PORT FACILITIES, PORT SERVICES AND CARGO FLOWS

PORT OPERATIONS
Çimen KARATAŞ

Seaports are places;
SEAPORT
where there are facilities for berthing or
anchoraging ships and
where there is the equipment for the
transfer of goods from ship to shore or
ship to ship.

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS AND
FEATURES OF A PORT?

Functions and Features of Ports
The primary function of a port is; to provide
efficient, low-cost, intermodal transfer,
inspection,
storage,
form change,
and control of cargo.

Functions and Features of Ports
• Administrative Functions
– Control of vehicles entering and leaving the
port
– Environmental control
– Control of dangerous cargo
– Safety and security within the port area
– Immigration, health, customs and commercial
documentary control

Functions and Features of Ports
• Operational Functions
– Loading, discharging, storage and distribution of
cargo
– Use of berths, sheds, etc.
– Pilotage, tugging and mooring activities
• Civil Engineering Functions
– Sea and land access
– Infrastructures for ships berthing
– Road and rail network
– Industrial area management

WHAT ARE THE SERVICES
OFFERED AT PORTS?

PORT SERVICES & FACILITIES (FOR SHIPS)
– Navigation aids and VTS
– Pilotage, tugging and mooring
–Berthing
– Police, immigration, customs, health
– Supplies, water, bunkers
– Telephone, repairs, medical, waste disposal
– Port state control

PORT SERVICES & FACILITIES (FOR CARGO)
– Cargo handling on ship and on quay
– Transport to/from storage
– Storage/warehousing
– Tallying, marking, weighing, surveying
– Protection,sanitary measures
– Dangerous cargo segregation
– Customs and documentary control

WHAT ARE THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND
SUPERSTRUCTURE FACILITIES AT
PORTS?

INFRASTRUCTURE
• Access Channel
• Buoys
• Anchorage Area
• Lighthouses
• Breakwaters
• Mooring Facilities – Fenders, Pontoons
• Berths
– Piers – Quays
• Docks
• Ramps
• Terminals
– Ro-ro, Ferry, Container, Passenger, Liquid/Dry Bulk
• Inland Water Channels
• Roads, Railways, Pipelines

SUPERSTRUCTURE
• Aprons
• Warehouses, Sheds
• Silos
• Waste Reception Facilities
• Dangerous Cargo Stores
• Stacking & Marshalling Areas
• Reefer
• CFS
• Container Cleaning & Repair Shop
• Office Buildings
• Fire Fighting Station
• Weighing Station
• Car & Lorry Parks
• Networks (communication, power, fresh water)
• Gates, Fences

PORT OPERATIONS/CARGO HANDLING
• Cargo handling, primarly involves the interface
between the ship and port.
• The degree of efficiency of cargo handling
operations;
– maximizes the cargo turnover at a berth
– quickens ship turn-round time in port
– indirectly affects the development of international
trade and cost of the international distribution of
goods.

CARGO HANDLING SYSTEMS
• The cargo types affect the selection of cargo
handling equipments and determine storage
facilities at a port.
• Ability of maneuverability, weight, load
distribution, and dimensions of the cargo
handling equipment are important factors in port
design.
• The cargo handlimg equipments should be
flexible.

CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
1. CRANES:
• Shore cranes
• Floating cranes
• Gantry cranes
2. STACKERS/LOADERS/CARRIERS:
• Stradle carrier
• Reachstaker
• Forklift
• Tractors, trailers&trucks
3. TRANSFER SYSTEMS:
• Pneumatic system
• Conveyors
• Pipe lines

CONTAINER HANDLING AT PORTS
• It requires specialised facilities and services at
the terminals for containers.
• It is an expensive piece of capital investment.
• The ability to load and discharge with minimum
delay is important in container handling.
• Container berths are expensive to equip, but
their effect is 5 times more than break bulk
cargo.
• Thus, they become less expensive for ton.

CONTAINER TERMINAL OPERATIONS
• Container terminals should be equipped with proper
equipment that can handle containers as efficiently as
possible.
• An effective container terminal should comply with the
following basic requirements:
– wide reach cranes
– efficient container handling equipment
– effective terminal management
– road and rail connections
– large storage space
– deep water
– efficient communication

CONTAINER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
1. SHIP TO SHORE CONTAINER GANTRY
CRANE
2. RUBBER TYRED GANTRY CRANE
3. RAIL MOUNTED YARD GANTRY CRANE
4. REACHSTACKER
5. STRADDLE CARRIER
6. FORKLIFT
7. SPREADERS

Ship to Shore Gantry Cranes
• This is the main equipment for transferring the containers
between ship and the apron.

Ship to Shore Gantry Cranes

Rubber-tyred Gantry Cranes
• Rubber-tyred gantry cranes (RTGs)are the
specialized equipment for loading and unloading
standard containers.
• They are used in both container terminals and
specialized container storage yards.
• These cranes have the mobility in four
directions.
• They could be operated in more than one
container area because of their mobility function.
• These are the mostly used equipments in
container terminals after straddle carriers.

Rubber-tyred Gantry Cranes

Rubber-tyred Gantry Cranes

Rail Mounted Yard Gantry Cranes
• Rail-mounted gantry crane(RMG) is a specialized yard
container handling machine.
• It can travel on rail by means of the yard power, lift and
stack containers in the yard area.
• Compared with the rubber-tyred gantry crane(RTG), the
RMG has the advantages of being driven by electrical
power, clean, bigger lifting capacity, and high gantry
traveling speed with cargo.
• Also provides faster and safer operations. But as a
disadvantage they are heavier than the other
equipments.

Rail Mounted Yard Gantry Cranes

Rail Mounted Yard Gantry Cranes

Straddle Carrier
• Straddle carriers are widely used in container
terminals because of their flexibility and meeting
high demands.
• They are used for transporting, storing and
stacking the containers in the yard.
• They are more convenient equipments for small
terminal areas and limited stacking yards.

Straddle Carrier

Straddle Carrier

Reachstacker
• The reachstacker is a machine that is used exclusively to
move and stack empty or loaded containers in container
yards.
• The advantages of reachstackers are described below.
(1) Containers not only in the first row but also in the
second and third rows can be handled
(2) There is good freedom of maneuvering while holding a
container, facilitating proper positioning at stacking.
(3) The absence of a mast allows forward visibility and
easy operation.
(4) The low height of the machine allow easy yard-to-yard
movement and entry into warehouses, etc. resulting in
high mobility.

Reachstacker

Forklift
• Forklift truck is a relatively cheap, simple
and reliable method for handling
containers in yards.
• They are used for transporting and
stacking containers.
• They can be used for different aims with
their additional attachments.

Forklift

Spreaders
• Spreaders are equipments between crane and
the containers.
• They can handle 20’ and 40’ containers.
• They can rotate and change the places of
containers without moving the cranes.
• They can be used in intermodal transport and
can also handle trailers.
• They can also be used with straddle carriers,
reach stackers and forklifts.

Spreaders

BREAKBULK (GENERAL) CARGO
• Breakbulk cargo includes all non-bulk cargo not in
containers.
• Lumber, logs, wood pulp, steel, and many other types of
cargo can be handled as breakbulk.
• Breakbulk cargo is often unitized in bundles or on
pallets.
• Breakbulk cargo can also include large single pieces
such as steel beams, yachts, or large machines.
• Breakbulk is usually lifted to and from the vessel by
cranes located on the dock or on the vessel.
• Another method of handling breakbulk is called "passpass"
where cargo is passed from a forklift on the dock
to a forklift on the vessel or barge.
• Sometimes breakbulk cargo is stored on trailers and
rolled onto the vessel via ramps.

Breabulk cargo handling with forklift trucks

BULK CARGO
• Bulk Cargo is any commodity which by the
nature of its unsegregated mass is loaded
or unloaded and carried without wrapper
or container.
• Bulk cargoes are handled by pouring,
pumping, or by mechanical conveyors.

Bulk Cargo Handling Equipments
• Shore-side Cranes
• Floating Cranes
• Conveyors
• Pneumatic systems
• Attachments: Buckets, Grappels, Magnets
• Pipelines (liquid bulk)

Shore-side Crane

Floating Crane

Conveyor
• They are most suitable equipments for
bulk cargo handling.
• They are costly, but mostly used
equipments in the handling of dry bulk
cargoes.
• Some of them are used with computer
technology, not by the help of man-power.

Grain Terminal
Conveyor

Pneumatic systems
• They increases the efficiency of bulk
handling operations.
• In these system air pressure is used for
handling cargoes.
• They are mostly used in grain handling.

Pneumatic systems

Bucket
Attachments
Grapple

Piers for oil depots

Container Terminal

Coal Pier