyle needs, their aids are

designed for paraplegic/quadriplegics, cerebral

palsy and any disabilities that affect the hand

function. (Active Hand Company, 2024). The Active

hand designs are for people with limited mobility as

well as hand deformations.

40

FIGURE 2.26: HERO ARM (OPEN BIONICS).

CASE STUDIES CONT.

FIGURE 2.27: TILLY HERO ARM AMBASSADOR. (OPEN

BIONICS)

2.9.3: Open Bionics

Open Bionics is a company in the United Kingdom that focuses on upper limb care, creating ‘bionic’ arms

prosthetics using 3D Printing and CAD manufacturing methods. The commonly is best known for its Hero

Arm, originally very successful in the UK has now broadened its range to Australia, New Zealand USA and

Europe. (Open Bionics. 2024)

They use the process of scanning the patient’s limb with a 3D scanner, then they use that data in CAD

software to design and then manufacture the prosthetic bionic arm using a material called Nylon 12. They

are designed for individuals from the age of 8 years old, this technology makes it easy to change and grow

with the child. It is a lightweight material, and the user has the choice of many designers, allowing the user to

embrace the assistive device and comfortability to wear in a public setting. (Open Bionics. 2024)

FIGURE 2.28:

OPEN BIONICS

HERO ARM

ENGINEERS

(OPEN

BIONICS. N.D)

41

FIGURE 2.29: KUMAR, RAMAN & CHANNI, HARPREET &

KAUR, SWAPANDEEP. (2022).

2.10

HISTORY OF PROSTHETICS

The oldest known prosthetic leg was crafted by the Romans using bronze and iron with a wooden core it

was called the Capua leg in 300 B.C. in 476 -1000 (middle age).

Peg legs and hand hooks were commonly used by individuals who could not afford to have them fitted.

During the 14000s-1800s in the Renaissance era copper, iron, steel and wood were used to create

prosthetics. In 1863, the Americans after the Civil War developed a cosmetic rubber hand that would move

with attachments such as brushes and hoops. (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2015)

After World War 2, prosthetics were made from wood and leather which made them very heavy, and

leather was hard to keep clean. n the 1970s-1930s, the more modern prosthetic process that people know

today before 3D Printing began being used. Synthetic sockets were custom fitted to each patient. (Physical

Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2015)

Now there is a direction for using CAD/CAM to develop prosthetics.

FIGURE 2.30: OLD PROSTHETICS (NICOLA LANE, 2001)

FIGURE 2.31 INNOVATION OF LEG PROSTHETICS ABC LOCAL: CLARE RAWLINSON

(2016).

42

FIGURE 2.32: 3D PRINTING IN THE BODY (SARANYA R.2024) FIGURE 2.33: 3D PRINTING TEETH (BARSUM, M 2022).

2.11

3D PRINTING IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

3D printing has changed the medical field of prosthetic limbs, especially in the last two decades, although

effects were made in 1999, it wasn’t until 2011 that the first 3D printed prosthetic was manufactured. (Team

Xometry.2022). There is an increased opportunity for customisation in design and improved functionality

with CAD/CAM. There is a decrease in material wastage as there is less material consumption. (Ntop. N.D).

The software provides the opportunity to create designs with fine complex details and geometry. The level

of customisation is particularly beneficial to some patient’s complex medical needs. Adjustments can easily

be made using the software as CAD acknowledges patients’ conditions evolving and changing. (Tomorrow

bio. 2023).

FIGURE 2.34: MEDICAL 3D PRINTING (SHUTTERSTOCK.ND)

43

2.13

COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS (WRIST GUARDS)

Below is a competitive analysis of wrist guards available of the consumer market.

SEVEN

High Quality

THREE

EIGHT

FOUR

Aesthetically

Pleasing

Unattractive

TWO

FIVE

ONE

SIX

Poor Quality

FIGURE 2.35: COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS GRAPH OF WRIST AIDS AND GUARDS ON THE CURRENT MARKET

In conclusion, the market analysis reveals a significant gap in the design of medical devices, which often

prioritize functionality at the expense of aesthetics. This can lead to user dissatisfaction and reluctance to use

these devices. Figure 8 demonstrates the potential of lattice structures not only to enhance the functional

aspects of a device—such as reducing weight and improving flexibility—but also to introduce an aesthetic

dimension that can attract consumers.

44

Figure one

Figure Two

Figure Three

Figure Four

FIGURE 2.36: WRIST

BRACE (SPORTS INJURIES

N.D)

FIGURE 2.37: WRIST

GUARD (BEAGLE

ORTHOPEDIC .N.D.)

FIGURE 2.38: WRIST

GUARD (AMAZON. N.D.)

FIGURE 2.39: ROLLER

BLADING WRIST GUARD

(AMAZON. N.D)

Figure Five

Figure Six

Figure Seven

Figure Eight

FIGURE 2.40: THUMB

BRACE (QUIFIT OCEAN

AUSTRALIA (N.D).

FIGURE 2.41: PLASTIC

WRIST SUPPORT (YEGGI

.N.D).

FIGURE 2.42:

COMPRESSION GUARD

(AMAZON. N.D)

FIGURE 2.43: WATER PROOF

CAST (ACTIVE AMOUR.

2024)

45

2.13

COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS (GYM GRIP)

Below is a competitive analysis of gym grip available of the consumer market.

High Quality

ONE

FOUR

TWO

Practical

Hard to use

THREE

Poor Quality

FIGURE 2.44 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS GRAPH OF GYM GRIPPING AIDS ON THE CURRENT MARKET.

While there are very few gripping assist solutions available for individuals with disabilities, the context of

a supermarket presents unique challenges. Interestingly, the gym serves as a parallel environment where

similar design solutions can be examined. This competitor analysis of gym hooks highlights that most of these

products are primarily designed for able-bodied individuals who experience limitations in grip strength. As a

result, they often prove difficult to use and may pose safety risks for those with low to zero fine motor skills.

46

Figure one

Figure Two


FIGURE 2.46: LIFTING STRAPS (AMAZON, N.D.)

Figure Three

Figure Four

FIGURE 2.47: LIFTING HOOKS (GYM DIRECT. N.D.)

FIGURE 2.48: ACTIVE HAND COMPANY WEIGHT

LIFTING AID (ACTIVE HAND COMPANY. 2024)

47

Problem space

Grip strength can be a limitmator to full

body exersises or individuals Completing

everyday tasks. (Leong, D. 2015. P.274).

this artical explores how important grip

strength is.

"Grip strength has been proposed as

a bio marker” (Bohannon R. W 2019.

p. 1681).

Research Question one

“What is the current role of testing

and manufacturing methods such as

CAD/CAM to achieve an appropriate

level of customisation for the user

group?”

(ABC, Hinchliffe. J. 2018). Somebody with poor

grip strength is ripped of independence

Highlighting what muscle control is affect

by cerebral palsy. Key movement issues

that are caused by cerebral palsy are

Research Question Two

“Can negative connotations

of disability assistive

devices be destigmatised

by challenging new form

and materialisation in a

new product that current

‘solutions’ do not?”

uncontrollable movement (dyskinesia),

and poor balance and coordination)

(NINDS. 2023).

Soft robotic glove for neuromuscular

rehabilitation (Harvard. n.d.). This device

is expensive and has low accessibity

48

Current gripping solution in a

gym (Iron bull. n.d.) universial

Product

2.14 CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK MAP

“User’s acceptance of assistive

technology is an important factor

that contributes to satisfaction and

engaged use, thus reducing the

risks of product abandonment”

(Santos. A, et al 2022, 152). This

statement explore the need for

user acceptance of a wearable in

order to want to use the device.

Develop

ment of design

customisation to

allow comfortability

in users

Assistive wearable is a technology that makes

independence possible but for a person

without a disability assistive technology can be

used as an addition to people’s lives. (Tools for

life. N.d.)

Solution Space

“In addition to the functionality of

assistive devices, their aesthetics

between product and user.”:

(Santos. A, et al 2022, 152). This

artical explores the importance of

aesthetics and functionality.

Santos. A, et al 2022). Explores

that the more knowledge able

bodied individuals have about

disability provides greater

acceptance.

Open bionics - Hero arm created by

3D Printing and CAD modelling

(Open Bionics, 2024)

Research Question Three

“What level of support is

necessary to allow the

consumer/user group to feel in

control, positive emotions and

An example of a assistive device

that is available for majority of

people in society. (Direct lifts, n.d.)

everyone has the opportunity to

use

Figure 2.49: Conceptual framework map.

49

50

FIGURE 2.50: EXOSKELETON DESIGN

(SARCOS ROBOTICS, N.D).

CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter provided valuable insights into grip

strength, its various types, and the contexts in which

it is used, while highlighting health conditions that

contribute to poor grip strength. Understanding

the underlying causes of weak grip strength is

critical in product development, as it allowed the

researcher to narrow down a specific condition to

focus on, ultimately defining the user group.

The chapter also explored the societal impact of

living with a disability in environments that are not

designed for accessibility. It examined the social

barriers faced by individuals who require wearable

assistive devices to function and participate in daily

tasks. Additionally, it delved into the emotional

aspects of relying on such devices, discussing

the negative feelings users often associate with

them—whether due to their appearance or

concerns about how they will be perceived by

others. In some cases, this leads to users avoiding

wearing these devices altogether.

The literature review further explored case studies

on the evolution of prosthetics, closely examining

the role of CAD and CAM technologies in the

medical field. This analysis of mechanisms and

advancements in design technology laid the

groundwork for future prototyping. A focus on

Open Bionics was particularly relevant, as the

company’s mission to break social stigma aligns

with the purpose of this research.

The research extended into the exploration of

mechanisms and similar product analysis, such

as gym grips and wrist braces used for injury

rehabilitation. The chapter also covered the

increasing use of 3D printing and CAM in the

medical field, providing a thorough understanding

of the costs, processes, benefits, and limitations of

these technologies.

All the research and case studies discussed in this

chapter have contributed to shaping the problem

space. The findings highlighted that existing

products closest to the researcher’s focus are often

difficult to use, unattractive, unavailable, costly,

and uncomfortable. The researcher has chosen to

focus on individuals with cerebral palsy, specifically

those with low to no grip strength in one upper

limb. There is a powerful opportunity to empower

these individuals by designing a device that enables

them to perform tasks like grocery shopping

independently, without relying on others. This

research emphasizes the need for an aesthetically

pleasing, functional, and secure solution.

51

03

RESEARCH

QUESTIONS AND

HYPOTHESIS

52

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the research questions are reinstated.

In this chapter the hypothesis is developed, and the

research question is further explained.

53

“What is the current role of testing and manufacturing

methods such as CAD/CAM to achieve an appropriate

level of customisation for the user group?”

54

3.1

RESEARCH QUESTION ONE

Using CAD/CAM in Designing for Disabilities.

The integration of CAD (Computer-Aided Design)

and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing)

technologies, including 3D printing, has proven

advantageous in various medical fields, particularly

in prosthetics. These technologies facilitate costeffective

solutions, precise patient customization,

and rapid manufacturing adjustments. By

leveraging insights from existing research on

3D printing in medicine, this study aims to apply

similar methodologies to the development of a

wearable enhancement device for individuals with

disabilities.

CAD and CAM play distinct yet complementary

roles in the design and manufacturing process.

CAD enables detailed design and iterative

modifications, while CAM supports efficient and

accurate production. The application of 3D printing

in this context will allow for material testing and

rapid prototyping, essential for refining the device

and ensuring it meets the specific needs of the user

group.

Hypothesis

The use of CAD and CAM technologies is expected

to significantly benefit the design and development

of the wearable enhancement device. Given

the potential complexity of the device, CAD

will facilitate detailed design adjustments and

accommodate the unique requirements of

individuals with Cerebral Palsy. CAM, in conjunction

with 3D printing, will enable the creation of

a lightweight and customizable product. The

adaptability of CAD will be particularly useful in

addressing the variability in muscle mass and hand

dexterity among users, ensuring that the device

can be tailored to individual needs throughout the

prototyping stages.

55

“Can negative connotations of disability assistive



‘solutions’ do not?”

56

3.2

RESEARCH QUESTION TWO

Social Stereotypes and Stigma / User

Perception

Social Stereotypes have a major impact on

people with disabilities’ confidence. Public stigma

influences the user’s perception of their self. Most

medical devices are designed for functionality as a

priority, which is essential but often the aesthetics

of the device is under-considered, resulting in the

potential of not using the assistive design out of

embarrassment. An example of changing public

perception is prescription eye wear, today, glasses

are often seen as a fashion statement as well as a

disability aid.

This thesis will be an analysis and research-led

approach, it will be led by the prototyping and user

testing. Will involve interviews with able-bodied

individuals and gathering information about their

current perception as prototypes progress. To

analyses the effectiveness of the design multiple

factors including Functionality, and aesthetics will

be priority factors in this research question.

Hypothesis

By considering the aesthetics of the assistive

wearable device, the user may begin to feel the

confidence they need to live in the public society.

Maintaining the functionality of the device as

the priority, but also making it more customised

aesthetically to the individual’s needs to potentially

use it within public content every single day.

Changing and reducing negative public perception

and challenging stigma through the design of a

wearable will increase the user’s perception of

having to use the device. Renaming the ‘assistive

device’ to ‘enhancement device’ will create a more

welcoming environment for the product to exist

within a society.

* From this point on I will refer to the wearable as

an “enhancement device”.

57

“What level of support is necessary to allow the

consumer/user group to feel in control, positive

emotions and confidence?”

58

3.3

RESEARCH QUESTION THREE

Level of Customisation

Everyone with a disability has their own set of

needs, which creates many challenges when

creating a potentially universal device. A universal

design will ultimately be available for use for

all individuals wanting to use the product. A

personalised E\enhancement device will be

customised to the individual and their needs, the

accessibility of the device would be up to the

individual and their circumstances.

The enhanced level of customisation within a

device will improve usability through enhanced

efficiency by addressing specific needs, reducing

the barriers that standardised products might not,

tailored fit and functionality, and increased comfort.

All of these factors lead to user satisfaction and

positive identity expression.

Hypothesis.

There are many benefits to both ways of designing.

Through rapid prototyping, testing and analysis, it

will conclude which option is going to be beneficial

for the final design of the enhancement wearable.

After discussing and testing with the user group

the final product will reflect what is concluded

from testing. In some public contexts creating a

universal product could be seen as a disruption,

and personalised products are more suitable.

Personalised wearables can be customised to the

needs of the individual, but a universal device can

be accessible to everyone.

59

04

RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

60

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study is to design and develop

a solution for members of society who are

physically restricted by their poor grip strength and,

consequently unable to have their independence

while completing their supermarket shopping.

This chapter highlights the research methodology

used consisting of research sampling, highlighting

the information needed, research data, Data

collection methods, and ethical considerations,

followed by the research methods.

61

4.1

RESEARCH

QUESTIONS

4.2

RESEARCH

SAMPLING

A set of three research questions has been

developed due to prior research.

QUESTION ONE




group?”

The scope of the participants in this research

project focuses on individuals with poor grip

strength directly caused by cerebral palsy, the

individuals have no loss of full/part of limbs. Due

to the nature of cerebral palsy individuals may also

have limited fine motor movement. This research

project focuses on individuals within a supermarket

shopping context, with a particular focus on

carrying a shopping basket.

QUESTION TWO

“Can negative conanations of disability assistive




QUESTION THREE




62

4.3

OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION NEEDED

Research Questions

What is the current role of testing

and manufacturing methods such

as CAD to achieve an appropriate

level of customisation for the user

group?

Type of information

needed

Perceptual

Contextual

Information yielded

Understand what

manufacture methods

are appropriate, level of

customisation, the benefits

of testing.

Methods

Needed

CAD modeling,

user interviews,

prototyping,

F e e d b a c k

reflection

Can negative conatations of

disability assistive devices be

destigmatised by challenging new

form and materialisation in a new

product that current ‘solutions’ do

not?

What level of support is necessary

to allow the consumer/user

group to feel in control, positive

emotions and confidence?

Perceptual

Procedural

Conceptual

Suitable design concepts

to improve the confidence

of users, form testing,

understanding the human

interaction

Is customisation needed

to produce confident

in users, what are those

customisation aspect, how

to provide confidence and

positive emotions.

User testing,

User interviews,

Prototyping

, literature,

feedback

User testing,

Prototyping and

reflection, User

interviews

FIGURE 4.1: INFORMATION NEEDED TABLE.

63

4.4

RESEARCH DESIGN

64

FIGURE 4.2: RESEARCH DESIGN GRAPH

4.5

DATA COLLECTION

4.6

ETHICAL

CONSIDERATIONS

To conduct a research-driven design method

approach, primary and secondary research

methods were used in this research project.

Surveys, interviews, user testing, literature review,

prototyping and testing were all conducted

throughout the process. Analysing all data collected

was a critical part of ensuring the durability and

quality of the design.

All prototyping conducted was based on previous

prototyping results and other data collection

methods.

Participants involved in this project’s testing

and research are all supervised (no minors). All

participants involved in this project are ensured

anonymity. No personal data was collected

in the interviewing and prototype processes.

Highlighting the potential for sensitive topics as

it could be considered as a medical device was

considered.

When users participated in the research stage

they were informed “. All information will be used

confidently and only used in this research report.

This information will be used in my final Honour

dissertation and any personal data will be modified

not to reveal identity.”

Sustainability processes are being considered,

using materials such as cardboard that are

recyclable in the rapid investigating prototyping

stage. Material availability was also considered in

the process, to prevent unnecessary emissions

during transportation and shipping.

65

4.7

METHOD ONE

Research Question:




Aim:

The aim of this research is to determine the specific

muscles and joints required for the movement of

picking up a shopping basket. This information will

inform the model-making process and guide the

design of the device to ensure it effectively mimics

the necessary grip.

Method:

1. Data from the Primary research and prototype

methods.

2. Using cardboard to see where it bends.

3. Investigating and mincing known grips

FIGURE 4.3: JOINT POINTS ON THE HAND THAT MOVE

DURING GRIPPING MOTION.

Results:

The main points of consideration are 3 points of

movement in the fingers and small movement in

the wrist. In establishing this the consideration into

the grip movement necessary was considered,

it was decided that the device should mimic the

finger hook grip.

Discussion:

This research helps clarify the specific movements

and mechanical requirements needed to create

an effective grip whether that will be electric, or

manual is yet to be solved. By understanding the

necessary hand movements and pivot points, the

design of the device can be optimized to mimic

the finger hook grip. This approach ensures that the

device will support the user effectively, enhancing

their control and confidence while reducing the

effort required to handle a shopping basket.

66

FIGURE 4.4:MUSCLES USED IN LIFTING (PHYIO-PEDIA. N.D ).

FIGURE 4.5: CARDBOARD PROTOTYPE, TO UNDERSTAND HAND MOVEMENT.

67

4.8

METHOD TWO

* Please note that assistive device has been used

as the terminology in this survey rather then

enhancement device

Results:

Research question:

“Can negative connotations of disability assistive




Aim:

This method aims to gain a deeper understanding of

what society thinks about disabilities, and different

perspectives. By gaining different perspectives the

researcher aims to create a deeper understanding

of what role a designer can play in challenging the

current disability stereotypes.

Method:

Conducting a survey and send out to different

ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and cultural

background, the survey explains the ethical

considerations and purpose of the research prior

to participates filling out the survey, the participants

fill out the survey then the researcher’s analysis and

reflects on the survey results.

The surveys show that over 60 percent of

individuals survey knew of someone that required

a “assistive “device to participate in everyday life.

Some of which included Walking stick/brace/

crutches, prosthetic and electric wheelchair,

Wheelchair, AFO’s, hand splints, glasses, Adaptive

technology to drive a car as a paraplegic. There

were mixed responses in participants opinion to

“From 1-5 you believe that society is fully accepting

of disability and assistant aid” with an even spread

of 30% people responding 2, 3, 4 and 8% percent

of people saying society is fully accepting.

Discussion:

Overall participate suggested that there should

be more conversation within society about

disability, as there is a ‘lack of knowledge around

assistive devices”. Participants widely agreed that

user’s ability to accept their assistive device plays

a huge role in the user’s ability to confidently exist

in society. Majority of participants in the survey

believed they were open minded towards assistive

devices, but 50 percent admitted to just being

curious and would probably look at or toward

someone using a device.

68

KEY INSIGHTS FROM SURVEY

Physical Disability Awareness

• Over 69% of respondents reported knowing someone with a physical disability, highlighting significant

familiarity and personal connections (Appendix 1 Figure 7.1).

• Disabilities mentioned include cerebral palsy, fibromyalgia, paraplegia, loss of fingers, and multiple

sclerosis (Appendix 2, Figure 7.2).

Assistive Device Usage

• Commonly used assistive devices included walking sticks, braces, crutches, electric wheelchairs, and

hand splints (Appendix 3 Figure 7.3).

• There is a desire for more assistive devices that improve hand strength and facilitate independence

(Appendix 4, Figure 7.4).

Perceptions and Attitudes:

• Most respondents expressed open-mindedness toward disability aids, noting that they see them as

essential tools for independence and normalcy in society (Appendix 5Figure 7.5).

• Acceptance of assistive technology is linked to self-expression, with some respondents mentioning

that personalizing devices (e.g., decorating) can increase comfort in using them publicly (Appendix 5

Figure 7.5).

Comfort and Social Interaction

• People suggest making disabled individuals feel comfortable by treating them the same as others,

avoiding excessive attention, and offering help only if clearly needed (Appendix 6 Figure 7.6).

User Acceptance of Assistive Technology

• User acceptance and comfort with assistive technology are crucial to preventing device abandonment.

Customisation, social acceptance, and user education are highlighted as key factors influencing device

satisfaction and long-term use (Appendix 6, Figure 7.6).

69

4.9

METHOD THREE

Research Question:




Aim:

This method aims to explore the level of

customisation required for individuals with limited

grip strength due to cerebral palsy. Specifically, it

examines the user’s journey with a shopping basket,

including basket size, and evaluates the feasibility

of creating a universally accessible product for all

supermarket basket users.

Method:

1. Sketching and iteration

2. Journey map creation

3. User analysis: mapping out each step, assessing

needs at each stage.

4. Ergonomic analysis

5. Measurement and load testing

Results:

Findings indicate challenges in designing a

universally suitable attachment or basket

modification due to the diverse needs of users. A

mass-produced device might suffer from reduced

care when used by the general public, impacting

durability and costs while necessitating a shift in

user behaviors.

The journey map revealed key pain points

throughout the shopping experience, including

transporting bags from the car, navigating the

store, and managing checkout. Areas of safety

concern were identified, em phasing the benefit of

freeing the fingers to select items without needing

to set down the basket. The product is intended

for individuals with one able-bodied hand and one

with poor grip strength, underscoring the need to

keep the stronger hand free for easier access to

items on the shelf.

Understanding the basket’s size, form, and

shape was essential in further developing the

enhancement device for this project.

70

WALKING INTO THE

SUPERMARKET

USER PICKS UP THE

SHOPPING BASKET

CAN’T DO IT

BECAUSE OF THEIR

GRIP STRENGTH

HAS HUMAN

RESOURCES TO

CARRY FOR THEM

HAS AN ASSISTIVE

DEVICE

HAS TO GO HOME

OR ONLY GET ONE

ITEM

CAN GO AROUND AND DO

THEIR SHOPPING BUT AT

WHAT EMOTIONAL COST

FOR THE INVIDUAL WHO IS

UNABEL TO HAVE THE

INDEPENDENCE

CAN DO THEIR SHOPPING

INDEPENDENTLY AND HAVE

POSTIVE EMOTIONS

BETWEEN THE DEVICE AND

THE USER.

USER TO THE CHECKOUT,

AND THEN OUT OF THE

SUPERMARKET

FIGURE 4.6: JOURNEY MAP OF A USER USING A SHOPPING BASKET.

FIGURE 4.7: BASKET SIZE ANALYSIS

71

4.10

METHOD FOUR

Discussion:

Research Question:

“Can negative coronations of disability assistive

devices be destigmatisation by challenging new

form and materialisation in a new product that

current ‘solutions’ do not?

Aim:

The aim of this method is to compare the pros

and cons to the method of through the fingers

compared to similar products of the market that

use the on the palm method of designing the

product.

Method:

1. Current market analysis

2. Prototyping

3. User group testing and feedback.

The market analysis confirmed the speculation

that majority of similar products on the market,

like weightlifting hooks are used on the palm of

the hand, this is because it presents to be the most

supportive and useful in the context. In this design

of a shopping basket, it is unlikely that the weight

needing to be lifted are going to be to be to that

high degree. From conversation and feedback from

the user group it has highlighted a need to think of

potential other options due to the potential muscle

spasms, low muscle dexterity, lack of fine motor

control and comfort. Through testing will the user

the palm presented issues with comfort and the

feeling of security when using the devices, some

users also raised a desire for the ability to move the

hook out of the way while using the device. Also,

feedback was that users wanted to potential have

the skin to product contact

Result:

The testing showed that the “through-the-fingers”

design outperformed the palm-based method

in comfort, stability, and user experience. Users

found the finger design more natural and educing

strain. They also appreciated the ability to move

the hook out of the way when not in use and

preferred the option for direct skin contact with the

product. Overall, another design concept should

be explored for a design was more ergonomic and

user-friendly, making it the preferred choice.

72

FIGURE 4.8: TESTING THE CONCEPT OF IN THE USERS

PALM

FIGURE 4.9: TESTING THE PALM CONCEPT USING

HINGES.

FIGURE 4.10: CONCEPTS OF THIS MECHANISM

73

4.11

METHOD FIVE

Results:

The initial prototype demonstrated several issues:

Research question :




group?”

Aim:

The aim of this method is to explore a potential

mechanism for the wearable device and assess its

practicality. CAD modeling will be used to visualize

and demonstrate how this mechanism can be

integrated into the design to meet user needs

effectively. The aim of this test is to test whether

molding around the fingers and using a mechanism

from under and over the fingers is a viable solution.

Method:

1. CAD modeling,

2. Rapid prototyping

3. Testing

• The mechanism for putting on and taking off

the device was ineffective.

• The string used in the design was too loose

and did not provide adequate rigidity.

• The overall functionality of the device

was compromised, and the design did not

effectively accommodate user needs.

• A pull-and-pull mechanism was identified

as a potential solution, mimicking muscle

movement by utilizing tension and retraction

to replicate gripping motion.

Discussion:

The prototype, produced at a 1:1 scale, presented

challenges in functionality and material suitability.

The string material was insufficient for creating a

durable and safe product. Issues with the on-andoff

mechanism and the placement of string holes

affected the overall design and user experience.

Future iterations of the prototype should focus on:

Using more rigid materials to enhance durability.,

Improving the mechanism for ease of use and

secure fit, ensuring that design elements, such as

string placement, do not interfere with the user’s

grip. Further refinements and testing are necessary

to develop a functional and effective wearable

device that meets user requirements.

74

FIGURE 4.11:

A PROTOTPYE OF A VERSION

OF THE DEVICE WORN

AROUND THE FINGERS AND A

PULL AND PULL MECHANISM.

75

4.12

METHOD SIX

Results:

Research Question:




group?”

Aim:

To evaluate the hinge mechanism of a proposed

design by using CAD to model and test its

functionality.

Method:

1. CAD Modeling

2. Rapid prototyping

3. Testing

The 3D-printed hinges exhibited significant

brittleness, leading to frequent breakage during

testing. This fragility compromised the durability

and reliability of the hinge mechanism. The size

and bulkiness of the hinges proved problematic,

as they interfered with natural finger movement.

This bulkiness not only restricted dexterity but also

impacted the overall comfort and usability of the

wearable. User testing revealed that the wearable

was difficult to put on and take off, particularly for

individuals with cerebral palsy. The design posed

significant challenges in terms of ease of use, which

is a crucial factor for the intended user group.

Discussion:

Similar to Method 4, this prototype was tested

at a 1:1 scale. Feedback suggests that this scale is

challenging for practical testing. Consideration

should be given to using larger models for more

effective evaluation. The current design explored a

single pivot point for the hinge mechanism (one at

the top third of the finger and one at the bottom).

This concept shows potential but requires further

investigation to address the issues identified, such

as hinge durability and ease of use.

76

FIGURE 4.12:HINDGING AROUND THE FINGERS

FIGURE 4.13: IMAGE OF THE PLA PRINT EXPLAINING HOW

THE FORM SITS AROUND THE FINGERS.

FIGURE 4.14: IMAGE DEMOSTRATING THE PRODUCT IN

TWO PARTS, SHOWING HOW IT WOULD COME ON

AND OFF.

77

4.13

METHOD SEVEN

Results:

Research Question:

What level of support is necessary to allow the



Aim:

To evaluate the pull and push mechanism as

a potential solution for the product design by

demonstrating its functionality through CAD

models and rapid prototyping. As well as testing

a potential new form that the device will look like

and form around the fingers. The pull and push

mechanism s an important one to test as there is no

mechanism present on the palm side of the hand.

Method:

1. CAD Modeling

2. CAM

3. Rapid Prototyping

4. User Feedback

The prototype, made using fishing wire,

demonstrated significant weaknesses as the wire

snapped under stress, which compromised the

integrity of the 3D-printed model. Users found

the prototype to be brittle and overly complex,

with several moving parts that detached easily,

rendering it impractical for effective use.

Discussion:

Feedback indicated significant feasibility issues

with the prototype, primarily its brittleness and

complexity, and the use of fishing wire proved

unsuitable, resulting in mechanical failure. To

address these problems, it was suggested to

develop a larger-scale prototype to better evaluate

the mechanism’s practicality. The design should

focus on delivering power to two fingers while

supporting the others to ensure coordinated

movement. Attention must also be given to

how users will power, don, and doff the device.

Exploring alternative materials, such as memory

alloys, could enhance durability and flexibility. The

next steps involve redesigning the prototype with

more robust materials, simplifying the moving

parts, developing a larger prototype for improved

assessment, investigating advanced materials,

and creating a user-friendly mechanism for easy

attachment and removal.

78

FIGURE 4.15: PRODUCT STILL PROPOSED AROUND EACH FINGER JUST WITH THING FLEXIBLE SHEET METAL THAT

WOULD PUSH FINGERS AND PULL THEM BACK FLAT.

FIGURE 4.16: CONCEPT AROUND FNIGERS

FIGURE 4.17: FORM FITTING TESTING.

FIGURE 4.18: CIRCLE SHOWS WHERE THE SHEET METAL WOULD RUN THROUGH, THE SIZE ON EACH PART OF THE

FINGER AND THE SHAPE.

79

4.14

METHOD EIGHT

FIGURE 4.19: POLYMORPH MOLDING

80

Research Question:

What level of support is necessary to allow the



Aim

To evaluate and optimise the ergonomic fit of

the hand piece for people with cerebral palsy ,

ensuring that it provides comfortable, functional,

and effective support for all intended users. To test

potential form for a manual mechanism (no battery

and power systems).

Method

1. Testing using thermoplastics (hobby version,

heat up after goes hard once it cools, can be

remolded).

2. CAD modeling

3. Testing

Discussion

Based on user feedback, one of the main goals of

the design was to allow for wrist movement. The

prototype was constructed to evaluate its comfort,

ergonomics, and form. While initial feedback

was positive regarding comfort and ergonomics,

research indicated that the hand brace might not

provide adequate support when lifting a basket,

particularly for users with cerebral palsy who require

additional support. Further testing in Chapter 5 will

explore this issue, focusing on the role of forearm

muscles in lifting.

Results

The prototype design successfully incorporated

wrist movement and received positive feedback

on comfort and ergonomics. However, concerns

emerged regarding its ability to support weight,

especially for users with cerebral palsy, who rely on

additional forearm muscle support. Chapter 5 will

further investigate these concerns. The prototype

also tested the use of thermoplastics to create a

customised, tight fit, which is particularly beneficial

given the diverse needs of individuals with cerebral

palsy.



FIGURE 4.22: PALM VIEW OF FORM TESTING

81

4.15

METHOD NINE

Research question




group?”

Aim

The aim of this method is to test the opportunity

for an electronic mechanism, at the beginning of

this project it was assumed this would be the most

reasonable method of powering this device. As the

project furthers other mechanism have challenged

this design. This method will either rule it out as

an opportunity or establish it as the pathway into

investigation further into chapter 5.

Method

1. Sketching

2. Primary research into the components needed

to power an electronic mechanism.

3. Understanding where the battery and motor

will be positioned.

Discussion

After exploring the potential of an electronic

mechanism, it was found that the required

technology package was too complicated and

bulky for practical use. The design would necessitate

the user to wear an arm-mounted system or carry

a battery and power pack, making it inconvenient

and uncomfortable. As a product designer, this level

of complexity would demand significant input from

engineering professionals and possibly the use of

expensive, established technologies. The idea of

using a linear actuator as a motor was explored, but

the challenges highlighted the need for a simpler,

more feasible solution.

Results

In conclusion, after receiving feedback, engaging in

discussions with tutors, conducting research, and

performing tests, it was determined that a manual

mechanism would be a better option to explore

further. Compared to the electronic approach, a

manual mechanism is less complex, less bulky, and

potentially easier for users to operate, making it a

more practical and user-friendly solution.

82

REASONS FOR NOT MOVING FORWARD WITH THIS DESIGN

• The design required a large amount of gear to function, possibility

to much for the ease of use aspect of the design.

• Expensive to get operating and potentially not the best solution

• Brittle around the fingers

• Not lightweight

• Hard to make durable in wet weather

• Not convenient for the user

FIGURE 4.23:IMAGE OF WHAT A ELECTRONIC MECHANISM WOULD LOOK LIKE, A LOT OF ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS, BIG AND BULKY AND A LOT OF EFFORT FOR THE USER TO PUT ON FOR SUCH A SIMPLE TASK.

83

4.15

METHOD TEN

Aim:

To develop a clearer vision of the product, sketching

basic forms of the device will help establish the

general appearance and functional elements.

These early sketches may not account for the

precise sizes of mechanisms but will provide a

foundation for refining the design. After gathering

feedback, these concepts will be advanced and

refined in chapter five for further development.

84

FIGURE 4..24:

SKETCHING OF THE

POTENTIAL DESIGN

FIGURE 4.25;

SKETCHING OF INTITAL DESIGNS

85

FIGURE 4.26:

COLLECTION OF

POLYMOPH PLASTICS

USED IN MOLDING

86

FIGURE 4.27::

PROTOTYPE SEEN IN

METHOD SEVEN

CHAPTER SUMMARY

The research presented in this chapter will inform the

creation of the design brief and aid in the refinement

of the final design elements. The feedback and

results underscore the importance of functionality

in the design process. Aesthetic refinements will be

addressed in Chapter 5, as well as further development

of the functionality of the design. This chapter has

clarified that the mechanism will be manually

operated, contrary to the initial assumption of a

linear or electronic mechanism. Additionally, user

feedback has emphasised the need for a device that

is easy to put on and take off, which has led to the

exclusion of several mechanisms.

87

ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

OF FINDINGS

88

05

Introduction

The purpose of this study is to design a grip

enhancement device worn by individuals with poor

grip strength, and fine and gross motor skills associated

with having cerebral palsy, the product will take over/

assist the user with the gripping motion required.

Chapter 4 was used to validate whether solutions

were feasible and to understand what the users’

needs and desires are. It was identified that the best

solution was a wearable device worn by the individual

over redesigning for everyone. It was understood

that there needs to be a level of aesthetic and form

customisation speciality to the user. Although this has

been identified further iteration has to be conducted

to validate assumptions. Further investigation into

the mechanism, form, functional customisation,

material, form, and aesthetics will be conducted in

this chapter.

This chapter will expand on the research, learnings,

and results from previous chapters to turn the

product into a completely resolved design. The

purpose is to apply the research methods to resolve

features of the design. The design brief is presented

first, followed by the development of the key

features.

89

DESIGN BRIEF

To continue developing a functional and

aesthetically pleasing enhancement device, the

research conducted in the first half of this research

project will be used to lead the next steps of

investigation. The focus on refining the already

developed prototypes highlights the key features.

The key features of aesthetics and customisation,

function, materiality, and ease of use are outlined

in 5.2.1-5.2.4

The product has the aim of reducing stigma by

creating a seamless, comfortable, and durable

product that the user can feel like they can trust

to perform the griping motion needed to pick

up a shopping basket. Challenging the idea that

medical devices are just functional, they can also

be seamless, neutral, and potentially fashionable.

The final design will be a customisable, durable,

ergonomic, and function-enhancement device.

It will have a manual mechanism used to aid the

motion of gripping and picking up a shopping

basket and carrying shopping bags with groceries.

The product must have colour options and the size

will be customisable and catered to the individual.

90

FIGURE 5.1:

COLLECTION PROTOTYPES

OF WRIST GUARDS AND

HOOKS

91

5.2.1

AESTHETICS AND

CUSTOMISATION

The disability wearable will be called an

enhancement device rather than an assistive

device to change the stigma associated with

assistive devices. This key feature has been

developed through a survey conducted, research

and feedback. The guidelines directly respond to

the research question “What level of support is

necessary to allow the consumer/user group to

feel in control, positive emotions and confidence?”

According to Disability and Rehabilitation:

disability wearable “Some participants mentioned

that they would not use assistive technology if it

attracted negative attention, despite its promise

of improving functionality. They would prefer

devices with a neutral appearance thereby

confirming the negative stigma associated with

visible assistive technology.” (Darc Piculo dos

Santos et al., 2022, p. 154). Furthermore, Open

Bionic explores the opportunity to customise and

create prosthetics that are inspired by superheroes

so children can feel confident and empowered to

wear their prosthetists. This prompts the need for

customisation and choice within the product for

the user group as some individuals would rather be

neutral, but some prefer to have their device as a

fashion statement.

Furthermore, published research states “User’s

acceptance of assistive technology is an important

factor that contributes to satisfaction and

engaged use, thus reducing the risks of product

abandonment” (Santos. A, et al 2022, 152). This

proves that high-quality aesthetics and choice will

increase consumer satisfaction. If the users’ feelings

are positive about the product, they are more likely

to interact with it. This is practically importing

through styling options as ‘medical devices’ are

often ugly and have no ability for customisation.

Addressing the stigmatisation will be done through

labialisation of the device, the user must have the

ability to personalise the product to which the

individual will be able to choose to be neutral or

obvious, enhancing the emotional connection

between the user and the product.

92

FIGURE 5.2;

COLLECTION OF PROTOTYPES

GUIDELINES

• The hand brace is made from medical grade

thermoplastics, custom fitting and moulded to

the individual, with focus on keeping a standard

shape and fitting.

• The enhancement device will have multiple

colour options for users to express their

personality.

• The hook is shaped to the size of the Australian

shopping basket but where the hook meets

with the hand is available in three different sizes.

• Aesthetic customisation in available in different

designs and colours on the wrist/ hand brace.

• Needs to look very durable, and supportive.

• The design will explore 3D manufactured

through challenging aesthetically pleasing

geometry like lattice structures.

93

5.2.2

FUNCTION

Function is a fundamental feature in design within

the assistive (enhancement) device field, arguably

one of the most important features when designing

for somebody with a disability. Although it has been

solved that the disability gripping enhancement

device will function seamlessly through a manual

mechanism. Further testing into the function of the

design needs to be explored.

This key feature is in direct response to the research

question “What is the current role of testing and



group?” This feature was established through user

testing, in-depth mechanism research, iteration,

and prototyping.

grab the bar by wrapping your thumb around it,

and then grasp your thumb and the bar tightly

with your fingers” (Schmitz, n.d.). Understanding

these gripping techniques is crucial for effectively

mimicking the motion in the design of a support

device.

From previous research conducted in Chapter 2

on weightlifting aids and lack of muscle control in

the thumb, the device will focus on the 4-finger

movement to control the gripping motion, rather

than completely mimicking the traditional grip.

When lifting shopping bags or baskets, the primary

gripping motions involve a combination of the

hook grip, hang grip, and cylindrical grasp. The

hook grip, commonly used in weightlifting, is

defined as follows: “The hook grip is where you

push the palm of your hand tight against the bar,

94

FIGURE 5.3:

POLOMOPH PLASTIC PROTOTYPE

TESTING LIFTING SHOPPING BASKET

GUIDELINES

• The device must carry a weight of 10-15kg.

• The design will function through a manual

mechanism.

• The device will need to mimic a “U” shape hook

motion like the hook shapes used in weightlifting

gripping aids.

• The device should provide adequate support

to the wrist and hand, preventing unwanted

movement or shifting during use, particularly

when lifting or carrying the shopping basket.

• The hooks must have the ability to remove or

move out of the way of the hand.

• The device needs to be able to be reliable and

functional mechanism.

• The hook needs sit and support the basket handle

without any movement.

• The fastening mechasism of the wrist support

must be a gross motor movement.

95

5.2.3

EASE OF USE

The enhancement device will provide a user-friendly

and seamless user experience. It is important to the

user group that the process of taking it on and off is

easy and non-time-consuming. As well as this the

user’s interaction with the product within a public

setting is done with ease, in doing so the user can

feel comfortable and confident. This key focus has

been developed through user group interviews,

primary research, interactive design, and design

testing. The guidelines in this key feature respond

to the research question: “Can negative conatations

of disability assistive devices be destigmatised by

challenging new form and materialisation in a new

product that current ‘solutions’ do not?

muscle control’ (Cerebral Palsy Alliance. 2023).

Individuals with cerebral palsy have low muscle

dexterity. Not only is materiality important

for comfort discussed in section 5.2.3 so is

acknowledging that individuals with cerebral palsy

all have different muscle tones influencing the

size, strength, and shape of their hand. This is why

molding the hand brace to suit these user needs

will create harmony and comfort that will ultimately

enhance the user’s experience.

This design has the goal of changing the public’s

perception, to increase the Individual with the

disability confidence, therefore boosting the

likelihood of the individual feeling comfortable

enough to wear the enhancement devices needed

for them to be a functioning member of society.

The focus of ergonomics is the way the user

can remove and put on the device as well as the

interaction needed to perform its main function.

Cerebral means ‘of the brain’ and palsy is ‘lack of

96

FIGURE 5.4:

PROTOTYPE TEST ON HAND

GUIDELINES

• The hand brace molded to the individual’s hand

size and shape for comfort.

• The design cannot break and must be durable.

• The design must be easy to take on and off.

• The product will have one piece component

and will be secured on by gross motor

movement fastening mechanism.

• The entire process of putting on, using, and

removing the device must be non-time

consuming. It should be designed to minimise

the user’s effort and time spent adjusting or

positioning the device, enabling quick and

efficient use within the supermarket context.

• The user experience from start to finish needs

to perform seamlessly.

97

5.2.4

MATERIALITY

The enhancement device is designed to meet the

specific needs of individuals requiring assistance

with gripping supermarket baskets or bags. It

aims to offer a flexible, comfortable, and durable

solution that users can rely on. This focus addresses

research question 3: “What level of support is

necessary to help the consumer/user group feel

in control, experience positive emotions, and gain

confidence?” This aspect is explored through user

testing, design iterations, and material evaluations.

The first 3D-printed prosthetics were manufactured

in 2011, the technology was first explored in 1999

(Team Xometry.2022). This was one of the first

enhancements made in 3d printing in the medical

field. The benefits of CAD/CAM are increasing

customisation and there is less material wastage.

(Ntop. N.D). Cerebral means ‘of the brain’ and palsy

is ‘lack of muscle control’ (Cerebral Palsy Alliance.

2023). Due to individuals with cerebral palsy having

low muscle dexterity, it is important to address the

different shapes that low muscle tone can cause,

therefore there is a need to personalise the shape

to ensure a comfortable fit.

While the design process has primarily focused on

functionality, it is equally important to consider the

material used in manufacturing as a key feature of

the design. Many medical graded thermoplastics

are now available in 3D printing manufacturing

and injecting molding. “Various thermoplastic

polymers were initially implemented by 3DP for the

manufacturing of biomaterials such as polylactic

acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic-coglycolic)

acid (PLGA) or poly (methyl methacrylate)

(PMMA)” (M’Bengue...2023). Using 3D printing in

these materials will ensure they are safe and can

have quick customisable aspects.

98

FIGURE 5.5:

COLLECTION OF HOOK

PROTOTYPES

GUIDELINES

• The hand brace will be crafted from a medicalgrade

thermoplastic lined in fabric, designed to

be gentle on sensitive skin and ensure safety

for all users.

• The hand brace may be constructed using 3D

printing.

• Exploring lattice structures in the design will

enhance breath-ability, promoting airflow and

reducing discomfort during extended use

• Based on user feedback, the design component

situated between the fingers must be robust,

durable, and capable of supporting a weight

of up to 15 kg. To meet these requirements, it

will need to be constructed from high strength

plastic or metal.

• It will be constructed from a durable, flexible,

and comfortable material that fosters trust and

reliability in the device.

• All materials used in the device must strike

a balance between flexibility and structural

integrity. The design should allow for freedom

of movement.

• The use of fabric in the hand wrist support will

provide comfort

99

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER FIVE

PROCESSES

HOOK

AND WRIST

GUARD FORM

HOOK

MECHANISM

HOOK

AND WRIST

GUARD

SLOTTING

MECHANISM

FASTENING

METHOD

EXPLORATION

100

LATTICE

PATTERNING

LOGO

DEVLOPMENT

FINAL

REFINEMENTS

MATERIAL

TESTING

FIGURE 5.6:

GRAPH OF THE SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5

PROCESSES

101

5.3. MECHANISM DEVELOPMENT

5.3.1

THREE POINT MECHANISM

Aim:

To evaluate the functionality of the gripping

device placed between the fingers without added

supports, the goal is to align with the guideline: “The

device must mimic a “U”-shaped hook motion,

similar to weightlifting grip aids.” This prototype will

also assess size and shape to determine if it offers

a more practical solution compared to the designs

in Chapter 4, which incorporated finger support

rather than positioning between them.

Method:

Results:

The experiment yielded positive results, though

not a complete solution. It showed that finger

movement support may be necessary, as users

need to fully trust the device to bear weight. Further

testing on how many fingers the device should

involve will be explored in future prototypes. While

the pulling mechanism worked well, the pushing

was less effective. Based on feedback, the next

iteration will feature a solid hook body instead of

three moving parts.

1. Model the design in SolidWorks with 2 joints

and 3 finger-sized pieces.

2. Print the parts in PLA at both normal and 2.1 scale

to test size, with a larger scale for functional

movement testing.

3. Sand the parts for proper fit, and drill holes for

wire assembly.

4. Use wire to hold the parts together for

prototyping.

5. Test the mechanism using wire and string.

102

FIGURE 5.7: PROTOTYPE OF THE THREE PART MECHANISM AROUND THE FINGERS.

FIGURE 5.8: UNDERSTANDING THE FORM OF THE

MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.9: STRING USED TO TRY MIMIC THE MOVEMENT

NEEDED.

103

104

FIGURE 5.10:

SKETCH TO UNDERSTAND

THE MECHANISM FORM

AROUND THE HAND.

FIGURE 5.11: JOURNEY MAP OF THE USER INTERACTING WITH PURPOSED PRODUCT.

105

5.3.2

SKI BOOT MECHANISM

Aim:

To test the potential of the snow boot tightening

mechanism called BOA and whether the

mechanism can be used to provide the movement

necessary in this design.

Method.

1. Using a snowboard boot found the designer

home.. 2 participants with limited movement

in their hand were asked to test whether they

could rotate the mechanism with their bad arm

and then with their good arm to test whether it

can even be used by users.

2. Primary research int other function of the

mechanism was done to see if it could be

used to perform the movement the devices

mechanism needs to perform.

Results:

From this testing it was found that the mechanism

could be easily used by individuals that have one

able bodied preforming hand and one that was

weaker and had palsy in it, but with individuals that

have limited movement in both it would not be a

viable solution. The mechanism does have some

components that could be useful in the design

but not as many benefits compared to other

mechanisms tested.

106

FIGURE 5.12:

INVESTIGATING

THE SKI BOOT

MECHANISM

107

5.3.3

MANUAL MECHANISM

DEVELOPMENT

Aim:

To test a manual simple mechanism at the hook

such as a hinge, from previous research and

investigation done is chapter 4, it is important to

some users to be able to provide the opportunity

for user to be able to still wear the device and not

have the hook engaged. In this test consist of a

hinge and using the manual motion from the other

user’s hand to flick it back out of the way. This test

also test the strength of the plastic, tire weight,

braided picture hanging wire brace and metal

hinges and flexible materials.

Methods:

1. Using the chosen hook design from a previous

prototype method

2. Adding a hinge form

3. Using a standardised wrist brace, attaching it

to that to test the movement of the hinging

component.

4. User testing on user group, gain feedback.

Result:

Through this test it was found that this mechanism,

although it was the simplistic that the design could

be the best suit towards the target market. This

test was performed with a hinge at the pivot point.

This test demonstrated that there were benefits

in this design as there wasn’t any complicated

mechanisms that led to higher durability, and the

motion was a gross motion skill which is most of

the time easy to perform for the user groups. The

design also was beneficial when taking on and off

as the user could focus on the wrist and hand brace

and then fit the hooks around the fingers.

The hinging mechanism is the most viable tested

solution, and it will be constructed out of a strong

small hinge welded to the metal. The mechanism

was established that it needs to be able to move

freely and be secured against the back of wrist brace.

Instead of just 90 degrees. Further exploration into

the material of the fastening method needs to be

explored.

108

FIGURE 5.13:

TESTING DIFFERENT HINGE

MECHANISM CONCEPTS

FIGURE 5.14:

SHOWING HOW THE FORM

WOULD LOOK WHEN THE

HOOKS ARE NOT IN ACTION.

109

110

FIGURE 5.15:

THE PURPOSED CONCEPT AT THIS STAGE OF THE

PROTOTYPING. UNDERSTANDING WHERE THE

HOOK WOULD SIT IN RELATION TO THE WRIST

BRACE.

111

5.3.4

FLIP BACK FASTENING

MECHANISM

Aim

The goal of this experiment is to determine the

most effective method for securing the hook

when not in use, by testing two potential solutions:

magnets and a Velcro strap. The objective is to

identify which option provides the best balance of

strength, ease of use, and reliability for the user.

Results

This test came to the conclusion that if the final

mechanism would be the hinge mechanism that

the use of a magnet to hold the hook back when

not in use is the appropriate solution. Velcro was

less convenient for the user and could be hard as

it involves three parts and the combination of fine/

gross motor control.

Method

1. From the results from the manual method

(section 5.3.3), Using different strengths and

sizes of magnetic and recording the results.

The magnetics need to be able to hold the

hook but also allow the ability for the user to

release easily.

2. Test the potential of using the fastening method

of straps and Velcro

112

FIGURE 5.16:

SKETCH OF THE DIFFERENT

FASTENING METHODS TO SECURE

THE HOOK WHEN NOT IN USE THIS

SHOWS THE USE OF STRAPS, VELCRO,

AND MAGNETICS.

113

5.3.5

NUMBER OF HOOKS

Aim:

This prototype method will test this theory that

it needs two support hook and compare the use

of the potential of three or even one. This test is

important because of the amount of weight that

the hook must be able to support. This aspect of

the design will aim to test the assumption made in

chapter two.

*The first prototype is constructed under the

function aspect of the design but will be further

tested in material as the material will affect the

weight limitations.

Results.

Testing revealed that two hooks between the

fingers provided the best support for the design. A

single hook was unstable and didn’t offer enough

control, while the basket tended to spin and

sway, causing discomfort. With, users felt more

secure and experienced less movement of the

basket, leading to greater comfort. Three hooks

proved uncomfortable and impractical, as users

struggled to attach them, and the design was less

ergonomic. In conclusion, the two-hook design

was preferred for its stability and comfort, and

further development will focus on this result.

114

Method:

1. Using the polymorph thermoplastic methods

(Same molding method used in method

SECTION 5.5). The ergonomic feeling was

tested. By creating a stationary model with no

moving parts.

2. The hand guard and the in-between finger

mechanism were molded together the test the

comfort for the user.

3. The test constructed tested one, two and three

hooks.

FIGURE 5.17:

TESTING THE AMOUNT OF HOOKS NEEDED TO LIFT

THE BASKET SECURELY, IN CONCLUSION THE ANSWER

IS TWO

115

5.3.6

SLOTTING MECHANISM

TESTING

Aim:

Testing the concept of having the hooks as a

separate component from the wrist brace is crucial.

Previous tests have shown that for optimal comfort,

the hooks must remain out of the way while the

user is putting on the device. However, once the

device is secured, the hooks need to provide the

necessary support. Evaluating this separation will

help ensure both ease of use and functional stability.

Method:

Results

Results indicated that this was the best possible

solution for the product. The mechanism was a

simple design and easy to use for the user. This

was the beginning of the development of this

mechanism but it was decided that this mechanism

would be further explored. It was decided through

this testing that for safety reasoning there needed

to be some form of securing fastening method

such as a pin., The mechanism has to be a gross

motor movement. The mechanism also allowed

for interchangeable hooks.

• Sketching

• Primary research of similar mechanisms, or

mechanisms in different contexts.

• CAD modeling

• Polymorph

116

FIGURE 5.18: JOURNEY MAP OF THE MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.19: SLOTTING MECHANISM IN A RENDER

117

118

FIGURE 5.20:

HOOK PROTOTPYE

3.3.7

MECHANISM DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY

The development of the mechanism began with

the goal of creating a device that would allow

individuals with cerebral palsy to lift and carry

shopping baskets without needing to grip. Early

iterations focused on refining the hook’s shape

and placement. Through testing, it was found

that positioning the hook higher enabled users to

confidently interact with baskets using just their

fingertips. An offset of 10-15mm was added to

account for finger thickness, ensuring the hook

started just beyond the palm for better functionality.

Stability was crucial due to varying levels of muscle

control, so modifications were made to the wrist

and hand brace. Two hooks were incorporated

to help maintain proper hand form and prevent

unwanted movement while using the device.

Various positions for the hooks relative to each

other were explored during testing of the number

of hooks through this it was decided thatthe hooks

should run parallel to provide the most stability,

but furthur exploration of this will be done in form

development.

Velcro and magnets were considered as fastening

options for the hook’s back attachment. Although

promising, they were eventually dismissed after

testing the hinge mechanism, which revealed

issues with stability and center of gravity.

The hinge mechanism proved difficult to make

secure for the user, prompting the exploration of a

fully stationary mechanism as a last resort. Further

testing of alternative mechanisms and shapes

led to the development of a slotting mechanism,

which produced positive results. This provided the

user with a secure, stable mechanism that would

be further refined in form testing.

Initially, it was assumed that the hooks would

be two separate parts, but after testing the slot

mechanism, it was concluded that futhur testing

into potential making it one part as hinging around

the fingers was unnecessary. Further development

of this aspect of the design will be addressed in

form testing.

In conclusion, the enhancement device will feature

a manual mechanism where the wrist brace and

hook components are separate and slot into each

other. Additional exploration will take place in

the following sections. After Method 5.3.1, it was

decided that the hook would be a single solid

part, avoiding unnecessary complexity in the

mechanism and eliminating the need for a threepoint

system.

119

5.4 FORM DEVELOPMENT

5.4.1

BASIC HOOK FORM

Aim:

The aim of this experiment is to test different

forms, shapes, and sizes of the hook after other

testing concluded that testing of one solid hook

body should be performed for security, strength,

and durable reasoning. When the design had three

movable sections in the hook it was too brittles,

and it was decided that due to the weight it needs

to carry they are best being one solid hook.

Results

The solid-body design greatly improved the

durability of the hooks compared to previous

versions with movable sections. All shapes were

designed out of thermoplastic polymorph and the

form was decided as a rectangle shape with a leg

that come through the fingers.

Method.

• Heat water in a pan close to boiling point, to

put the polymorph pebbles into the water.

• After 3-5 minutes use a fork remove the

polymorph from the water.

• Lay it on the bench and remove a fraction of it,

to mold,

• Mold into the different shapes and sizes, placing

it back in the water to stay soft.

• Using a shopping basket to mold around.

• Wait for them to cool down in their shape to

get hard and hold their shape.

• Analyase and test them to get the best

feedback.

120

FIGURE 5.21:

COLLECTION OF FORM HOOK

PROTOTPES HANGING ON A

BASKET

121

FIGURE 5.22: HOOK PROTOTYPE ONE

FIGURE 5.23: HOOK PROTOTYPE TWO

FIGURE 5.24: HOOK PROTOTYPE

THREE

122

This is the results from the best 3 hook designs

that had the best features most likely to be

used in refinement of the final design.

Hook Prototype One:

The shape of the hook was specifically designed

to match the size of the basket handle, providing

excellent support for the basket’s weight in

stationary scenarios. The longer hook length

increased the surface area, reducing the likelihood

of the basket slipping off. While this design fit

comfortably between the fingers, the hook was too

narrow and would benefit from a wider surface area

for better stability. An offset was introduced, which

had not been considered in previous iterations, and

proved to be essential for the hook’s performance.

Hook Prototype Two:

This version of the hook was stronger and thicker

than the first prototype, providing better stability.

However, the increased width between the hook

and the base of the fingers made it uncomfortable

for users. The addition of a lip to secure the basket

received positive feedback for its ability to hold the

basket in place, but it made positioning the hook

more difficult, reducing ease of use. The thickness

of the hook will be further explored in future

iterations to optimize comfort and functionality.

Hook Prototype Three:

This prototype featured a rounder shape, offering

a sleeker, more aesthetically pleasing design. The

smaller hook size allowed users to grip the device

with their fingers, leading to further exploration

of hook placement. The larger surface area of

the hook was advantageous for support, while a

narrower section where it contacted the fingers

was also identified as an area for further refinement.

Summary

Key elements for further exploration include the

larger surface area and offset for stability, the lip

for securing the basket, and the rounder, sleeker

design for improved aesthetics and comfort. These

features provide a solid foundation for refining the

device’s performance and user experience.

123

5.4.2

HOOK SHAPE/LOCATION

Aim:

Test the positioning of the hook on a stationary

device. The test will compare two options: a lower

position where the device bears all the weight, and

a higher position on the palm where the fingers

can assist with weight-bearing.

Method.

• Using polymorph thermoplastics to mold into

shape in a stationary form.

• Testing a lower and higher option.

• User testing and analysis.

Results

The higher test:

The only downside to this option was the user

only being able to use their tips of their fingers to

interact with the shopping basket. The user tested

felt more supported due to the positioning, the user

could hook onto the basket with more confident.

The lower test:

During testing the user found this position harder to

position themselves into, the hook wasn’t as large,

and the product positioning was interfering with

the centre of gravity. The hook was too compact

and caused comfortability in the finger movement.

Although the user could grip with their gripping

motion in their fingers, it was hard for them to make

an accurate movement interfering with the device.

The testing determined that the higher position

was best suited, as most user groups were unable to

form the correct gripping motion. Users expressed

that they would prefer a device that performs the

necessary tasks on its own, rather than one that

requires them to manipulate it with their fingers.

They noted that while some days are better than

others in terms of dexterity, they would like to

consistently rely on the device to handle the tasks

effectively.

124

FIGURE 5.25:

TESTING OF THE LOWER POSTIONING

FIGURE 5.26:

TESTING OF THE HIGHER HOOK

POSTIONING

125

5.4.3

HOOK REFINEMENT

Aim.

Using the results from the previous hook

experimentation, this test seeks to refine the final

hook design. Testing the need for potential offsets

and position in and around the fingers.

Method

1. Follow steps form section 5.5 about how to

use the thermoplastic polymorph

2. 3D CAD drawing, sketching, CAD modeling

3. Analyses and test them to get the best

feedback.

Results.

It was established through testing, there had to be

an offset of the beginning of the side of the hook

and the attachment of the hand brace as there is

a thickness of 10-15mm for the fingers. The hook

needs to starts after the palm of the fingers.

Through testing it was found that because of the

low muscle control and dexterity the support

of the wrist and hand brace was not enough, it

was found during movement of picking up the

shopping basket the device would move and there

will a need for more support. This is why the extra

leg was added to the hook to help keep the hand

in form.

126

This feature circled was later eliminated

as it was designed when the device had a

hinge mechanism to provide the stability

needed, due to this it was kept in design till

testing into making the two hook aspect

into one solid body.

FIGURE 5.27:

HOOK REFINEMENT SHAPING AROUND THE

BASKET

127

5.4.4

ERGONIMICS OF

PLACEMENT AND SHAPE

OF HOOKS IN RELATION

TO FINGERS AND LIFTING

BASKET

During previous prototyping tests, the placement

of the hooks emerged as a significant issue. Due

to the organic shape of the hand, when the device

was worn, the hooks would clash and interfere with

each other, causing discomfort and compromising

both ergonomics and functionality.

FIGURE 5.28: NEW HOOK FORM TESTING AND

POSITIONING

To resolve this, the design was further refined using

CAD software. The hooks were repositioned to

run parallel to each other at the base, aligning more

naturally with the fingers. This updated design,

shown in figure [X], was then tested by 3D printing

the device using a desktop printer

FIGURE 5.29: FORM AND THICKNESS TESTING

128

FIGURE 5.30:

POSITIONING AND FORM OF THE

HOOKS IN RELATION TO THE HAND

BRACE.

129

5.4.5

JOINING OF THE HOOKS

TO MAKE ONE FORM

Aim:

Now that it’s been determined the product requires

two hooks to support the weight and provide

comfort when carrying a shopping basket—and

that these hooks should run parallel—this test will

explore combining the two hooks into a single,

unified component. This approach aims to enhance

both structural integrity and user comfort.

Method:

1. Using polymorph to test different forms.

2. Sketches

3. CAD

4. PLA prints and editing CAD models after

feedback and user testing.

Results

Initially, the design mechanism required the hooks

to be separate, as this was considered the most

effective approach. However, after transitioning

to a slot-in mechanism during the development

phase, it became clear that two hooks in one

body would be easier for users to handle, offering

a larger, more manageable object. Further testing

revealed stress points at the fillets, prompting

changes to strengthen the design. Additionally,

it was determined that the hooks needed to be

parallel and uniform in height and shape to ensure

ease of use and greater strength when lifting the

basket.

130

FIGURE 5.31 FIGURE 5.32

FIGURE 5.33 FIGURE 5.34

FIGURE 5.31 - 5.34: JOINED HOOK FORM AND POSITIONING IN RELATION TO THE SLOTTING MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.35:

131

5.4.6

FORM AND FITTING OF THE

WRIST GUARD

Aim:

To evaluate the potential form, and fitting of the

wrist guard, comparing fabric options and solid

components such as thermoplastic medical

molding and CAD-based designs, neoprene. The

goal is to identify a comfortable and stable wrist

brace that provides security and support to the

user.

Method:

Using polymorph thermoplastic and the method

for that, different forms were created around the

user’s wrist and hand.

This was repeated till the design was formed.

Test sewing neoprene and test on users for comfort

and breath-ability.

Results:

Through multiple different form tests, it was

decided that the wrist/hand brace would be one

piece that slides onto the wrist and done up with

straps. The brace will be molded to the wrist

with the key common form features across every

custom wrist brace created. as seen in the diagram.

The brace will have a fastening method such as

Velcro as more security is needed. The plastic will

either be lined with a fabric material or the plastic

is sewn into the neoprene. Further testing using

a 3D scanner to investigate different methods of

manufacturing and designing.

132

FIGURE 5.36:

FORM OF THE WRSIT

BRACE IN RELATION

TO THE HAND

133

134

FIGURE 5.37: POLYMORPH PLASTIC FORM CREATED FOR A 3D SCAN.

FIGURE 5.38:

PALM VIEW OF THE

FINAL FORM.

135

5.4.7

3D SCANNING FORM

FIGURE 5.39: SOLUTIONX 3D SCANNER IN THE

PROTOSPACE

(PROTOSPACE, 2024)

Aim

This aim utilises a 3D scanner to capture the final

form of the wrist guard developed from polymorph

plastic. This process will explore potential lattice

structures, and evaluate the lining of the guard to

optimize comfort and support for the user.

Method:

1. Molding the final model form out of polymorph

thermoplastic, also creating a form out of

polymer clay for better scanning purposes

and using Protospace 3d scanner to scan the

model.

2. Using the STL file created to manipulate and

investigate lattice structure.

Discussion:

3D scanning proved to be a valuable experimental

method, as it had been challenging to create the

complex, organic shape of the wrist brace using

traditional CAD techniques. The 3D scan generated

a model, which was printed using a desktop

printer. However, the prototype revealed several

imperfections that the researcher attempted to

address by editing the mesh in Fusion. The scan

produced two versions: a watertight model and

an open mold. The watertight model had bumps,

making it uncomfortable and unergonomic, while

the open mold had fewer polygons but contained

holes in the design. These issues prompted further

exploration in SolidWorks, where the model was

refined by sketching around it. This process is

detailed further in experiment 5.4.8.

136

FIGURE 5.40: THE FORM PRODUCED BY THE 3D SCANNER

FIGURE 5.41: THE SCAN PRODUCED BY SOLUTIONX

137

5.4.8

SKETCHING AROUND STL

FILE

Aim:

Using SolidWorks CAD software to transform

the 3D scan from experiment 5.4.7 into a refined,

ergonomic final design. This design will include

practical enhancements such as Velcro fastenings

and a widened opening to improve comfort and

usability.

Method

1. Using solid works and the STL model, 3D

sketches around the STL file using the size and

points creating planes to mimic the shape and

form.

2. Due to the plastic material and ergonomics the

opening was widened.

3. Lattice pasterns were first explored.

Results

During the CAD development process, both

SolidWorks and Fusion 360 were used to shape

the wrist brace, with sketching planes around the

3D scan proving to be more effective than directly

editing a mesh. This approach allowed for more

precise design testing and adjustments. The 3D

scan was used as the foundation for the final design,

which was then printed using a PLA 3D printer.

After the initial prints, further edits were made to

refine the form, maintaining the brace’s ergonomic

fit based on the original scan.

138

FIGURE 5.42:

SKETCHING AROUND THE

SCAN IN SOLIDWORKS.

USING THE SCAN AS A GUIDE.

139

FIGURE 5.42: CLOSE UP OF THE FORM AROUND THE SCAN

140

FIGURE 5.43: FORM BEFORE FEEDBACK, AFTER A PLA PRINT WAS DONE IT WAS DECIDED TO TRIM FOR EASE OF USE.

CIRCLED AREA SHOWED TRIMMED AREA

FIGURE 5.45:

CURRENT FORM AT THIS STAGE OF

PROTOTYPING AFTER USING THE

3D SCAN.

141

5.4.9

FASTENING METHOD OF

THE WRIST BRACE

Aim

The aim of this method is to test Velcro as a fastening

method for users, To test whether the user is able

to perform the motion of undoing the brace and

fastening it up. The previous assumption of users

not able to perform task must be challenged as it

has been found through other experimentation

that for a design to feel secure this must be tested.

Method

Using the 3D printed model test whether fastening

the wrist guard together makes it more secure.

Experiment with alternative Velcro placements

to determine the most effective and comfortable

configuration for the users.

Results

Results show that the velor is a gross motor

movement that can be easily performed by user

group. Two pieces of Velcro securing the device on

the wrist half of the device provided the user with

the highest level of confident in the product. In the

future design where the Velcro is secured to the

brace will be intented with an off set of 1mm.

Without the security of a fastening method there

is high likelihood of the product falling off the user

and causing safety issues.

142

FIGURE 5.46: SKETCH OF HOW THE METHOD OF VELCRO AS A FASTENING METHOD.

FIGURE 5.47: TESTING DURING THE FABRIC PROTOTYPE.

143

144

FIGURE 5.48:

FORM AESTHETIC EXAMPLE

5.5.10

FORM DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY

At the start of the form development phase,

the hook’s size and shape were tested using the

dimensions of the Woolworths shopping basket

handle and polymorph thermoplastics. After

selecting a suitable form, the hook’s positioning

was established, and the final shape was decided

in section 5.4.3, excluding a part of the design that

was deemed unnecessary.

Further testing during the mechanism development

stage confirmed that the hooks needed to run

parallel and be no more than 10mm wide to fit

comfortably between the fingers.

Initially, it was assumed that the hooks would

be mass-manufactured with the wrist brace

customized. However, testing revealed that a fully

customizable product was more beneficial, as users

with low muscle tone have diverse needs, and mass

production offered no financial advantage.

The 3D scan was initially used as a mesh in

Fusion, but after challenges arose, it served as a

guide for sketching in SolidWorks. A prototype

was 3D-printed to ensure comfort, and minor

adjustments were made. Additional refinements

will be explored during the aesthetic refinement

stage.

The wrist brace’s opening was adjusted to prevent

skin discomfort and instability when carrying

weighted baskets, which could cause the device to

slip. Testing of Velcro straps as a fastening method

proved successful, offering both security and

comfort. Neoprene was incorporated for added

comfort in the brace’s design. Lattice structure for

breath-ability was also explored with more testing

to be done in the aesthetic refinement section.

Finally, the position of the slotting mechanism on

the wrist brace was tested and finalised.

Form testing for the wrist guard, based on chapter

four, demonstrated that a wrist brace was necessary

for security and ergonomic stability, allowing some

wrist movement. Various forms were explored

using polymorph and clay, with the best form 3D

scanned at UTS Protospace.

145

5.5 MATERIALITY

5.5.1

INITIAL TESTING OF HOOK

MATERIAL

Aim.

The aim of this prototyping method is to use results

of the hook in the form decided now to test the

material needed to hold the weight of the results

(2 between the finger hooks).

Methods:

Secondary research and current market analysis is

used gain knowledge into was materials to test.

Material testing was performed by buying the

material in shapes or molding into the desired

shape.

Weight tests were performed by using the

woolworths hopping baskets and adding the

weight and recording at each stage what the

results were.

Results

This testing provided valuable insights into potential

materials for the hook design. Experimentation

with polymorph plastic demonstrated that plastic is

a strong material suitable for further testing. While

the metal hook exhibited desirable strength, it

lacked aesthetic appeal and had reduced friction,

making it prone to basket slippage. In contrast,

plastic offered better friction. A visit to Bunnings

expanded understanding of the size, types, strength,

and properties of various materials. Dipping the

metal in rubber is also being considered to address

the potential lack of friction.

146

FIGURE 5.49: METAL AND PLASTIC TESTING

FIGURE 5.50: STRUCTURAL STEAL

BRACING

FIGURE 5.51: SURE-HOOK METAL

DIPPED IN RUBBER

FIGURE 5.52: POLYMORPH TESTING

147

5.5.2

TESTING OF SEWING THE

PLASTIC INTO NEOPRENE

Aim

The aim of this method is to test the comfort of the

use of neoprene fabric to cover the plastic. In this

test Velcro was test to make sure it can be sewn

into the neoprene.

Method

• Using a pen and paper, measure out and sketch

out the shape of the wrist brace, this needs to

create a pattern.

• After this it was then cut out and using a sewing

machine sewn together,

• After it had been sewn together mostly,

enough room was left so the hand brace could

be fitted inside.

• Hand stitched the final line.

• Then the velcro was suck on and the loops

werte sewn int othe side.

Results

Results show that aesthetically it looked better then

the 3D plain print, but breath-ability was an issue

as worn for long periods of time in hot weather

would cause sweeting and potential discomfort.

Further exploration into lattice structuring will

prompt breath-ability and be aesthetically pleasing,

Although this is the cause it did provide a lot of

comfort for the user so exploration into lining the

device should be further explored.

148

FIGURE 5.53: TESTING COVERING THE PLASTIC IN NEOPRENE FOR COMFORT.

FIGURE 5.54; SEWING IN THE VELCRO

FIGURE 5.55: FORM ON THE HAND IN THE NEOPRENE,

TESTING COMFORT AND SECURITY OF THE VELCRO.

149

5.5.3

HP NYLON PRINT

Aim.

The aim of this test was to understand the process

and the results of printing the design in the nylon

material, testing the durability, aesthetics, and

benefits of the materiality. Also to test the process

of dying the material in the university of technology

Protospace.

Method

1. Using the Hp multi jet fusion 3D printing

through the UTS Protospace.

2. Testing the process of dying the material

3. User testing and user feedback

4. Futhur strength testing in the 5.5.4

Results

Results indicate that the material is very strong,

aesthetically please and provides the user with

a larger amount of comfort. The material felt

secure and smooth creating a positive relationship

between the user and their enhancement (assistive)

device.

Due to the product being built in two part its

prompts the ability to have two different materials.

It allows for the flexibility for the individual and the

design to customise the strength necessary for the

user. For example, a user may wish to carry heavier

baskets and want a device with a weight rating

requiring a stronger material such as metal.

The HP MultiJet Fusion 4200 3D printer is highly

efficient for producing complex geometries without

support structures, enabling rapid, high-volume

printing of intricate parts. Like industrial Selective

Laser Sintering (SLS) technology, it uses heat

lamps to fuse plastic powder instead of lasers. This

technique selectively solidifies only the 3D model

within a chamber of loose powder, eliminating

the need for support material and allowing for the

creation of fully assembled, movable parts when

appropriately designed. (protospace uts, 2024).

150

FIGURE 5.56: HP JET FUSION PRINTER (HP, N.D.)

The benefits of Nylon powder print are:

• Flexibility and durable with high tensile strength

capability.

• It is temperature resistant as it can withstand

temperatures of 150 degrees Celsius.

• Smooth aesthetic finishes

• Lightweight compared to metal and other

plastics.

• Low fiction

151

5.5.4

WEIGHT TEST HP NYLON PRINT

Aim.

The aim of this test is to test the weight capability

of the HP N yon print material in both the strength

of the wrist brace and the strength of the hook.

Also to test the material combination of the nylon

and the plastic handles.

Method:

CAD/CAM using Solidworks and the HP printer

located in the UTS Protospace

Testing the performance when lifting difference

weights.

Testing the durability, sense of security of the user

Checking that the hook doesn’t slide around on

because of the material combinations.

Results

Results indicated that there was no sliding when

applied to the basket, this is also due to the two

hook support explored and tested earlier in the

design process. It was earlier assumed that it would

have to be coated in some rubber as tests in PLA

and polymorph indicated sliding and no security.

This is not the case with the HP print.

Strength testing indicated that it is best suited for

carrying between 0-5kg of groceries but is able to

carry 10kg but there is quite a bit of strain on the

products hook. If it was 3D printed in metal it would

be a lot stronger, The weight limit on shopping

baskets is max 10-15kgs without casing damage to

the integrity of the basket and the users.

152

FIGURE 5.57: WEIGHT TESTING NO WEIGHT JUST BASKET




153

154

FIGURE 5.61:

HP PRINTS OF HOOK TESTING

155

5.5.5

METAL 3D PRINTING

Aim:

Although 3D printing metal is a significant financial

commitment, testing and research show that

providing access to high-strength materials

could greatly benefit the user group by allowing

exploration of different weight capacities and

strengths. The two-part product design enables the

swapping and customization of hooks for various

purposes and strength requirements. The aim of

this method is to explore the benefits, options, and

limitations of 3D printing in metal.

Method:

• User feedback

• Material research to understand the properties,

process, and cost of materials.

• CAD/Rendering for aesthetics

Results:

Aluminum emerged as the most viable material

for this design due to its lightweight properties.

Aluminum 3D printing uses metal additive

manufacturing technologies such as Selective Laser

Melting (SLM) and Direct Metal Laser Sintering

(DMLS). These processes involve a high-power

laser selectively fusing aluminum powder layer by

layer, resulting in strong, complex, and light-weight

parts (Gibson, Rosen, & Stucker, 2015).

In this case, 3D printing is necessary to achieve

the complex geometries and high level of

customisation needed for individual users, which

is more costly than other metal manufacturing

methods. The HP nylon wrist brace and the metal

hook complement each other well aesthetically.

The quoted cost for 3D printing just the hook

component ranged from $200-$250. Due to this

high cost, it was decided that the HP nylon print

would meet the required weight capacity, and a

metal-like appearance model was created instead.

This serves as evidence that a metal hook would

be a viable option for users needing greater weight

support. The design concept demonstrates that

the hooks can be interchangeable for different

purposes and contexts.

156

FIGURE 5.62:

RENDER SHOWING THE METAL (ALUMINUM)

157

158

FIGURE 5.63:

PROTOTPYE OF THE HP PRINT, EXPLORING

THE MATERIALITY.

5.5.6

MATERIALITY DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY

In conclusion, the HP nylon print is sufficient for

both the wrist brace and the hook. It delivers a

durable, comfortable, and visually pleasing solution

for users with limited grip strength, supporting

flexible customisation and ensuring strength, safety,

and user satisfaction.

The final design will be printed using the HP Multi-Jet

Fusion printer located in the Protospace and will be

dyed black using the heat tumbler. Through renders,

the design will demonstrate the variety of colours

of the wrist brace that will be available. Although

aluminum 3D printing is a viable, lightweight, and

durable solution, it was not completed due to cost

considerations, as the nylon has demonstrated that

it can handle the weight necessary to lift shopping

baskets with loads of 10-15 kg. The nylon material

flexes slightly, so the recommended comfort

weight is between 5-10 kg.

Although the metal was not printed, there are

renderings and appearance models of the metal

showing the benefits of the two-part design. The

HP nylon print offered aesthetic appeal, a secure

feel, and a smooth texture, enhancing user comfort

and confidence. Designed in two parts, the product

also supports customisation, allowing the hook to

be produced in various materials based on user

needs. Users requiring a higher weight capacity

could opt for a stronger material, like aluminum,

which has been found to be lightweight and highly

viable.

Aluminum 3D printing technologies, such as

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Direct Metal

Laser Sintering (DMLS), are available for users who

need a higher weight rating, although they come

at a higher cost. While the metal hook exhibited

desirable strength, it lacked aesthetic appeal and

had reduced friction, making it prone to basket

slippage. Dipping the metal in rubber is also being

considered to address the potential lack of friction.

The nylon was also used for the wrist brace, which

produced excellent feedback; it was comfortable,

strong, and flexible, allowing for the necessary

movement when putting the device on and taking

it off the wrist.

159

5.6 AESTHETIC REFINEMENT

5.6.1

FILLETS AND CURVES

After exploring lattice structures for aesthetics,

feedback from user groups highlighted the need

to refine the wrist brace’s shape. Initially featuring

straight edges, the design was adjusted to be

more stylish and organic. The lattice structure

was removed, shifting the focus to extruding,

extending, and trimming various surfaces. Once

the adjustments were complete, the design was

printed using desktop PLA at Protospace. This

print confirmed the wrist brace was extremely

comfortable, though a 5mm extension near the

pinky and a reduction in the fillet size were needed.

After incorporating these changes, the feedback

was highly positive, especially regarding the

bottom section of the design. It had become

more streamlined, with large, rounded fillets that

flowed naturally around the forearm, eliminating

the sharpness of earlier iterations. Additionally, the

edge near the knuckles was rounded and given a

wavy form, with surface trimming used to create

a more organic, fluid shape. Different-sized fillets

were explored along the edges to enhance the

overall smoothness and comfort of the design.

160

FIGURE 5.64: ADDING MORE ERGONOMIC SHAPE ON THE SIDE OF THE BRACE TO MATCH THE ORGANIC STRUCTURE.

FIGURE 5.65: EXTENDED AND ROUNDER BOTTOM EDGE

TO MATCH THE FORM FOR AESTHETICS.

FIGURE 5.66: ADDING FILLETS AND CURVES FOR A MORE

ORGANIC SHAPE.

161

5.6.2

LATTICE PATTERNING

TESTING

Aim.

The aim of this method is to test different lattice

forms/shapes and sizes, to test which is more

aesthetically pleasing.

Methods:

• Sketching

• CAD modeling

• CAM

Results

Results from user testing and feedback from

opinions of classmates, family, workmates and

friends. It was decided that random triangles at

different shapes and sizes was the most loved

design. Each triangle was 4-5mm apart and no

bigger then 10-12m.

162

FIGURE 5.67:

AESTHETIC LATTICE.

163

FIGURE 5.68: CIRCLE LATTICE

FIGURE 5.69: RANDOM SHAPES FOR PLAYFUL

EXPLROATION

FIGURE 5.70: SHAPE SIZE TRIANGLES CLOSE TOGETHER.

164

FIGURE 5.71: FUTHUR EXPLORATION ITO TRIANGLES.

165

FIGURE 5.73: TESTING MORE RANDOM SIZED TRIANGLES

FIGURE 5.72: PLA PRINT EXPLORING TRIANGLE

FIGURE 5.74: FILLETED TRIANGLE TESTING

166

FIGURE 5.75: INSIDE FILLETED TRIANGLE TESTING

FIGURE 5.76: DIFFERENT SIZE FILLET TESTING

167

FIGURE 5.77: FILLETING TOP BEFORE INSIDE AS IT PRODUCED A DFIFERENT SHAPE AND STRONGER GEOMETRY

168

FIGURE 5.78: FILLETING THE VELCRO SECTION

FIGURE 5.79: FINAL FILLET AND TRIANGLE SHAPES, SIZES, PRDOUCING AN AESTHETICALLY PLEASING DESIGN.

During the exploration of the lattice pattern,

various shapes and sizes were tested, ultimately

leading to the selection of triangles. Once this was

established, different fillet sizes were examined to

balance aesthetics and structural integrity. Initially,

the triangles were filleted on the top face at 1mm,

with internal fillets added afterward. However,

feedback indicated that the triangles appeared too

sharp. In the second iteration, the internal fillets

were increased to 1.2mm before applying the top

face fillets, which resulted in a more playful, “fun”

design that was much more appealing to the user

group.

169

5.6.3

LOGO IMPLEMENTATION

Aim:

This method explores the aesthetic development

of the logo, the logo in this design is specific to the

product, the testing will explore the application

and placement of the design onto the product.

FIGURE 5.80: LOGO TESTING EXTRUDING ON THE SIDE

OF THE WRIST BRACE FOR AESTHETIC REFINEMENT.

Methods:

1. Sketching,

2. Adobe illustrating

3. CAD/CAM using solidworks

Results:

The logo development was an aesthetic component

of the design as well as a branding element. The

logo has changed throughout the project. The

researcher wanted to create a simplistic design;

this is due to the negative feedback from the first

logo sketch. It was decided due to the nature of the

projects context to use the shape of a fist and the

catchy product name of hook.it. The final logo is

seen in figure … and is extruded onto the side of

the wrist brace. The cut extrude concept was also

explored.

FIGURE 5.81: TESTING OF EXTRUDE CUT INTO THE

DESIGN, USING JUST THE WORDS.

170

Grip IT

FIGURE 5.82::

SKETCHES OF SOME OF THE FINAL POSSIBILITIES OF THE

DESIGN OF THE LOGO.

171

172

FIGURE 5.83:

LATTICE STRUCTURE PROVIDING

AESTHETICALLY PLEASING DESIGNS

FIGURE 5.84:

LOGO IMPLENTATION

ON THE HOOK

5.5.6

AESTHETIC REFINEMENT SUMMARY

Building on the wrist brace design established

during form testing, the shape was further refined

using techniques like fillets, surface extrude, and

solid body trimming to create a more organic final

form. Feedback from users indicated that the base

of the wrist brace needed to be curvier, with all

edges rounded and smoothed to enhance comfort

and aesthetics.

A lattice structure was initially explored to improve

breath-ability, ensuring the brace remained

comfortable during extended wear. This feature

also became a key aesthetic element of the design.

After experimenting with various lattice shapes,

it was decided to use filleted triangles, with each

triangle spaced 4-5mm apart and no larger than

10-12mm. The size of each triangle was tailored to

different sections of the wrist brace for optimal fit

and comfort.

173

5.7 FINAL REFINEMENTS TO DESIGN

174

FIGURE 5.85: SKETCH JOURNEY AND OF THE FINAL DESIGN

5.7.1

NEOPRENE LINING

FIGURE 5.86: LOCATION OF THE NEOPRENE LINING.

While the neoprene received positive feedback

for comfort, its breath ability over long periods of

wear was an issue. After a presentation, a potential

solution of fully lining the inside of the wrist brace

with neoprene was considered, but this would

detract from the aesthetic design. To address this,

one of the final tests explored adding offset trims

by extruding 1-2mm on the inside of the brace,

allowing for selective neoprene padding. Since the

lattice pattern was a key design feature, neoprene

was only applied in minimal areas to avoid

diminishing its appearance. This padding offered an

extra layer of comfort without compromising the

overall aesthetic. This received positive feedback.

175

5.7.2

FINALISING FORM OF THE SHAPE OF WRIST BRACE

FIGURE 5.87: CIRCLED AREA NEEDS EXTENDING

FIGURE 5.88: CIRCLED AREA NEEDS REFINEMENT

After the last PLA prototype and the first HP

Multi Jet prototype, final adjustments were

necessary to make the product more ergonomic

and comfortable. In Figures 5.87 and 5.88, the

product’s edges were extended, with the results

shown in Figure 5.91. Figure 5.89 demonstrates

the movement of the hook-joining aspect of the

design, and Figure 5.90 shows the form of the final

placement.

176

FIGURE 5.89: COMPARISON OF THE FORM OF THE TWO LATEST PROTOTYPES AND POSITIONING OF THE SLOTTING

MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.90: ERGONOMIC TESTING

FIGURE 5.91; CIRCLED AREA SHOWS REFINEMENT SINCE

THE LAST PROTOTYPE FIGURE 5.88.

177

5.7.3

LOCATION OF HOOK

JOINING SECTION

Aim:

To test the placement of the slotting mechanism

in relation to the wrist brace and the hooks. This

is important as it is going to be different for every

user, but the basic location can be established.

Methods:

1. CAD drawing

2. User testing

3. Sketching

4. Testing it by CAM

5. Comparing the measurement to the 3D

scanned model.

Results.

Using a fabric measuring tape, the basic location of

the hook mechanism was established by comparing

measurements from the 3D scan with the CAD

file. After the initial PLA print, it was evident that

the hook’s placement was incorrect and needed

adjustment. Following the necessary corrections

and a second print, the hook was found to be in a

more comfortable position for the user.

Further refinements on this aspect of the design

were explored. As seen in figure….. The shape of

the entry for the hook had to be altered as when

trying to slide the hook out it clashed with a section

of the wrist brace near the wrist (……). It was also

discovered that the hook piece was not able to

come fully out as before the hook could get out it

hit the top bit of the brace. So adjustments to the

hooks body length were made for the final design.

178

FIGURE 5.92: CIRCLED AREA SHOWS WHERE REFINEMENT IS NEEDED FOR COMFORT AND ERGONOMIC REASONING.

FIGURE 5.93: CIRCLED AREA SHOWS WHERE REFINEMENT WAS MADE FROM PROTOTYPE SHOWN IN 5.92, MOVING THE

SLOTTING MECHANISM OVER.

179

FIGURE 5.94: SHOWING THE ISSUE THAT ACCURES WHEN TRYING TO PULL THE HOOK OUT.

FIGURE 5.95: CIRCLED AREAS SHOW WHERE IT HITS, AND AREAS THAT COULD BE FIXED.

180

FIGURE 5.96: AREA CIRCLED WAS TO FIX THAT SLDING ISSUE, IT WAS RAISED.

FIGURE 5.97: ANOTHER VIEW OF THE CHANGES MADE.

181

182

FIGURE 5.98: CIRCLED AREA SHOWS THAT THE HOOK PIECE HAS BEEN SHORTENED SO IT CAN COME ALL THE WAY

OUT AND DISCONECT.

5.7.4

VELCRO OFFSETS

FIGURE 5.99: IMAGE SHOWING THE VELCRO OFFSETS FOR AESTHETIC PURPOSES.

FIGURE 5.100: RENDER SHOWING THE HOLES FOR THE VELCRO, FILLETED, AND MADE BIGGER .

In the final stages of the project, adding offset

trims for the Velcro was explored. Though initially

introduced during the sketching phase, the

concept was only refined and tested later. This

offset trim served both an aesthetic purpose, giving

the Velcro a cleaner, more polished look, and a

functional one by securing the Velcro in place. The

offset was 15mm wide and 1mm thick to match the

Velcro’s 15mm width, and the Velcro was adhered

to the product with adhesive, utilising two straps.

On the opposite side of the product, loops

were needed for the Velcro to pass through.

Two designs were tested, with the original form

featuring extruded hooks from the product’s side.

The second design was extruded cuts into the

body of the brace similar to the lattice structure.

This was proven to be the best option as it’s better

aestheticallt and functionally.

183

5.7.5

HOOK STRENGTHENING

FIGURES 5.101: ADDING STRONGER FILLETS

FIGURE 5.102: ELIMINATING THE RIGHT ANGLE

FIGURE 5.103:

CLOSE UP OF THE HOOK SHOWING

THE FILLETS ALONG THE EDGES.

184

FIGURE 5.104:

THE HOOK IN THE FINAL FORM

WITH THE WRIST BRACE.

185

5.7.6

PUSH PIN MECHASISM

FIGURE 5.105: THE PIN ON THE LEFT SIDE

FIGURE 5.106: THE PIN MOVED TO THE RIGHT SIDE FOR

THE FINAL DESIGN.

As established in the mechanism development section (…..), a push-pin slotting mechanism was implemented.

This feature was further refined in the design’s later stages and prints. The push-pin locking system securely

holds the hook in place, enhancing safety by preventing accidental release. The pin is pushed in to secure

the hook and pulled out to release it. Research highlighted the functional need for the hook to be moved

out of the way, so the user doesn’t have to remove the entire device whenever they want to use their hand

for other tasks. Another benefit is that the user can use the same wrist brace with interchangeable hooks for

different contexts.

In the first prototype, the hole for the mechanism was located on the left side of the design. However, as

the shape evolved and provided a greater surface area on the opposite side (next to the logo), the final

design placed it on the right side. This change also improved ergonomics, allowing the user to operate the

mechanism more comfortably with their other hand, in this case, the left hand.

186

FIGURE 5.107: SPRING MECHANISM

FIGURE 5.108THICK WIRE TESTING

PROVED IT WAS TOO STIFF

FIGURE 5.109 STRETCHING OUT

THE SPRING WIRE TO CREATE AN

EASIER PUSH IN SYSTEM

In the final mechanism of the push pin, it was

decided that the wire used in Figure 5.109 would be

utilised. In future designs, a mechanism would be

integrated into the CAD file, as the space within the

hook was very narrow and unable to accommodate

a standardised manufactured push mechanism.

While the wire offered a practical solution, it lacked

long-term durability, and the researcher aimed to

reduce the risk of product failure. Therefore, a

customised push pin mechanism within a shaft is

essential.

FIGURE 5.110: FINAL MECHANISM

187

5.7.6

FINAL PRODUCTION

FIGURE 5.111: ADDING THE VELCRO INTO THE PLACEMENT

GROVES

FIGURE 5.112: CUTTING THE VELCRO TO LENGTH.

FIGURE 5.113: CUTTING THE VELCRO TO LENGTH FOR A CUSTOMISED COMFORTABLE FIT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL . IMAGE

SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT .

188

FIGURE 5.114: IMAGE SHOWING THE PLACEMENT OF THE NEOPRENE WITHIN THE WRIST BRACE, CUT TO SIZE.

189

190

FIGURE 5.115 FINAL

MODEL

CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter focused on the prototyping method to

create the hook and wrist brace design through form

testing, user feedback, and material experimentation

to create an ergonomic, functional, and aesthetically

pleasing assistive device for individuals with limited

grip strength. Building upon previous prototypes

in Chapter 4, adjustments were made to enhance

comfort and usability. Techniques such as fillets,

surface extrusions, and solid body trimming were

employed in the later stages of the design in the final

refinement section to achieve a more organic form.

Material testing revealed that the HP nylon print met

the strength and flexibility requirements, making it

suitable for both the wrist brace and hook components.

The nylon proved durable enough to support weights

between 5-10 kg, with a flex tolerance suitable for

comfortable, extended wear. Although aluminium 3D

printing was explored as a high-strength alternative,

its cost made it less feasible. However, a metal version

was considered for users needing additional weight

support, with the possibility of adding a rubber dip for

increased grip and friction.

Based on user input, the wrist brace base was

made curvier, with rounded and smoothed edges

to improve comfort and appearance. The lattice

structure was incorporated to increase breathability,

and filleted triangles were chosen as the optimal shape

for balancing aesthetics and comfort. Additionally,

the lattice patterning was created to make it more

aesthetic, boosting the relationship between the user

and their enhancement device.

The mechanism development was a lengthy

process, taking up the majority of the year’s work,

as although aesthetics was vital, there was no point

in developing a product that was not functional for

the user. The mechanism development started in a

complex form, which then evolved to find a simpler

solution for the user. In conclusion, the hook joining

method was a slotting method. Although gravity

holds the hook in place, for safety reasons a pushpin

spring mechanism was introduced to eliminate

the possibility of the hook and wrist brace coming

apart during use. The size of the hook was designed

to the exact measurements of the basket handle, and

positioning is customised to the user.

The device will have patches of neoprene lining the

inside for comfort, and a fastening method of Velcro

as it is a gross motor skill. Originally, it was assumed

that there would not be a fastening method, but it

became clear that it was necessary. Although it takes

a little longer for the user to put on, the security it

provides outweighs the negatives for the user group.

The process of manufacturing in two parts allows

flexibility to use the same wrist brace with multiple

different hooks. Although this research project

only focused on one context, material testing

demonstrated there is enough evidence to explore

this in the future. The process of customisation in

manufacturing begins with the user getting a mould

taken of their hand, which is then 3D scanned. Using

this file, the shape and form are adjusted to be

customised for the user.

191

CONCLUSION

192

06

Introduction

Chapter 6 restates and summarizes the project’s

core argument and its broader significance, both

as a product design outcome and a contribution

to the wider body of knowledge. This researchdriven

approach delves into the mental, social,

and physical challenges faced by individuals with

low grip strength due to cerebral palsy, particularly

their reliance on others for completing basic

daily tasks. While the primary focus of this project

has been on empowering users to independently

perform supermarket shopping using a shopping

basket, the ultimate goal is for the device to have

broader applications, such as assisting with tasks like

carrying laundry baskets.

193

6.1

SUMMARY

This research-led design project set out to

challenge the public stigma surrounding disability

wearables and demonstrate that medical assistive

devices can be both aesthetically pleasing and

functional. By addressing this stigma, the goal was

to increase the usage of such devices through

improvements in comfort, customisation, and

aesthetics. The project aimed to reshape how

users perceive wearable devices, shifting away

from negative associations. Referring to the

product as an "enhancement device" rather

than the typical "assistive device" was found to

significantly alter both perception and dialogue,

positively influencing users' emotional responses

to their wearables.

FIGURE 6.1: RENDER OF THE BODY OF THE WRIST BRACE

194

FIGURE 6.2: METAL HOOK

FIGURE 6.3:: JOINING POINT ON THE WRIST

GUARD FOR THE HOOK

Chapter One: Introduction: The introduction

outlined the purpose of the research-led project,

contextualised the problem space, and highlighted

the significance of the project.

Chapter Two: Literature Review: The literature

review explored secondary research by addressing

the "who, what, why, and how," reaffirming the

problem space. It also examined case studies to

support the identified gap in the market, drawing

information from medical research papers, market

analysis, and expert opinions.

Chapter Three: Research Questions and

Hypothesis: This chapter presented the research

questions derived from the findings of Chapter

Two, along with certain assumptions that were

further explored in Chapter Four.

Chapter Four: Research Methodology: This chapter

outlined the practice-led research approach,

marking the initial stages of prototyping and

exploring data collection methods.

Chapter Five: Design Brief: The design brief

established the design objectives and key

features, emphasising their importance through a

practice-led methodology and documenting the

prototyping process that informed the final design

decisions.

Chapter Six: Conclusion and Design Proposal

195

6.2

THESIS

“The social and physical barriers experienced by individuals who have

poor grip strength due to cerebral palsy can be solved through a wearable

enhancement product. This research project specifically addresses

these challenges in the context of carrying supermarket baskets and

carrying shopping bag. By creating a seamless design, the users will feel

comfortable and empowered to wear the device in a public context”

196

FIGURE 6.4:FINAL RENDER OF

THE DEVICE WITH A METAL

HOOK AND WITHOUT THE

VELCRO

197

6.3

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

“What is the current role of testing and manufacturing methods such

as CAD/CAM to achieve an appropriate level of customisation for the

user group?”

“Can negative cognations of disability assistive devices be

destigmatised by challenging new form and materialisation in a new

product that current ‘solutions’ do not?”

“What level of support is necessary to allow the consumer/user group

to feel in control, positive emotions and confidence?”

198

The overarching hypothesis from the research questions focuses on understanding the level of customisation

in inclusive design, emphasising the transformative impact of user-specific designs on individuals.

To create a product that is both aesthetically pleasing and functional, the researcher dedicated significant

time to understanding users’ needs. By shifting the perception of assistive devices from purely functional to

also embodying aesthetic value, users can form positive associations with their design.

Renaming the device from “assistive” to “enhancement” fosters a more positive relationship between users

and their devices.

Prioritising aesthetics in wearable devices can boost user confidence in public. While functionality is essential,

customising the device’s appearance to individual tastes encourages regular use. Thoughtful design can

help mitigate negative perceptions and stigma, and renaming the device enhances societal acceptance.

CAD and CAM technologies will significantly improve the design and development of the wearable

enhancement device. CAD enables precise adjustments for the unique needs of individuals with Cerebral

Palsy, while CAM and 3D printing facilitate the creation of lightweight, customisable devices. This adaptability

is vital for addressing variations in muscle mass and hand dexterity.

Both design approaches present distinct benefits. Rapid prototyping and testing will identify the best option

for the final device. Engaging with user groups ensures the final product incorporates their feedback.

While universal products are widely accessible, they may not suit all public contexts, whereas personalised

wearables better meet individual needs. Achieving a balance between customisation and accessibility is

crucial.

The hypothesis is derived from primary research questions.

199

6.4

DESIGN INTENT

Problem space:

Research shows that while the hand is essential for motor skills and physical survival, practical, comfortable

solutions for individuals with grip strength barriers are limited. Hidden disabilities are often overlooked, and

current assistive devices tend to prioritise those with more visible conditions. As a result, individuals with

conditions like mild cerebral palsy may struggle with tasks like grocery shopping due to poor grip strength,

often relying on human assistance. This project explores how cost-effective technologies like 3D printing

can be used to create ergonomic, aesthetically pleasing wearables to address these social and physical

barriers, while exploring the need for customisation.

Target market:

Individuals with a mild level of cerebral Palsy affecting their grip strength, causing their grip strength to be

weak in one of their upper limbs unable to hold a shopping basket. Those who want the independence not

to have to rely on others to complete daily tasks.

Intervention

Empower users who require intervention from a wearable gripping device by designing a seamless, strong,

and durable product that bridges the gap between medical assistive devices and aesthetic appeal. By ensuring

that these devices are not only functional but also visually pleasing, users can feel a sense of empowerment

and confidence while wearing them.

200

Design intent.

To design a wearable device for individuals with cerebral palsy who have reduced grip strength, allowing

them to carry shopping baskets and bags independently. The device will be ergonomic, affordable, and

aesthetically pleasing, challenging the notion that medical devices are purely functional by making one that

is seamless, neutral, and aesthetically pleasing.

The device will be worn on the upper limb of an individual with poor grip strength, limited muscle control

and low muscle dexterity in one of their hand/wrists.

It will a seamless, durable and trusting design, that will perform the task of supporting the weight of a

shopping basket with a max of 15-20kg of groceries in it.

201

6.5

WIDER SIGNIFICANCES

The significance of this research led project is to create an enhancement device that proves that enhancement

(assistive) devices can be aesthetically pleasing alongside also being functional for its purpose. It is important

that this research project responses to the need of individuals with poor grip strength caused by cerebral

palsy.

It is highlighted that designers often do not investigate this level of customisation needed for an individual

that use these types of enhancement devices. It is the hope that the research highlighted in this research led

project will emphasise the need in the current market for aesthetically pleasing and functional enhancement

(assistive) products.

This project’s research aims to establish a new benchmark in the field by highlighting the importance of

customised, aesthetically pleasing, and functional assistive products. Such insights are critical for advocating

design changes that go beyond generic solutions functional solation. By documenting the process,

challenges, and outcomes of developing a more customised, user-cantered device, the project aims to

underscore a broader need in the industry. It suggests a future where assistive devices are not just practical

aids but also a means of self-expression through aesthetic design.

“The significance of undertaking this project is to prove that inclusive design it is vital for improving the

quality of life of the user group by focusing on aesthetics as well as functionality increasing positive emotive

responses”.

202

FIGURE 6.5: RENDER OF THE INSIDE OF

THE PRODUCT SHOWING THE NEOPRENE

PADDING , AND THE METAL VERSION OF

THE HOOK

203

6.6

FUTURE PROSPECTS

The product is built in two parts, this presents the opportunity to explore different types of hooks and

assistive components that could be attached to the wrist brace creating opportunity to expand the concept

into other contexts for example different shapes and form for different purposes.

In the future if there was extra time, there would have been further exploration into materials used such as

metal for the hook design.

During the process most of the time spent was on the exploration of the functional aspects, they are an

opportunity to explore further into the aesthetic components of the design.

It is important to highlight that the research led project was aimed at individuals with cerebral Palsy as a

cause for this poor grip strength but there are many causes as the literature review highlighted a few. It’s

possible that this enhancement device could be a valuable product for people with other illnesses such as

arthritis, age, injury and more.

204

FIGURE 6.6: IMAGE OF THE DEVICE BEING WORN

205

6.7

THE FINAL PRODUCT

The final design indicates that it is possible to create positive relationships between the user and their

enhancement (assistive) device through aesthetics, customisation, ergonomics, ease of use and function.

During the first stages of research, it highlighted there was a need within the user group of Individuals with

poor grip strength due to cerebral palsy in one of their upper limbs as the user group required their allied

bodied hand to pick up groceries off the shelf and didn’t want to have to put the basket down every time.

FIGURE 6.7:

IMAGE OF THE FINAL

DESIGN WITHOUT

THE VELCRO STRAPS

206

6.8

AESTHETIC LATTICE PATTERN

FIGURE 6.8:

RENDER SHOWING

THE ORGANIC SHAPE

AND THE AESTHETIC

LATTICE STRUCTURE

PATTERNING

After testing the researcher choose a triangle

lattice pattern for the design due to its balance of

strength, flexibility, and aesthetic appeal, making

it ideal for an assistive device. Triangular lattices

are inherently strong because the triangular shape

distributes forces evenly, providing high structural

integrity with minimal material. This design ensures

that the wrist brace can support necessary loads

while remaining lightweight and comfortable for

extended use. Additionally, the triangle pattern

offers flexibility in both small and large areas of the

device, adapting to different curvatures and shapes

without compromising strength. From an aesthetic

perspective, the triangle pattern creates a clean,

modern look that enhances the visual appeal of

the device, helping users feel more confident and

connected to it. This balance of function and form

allows the device to be both practical and attractive,

supporting user comfort and satisfaction.

207

6.9

TWO HOOK COMPONENT

FIGURE 6.9: HOOK FINAL

6.10: FINAL DESIGN WITHOUT THE VELCRO STRAPS

The process of manufacturing allowed for the product to be made from two different materials, that mean

that the hook can be changed based off the users’ needs and context. The design was designed to carry

shopping baskets and can carry shopping bags too. During chapter five while exploring the importance of

manufacturing methods it became evident there was an opportunity within the two design components. The

user could use the same wrist brace across multiple different hooks/ enhancement aids. This came about

as the slotting mechanism was developed as the best design option after originally the reasoning behind

the hook component was for ease of use when the user puts it on. Although this was not explored to its

full extent due to its manufacturing method and material presented an opportunity for future development.

208

SNAPPED IN

FIGURE 6.11: THE MECHANISM LOCKED IN PLACE

PERSON PUSHES

THE CLIP IN AND

SLIDES THE HOOK

OUT WHILE THE

WRIST GUARD

IS ATTACHED IN

WRIST

FIGURE 6.12: MECHANISM SLIDING OUT

THE HOOK IS

REMOVED FROM

WRIST GUARD

FIGURE 6.13: RENDER SHOWING THE HOOK COMPLETELY SLID OUT

209

6.10

MANUFACTURING

Due to the level of customisation necessary 3D Printing is the best solution as a manufacturing method, as

opposed to injection molding and mass-producing parts.

The first option for manufacture is a mold out medical Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) is made, this

mold will be a basic shape of the wrist brace, this is then 3D scanned and turned into a mesh file, to altered

and refined. Using technology such as generative design, Ntopology, software plugs-in etc, to generate a

lattice pattern. Then the measurements around the hand and finds are taken to position the hook. Using the

bass form of the basket form hook, it is adjusted to fit comfortable around the fingers.

The potential second method of production is the user starts the process by having a 3D scan is taken of

the hand and forearm. Using CAD software the basic form (the medium sizing and form) of the product is

compared to the scan file and the product is changed and altered to fit the uses scan limb.

Then the print is sent to the 3D printer for manufacturing using the HP Multi-Jet Fusion. The design can be

altered to be for the left and right hand.

FIGURE 6.14: IMAGE OF THE PRODUCT

SHOWING THE CLOSE UP OF THE

VELCRO

210

211

6.11

FINAL PRODUCT IN CONTEXT

FIGURE 6.15: CLOSE UP OF HOOK CARRYING WEIGHT IN

CONTEXT

FIGURE 6.16: PRODUCT CARRYING WEIGHT IN CONTEXT

212

FIGURE 6.17: IMAGE OF PRODUCT

USED IN CONTEXT

213

6.12 FINAL DESIGN

FIGURE 6.18: FINAL DESIGN WITH METAL HOOK

FIGURE 6.19: PALM VIEW OF FINAL DESIGN

214

FIGURE 6.20:THE USER IS ABLE TO CUSTOMISE THE COLOUR OF THE WRIST GUARD TO THEIR PERSONALITY , THIS IMAGE

SHOWS SOME OF THOSE OPPORTUNITIES

FIGURE 6.21:

THE FINAL PRODUCT

215

PART

WRIST BRACE

HOOKS

MECHANISM

LINING

STRAPS

MATERIAL

NYLON HP PRINT

DYED BLACK

NYLON HP PRINT

DYED BLACK

PUSH PLUNGER

MECHANISM

WITH WIRE

SPRINT

NEOPRENE

VELCRO

FIGURE 6.23:MATERIAL LIST

FIGURE 6.22:

FINAL DESIGN VIEW

216

6.13 THE USERS EXPERIENCE

FIGURE 6.24-6.29: USER EXPERIENCE EXPLAINING HOW THE DEVICE IS PUT ON , TO TAKE OFF ITS THE SAME PROCESS

BACKWARDS. 1. PUT ON WRIST, 2. ON WRIST, 3. DO THE VELCRO UP, 4. LINE UP THE HOOK TO THE MIDDLE FINGER, 5.

PUSH THE BUTTON AND LINE THE HOOK INTO THE WRIST GUARD, 6. WEAR. REPEAT STEPS BACKWARDS TO TAKE OFF

217

APPENDIX

218

07

219

Myself 7.7%

Do you or anyone you know have a physical disability?

Family 38.5%

No 30.8%

Perfer 0

not to

say

Friend 30.8%

FIGURE 7.1: TABLE OF RESULTS OF “DO YOU KNOW ANYONE WHO HAS A PHYSICAL DISABILITY”

IF SO, WHAT IS THE DISABILITY?

FIBROMYALGIA

MY BEST FRIENDS SISTER HAS CEREBRAL PALSY, A COUPLE PEOPLE I KNOW HAVE PROSETHICS.

CEREBRAL PALSY

PALSY

PARAPLEGIA

LOSS OF FINGERS

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

CEREBRAL PALSY

FIGURE 7.2: TABLE OF RESULTS OF “IF SO WHAT IS THE DISABILITY”

220

FIGURE 7.3: GRAPH OF RESULTS FROM SURVEY “DO YOU KNOW ANYONE WHO REQUIRES AN ASSISTIVE DEVICE”

If so, what is the assistive device?

Walking stick/brace/crutches

Prosethics and a electric wheelchair

Wheelchair, AFO’s, hand splints, glasses

Would like one for hand strength.

Adaptive technology to drive a car as a paraplegic

FIGURE 7.4:TABLE OF RESULTS FROM SURVEY “IF SO, WHAT IS THE ASSISTIVE DEVICE”

221

Do you consider yourself to be open-minded about people who have disability aids such as

prosthetics? and explain your answer

Yes - my sister uses mobility aids and we have a number of both mental and physical disabilities in the

family.

I would say I’m open minded, often I don’t even bat an eyelid towards people who has disabilities. I often

find myself being a bit more attentive to their needs, i don’t know if thats a good thing, sometimes i feel

like they just wished they could do it for themselves instead of people offering assistants, i know a girl who

has not a very obvious disability and she gets frustrated because she needs help and doesn’t get that same

treatment as such

Yes, I have grown up around people with disabilities and feel that I have no prejudices against disabled

people or the fact that they may require assistive devices.

Yes ! everyone deserves to be as mobile and functional as possible

Yes as they function in society nicely. for example, war veterans who have lost limbs in explosions.

Yeah, completing a minor and disability and participation studying occupational therapy.

I am open minded. I don’t look at them any different. Sometimes I’ll look at them more because it’s

something you don’t see as often but not in a negative way but more curiosity

Yes, they have over come something people without a prosthetic could never understand.

yes i think they’re a md majorly useful tool in todays society

yes, don’t see why i should have an opinion on it since it doesn’t effect me

Yes, different individuals have their own circumstances but that doesn’t make who they are as a person

Yes, I’m not phased by people using disability aids, it’s the same as wearing a belt

FIGURE 7.5: TABLE OF RESULTS FROM SURVEY “DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF TO BE OPEN-MINDED ABOUT PEOPLE

WHO HAVE DISABILITY AIDS SUCH AS PROSTHETICS? AND EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER”

222

How would you make someone with a disability that you see in public that you have to interact

with feel more comfortable?

i find i do look at them, but it doesn’t bother me in the slightest y but as humans, i think we are all a bit

curious

Not staring at them and only offering to help if they seem like they really need or want it.

treating them the same as anyone else

Treat them in the same way that you would treat any other individual with respect.

Allow them to complete things independently. Assist them if they have access issues.

Pretend that they aren’t any different

Smile at them and don’t make them feel uncomfortable

Not stare or treat them any differently.

get to know them, ask questions and talk to them like a regular person

treat them the same as i would an able bodied person

try to reach out and communicate to them as normal. If there are specific needs like with speech, sight,

hearing and the like, I try to adjust to them and ask questions on how to communicate with them better.

Treating everyone the same but respecting some limitations and not making it a problem.

FIGURE 7.6: TABLE OF RESULTS FROM SURVEY “HOW WOULD YOU MAKE SOMEONE WITH A DISABILITY THAT YOU SEE IN

PUBLIC THAT YOU HAVE TO INTERACT WITH FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE”

223

224

User’s acceptance of assistive technology is an important factor that contributes to satisfaction

and engaged use, thus reducing the risks of product abandonment” (Santos. A, et al 2022, 152).

What are your thoughts on this?

In my experience with my sister’s walking stick, once she started decorating it and finding pretty options

she was much more comfortable using it in public as it allowed for self expression and the acceptance of

it for her

If the user doesn’t feel comfortable wearing it they wont

I agree with this statement - if the person using the device is not comfortable using it, they probably won’t.

It’s like if someone doesn’t like an item of clothing they won’t wear it.

i think lots of people have an attitude of ‘nah i don’t need that i can do it myself’ but in reality if they opened

their mind to it, certain products may significantly increase their quality of life

Look forward to the development of assistive technology. AI is another factor that will also synergistic to

this technology and end user comfort.

I think user acceptance is important, but as too is the environment they operate in. A device can be

appropriate for a person, however if they are not in an environment which allows use, product abandonment

is just as likely. This could pertain to the social environment as well.

I agree. Anxiety is a predominant factor that restricts social situations for people with disabilities so

accepting assistive devices can help with improving comfort in social situation

EDUCATION is key for patients/clients in understanding the positive physical and psychological outcomes

and benefits from using assistive technology. Long term product abandonment is therefore reduced and

long term compliance and user acceptance is enhanced.

for the user, acknowledging the research and study gone into designing these products is fundamental to

having a positive outlook and engagement to be using them

someone won’t use an assistive device if if it results in negative reactions

I believe so. Once an individual accepts their circumstances, they accept their own view on them self.

Different individuals may have a hard time to accept because they want to be like other individuals in the

society so that they will be accepted. Individuals may think that that because they are different, society

will not accept them. Of course it depends on different factors like if they were to run but are paralysed,

therefore unable. This may stem down to survival instincts since individuals needed to be accepted and

part of society to survive.

assistive technology is like a signal marker to individuals that this person is different and may not contribute

well to the social group. With external social groups, individuals who think different of the individual with

disability would more likely convert to individuals who will not accept the disabled individual since they

would want to be part of a social group.

Abandonment may occur to blend into society to be like other individuals without disability.

I agree, the product has to be useful and easy for the user to use and enjoy, otherwise acceptance would

be low

FIGURE 7.7; SURVEY RESULTS FROM SURVEY “User’s acceptance of assistive technology is an important factor that contributes

to satisfaction and engaged use, thus reducing the risks of product abandonment” (Santos. A, et al 2022, 152). What are your

thoughts on this?

Please Explain your answer?

I think younger generations are more accepting but older people are more likely to point things ou

I think theres a lack of knowledge

I don’t think people laugh at or bully people who require assistive devices like they might have in the past.

Many people know someone who requires physical help - whether that be an old person or a disabled

person - this gives people compassion for those who need help.

I think most people these days are accepting but you hear the occasional joke about it here and there

As per my previous comment. These areas need sensitive and constructive development, use of high

grade and discrete materials.

While society is moving to be more accessible particularly through prioritising universal design. A lot more

can be done to make society more accessible.

I don’t know anyone who is against assistive devices

People are curious and quick to judge

There is some prejudice surrounding disability especially for those who have silent symptoms.

i’m not 100% educated myself so i think there is still lack of education surrounding these wearables

however i would be confident they’re something that should and would be accepted with more knowledge

amongst the public

there’s a lot of prejudice towards people, especially with mobility issues, who’s assistive devices may

require people around them to adjust their behaviors, speed, location, etc

People generally are supportive however it’s not something that Lots of people think about or encounter

on a regular basis so their reactions or how to deal with certain situations is limited. Especially when the

infrastructure isn’t put it place for people needing assistance

FIGURE 7.8 GRAPH AND SURVEY RESULTS FOR “ FROM 1-5 YOU BELIEVE THAT SOCIETY IS FULLY ACCEPTING OF

DISABILITY AND ASSISTANT AIDS”

225

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Hook.It is a wearable device for individuals with

cerebral palsy who have reduced grip strength,

allowing them to carry shopping baskets and bags

independently. The device will be ergonomic,

affordable, and aesthetically pleasing, challenging the

notion that medical devices are purely functional.

Encouraging positive emotions between user and

their enhancement device.

FIGURE 7.9;

PHOTOGRAPHING THE FINAL DESIGN

230

231

232

A Research Led Design Approach

That Contributes To Greater

Social Acceptance And Reduce

Embarrassment Associated With

Using Assistive Products In A

Public Context.

HOOK.IT

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