MARCH 2025
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METRO DETROIT CHALDEAN COMMUNITY VOL. 22 ISSUE II MARCH 2025
Bridging
Nations
CACC DELEGATION
TO THE HOMELAND
ADVOCATES FOR
IRAQ’S CHRISTIAN
FUTURE
Featuring:
Voices of Power
Remembering the Unspoken
The Great Fast
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4 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
METRO DETROIT CHALDEAN COMMUNITY | MARCH 2025 | VOL. 22 ISSUE II
ON THE COVER
14 Bridging Nations
CACC’s advocacy in Iraq
By Sarah Kittle
16 Translation into Arabic
Translated by Dr. Adhid Miri
DEPARTMENTS
6 From the Editor
Powerful Leadership
By Sarah Kittle
10 Foundation Update
Tigris Tower, Hungary Helps, Celebrating
14 years
12 Noteworthy
New Bishop in Detroit, Chaldean lawyers
represent
20 Health & Wellness
Spring into healthy eating
By Jenna Abroo
36 Arts & Entertainment
Pomegranate from stage to screen
By CN Staff
38 In Memoriam
38 Obituary
Dr. Nathima Atchoo
40 Religion
The Great Fast
By Michael Antoon
42 Events
Portrait of a Community,
Bishop’s Dinner
42
42
14
FEATURES
8 Guest Column
Immigration under Trump
By N. Peter Antone
14 A Remarkable Journey
Iraq trip
By Mike Sarafa
18 Empowering Change
Women in power
By Sarah Kittle
22 Bishop Sarhad
Life and impact of a leader
By Sarah Kittle
24 Voices of Power
Women of worship
By Sarah Kittle
26 Lifetime of Dedication
and Service
Remembering Basem Bello
By Alaa Mansour
28 Demystifying AI
Harnessing the power
By Veronica Bark
30 Remembering the Unspoken
Genocide Gallery planned
By Dr. Adhid Miri
34 Creative Frontiers
Joseph Naman
By Paul Natinsky
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 5
FROM THE EDITOR
PUBLISHED BY
Chaldean News, LLC
Chaldean Community Foundation
Martin Manna
EDITORIAL
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Sarah Kittle
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
Jenna Abroo
Michael Antoon
Veronica Bark
Sarah Kittle
Alaa Mansour
Dr. Adhid Miri
Paul Natinsky
Mike Sarafa
ART & PRODUCTION
CREATIVE DIRECTOR
Alex Lumelsky with SKY Creative
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Photographers:
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Phone: (248) 851-8600
Publication: The Chaldean News (P-6);
Published monthly; Issue Date: March 2025
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Powerful Leadership
As we turn the page to March, we are reminded
of the many women whose strength, resilience,
and courage continue to shape our
world. This month, we celebrate Women’s History
Month, a time to honor the powerful women who
lead, inspire, and advocate for change. In this special
issue, we spotlight some of these incredible voices.
Our cover story this month, “Bridging Nations,”
tells of a different kind of resilience and
courage. It takes us on a journey with the Chaldean
American Chamber of Commerce (CACC),
whose advocacy efforts on behalf of Iraq’s Christian communities
are making a global impact. From Washington, D.C., to
Iraq, CACC leadership has been working tirelessly to ensure
the protection and rights of the Christian population in Iraq,
pushing for much-needed reconstruction and policy change.
This powerful piece details their high-level meetings and the
historic steps taken to address these critical issues.
In keeping with the theme of powerful leadership, we
also celebrate the Chaldean women making their mark with
stories about their influence and determination. These unsung
heroines shape our community in ways that are often
invisible but no less vital. We explore their stories and the
impact they’ve made in both local and global arenas.
In “Empowering Change,” we highlight some women who
are taking on some pretty high positions of power. Often managing
behind the scenes, these women have risen through the
ranks. Our feature “Voices of Power” highlights Catholic Chaldean
women who use their voices to inspire and uplift, whether
they are singing in church or performing in other spaces. Their
music brings the community together and serves as a powerful
reminder of the strength of our cultural and religious identity.
As we move from advocacy and culture to personal wellbeing,
we also offer practical advice. From tips on eating
healthy to insights on how to observe Lent with intention,
this issue touches on both the body and soul. We also dive
into the topic of immigration under the Trump administration,
reflecting on the challenges and changes that have
shaped the journey of many within our community, and inform
our readers with “Demystifying AI.”
SARAH KITTLE
EDITOR
IN CHIEF
Two highly influential individuals within the
community are profiled in this issue: Bishop Sarhad,
who touched the hearts of many, and Basem Bello,
who accomplished many great things in his tenure
as mayor of Tillkeppe (Telkeppe) in Iraq. The passing
of these gentlemen leaves the world a poorer place.
Finally, we bring you a look at the Genocide Gallery
currently under construction at the new Chaldean
Community Foundation West. This important exhibit
will shed light on the atrocities faced by the Chaldean
people and serve as a powerful tool for education and
remembrance, ensuring that future generations never forget.
From Washington, D.C., to
Iraq, CACC leadership has been
working tirelessly to ensure
the protection and rights of the
Christian population in Iraq.
This issue is a testament to the strength and influence of
women and leaders within the Chaldean community, whose
advocacy, determination, and dedication are making a lasting
impact both locally and globally. From the courageous
efforts of the Chaldean American Chamber of Commerce in
advocating for Iraq’s Christian communities to the inspiring
stories of women who quietly lead from the shadows, we are
reminded that powerful leadership takes many forms.
As we reflect on these stories and the challenges we continue
to face, let us be inspired by their resilience and reminded
that each of us has the ability to shape the future.
Let us continue building bridges, fostering connections, and
lifting each other up as we honor the past, shape the present,
and look to a brighter, more unified future.
Warmly,
Sarah Kittle
Editor in Chief
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6 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
PUBLISHER'S CIRCLE
Join the
Publishers Circle
As the publication of record for Michigan’s
Chaldean community, the mission of the
Chaldean News is to preserve and archive
Chaldean heritage and history, and to tell the
ongoing story of Chaldean contributions to the
communities in which we live and work — in Michigan
and around the world.
In the past five years, the Chaldean News has
substantially increased its readership and social media
following, introduced new digital and website content, and
expanded storytelling with the help of small grant funding.
With the generous help of individuals and organizations,
together, we can ensure that this vital resource continues
to educate and connect the community, while evolving to
meet the needs of future generations.
We truly appreciate your support of our efforts to expand
and strengthen our coverage of the Chaldean community,
both locally and globally. We are excited about the
opportunities ahead, and your support will be essential
in helping us grow our digital presence, preserve our
cultural heritage, and tell even more compelling stories
about the Chaldean community.
You can take part in helping to preserve your
Chaldean heritage by joining the Publisher’s
Circle today. Together, we can continue to
ensure that the Chaldean News remains a
vital resource for generations to come.
To learn more, visit chaldeannews.com
or contact us at 248-851-8600
Let’s grow the circle.
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 7
GUEST COLUMN
Immigration Under Trump
N. PETER
ANTONE
SPECIAL TO
THE CHALDEAN
NEWS
I
have been practicing immigration
law for over
30 years, and I am consistently
puzzled by the
shortcomings of our system—shortcomings
that our
politicians have been unable
to address. First, we are an
aging nation. Without new
immigrants, our population
will shrink and age, threatening
our ability to innovate
and weakening our Social
Security system.
A vast number of intellectuals
and highly skilled professionals from
around the world want to come here
and contribute to our economy, yet our
bureaucratic system creates enormous
delays and red tape. Additionally, our
economy relies on both skilled and
unskilled workers to fill seasonal jobs
in construction, landscaping, agriculture,
and household work. These workers
are willing to take on these roles
for reasonable wages that still support
their families back home, all while providing
us with affordable labor. Lastly,
we must continue to uphold a family reunification
system that allows children,
parents, spouses, and other close relatives
to join their loved ones here.
Throughout my decades of practicing
immigration law, I’ve observed a
recurring pattern: when one party is
in power, the other assumes they will
push immigration policy to an extreme
and refuse to cooperate on finding common
ground. For example, when Republicans
are in control, Democrats assume
they will move to severely restrict
immigration. Conversely, when Democrats
hold power, Republicans believe
they will push for an open borders
policy and withhold any cooperation.
Even during times when one party had
filibuster-proof control, such as the first
two years of the Obama administration,
immigration reform was not addressed.
During the Biden administration,
millions of undocumented immigrants
were allowed into the country.
While one could argue that we are a
hospitable nation, this generous approach
backfired with the election of
President Trump. Even if we do need
millions of skilled and unskilled laborers,
there must be a more
structured system than openborder
entry. Additionally, in
hindsight, it’s unfair to bring
so many people in through
an executive order—one
that can be easily repealed
by the next president, as we
saw happen—rather than
through laws enacted by
Congress, as should be the
case. Laws passed by Congress
cannot be altered by
executive orders.
During his campaign, while Trump
strongly criticized undocumented immigration,
he made comments that
suggested he had some sensible ideas
about legal immigration. He proposed
that foreign students who excel in our
schools should have an easier path
to obtaining green cards. He also expressed
sympathy for “Dreamers”—
foreign nationals brought to the U.S. as
children through no fault of their own.
As the owner of several golf courses,
President Trump must be aware of the
critical need for landscape workers,
many of whom are brought from other
countries to work during the golf season.
Additionally, he appointed Elon
Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy to lead
efforts to make our government more
efficient—both of whom are beneficiaries
of the U.S. immigration system’s
preference for highly qualified experts.
Could Trump be the president who
finally convinces Congress to enact
permanent changes to our immigration
system, making legal immigration
more reasonable while making
undocumented immigration more difficult?
History is filled with examples
of hardliners who, with political capital
and the trust of their side, were able
to negotiate compromises accepted by
both sides. Take Menachem Begin,
a hardliner who signed Israel’s first
treaty with an Arab country, or Yitzhak
Rabin, a former tough army commander,
who signed the Oslo Accords. Even
Richard Nixon, a hardline Republican,
opened relations with China. Whether
one likes or dislikes Trump, we can
only hope he can do what’s right for
our country on the critical issue of immigration.
8 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
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MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 9
FOUNDATION UPDATE
Retail Opportunities
Available in Tigris Tower
The CCF’s new attainable housing project, Tigris Tower, is seeking
retail tenants on the first floor of the beautiful 4-story building
featuring 135 multi-family units, located on the busy north
Van Dyke corridor just south of Hall Road.
With future units planned along the neighboring parcels, this
is an opportunity to be one of the first businesses to service over
300+ customers under one roof. You can take a virtual tour at
tigristower.com and picture your business in this newly constructed
mixed-use masterpiece. Spaces range from 1,000 to 9,045 square feet.
For more information, contact leasing@chaldeanfoundation.org
or call KJ Commercial at 248-851-8900.
Tigris Tower Apartments is looking for retail vendors before opening later this year.
The group in attendance welcoming the Hungary Helps program.
Hungary Helps Iraq
Last month, the Chaldean Community
Foundation was honored to host Tristan
Azbej, State Secretary for Hungary Helps,
and Dr. Balazs Martonffy, Consul General
of Hungary (Chicago).
The delegation was warmly welcomed
by His Excellency, Bishop Francis Kalabat,
CCF President Martin Manna, and
Shenandoah Vice President Patrick Kattoo
at Shenandoah Country Club in West
Bloomfield.
Hungary has been a tremendous ally
to the Chaldean community and Christians
in Iraq, providing more aid than
any other country through their Hungary
Helps program. Through the program,
millions of dollars have been dedicated to
rebuilding Christian villages, schools, offering
agricultural education, and delivering
humanitarian aid to the displaced
in the Nineveh Plain.
The Chaldean Community
Foundation has been nominated
for Best Community
Organization and Fundraising
Gala for HOUR magazine’s
“Best of Detroit 2025.”
New Police Force
Established
Earlier this year, Iraq’s
Prime Minister approved
the creation of a new community
police force in the
Nineveh Plain that will be
comprised of locals living
in the region.
Prime Minister Sudani
also announced specific
projects to reconstruct
Christian villages that were
impacted by ISIS in the
Nineveh Plain. The Chaldean
Community Foundation
has coordinated these
efforts with the Chaldean,
Martin Manna pictured with Iraqi
Prime Minister Sudani.
Syriac, and Assyrian political parties and churches in the area.
A CCF delegation has traveled to Baghdad to meet Prime Minister
Sudani to discuss additional initiatives to aid the community.
CCF Celebrates 14 years of Service
From humble beginnings in a
1,200 square foot space with
a 10-member team, the Chaldean
Community Foundation
organization has grown
to a 30,000 square ft. building
with 80 dedicated team
members.
In 2024, the CCF proudly
served more than 48,000 individuals
from 70 different
countries, providing essential
services and support.
At the heart of its mission
is a commitment to improving
stability, health, and
wellness through advocacy,
acculturation, community
development, and cultural
preservation.
With a new community
The Chaldean Community Foundation celebrates
14 years in Sterling Heights on March 8.
center opening, and the completion
of Tigris Tower, the
future of the organization and
its impact on the community
is continually growing.
For more information about
the organization’s impact, visit
chaldeanfoundation.org.
View their annual report:
10 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
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MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 11
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The Archbishop of Detroit Allen H. Vigneron presides over Ash Wednesday
services at the St. Aloysius Parish, Wednesday, Feb. 17, 2021, in Detroit.
New Archbishop for the Catholic
Archdiocese of Detroit
The Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit
is transitioning leadership with the
retirement of Archbishop Allen Vigneron
after 16 years. Pope Francis
appointed Bishop Edward Weisenburger,
64, to succeed Vigneron as the
new archbishop, with his installation
set for March 18, 2025. Weisenburger,
who previously served as Bishop of
Tucson, has had extensive experience
in various dioceses, including
roles within the U.S. Conference of
Catholic Bishops and Catholic Rural
Life. He will oversee a vast region in
Southeast Michigan, home to nearly
a million Catholics. Weisenburger expressed
his humility in accepting the
position, acknowledging the archdiocese’s
rich history and vibrant ministries.
Vigneron, who has been with
the archdiocese for decades, concluded
his ministry as Archbishop Emeritus
following the announcement of
Weisenburger’s appointment.
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Chaldean
Employment
Lawyers
Represent
Chaldean employment lawyers attended
the State Bar of Michigan - Labor
& Employment Law Section (LELS)
Mid-Winter and Annual Meeting on
January 24, 2025 at the Detroit Athletic
Club. The educational Mid-Winter
Meeting was promptly followed by
the Council’s Annual Meeting. Outgoing
Chair Tad Roumayah welcomed
everyone to the event and provided a
state of the Section review, describing
a fantastic year of Council substantive,
educational and networking events.
Then Tad handed the reins over to incoming
Chair Mami Kato who outlined
her goals for the Section for the coming
year. New Council members were
approved - Frank Mamet, Plunkett
From left, former LELS
Councilmember Jennifer Lossia
McManus of Fagan McManus PC,
LELS Councilmember Jenna Sheena
Nakkash of Sommers Schwartz
PC, outgoing LELS Chair Tad T.
Roumayah of Sommers Schwartz
PC, and LELS Councilmember Haba
K. Yono of Honigman LLP.
Cooney; Lisa Harrison, UAW; Robert
Dare, Clark Hill; and John Gardiner,
Bodman. Additionally, the 2025 slate
of officers was approved: Chair Mami
Kato, Ogletree Deakins; Vice Chair Jim
Hermon, Dykema; Secretary Sarah
Prescott, Salvatore Prescott; and Treasurer
Haba Yono.
12 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 13
COVER STORY
The CACC delegation met with with Prime Minister Al-Sudani.
Bridging Nations
The CACC’s advocacy for Iraq’s Christian future
STORY BY SARAH KITTLE
PHOTOS BY WILSON SARKIS PHOTOGRAPHY
In 2023, the Chaldean American Chamber of Commerce
(CACC) celebrated its 20th anniversary,
marking two decades of dedicated advocacy for
the Chaldean community in Michigan and worldwide.
Building on this significant milestone, the
CACC has expanded its efforts, placing a special focus
on the plight of Iraq’s Christian communities.
A pivotal moment came this February, when
CACC leadership—including President Martin Manna,
Executive Vice Chair Kevin Denha, Vice Chair
Kevin Jappaya, and Counsel Mike Sarafa—traveled to
Washington, D.C., to meet with key officials about the
challenges facing Christians in Iraq.
The trip was brief but impactful, with numerous
critical meetings packed into their time in the nation’s
capital. The delegation arrived at Ronald Reagan
Washington National Airport and checked in at
the iconic Waldorf Astoria on Pennsylvania Avenue,
just a stone’s throw from the White House.
Advocating for Iraq’s Christian Community
Their first meeting was with Congresswoman Lisa
McClain, who represents Michigan’s 9th District,
encompassing parts of Macomb and Oakland counties—home
to a significant Chaldean population.
Martin Manna with Judge Faiq Zaidan, president
of the Iraqi Supreme Judicial Council.
McClain, who serves as the Chair of the House Republican
Conference, has consistently championed
Michigan’s interests, as well as broader policy issues
such as national defense, immigration, and veterans’
affairs. The CACC leadership used the opportunity
to speak with McClain about the challenges facing
Iraq’s Christian communities, advocating for more
support and attention from U.S. policymakers.
That evening, the CACC delegation attended a
dinner hosted by Ambassador Nazar Al Khairallah,
the Ambassador of the Republic of Iraq to the United
States. The dinner allowed for further in-depth
discussions on the challenges and opportunities
for Iraq’s Christian communities, particularly in
relation to cultural exchange, education, and heritage
protection.
Day Two: More Advocacy and Key Meetings
Day two of the trip was equally packed, beginning
with a meeting with Matt Mowers, a former Senior
White House Advisor at the U.S. Department of State
and now President of Valcour, a global strategy firm.
Mowers has extensive experience in national security
and foreign diplomacy, having worked on major
international issues, including North Korea and
ISIS. Matt will be assisting the CCF and CACC in the
establishment of a Washington D.C. office, which
will be another milestone event in the Chamber’s
20-year history.
The delegation also met with Rep. Darin La-
Hood, a member of the powerful House Ways and
Means Committee. LaHood’s role in the committee,
which handles taxation, trade, and social security,
is pivotal in shaping key legislative actions that affect
both the U.S. and Iraq. Congressman LaHood
has played a crucial role in helping to shape U.S
policy towards Iraq with a focus on the challenges
facing Iraqi Christians.
14 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
A Remarkable
Journey
BY MIKE SARAFA
The CACC group met with the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq.
The CACC delegation participated in the National
Prayer Breakfast events that led to a private meeting
with Masoud Boulous, Advisor to President Trump
on Middle East Affairs. The meeting confirmed the
alignment of the Trump Administration on agenda
items pertaining to minority rights and allowed the
Michigan delegation an opportunity to discuss views
on the bilateral relationship between the United
States and the Republic of Iraq.
One of the most significant meetings of the day
was with Senator Elissa Slotkin, a former CIA analyst
and a key voice on national security matters. Slotkin’s
extensive experience in the U.S. government, particularly
her work in Iraq as well as Michigan, made her
an ideal ally in the mission to advocate for the Chaldean
community and other minorities in Iraq.
A Historic Meeting in Iraq
After they returned to Michigan, the delegation’s
advocacy efforts took them across the globe. In a
historic development, CACC leadership met with
Prime Minister Mohammed Shia’ Al-Sudani in Iraq.
The Prime Minister issued a statement supporting
a new fund for the reconstruction of Sinjar and the
Nineveh Plain, as well as the creation of a committee
to review the implementation of Article 125, which
addresses the formation of new administrative units
for Iraq’s minority communities.
Prime Minister Al-Sudani acknowledged the challenges
posed by terrorism in Iraq but emphasized
that the Iraqi government is committed to addressing
the needs of all citizens, including Christians. He
highlighted several key measures, including support
for the return of Iraqis from the diaspora, the promotion
of coexistence in areas affected by terrorism, and
the creation of a fund to support the rebuilding of villages
in these regions.
Additionally, the delegation had the opportunity
to meet with Iraq’s President, who committed to supporting
the reversal of the alcohol ban in Iraq—a move
seen as significant for cultural and religious freedoms.
Supporting Education and Religious Freedom
The delegation’s next stop was a meeting with Dr.
Mulnix at the American University of Iraq-Baghdad.
During the visit, Mr. Manna highlighted the significant
presence of over 200,000 Chaldeans in the metro
Detroit area and their $18 billion contribution to the
economy. He emphasized the importance of fostering
diversity and inclusion within the university community
while advocating for the protection of Iraq’s
indigenous people. The University is located on the
site of the former palace of Saddam Hussein. It boasts
400 faculty members and thousands of students. Mr.
Manna presently serves on their Board of Directors.
At the home of the Saihood family, the founders
of the University, a pledge was made to sponsor
the education of ten Christian students, furthering
CACC’s commitment to enhancing educational opportunities
for Iraq’s Christian youth.
In meetings with religious leaders, including Patriarch
Sako, the delegation reinforced their advocacy
for Iraq’s Christians. The security situation in Iraq, they
noted, had significantly improved, and while challenges
remain, the country is now considered much safer for
its citizens, including the Christian community.
From Baghdad, the delegation moved to Mosul
where they were greeted by the Governor of Nineveh
and a large gathering of media. A press conference
was held announcing the approval of six of the previously
submitted projects to help rebuild Christian
villages and improve the quality of life in that section
of Iraq. The Governor than accompanied the delegation
to several stops in Mosul including the sites of
many Christian churches—some open and others in
process of being rebuilt after having been destroyed
by ISIS. The tour included historic visits to Telkaif,
Batnaya, and Qaraqosh.
The CACC’s advocacy work in both Washington,
D.C. and Iraq represent an ongoing effort to address
the concerns of Iraq’s Christian communities and to
promote coexistence, religious freedom, and development
in the region. With these high-level meetings
and commitments, the CACC continues to bridge gaps
and bring attention to the plight of minority groups,
ensuring their voices are heard on the global stage.
A
delegation led by Martin Manna visited
Baghdad in mid-February for a series of
meetings that began with Prime Minister
Sudani and separately, the President of the Republic.
The focus of these meetings and many others
was to continue to push for the rights, dignity, and
full integration into society of Iraq’s indigenous
Christian community.
From the head of the National Security Agency
to the top Judiciary official, major political party figures,
and the interim US Ambassador in Baghdad,
Manna and others pressed for a lift o f t he a lcohol
ban, followed up on the previous commitment to
hire Christians into a local police force tied to the national
government, and pushed for more progress on
rebuilding the Christian villages in the north. Important
progress was made around the notion of implementing
Article 125 of the Iraqi Constitution to allow
certain administrative rights in the historical geography
of the Christian communities in northern Iraq.
To use a truly unique American analogy, the
meetings were a home run. Not a single Iraqi official
even attempted to defend the alcohol b an,
which was a parliamentary law pushed by the
most extreme elements of Iraqi society with undue
influence from outside forces in a place that
has manufactured, sold and consumed alcohol for
a thousand years. In fact, it was difficult to find a
bottle of beer anywhere in Baghdad. A black market
has sprung up which is as predictable of a consequence
as the ground being wet after rain.
The Prime Minister announced the approval
of six of the 11 projects previously submitted by
the Chaldean Community Foundation including
infrastructure, roads and the restoration of the
cemetery in Telkaif, which had been cruelly and
gratuitously bulldozed by ISIS.
The middle leg of the journey included a fivehour
drive to Mosul which has made great progress
for its residents, including approximately 70,000
Christians. The Governor of Nineveh accompanied
the delegation through several stops in Mosul before
heading to Telkaif, Batnaya and Quarakosh where
even more projects were announced, including the
removal of the vast amount of rubble in Batnaya.
Meetings with the religious leadership were
held throughout, including a great visit and
meet-ing with Patriarch Sako, and other faith
leaders in Mosul and the villages.
Two important observations: The security situation
throughout Iraq has been turned around in
a positive way. While challenges remain, Iraq is
safe. Second, each of the delegation members felt
a connection to the place. The ground under our
feet stirred our hearts in a way that can only occur
when one belongs to a place. Our history is here
and our connection to Iraq is interminable. Hopefully
too, this is the beginning of a brighter future
for Chaldeans in Iraq and we can once again
proudly proclaim Iraq as our homeland.
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 15
16 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
Top left: Patriarch
Louis Raphael Sako;
Top Middle: Sayyid
Ammar al-Hakim;
Top Right: National
Security Advisor
Qasim al-Araji;
Center, left: CACC group
poses with Judge Jassim
Al-Amiri, President of the
Federal Supreme Court;
3rd down, left: Delegation
with Deputy Prime
Minister of the Kurdistan
Region Qubad Talabani;
3rd down, right: Group
with U.S. Consul General
Erbil Steve Bitner;
Bottom left: President of
Kurdistan Region Masrour
Barzani; Bottom right:
The group met with
Bishop Basilio Yaldo.
قصة غالف العدد
بناء جسور التعاون بني الوطن واألمم -
جهود غرفة التجارة الكلدانية األمريكية يف الدعم واملنارصة وضامن مستقبل املسيحيني يف العراق
بقلم سارة كيتل
يف عام 2023، احتفلت غرفة التجارة الكلدانية
األمريكية مبناسبة الذكرى العرشين لتأسيسها،
كام تزامن ذلك عىل مرور عقدين من جهود
الدعم واملنارصة ألعضاء املجتمع الكلداين يف والية
ميشيغان ويف العراق وجميع أنحاء العامل. وبناءً عىل
هذا اإلنجاز املهم، وسّ عت غرفة التجارة الكلدانية
األمريكية جهودها، مع الرتكيز بشكل خاص عىل
محنة املجتمعات املسيحية يف العراق. وجاءت فرصة
محورية يف فرباير 2025، عندما قررت مجموعة
من اعضاء غرفة التجارة الكلدانية األمريكية السفر
اىل العاصمة واشنطن للقاء مسؤولني رئيسيني
لغرض اطالعهم عن أخر املستجدات والتحديات
والصعوبات التي يالقيها املسيحيون يف العراق.
شمل الوفد الرئيس مارتن منّا، ومعه نائب الرئيس
التنفيذي كيفن دنحا، ونائب الرئيس كيفن جبايا،
واملستشار القانوين مايك رصافة.
كانت الرحلة قصرية، ولكنها مؤثرة حيث وصل
الوفد إىل مطار رونالد ريغان الوطني يف واشنطن
وسجل وصوله يف فندق )والدورف أستوريا( الشهري
يف شارع بنسلفانيا، عىل مرمى حجر من البيت
األبيض، حيث عقدوا العديد من االجتامعات
الحاسمة يف عاصمة البالد واشنطن.
اليوم األول: الدفاع عن املجتمع
املسيحي يف العراق
كان أول لقاء للوفد مع عضوة الكونجرس األمرييك
)ليزا ماكلني(، التي متثل الدائرة التاسعة يف
ميشيغان، التي تضم أجزاء من مقاطعتي ماكومب
وأوكالند – وهام مركز سكني مهم ألكرب عدد من
السكان الكلدان يف الوالية. وتشغل ليزا ماكلني،
منصب رئيسة مؤمتر الجمهوريني يف مجلس النواب،
وتدافع باستمرار وارصارعن مصالح والية ميشيغان،
فضالً عن قضايا السياسة األوسع نطاقًا مثل الدفاع
الوطني والهجرة وشؤون املحاربني القدامى.
استغل أعضاء وفد غرفة التجارة الفرصة للتحدث
مع ماكلني حول التحديات التي تواجه املجتمعات
املسيحية األصيلة يف العراق، والدعوة إىل املزيد
من الدعم واالهتامم من صناع السياسات يف
الواليات املتحدة لدعم حقوق املكونات الصغرية
واملسيحيون يف عموم العراق.
ويف نفس املساء استضاف السفري )نزار الخري الله(،
سفري جمهورية العراق لدى الواليات املتحدة أعضاء
الوفد يف مأدبة عشاء، تناول خاللها املجتمعني
مزيد من املناقشات املتعمقة حول التحديات
التي تعانيها األقليات والفرص املتاحة للمجتمعات
املسيحية يف العراق، وخاصة فيام يتعلق بالتبادل
الثقايف، والتعليم وحامية الرتاث والحقوق.
اليوم الثاين: املزيد من املنارصة
واالجتامعات الرئيسية
كان اليوم الثاين من الرحلة حافالً بعدد من
اللقاءات، بدأت باجتامع مهم مع )مات مويرز(،
املستشار السابق للبيت األبيض يف وزارة الخارجية
األمريكية ورئيس رشكة فالكور، وهي رشكة
اسرتاتيجية عاملية. يتمتع مويرز بخربة واسعة يف
األمن القومي والدبلوماسية الخارجية، حيث عمل
عىل قضايا دولية وبرامج رئيسية، مبا يف ذلك كوريا
الشاملية وتنظيم الدولة اإلسالمية، وسوف يُساعد
غرفة التجارة الكلدانية األمريكية يف إنشاء مكتب
لها يف واشنطن العاصمة، الذي سيكون حدثًا بارزًا
آخراً يف سجل تاريخ إنجازات الغرفة الكلدانية
الذي ميتد لعرشين عامًا.
كام التقى الوفد بالنائب )دارين لحود(، عضو لجنة
الوسائل والطرق القوية واملؤثرة يف مجلس النواب
األمرييك التي تتعامل مع الرضائب والتجارة والضامن
االجتامعي، سيام وإن دور لحود يف اللجنة محوري
ومهم جداً عند تشكيل اإلجراءات الترشيعية الرئيسية
التي تؤثر عىل كل من الواليات املتحدة والعراق.
مخطوطة قدمية تم إنقاذها من داعش
كام ويلعب النائب لحود دورًا حاسامً يف املساعدة
وتشكيل السياسة األمريكية تجاه العراق مع الرتكيز
عىل التحديات التي يواجهها املسيحيون العراقيون.
شارك الوفد ايضاً يف فعاليات يوم )إفطار الصالة
الوطني( الذي شمل وأدى إىل اجتامع خاص مع
)مسعود بولس(، مستشار الرئيس ترامب لشؤون
الرشق األوسط، حيث برشّ االجتامع توافق إدارة
الرئيس األمرييك ترامب بشأن بنود جدول األعامل
املتعلقة بحقوق األقليات وأتاح لوفد ميشيغان
فرصة مثينة ملناقشة وجهات النظر حول العالقة
الثنائية بني الواليات املتحدة وجمهورية العراق.
وكان وأحد من أهم االجتامعات يف ذلك اليوم هو
لقاء السناتورة )اليسا سلوتكني(، املحللة السابقة
يف وكالة املخابرات املركزية والتي لها دور كبري
وصوت رئييس يف مسائل األمن القومي. وتأيت الخربة
الواسعة التي تتمتع بها سلوتكني يف الحكومة
األمريكية، وخاصة عملها يف العراق بعد 2003
وكذلك ميشيغان، ما يجعلها حليفًا مثاليًا يف مهمة
الدفاع عن حقوق املجتمع الكلداين واألقليات
واملكونات األخرى يف العراق.
لقاء تاريخي يف العراق
بعد العودة إىل والية ميشيغان، أخذ الوفد جهوده
يف املنارصة والدعم التي بذلها مع املسؤولني يف
العاصمة واشنطن صوب العراق، ويف حدث مهم
وتطور تاريخي، سافر وفد من أعضاء غرفة التجارة
والجالية اىل العراق يف 18 فرباير 2025 بدعوة من
رئيس الوزراء محمد شياع السوداين. وبعد لقاء
الوفد أصدر دولة رئيس الوزراء السوداين بيانًا يدعم
فيه إنشاء صندوق جديد إلعادة إعامر سنجار
وسهل نينوى، فضالً عن إنشاء لجنة ملراجعة تنفيذ
املادة 125 التي تتناول تشكيل وحدات إدارية
جديدة للمجتمعات واألقليات يف العراق.
كام وبنيّ رئيس الوزراء السوداين معرفته بالتحديات
التي يفرضها اإلرهاب يف العراق، ولكنه أكد عىل أن
الحكومة العراقية ملتزمة بتلبية احتياجات جميع
املواطنني، مبا يف ذلك املسيحيني. وسلط األضواء عىل
العديد من التدابري الرئيسية، تدعم عودة العراقيني
من الشتات، وتعزيز التعايش يف املناطق املترضرة
من اإلرهاب، وإنشاء صندوق لدعم إعادة بناء
القرى والبلدات يف هذه املناطق.
وباإلضافة إىل ذلك اللقاء وغريه، أتيحت للوفد الفرصة
للوفد للقاء رئيس جمهورية العراق )عبد اللطيف
رشيد(، الذي تعهد بدعم إلغاء قانون حظر الكحول
يف العراق - وهي الخطوة التي يُنظر إليها بأهمية
كبرية لحفظ الحريات الثقافية والدينية واملجتمعية.
دعم التعليم والحريات الدينية
كانت املحطة التالية للوفد لقاء مع )الدكتور مايكل
مولنيكس( يف بناية الجامعة األمريكية يف العراق -
بغداد. وخالل الزيارة، سلط السيد مارتن منّا الضوء
عىل الوجود الكبري ألكرث من 200 ألف كلداين عراقي
يف منطقة مرتو ديرتويت ومساهامتهم البالغة
18 مليار دوالر يف دعم االقتصاد املحيل والتجاري
لوالية ميشيغان، وأكد منّا عىل أهمية تعزيز التنوع
والشمول داخل مجتمع الجامعة مع الدعوة لحامية
السكان األصليني يف العراق.
تقع بنايات الجامعة يف أحد مواقع وقصور
الرئيس السابق صدام حسني يف منطقة الرضوانية،
وتضم 400 عضو هيئة تدريس وآالف الطالب،
ويخدم السيد مارتن منّا حاليًا كعضو يف مجلس
إدارتها. ويف منزل عائلة )السيد سعدي وهيّب
صيهود( مؤسس الجامعة الذي تعهد برعاية تعليم
عرشة طالب مسيحيني، وااللتزام بتعزيز الفرص
التعليمية للشباب املسيحي يف العراق.
ويف اجتامعات أخرى مع الزعامء الدينيني، مبا يف
ذلك زيارة )غبطة البطريرك مار لويس ساكو(
يف مقره ببغداد، عزز الوفد تعهداتهم ومتابعة
جهود منارصتهم ودعمهم للمسيحيني يف العراق.
وأشار الوفد إىل أن الوضع األمني يف العراق قد
تحسن بشكل ملحوظ، ورغم ان هناك ما تزال
بعض التحديات قامئة، إال أن البالد تُعترب اآلن أكرث
أمانًا ملواطنيها، مبا يف ذلك استقرار عوائل املجتمع
املسيحي يف البالد.
من بغداد، انتقل الوفد إىل املوصل حيث
استقبلهم محافظ نينوى وحشد كبري من وسائل
اإلعالم، وتم عقد مؤمتر صحفي لإلعالن عن
املوافقة لست مشاريع مقرتحة ومقدمة سابقًا
للمساعدة يف إعادة بناء القرى املسيحية وتحسني
نوعية الحياة واالقتصاد يف ذلك الجزء من العراق.
بعدها رافق املحافظ أعضاء الوفد يف جولة إىل
عدة أماكن يف مدينة املوصل مبا يف ذلك مواقع
العديد من الكنائس املسيحية - بعضها كانت
مفتوحة وجاهزة للزيارات واآلخرى مازالت
قيد الرتميم وهي تحت اعامل إعادة البناء بعد
تدمريها من قبل عصابات ومجرمي داعش.
كام وشملت الجولة زيارات تاريخية إىل بلدات
تلكيف، وباطنايا، وقراقوش.
ميُ ثل عمل غرفة التجارة الكلدانية األمريكية الذي
تقوم به يف كلٍ من العاصمة واشنطن والعراق سعياً
ايجابياً وجهدًا مستمرًا ملعالجة مخاوف املجتمعات
املسيحية يف العراق وتعزيز أدوار التعايش ودعم
الحرية الدينية وضامن التنمية يف املنطقة. ومن
خالل هذه االجتامعات وااللتزامات رفيعة املستوى
مع املسؤولني وأصحاب القرار، تواصل الغرفة
سد الفجوات ولفت االنتباه إىل محن األقليات
واملكونات، وتعزز اهدافها واسرتاتيجيتها ومساعيها
يف ضامن بيان حجم معاناة املسيحيني وإعالء
أصوات املكونات األصيلة وسامع حقوقهم الوطنية
يف العراق وعىل الساحة العاملية.
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 17
FEATURE
Empowering Change
The role of Chaldean women in shaping their community
BY SARAH KITTLE
“
The universal characteristic of a Chaldean
woman is that she possesses strength
because she is likely influenced by her
mother and grandmother,” says Diane D’ Agostini,
an influential Chaldean woman and first judge in
the community. “These quiet leaders implement
their vision and guide others. They appreciate that
things did not come easy.”
Chaldean women, while not seeking the limelight
or recognition, are quietly shaping the future
of their community. “They persist and prioritize impact
over personal recognition,” D’Agostini notes,
“but others are watching and learning.”
Sandy Eisho is one of those women rising in
the ranks. Eisho, Senior Vice President and Chief
of Staff at NAI Farbman/Farbman Group, says her
biggest inspiration has been her mother, who embodies
strength, compassion, and the importance
of helping others.
“She is the foundation of our family and a role
model for me as a woman,” Eisho says. “Through
her example, I’ve learned that leadership is not
about recognition, but about impact and service.”
Her mother also taught her the value of humility,
which Eisho carries into her professional
life. “While much of my work is done behind the
scenes,” she explains, “my goal is to make meaningful
contributions that uplift our community and
drive positive change.”
Over the last two decades, the role of women in
the Chaldean community has evolved significantly.
D’Agostini points to the rise in female entrepreneurship,
with women stepping into roles and
industries that once seemed out of reach. “They
are starting new businesses and taking risks
in areas that traditionally did not encourage
female leadership,” she says, “Most importantly,
they are strong examples for young
girls.”
Eisho is a shining example of this
new wave of leadership. She is incredibly
grateful for the opportunities Farbman
Group has provided her to grow
professionally and break through traditional
gender barriers. “The company
has cultivated an environment where I’ve
been able to showcase that effective leadership
transcends gender,” says Eisho,
“focusing instead on vision, strategy, and
a commitment to both the company’s and
the community’s success.”
Eisho’s perspective on leadership emphasizes
humility, influence, and service—values
deeply embedded in the Chaldean community’s
cultural fabric. “My focus has always been on bringing
our community’s needs to the forefront, whether
through social responsibility initiatives, advocating
for women’s empowerment, or supporting local
church programs,” she explains.
She believes the Chaldean community has had
a great impact on her worldview. “The cultural
emphasis on community and the religious values
of service, humility, and charity deeply influence
how I approach my work,” Eisho says. “I lead with a
strong sense of duty to others and a commitment to
uplifting those in need.”
Eisho also focuses on building strong relationships
with colleagues and mentors, learning from
their experiences while sharing her own insights to
contribute to the success of the team. “The trust and
responsibility I’ve received from Farbman Group
have been instrumental in overcoming challenges
and pushing me to new heights,” she
shares.
Haley Jonna is co-owner of Pillar Construction
Company, having honed her
skills as a developer and project manager
for Jonna Properties. Haley
has used her interpersonal skills
to advance her career and
gives back by serving on the
board at the Chaldean American
Chamber of Commerce,
among other organizations.
“The benefit of a strong
community is that there
are not any challenges
Sandy Eisho,
Senior Vice
President and
Chief of Staff
at NAI Farbman/Farbman
Group.
18 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
you will face that you won’t have the support to
overcome,” shares Jonna. “It is important to identify
strong mentors, so when challenges do arise, they
can assist you with your next move.”
One of the most important changes seen in the
Chaldean community over the years is the increasing
focus on preserving and celebrating their cultural
heritage, while also fostering growth and success
in modern society. “The community has made
great strides in integrating cultural programs, such
as music and arts courses, and organizing annual
exhibitions that honor our traditions and bring us
together,” states Eisho. “These efforts have not only
helped to preserve our Chaldean identity but also
create opportunities for our younger generations
to connect with their roots. I feel deeply committed
to upholding these values. I’m proud to be part of
a movement where I’ve actively contributed to supporting
and expanding initiatives that both celebrate
our cultural heritage and address the evolving needs
of our community.”
“The biggest change I’ve seen in the Chaldean
community over the years is growing emphasis on
higher education,” says Jonna. “Each year there are
more and more women who are graduating as physicians,
attorneys, dentists, and so on. As these numbers
trend upward, it will motivate others to accomplish
the same.
“I consistently meet extraordinary Chaldean female
entrepreneurs who have achieved a ton, not
only in their education and careers, but also in their
home lives as well,” says Jonna. “They hold down the
fort at home and at work and continue to give back
to the community while they’re at it. Many of these
women will also be very reluctant to take any credit
for all they have achieved, even though it is definitely
well-deserved.”
For Eisho, D’Agostini, and Jonna, leadership is
deeply intertwined with faith, family, and cultural
values. Eisho hopes her legacy will inspire other
young women. “I hope my legacy will be one of empowerment,
inspiration, and faith — showing young
women that leadership is about passion, perseverance,
and service,” she shares. “I want them to understand
that leadership is about making a difference
in the lives of others, regardless of how visible or celebrated
that work may be.”
D’Agostini, too, sees the importance of investing
in the next generation. “I thank God that He put me
in a position where I might have the ability to influence
young people,” she says. Her efforts over the
past 33 years, whether through personal mentorship
or simply providing words of encouragement, have
helped countless individuals see the possibilities
within themselves.
“I have met with thousands of young people to
encourage them to go to college, study the law or
make responsible choices regarding alcohol and
drugs,” states D’Agostini. “Encouragement involves
conversations, a personal note, a field trip to court,
a letter of recommendation, an internship or any way
“I have met with thousands of young people to
encourage them to go to college, study the law or
make responsible choices… Encouragement involves
conversations, a personal note, a field trip to court, a
letter of recommendation, an internship or any way
that I can help. It just starts with a conversation.”
– Judge Diane D’Agostini
The Honorable Diane D’Agostini, of the 48th District in Michigan.
that I can help. It just starts with a conversation.”
Together, these women represent a new era of
Chaldean women who are breaking barriers, leading
with integrity, and creating a lasting impact on
their community. As Eisho so eloquently puts it,
“Chaldean women are powerful catalysts for change,
bringing fresh perspectives and innovative ideas in
every space they’re in.”
Their work, though often behind the scenes, is
transforming not just the present, but the future.
“We’ll continue to be leaders in all spheres of society,”
says Eisho, “inspiring future generations to
pursue their passions, break barriers, and lead with
confidence, faith, and integrity.”
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 19
HEALTH & WELLNESS
Spring into Wellness with Healthy Eating
BY JENNA ABROO
One of the only guarantees in
life is that we all must eat!
Food is our energy source and
our sustenance. But food has never
been just fuel. We use food to express
culture and emotions, and as a bridge
to connect with one another.
In today’s fast-paced world, we often
find ourselves trading convenience for
health. We buy fast food from a drivethrough
on the way home from work,
prepare boxed meals from the grocery
store for our families, and even get junk
food from the local gas station when we
feel the need for a pick-me-up. It’s no secret
that all these things add up. We all
tell ourselves that we’ll start our diets
next week or the week after. With spring
right around the corner, the new beginning,
the season of rebirth, sounds like
the perfect time to implement healthier
lifestyle choices surrounding food. But
where does one begin?
Local registered dietitian and
business owner of Tap Into Nutrition,
Samantha Barash, gave us some insight
from her professional expertise.
Barash says that eating “healthy” is
subjective and individualized. “What
might be ‘healthy eating’ for one person
could be unhealthy for another,”
says Barash. “As a dietitian, I encourage
my clients to reframe ‘healthy’ to
other languages such as, ‘nutritious,’
or ‘well balanced.’”
When asked if she follows any
specific recipes in her routine, Barash
mentions that she has each food group
on her plate. “Emphasizing a grain,
fruit or vegetable, and protein and remembering
that all are important in a
nutritious diet,” she explains. This is
a habit that almost anyone can follow
and while simple, is effective.
When asked about how to approach
eating healthy when out at a
restaurant, Barash offers the advice,
“Calories don’t automatically equate to
‘unhealthy.’ Focus on what you can add
to your meal while dining out. Is there
a vegetable component? Could I add
a protein? Remember that one meal
doesn’t make or break your health!”
Barash summarizes by saying,
“Nutrition should be fun and enjoyable.
The more we restrict something,
PHOTO BY SAMANTHA BARASH
From left: Samantha Barash of Tap Into Nutrition. Karen
Akouri’s Drench Dressing and Marinades are inspired by
Greek, Asian, Mediterranean, Italian, and Mexican menus.
the more likely we are to want to eat it!
Eating healthy doesn’t always have ‘a
look’. Bodies are healthy in many different
sizes and if we focus on eating a
certain way just to lose weight, it can often
backfire into having a complicated
relationship with food and our bodies.”
Many parents want to feed their
families healthy and nutritious meals,
and it is not always easy to do. Owner
of Drench Dressing and Marinades,
Karen Binno Akouri, recalled that one
day she was making what she thought
was a healthy salad for her family to
eat. She had run out of their usual
store-bought dressing and was astounded
when she read the nutrition
label on the back trying to recreate
it. It contained what she humorously
calls a “science project of ingredients.”
The anger she felt about unknowingly
feeding this to her family inspired
her to create Drench Dressing in 2019,
and the rest is history. Drench’s mission
statement is that they are “dedicated to
creating clean, natural dressings and
marinades with ingredients you can
trust. Free from seed oils and anything
artificial, our dressings are so delicious,
they are good enough to drink.”
The dressings are Kosher and non-
GMO-Project verified. Akouri mentions
that she loves our culture’s traditional
Chaldean food. “Our Drench Mediterranean
Lemon and Fattoush are the
perfect dressings for our Chaldean
salads. I love them on tabbouleh, fattoush,
and cabbage salads.”
The website drenchitclean.com
includes a variety of delicious and
nutritious salad recipes to go with the
dressings. The line includes 9 different
dressings in a variety of flavors.
Drench is sold online and in more than
3,500 stores nationwide including Meijer,
Whole Foods, Sprouts, and Fresh
Thyme. Finding a company that provides
the utmost quality products is a
wonderful way to incorporate healthier
habits into your lifestyle.
Local small business Health with
Hope is owned by Certified Holistic
Nutritionist Hope Sheena. Sheena
offers her clients weekly meal prep,
made (and door-delivered) with clean,
organic ingredients and nutritional
counseling.
Sheena defines healthy eating as,
“eating in a way that nourishes your
body, specific to your body.” She acknowledges
the struggle of how busy
our lives can be, and that it can be a
huge barrier to eating healthy. She recommends
spending a little extra on
pre-washed and chopped salad ingredients.
“After a long day,” says Sheena,
“the last thing I want to do is wash and
chop a bunch of ingredients!”
Sheena also sticks to a strict fourtime
a week exercise schedule but
reiterates that any movement is movement.
She mentions that she likes to,
“eat the rainbow,” which includes including
a lot of variety in her meals.
Sheena cites the dish Rizza Maraca as,
“a perfect mix of healthy anti-inflammatory
spices, good carbs, protein, fiber,
and fats all in one bowl.”
Sheena also emphasizes how
beneficial it is to eat non-GMO and
organic ingredients. While this is not
financially feasible for everyone, she
says the benefit of eating a diet rich in
plants and whole foods outweighs the
importance of whether it is organic or
not, if one is not able to exclusively
eat non-GMO/organic food. Sheena
concludes by saying that while these
habits are important for our overall
health and wellness, “Life is short,
and we do deserve to enjoy certain
foods and splurge every once in a
while, for celebrations.”
It is well-known that eating healthy
consistently is not the easiest thing to
do. It helps to be realistic with yourself,
and to also stick to a variety of
foods to represent all the food groups
when you are cooking. While it is rare
to eat “perfectly” every time we are at
the dining room table, being mindful
of how we nourish our bodies instead
of focusing on a strict diet is a more
sustainable way of eating better and
taking care of ourselves.
20 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
22ND ANNUAL
Awards Dinner
HONORING
Ron Acho
CUMMINGS, MCCLOREY, DAVIS & ACHO, P.L.C.
BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR
THURSDAY,
MAY 1, 2025
SIX O’CLOCK IN THE EVENING
SUPPORTED BY
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 21
FEATURE
Bishop Sarhad
The life and impact of a Chaldean Church leader
BY SARAH KITTLE
Bishop Sarhad Yawsip Sarhad,
who passed away on February
4 of this year at the age of 83,
leaves behind a profound legacy that
has touched countless lives within the
Chaldean community and beyond.
Mention his name to just about anyone
who knew him, and they immediately
light up and start telling stories about
him and his great love for humanity.
Born in Baghdad on March 14,
1941, Sarhad entered into a world full
of strife and gearing up for war. His
life was likely difficult as a Christian in
an Arab world, compounded by world
events. At the tender age of 17, he went
to Rome where he obtained master’s
degrees in theology and philosophy
at the Pontifical Urban University. He
later earned a Doctor of Philosophy in
Eastern Ecclesiastical Studies with a
dissertation titled The Structure of the
Chaldean Mass.
Sarhad was ordained a priest in
1964 and later named pastor of St. John
the Baptist Parish in Baghdad, serving
there from 1969 to1974. In Dora, a suburb
of Baghdad, a teenaged girl named
Fiona Hermiz was in the youth group.
As he came to know her, he thought
she would be a wonderful partner for
his brother, and so he encouraged
young Fiona to write to his brother in
the United States.
Bishop Sarhad’s niece Dora Hermiz
Sokolowski (Fiona’s daughter) remembers
him dearly as Ammu: “Long before
we ever realized he was a priest,”
she recalls, “he was our beloved, funloving
and trusted uncle.
“Ammu would come over every
Sunday after church (at a minimum),
full of laughter and energy, carrying
us in his arms, chasing us around and
sharing stories that lifted our spirits,”
remembers Dora. Her sister Renée
Hermiz Suriano says she remembers,
“dancing around and with him, being
carried and lifted with his legs as
if they were teeter-totters, as a child,
every Sunday after church.”
As time went on and they grew
older, those visits grew much deeper
in terms of philosophical discussions
and problem-solving opportunities.
In college, “I had to write a report
answering whether God exists, and I
needed ‘proof’ for the assignment,”
explains Dora. “He patiently took time
to not only explain it to me, but completely
reinforced in my soul exactly
how God reveals Himself in this world
and my life.”
Dora’s Ammu equipped her with
the most basic and thoughtful ways
to speak to others who struggle with
faith, sharing biblical and historical
examples of truth that still ring true
through changing times. “Ammu not
only delivered all Holy Sacraments
Clockwise from lower left: Bishop Sarhad as a young man, possibly taken in
Rome; Bishop Sarhad with his niece Valerie Hermiz Clark; Bishop Sarhad with
his nephew in-law Pasquale Suriano, and his nieces Renée Hermiz Suriano
and Dora Hermiz Sokolowski in his home chapel in San Diego; Bishop Sarhad
in his home chapel with his best friend and shadow, his beloved dog Nimra.
to me,” said Dora, “but would spend
hours on end answering my endless
questions on the mysteries of faith.”
He was a great teacher, having
taught at the University of Notre Dame,
the Pontifical Oriental Institute in
Rome, and the Catholic University of
America in Washington, D.C.
“When our dad died in 1991, I was
the oldest of 5 girls at 15, and our baby
sister was 3,” recalls Dora. “Ammu
drew even closer to us, and always
honoring our father’s memory, Ammu
was a constant source of comfort and
presence in our lives - through the
most difficult and hardest moments.”
Renée remembers, “His giant
laughter and big kisses, boisterously
calling us by nicknames he’d given.”
Dora says, “I know when I see him
again in eternity, I can count on him
to run to me with open arms and an
excited holler of ‘Habbabbeee Dorina
Doracha!!!’”
Renée fondly recalls having tea
and conversations with him about
philosophy and religion. “As well-read
as he was, he never made us feel inadequate.”
Instead, he imparted his
vast knowledge on whoever would
listen so they could learn and discover
for themselves. “He made faith fun,”
says Renée, “as joyous and vibrant as I
imagine God to be.”
“He also took me and Renée on
our first roller coaster ride during one
of the church trips to Cedar Point,”
remembers Dora, “and was beyond
giddy and delighted during the drop
while I screamed in fright - such a
thrill-seeking adventurer he was!”
Renée added, “He adored sitting in
the front car at Cedar Point!”
Extremely proud and passionate
about his heritage, Bishop Sarhad
worked to preserve the ancient Chaldean
language and history, demonstrating
his commitment by the many
books he authored, lectures he delivered,
and actions he took to address
unique problems facing the Chaldean
people and his Church.
He didn’t discriminate when sharing
his faith. He was one of the first
priests to introduce female altar servers.
“We were equal,” says Renée.
“That influence on our community
was stupendous.”
In 2014, Bishop Sarhad traveled to
Washington D.C. to meet with political
leaders including a congressman who
introduced a bill to grant asylum for
22 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
Bishop Sarhad with his niece, Dora Hermiz Sokolowski, and his two brothers
(from left to right) Sarmad Hermiz and Ramzi Hermiz at Valerie Hermiz Clark’s
engagement party.
religious minorities persecuted by ISIS
in Iraq. He also worked to raise the cap
on refugees from that region to come to
the United States.
Following 38 years as a priest, he
was elevated to the episcopate by
the then Patriarch of Babylon of the
Chaldeans, Mar Raphael I Bidawid. In
2002, Pope John Paul II created a second
Chaldean diocese in the U.S. and
appointed Sarhad to preside over the
Eparchy of St. Peter the Apostle, which
spans across nineteen states of the
western United States.
He led the diocese through challenging
times. In 2010, he led a prayer
vigil in El Cajon, California for Chaldeans,
including priests massacred
in a Baghdad church by terrorists. At
that time, El Cajon was home to some
40,000 Iraqi Chaldeans.
As the bishop of the Eparchy of St.
Peter the Apostle for the western U.S.
for nearly a decade and a half, he led
with strength, wisdom, and empathy,
navigating his community through
some of the most challenging times
in recent history, including the devastation
of war and the persecution
of Chaldean Christians. He retired in
May 2016.
When asked about some special
memories of her beloved Ammu,
Renée said, “He laughed like Ernie
from Sesame Street. He rode a motorcycle
around Europe and got speeding
tickets in the U.S. because he had a
lead foot!”
And his homilies? Dora says,
“Ammu gave such passionate homilies
after the Gospel that one second,
he could be heard outside the church
with the walls trembling while he delivered
the message, and the next moment
— a pause — he would bring it
down to a whisper, a slow, tender and
clear whisper, to make the moral of the
story… That is what I will cherish most.
Ammu gave Jesus a voice forever in our
hearts.”
Adds Renée, “He made you feel
like the most important person in the
room.”
Sarhad also championed reconciliation
within the Church and ecclesiastical
renewal. After the Vatican approved
a liturgical reform, the St. Peter
diocese became the first to implement
the reformed Mass. Bishop Sarhad
was also an author and historian who
wrote numerous books and other publications
on Chaldean Catholic history,
language and liturgy.
Bishop Sarhad’s passing marks the
end of an era for the Chaldean community,
yet his legacy is indelible.
Through his scholarly work, dedication
to his faith, and unyielding support
for his people, he has left an imprint
that will resonate for years to
come.
Whether guiding his diocese
through the aftermath of tragedy,
championing the rights of religious
minorities, or fostering a spirit of reconciliation
within the Church, Bishop
Sarhad exemplified what it means to
be a true servant of God. As the community
mourns his loss, it also celebrates
the enduring impact of his
life—one defined by love, sacrifice,
and a commitment to humanity. May
his memory continue to inspire those
who were fortunate enough to know
him and carry on the work he started.
Renée expresses, “I hope and believe
that ultimately, he will be seen as
a visionary well ahead of his time.”
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MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 23
FEATURE
Voices of Power: Women of Worship
BY SARAH KITTLE
In the chancel of Chaldean Catholic
churches, the voices of angelic
choirs echo. At church, home, or
studio, for Chaldeans, singing is not
simply an act of worship; it’s a bridge
between generations, a link to cultural
identity, and a source of spiritual connection.
Music has always been important
to the Catholic Church, which invented
the first form of staff writing so that
music could be communicated without
memorization. The Second Vatican
Ecumenical Council, also known as
Vatican II, declared that music was essential
to the liturgy, making it “more
beautiful and fitting for praising God.”
We spoke to several women who
offer more than just beautiful melodies—they
provide a sense of unity,
continuity, and inspiration for their
communities. Through their voices,
they strengthen the bonds of faith, uphold
traditions, and enrich the lives of
those around them.
Singing is a powerful and ancient
form of worship because it engages
both the heart and the mind, allowing
individuals to express their deepest
reverence and devotion.
Jenelle Faranso, a local singer, explains
it like this: “Singing has always
been a part of me, and I’ll forever be
grateful for those early moments that
made me realize how much joy music
can bring. I even remember feeling the
Holy Spirit at such a young age…”
Jenelle admits she gets chills when
chanting in church.
Sheren Deza singing in church. She often sings at weddings.
Sing, Choirs of Angels
Through music, worshipers can lift
their voices in unity, creating a communal
bond that transcends words
alone. “Being a Christian Iraqi has instilled
not just the faith,” shares Jenelle,
“but the ability to share my voice
with the community and the ability to
sing Chaldean chants through church,
which are ancient chants from biblical
times.” The act of singing invites participants
into a deeper emotional connection
with their faith, as melodies
and harmonies carry spiritual truths
and messages in a way that spoken
language often can’t.
Sheren Deza sings at weddings and
funerals and is inspired by the other
singers in the community. She sang
with the St. Joseph choir 20 years ago,
having joined because she was “so
moved by their voices.”
The rhythm and cadence of song
can also help to focus the mind and
elevate the spirit, fostering a sense of
awe and reverence. In this way, singing
becomes a form of prayer, offering
praise, thanksgiving, and supplication
in a language that speaks directly to
the soul, going beyond time, culture,
and personal circumstance. Through
song, worshipers offer not just their
voices, but their whole selves in surrender
and adoration.
“Catholics in particular have an
astonishingly noble history in music,”
writes Jeffrey Tucker, managing editor
of Sacred Music and author of Sing
Like a Catholic. “It is the Church’s tradition
that formed the basis of Western
music with Gregorian chant in the first
millennium.”
Silvana Koja Mezo, Choir Director
(Chaldean Mass) at Mother of God Cathedral,
says her primary language is
Chaldean. “I hold a deep admiration
for it,” she says, “and consider myself
fortunate to be proficient in it, enabling
me to participate in traditional
Chaldean hymns.”
Silvana’s father is a deacon, and
she frequently observed him singing
Chaldean daily prayers as well as specific
prayers that corresponded to the
Chaldean liturgical calendar. It affected
her greatly. “My family has instilled
in me the importance of serving the
church wholeheartedly… At the age of
six, I observed my older sisters actively
participating in musical performances
and various service activities within
the church.”
Amy Brikho, like most of the others
24 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
From left: Amy Brikho; Silvana Mezo singing in church. She heads the Chaldean choir at Mother of God; Jenelle Faranso in the studio recording a cover of Into the West.
interviewed, found her love of music
early. She currently heads the English
choir at Holy Martyrs Church, which is
fitting because church is where she fell
in love with music.
“When a couple of my siblings and
I moved to the states from Iraq in 1992,
we started attending Saint Peter Catholic
Church in San Diego. I was only
7 years old,” Amy recalls. “My sister
joined choir with Sister Nada, and I attended
with her. I fell in love with music
and singing. I started to learn all the
Arabic and Sureth hymns.”
Amy has moved several times since
then, and wherever she goes, she always
finds her choir.
Sheren was in 5th grade when someone
asked her to sing in the school talent
show. “I always thought everyone
could sing,” she says. After she sang
Whitney Houston’s “I Will Always Love
You,” and the feedback started coming
in, she thought, “Wow, maybe I do
sound different than everyone else.”
Sheren was often called upon to
sing and dance to traditional music at
family functions. “I was such a shy kid,
but once the music played it gave me
confidence to get up and move,” she
shares. “Chaldean music was the first
kind of music I ever listened to and is
the foundation of my love for music.”
Chaldean Language and Hymns
The women who sing in Chaldean
churches are more than performers—
they are the guardians of tradition, the
voices of faith, and the pillars of community.
Through their music, they not only
honor their spiritual and cultural heritage
but also contribute to the emotional
and social fabric of their communities.
Silvana has observed that music is especially
moving at weddings and at Mass.
“It not only aids in facilitating prayer but
also enhances the spiritual atmosphere
of these occasions,” she says.
And it helps the younger generation
stay in touch with their history.
“The translation of Chaldean hymns
into English and their subsequent performance
holds substantial potential
to benefit the younger generation,”
states Silvana. “Particularly for those
individuals who lack proficiency in the
Chaldean language.”
Sheren adds, “Our Chaldean
churches do a wonderful job keeping
the music alive, from our beautiful
chants and hymns in church to
the great job the summer camps do in
teaching the children to dance the traditional
line dances (Baggiya being a
definite favorite among the kids).”
Amy shares, “I love our Chaldean
heritage, the culture and traditions.
Music is big in our community. Our
songs (secular songs) have meaning…
they tell stories. But when you hear a
Chaldean hymn—wow, it speaks passion,
love and sacrifice of Jesus. They
are so powerful!”
Their songs, resonating with devotion,
transcend the walls of the church,
reaching into the hearts of all who hear
them. In a world that often overlooks
the quiet strength of women, these
singers stand as vital figures who give
their voices to something much larger
than themselves—keeping the spirit of
faith alive for future generations.
“Even though the Mass that we
serve at Holy Martyrs is in English,
we do include quite a few Chaldean
hymns because of how powerful they
are,” says Amy. “I also lead the Christmas
play and have been able to teach
younger generations the Christmas
hymns in the Chaldean language, and
it has been a fruitful thing to witness in
our community.”
Praise & Worship
St. Augustine said that to sing is to pray
twice. For centuries, Chaldean music
has been a medium through which
the people have expressed joy, sorrow,
faith, and resilience. Jenelle shares,
“Through melodies, rhythms, and lyrics,
we connect deeply with our shared
history, especially as a diaspora, preserving
the essence of our identity despite
the challenges of migration and
displacement.”
“Every culture has special music
connected to it,” says Amy. “We have
some amazing instruments and music
tones that are so special to our Chaldean
culture. Our music brings people
together with so much joy and love... It
makes my heart so happy to be singing
for Jesus and about Jesus.”
Amy and her choir include some
contemporary praise and worship music
during Mass, to connect with the
younger parishioners. “We make them
very prayerful,” she explains, “and
when the younger generations sitting
in Mass hear them, they recognize them
from the radio or their favorite Christian
singer.”
“For younger generations, I see music
as a powerful tool for inspiration
and empowerment,” shares Jenelle.
“Many of us, especially those growing
up in a diaspora, may sometimes
feel torn between two cultures—our
ancestral roots and the new world we
navigate daily. By blending traditional
Chaldean sounds with contemporary
styles, I hope to bridge that gap and
show that our culture is not just something
from the past, but something vibrant
and alive that can evolve with the
times…Music is universal in its ability
to uplift, heal, and connect, and I want
my singing and music to be a reminder
to the younger generation that they are
capable of achieving greatness, regardless
of the challenges they face.”
Jenelle goes on to say, “The Chaldean
language, with its rich, ancient
roots, provides a unique rhythm and
cadence that shape the lyrical flow of
my music. Singing in Chaldean allows
me to connect with my heritage and express
emotions in a way that feels authentic
and personal. It also allows me
to share the beauty of my culture with
others, preserving a language that carries
centuries of history.
“Chaldean music is more than just
sound; it’s an expression of our heritage,
our religion, and our community.
Traditional instruments like the oud,
tambourine, and they carry the weight
of generations before us, echoing the
cultural richness that has shaped who
we are.”
“I am deeply grateful to my parents
for encouraging me to follow a dream
that wasn’t guaranteed,” says Jenelle,
“but one I pursued with my heart, driven
by the feeling of the Holy Spirit every
time I sang. That feeling was, and still
is, my true motivation.”
Amy gets inspiration from the congregation:
“When my choir sings for Mass,
the people sing with us! It brings so many
emotions to my heart when I hear the
people sing along with us…all I want, is
for people to hear Jesus in my singing.”
Sheren sums it up nicely when she
says, “I’m just one of God’s musical instruments.”
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 25
FEATURE
A Life of Dedication and Service
Remembering Basem Bello
BY ALAN MANSOUR
In the heart of Alqosh, a town
known for its deep historical roots
and cultural significance, Basem
Yaqo Bello was born in 1963. From
humble beginnings, he rose to become
a respected leader, dedicated public
servant, and a man of unwavering
integrity. His passing leaves behind a
legacy of service, resilience, and devotion
to his community.
Mayor Bello is third from the right in this photo of a Chaldean Chamber visit to Washington, D.C. in 2023.
A Life of Commitment
and Leadership
Basem Bello’s journey began in
Alqosh, where he completed his primary
and secondary education before
pursuing a bachelor’s degree in civil
engineering from Mosul. His passion
for construction and development led
him to work in both the private sector
and agriculture, contributing to the
family’s land while shaping the region’s
infrastructure.
His leadership skills and commitment
to his people became evident
when he joined the Assyrian
Democratic Movement in 2003. His
relentless efforts in national service
propelled him to prominence within
the organization. In 2011, internal
disputes within the movement led to
the formation of a new political party,
Abnaa Al-Nahrain (Sons of Mesopotamia),
of which Basem was a founding
member. Recognizing his dedication
and leadership, he was elected to chair
the organization in 2022. However, his
ultimate goal remained unity among
his people. By 2024, responding to the
demands of supporters and the broader
community, he played a vital role in
reintegrating Abnaa Al-Nahrain back
into the Assyrian Democratic Movement,
ensuring a unified front for the
political representation of his people.
In 2004, he successfully ran for the
position of Tillkeppe District Mayor,
where he served until his retirement in
2023. During his tenure, Basem navigated
the district through challenging
times, earning the trust of its people
across all communities. His ability to
balance governance with fairness, wisdom,
and strategic planning made him
a beacon of hope for those he served.
Achievements as Mayor of Tillkeppe
Basem Bello’s tenure as mayor was
marked by transformative progress in
the region. He believed in involving the
local population in decision-making,
ensuring that infrastructure and service
improvements reflected the true needs
of the people. One of his earliest initiatives
was renaming the city quarters of
Tillkeppe, replacing the names imposed
by the Ba’ath regime with ones that honored
the indigenous heritage of the residents,
such as Babel, Ashur, and Salam.
His commitment to preserving the district’s
cultural identity extended to protecting
its security and stability.
In 2008, he worked tirelessly to
establish a local security and police
force to protect the Nineveh Plain and
integrate it into the Iraqi security force.
Over 600 individuals were recruited
for this effort. However, due to ongoing
disputes between the central government
and the Kurdistan Regional
Government (KRG), the Nineveh Plain
was labeled a “disputed area,” leading
to the downgrading of the security
force to church security before it was
eventually dismantled.
Additionally, in collaboration with
local organizations and residents, he
successfully campaigned for the removal
of a prison in Tillkeppe that
housed ISIS members. The facility
was a source of ongoing tension and
distress for the community, and its closure
greatly improved the residents’
sense of security and well-being.
Known for his honesty, Basem Bello
gained the respect of officials and citizens
alike, leading to his recognition as
the Iraq Best Mayor of 2021. In the aftermath
of ISIS’s destruction, he played
a crucial role in rebuilding Tillkeppe’s
district government, educational, and
healthcare institutions, securing international
funding for vital projects.
His leadership extended to women’s
empowerment, as he actively
worked with organizations to provide
professional training programs, fostering
gender inclusivity in the workforce.
Additionally, he was deeply
committed to preserving the cultural
and land rights of the district’s communities,
taking legal and administrative
measures to prevent demographic
changes and protect Christian lands
from unauthorized expropriation.
A Lasting Legacy
Despite the hardships he faced,
Basem Bello remained steadfast in
his mission to serve his people. His
leadership was not just about policies
and governance; it was about
compassion, unity, and creating a
better future for generations to come.
Basem’s memory will live on in
the hearts of his family—his wife
Reem Hormuz Qasha, and their
children Nisha, Nashra, and Shalama—as
well as in the hearts of the
countless individuals whose lives he
touched. His dedication to justice,
equality, and progress has left an
indelible mark on Tillkeppe and beyond.
As we remember engineer Basem
Bello, we honor not just the leader
but the man—a devoted family member,
a committed patriot, and a true
servant of his people. His legacy will
continue to inspire those who strive
for a better and more just world.
To celebrate his contributions and
ensure that future generations remember
his dedication, I propose a monument
should be erected in Alqosh, his
beloved hometown, or in Tillkeppe,
the city he served with unwavering
loyalty. Such a monument would
stand as a testament to his lifelong
commitment to his people and their
historical land, preserving his memory
for generations to come.
26 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
Building
Business
Advocacy
Building
Community
Networking
Building
Relationships
Economic
Development
JOIN THE STATE’S LARGEST ETHNIC CHAMBER!
CALL SANA AT 248.851.1200 OR VISIT
CHALDEANCHAMBER.COM TO JOIN TODAY!
Affiliates
METRO
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TO MORE
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TO THE
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ECONOMY
48,000+
Individuals Served in 2024
18,000+
The Chaldean American Chamber of Commerce serves
1,000+ MEMBERS
Representing
5,000+ BUSINESSES
Website Visitors per Month
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2075 Walnut Lake Road • West Bloomfield, MI 48323
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 27
FEATURE
Demystifying AI
How to harness the power of smart technology
BY VERONICA BARK
Artificial intelligence (AI) is no
longer the stuff of science fiction.
It’s here, and it’s transforming
how we work, communicate,
and innovate. Yet, for many, AI remains
a black box: fascinating but
mystifying. How does it actually work?
What can it do? And, perhaps most importantly,
how do we use it effectively
without falling into common traps?
How large language models work
Large language models, or LLMs, are
the engines behind many popular AI
tools, such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok,
etc. At their core, these models are
trained on vast datasets of text—from
books and articles to websites and
more. Using complex algorithms, they
analyze patterns in this data and learn
to predict the most likely next word in
a sequence.
Despite their impressive outputs,
it’s essential to remember that LLMs
don’t “understand” language the way
humans do. They don’t have thoughts,
opinions, or a sense of meaning. Instead,
they rely on probabilities and
patterns. This distinction is critical
when considering how to use AI responsibly.
What can AI do for you?
AI’s applications are vast and growing
every day. Here are just a few of the
ways people are using LLMs:
Content Creation: AI can draft blog
posts, marketing copy, social media
updates, and even creative writing.
While human editing is still essential,
AI can save time by providing a solid
starting point.
Data Analysis: AI excels at processing
large datasets quickly, summarizing
information, and identifying
trends. This makes it invaluable for
tasks like market research or financial
reporting.
Idea Generation: Stuck on a project?
AI can help brainstorm names,
topics, or solutions.
Personal Assistance: From scheduling
appointments to composing
emails, AI can take care of everyday
tasks, giving you more time to focus
on what matters.
Best Practices for Crafting AI
Prompts
To get the most out of AI, you need to
know how to communicate with it effectively.
A prompt is the instruction or
question you give to an AI tool, and the
quality of the output depends heavily
on how well you frame that prompt.
Here are some tips for crafting effective
prompts:
Be Specific: General prompts like
“Write about AI” will produce generic
results. Instead, narrow your focus.
For example, “Write a 500-word article
about the history of AI in healthcare”
gives the model a clear direction.
Provide Context: If your prompt
lacks context, the AI may not understand
what you’re looking for. For instance,
if you ask, “What’s the best
way to organize a team?,” specify
whether you’re talking about a sports
team, a corporate team, or a volunteer
group.
Use Step-by-Step Instructions: For
complex tasks, break your request into
smaller steps. Instead of asking for a
full report, start with “Create an outline
for a report on renewable energy,”
then build from there.
Iterate and Refine: Don’t hesitate
to adjust your prompt if the first result
isn’t quite right. Experimentation is
part of the process.
Set the Tone: If you want the output
to match a specific style or tone,
make that clear in your prompt. For
example, “Write a friendly and conversational
guide to planting a vegetable
garden.”
Common Pitfalls to Avoid
While AI is a powerful tool, it’s not
without its limitations. Being aware
of these potential pitfalls can help you
use AI more effectively and responsibly.
Over-Reliance: AI can save time,
but it’s not a substitute for human
expertise. Use it as a collaborator, not
a replacement. Critical thinking and
creativity remain uniquely human
strengths.
Hallucinations: AI sometimes generates
information that sounds plausible
but is entirely false. Most LLM’s are
built in a way to please people rather
than objectivity. Always verify facts
and data before relying on AI-generated
content.
Bias: Because AI models are
trained on existing text, they can inherit
biases present in their training
data. Be vigilant about identifying and
addressing these biases in AI outputs.
Lack of Originality: AI excels at
synthesizing existing information
but struggles with true innovation.
If you’re looking for groundbreaking
ideas, AI might not be the best source.
Misuse of Personal Data: When
using AI tools, especially in business
contexts, be mindful of privacy and
data security. Avoid inputting sensitive
or confidential information into AI
systems.
By approaching AI with a clear understanding
of its capabilities and limitations,
you can maximize its benefits
while minimizing risks.
The Importance of Best Practices
Using AI effectively isn’t just about
knowing what it can do, it’s also about
using it responsibly. Best practices ensure
that AI remains a tool for good—
enhancing productivity and creativity
without causing harm.
Artificial intelligence is a gamechanger,
but it’s also a learning curve.
By understanding how LLMs work,
exploring their potential applications,
and following best practices, you can
unlock new possibilities while avoiding
common pitfalls.
AI is here to stay, and the more we
learn about it, the better equipped
we’ll be to navigate the future it’s
shaping. Whether you’re an individual
looking to streamline your workflow or
a business aiming to innovate, AI offers
tools and opportunities that are as
exciting as they are transformative.
Veronica Bark is Director of SEO
for Geek Town USA (GTU), a digital
marketing and web design and
development company founded in
2011 by technology geeks who come
from professional backgrounds in
broadcasting, IT, sales and marketing.
28 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
AYDA SAGMAN
Administrative Support
MARYANA SHABO
Behavioral Health Therapist
MARIAM ABDALLA
Behavioral Health Therapist
JACKIE RAXTER
Behavioral Health Program Manager
Emotional wellness is the ability to understand your
emotions and adapt to difficulties, stress, or changes in
life. Emotional wellness is important for overall health and
can lead to better physical health, stronger relationships,
and emotional resilience.
Project Light trilingual (Arabic, Chaldean, English) licensed,
professional therapists are here for you and your best
health. Through the process of therapy, you can change selfdestructive
behaviors and habits, resolve painful emotions,
improve relationships, and explore issues that may be hard
to face alone.
Your therapist will help you to establish person centered
goals and determine the steps you will take to reach those
goals. Your relationship with your therapist is confidential
and our common therapeutic goal is to improve the quality
of life, no matter the challenge.
We invite you to seek out the Light of Project Light!
Serving Michigan residents ages 13 years and up. Please call
to request a Project Light Intake at (586) 722-7253.
CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY: The CCF and Project Light is committed to your privacy
and confidentiality and are sensitive to the stigma and stress that come with seeking mental
health support. Therefore, all counseling records are kept strictly confidential. Information
is not shared without client’s written consent. Exceptions to confidentiality are rare and
include persons who threaten safety of themselves others or in circumstances of a court order.
Chaldean Community Foundation
3601 15 Mile Rd., Sterling Heights, MI 48310
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 29
FEATURE
Mandeans, were also targeted for destruction
based on their ethnic, religious,
and national identities.
The museum’s mission is to spread
awareness about this unparalleled
tragedy, encourage reflection on moral
and spiritual questions raised by the
events, and inspire visitors to take
responsibility for preventing future
genocides.
Remembering the Unspoken
Genocide gallery to open in the new Cultural Center
BY ADHID MIRI, PHD
The Chaldean Community Foundation
(CCF) is expanding to
reach across Woodward and
establish a presence with the Chaldean
American Chamber of Commerce
(CACC) on Oakland County’s west
side. Formerly known as The Corners,
the property at Walnut Lake and Inkster
Roads next to Market Square is
being transformed into the new Chaldean
Community Center, housing the
CACC and administrative offices for
the Foundation. Chamber staff has
been calling it “CCF West” for a while.
The new center will serve as a hub
for a comprehensive range of community
resources, including a business
incubator, a gymnasium, television
and radio studio, classrooms, a demonstration
kitchen, the Bishop Ibrahim
Library (housing a treasure trove
of cultural archives), a theater for educational
forums and events, and an
expanded Chaldean Cultural Center,
which will grow as a museum for the
Chaldean people.
• Village Life
• Genocide
• Journey to North America
• Chaldeans Today
A major focus will be the genocide
stories of the past century, particularly
the 21st century, with a spotlight on
the post-2003 ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and militia
atrocities. A critical part of this
endeavor is securing original artifacts
from Iraq to tell the genocide story in
an authentic and impactful way.
The genocide section will commemorate
and chronicle the tragic
events of the ISIS years, highlighting
the persecution and martyrdom of
Christians in Iraq. This part of the museum
is dedicated to educating visitors
about the genocidal crimes against
humanity that threaten the survival of
Iraq’s Christian minority.
Mission Statement
Museums serve as crucial tools for societies
confronting the aftermath of genocide.
They combine educational narratives
with memory to teach vital lessons
about the past. The Genocide Gallery
aims to document, study, and interpret
the ISIS genocide of the 21st century,
preserving the memory of the hundreds
of thousands of Christians displaced,
killed, or forced to flee Iraq since 2003.
Other minorities, such as Yazidis and
Genocide: A Dark Chapter in History
Genocide is one of humanity’s gravest
crimes. Defined as mass extermination
of a group based on race, ethnicity, religion,
or nationality, it is distinguished
by the intention to destroy a group entirely.
The term “genocide” was coined
in 1944 and has since been used to describe
atrocities like those committed
by ISIS against Christians, Yazidis, and
Mandeans in Iraq and Syria. In 2016,
the U.S. accused ISIS of carrying out
genocide against these groups.
Our museum will draw attention to
ISIS’s campaign of terror from 2014 to
2017, when vast atrocities were committed
against minority groups in Iraq.
The exhibit will explore the devastation
of towns, the destruction of communities,
and the human toll of this
genocidal campaign.
Why a Genocide Museum?
The museum’s primary goal is to
broaden public understanding of the
ISIS genocide through exhibitions,
research, and preservation of artifacts.
It will also host annual Days of
Remembrance, distribute educational
materials, and engage the public with
programming aimed at preventing future
atrocities. The museum will be a
The Chaldean Cultural Center:
Expanding Horizons
The Chaldean Cultural Center, currently
at Shenandoah Country Club, will
move to the new facility and expand in
both size and scope. The museum will
consist of six galleries:
• Ancient Mesopotamia
• Faith and Church
Caption
30 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
key player in ensuring that the lessons
of the past are not forgotten and that
the atrocities are not repeated.
Education: A Path to Reconciliation
Memorial museums are vital for societies
addressing genocide. They
foster dialogue, counter genocide
denial, and promote reconciliation.
The Genocide Gallery will educate the
public about the ISIS genocide and its
continuing impact. Visitors will learn
about the culture and life of the victims,
the communities affected, and
the continuing consequences of the
atrocities.
The Continuing Threat
Christianity in Iraq, along with other
religious minorities, faces the threat
of extinction, with the roots of Christianity
in Iraq dating back to the earliest
days of the faith. The violence and
persecution committed by ISIS have
contributed to the world’s largest refugee
crisis since World War II and the
Holocaust. The museum’s mission is to
highlight the ongoing struggle and to
advocate for a comprehensive plan to
study and address the persecution of
Iraq’s Christian communities.
Martyrs Memorial Wall
The Chaldean Catholic Church is famously
called, “The Church of the
Martyrs,” because so many of their
members have been killed for their
faith. The Martyrs Memorial Wall will
honor those who perished during
the ISIS genocide. It will include the
names, photos, and artifacts of the
victims. The wall will serve as a powerful
reminder of the lives lost and the
legacy of the Chaldean people.
Proposed Exhibits
The museum will feature several permanent
exhibits, including:
• Iraqi Minorities and the Genocide
• Path to Genocide
• First-Hand Witnesses
• Stories to Remember
• Images of Destroyed Towns and
Churches
These exhibits will be enhanced
with original artifacts from the
Nineveh Plain region and will include
multimedia elements such as video
footage, touchscreen platforms, and
interactive displays.
Obtaining Artifacts and
Original Material
Artifacts for the genocide exhibit will
be sourced from the Nineveh Plain
region, including churches, villages,
and museums. Key partners include
the Chaldean Bishop of Mosul and
representatives from the Iraqi government,
as well as international organizations.
Obtaining approval from the Iraqi
government, local bishops, and the
Ministry of Antiquities is essential
for shipping artifacts from Iraq to the
United States. This process will require
collaboration with key local and international
partners.
In-Country Partners
• Chaldean Bishop of Mosul & Aqra,
Michael Najib Michael
• Syriac Orthodox Bishop Mor
Nicodemus Matti Sharaf
• Chaldean Archbishop of Erbil,
Bashar Warda
• Mayors of Tel Kaif, Qaraqosh,
Ankawa, and Alqoush
Challenges and Support
Key challenges in this project include
securing ISIS artifacts, navigating legal
and logistical hurdles, and ensuring
the preservation of historical sites
in Iraq. Overcoming these obstacles requires
cooperation from governments,
local communities, and international
organizations.
Funding for the museum will be
sourced through donations, grants,
and other forms of support. The project
will also involve detailed cost planning
for the acquisition, shipment,
and installation of artifacts.
Final Words
We need your help. The genocide
section of the museum is in its early
stages, and we are seeking contributions
from survivors, witnesses, and
community members. If you have stories,
material, or artifacts that can help
preserve the history of the genocide,
we encourage you to share them with
us. Your contributions are vital to the
success of this project, and together,
we can ensure that the memory of the
victims lives on.
To share your stories or learn more
about the museum, visit our social
media pages or email edit@chaldeannews.com.
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MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 31
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أهمية التثقيف والتعليم: الطريق
نحو املصالحة
تعترب املتاحف التذكارية مباين حيوية للمجتمعات
وتعرض تأريخ وحارض املجتمع وتنري أدوار
املؤثرين وتعزز الحوار، وتعزز املصالحة وتذكّر
وتقاوم إنكار فكر اإلبادة الجامعية، وسوف
يعمل الجناح عىل تثقيف الجمهور بِشأن الجرائم
وتأثريها املجتمعي املستمر، وسوف يطّلع الزوار
عىل قصص الشهداء ومآيس الضحايا واملجتمعات
املترضرة والعواقب املستمرة للفظائع، وتتضمن
أوىل األولويات التثقيفية اآلمور والعالجات
الدستورية والقانونية والسياسية واالجتامعية
واملالية ومستقبل املسيحية يف املنطقة.
التهديد املستمر
تواجه املسيحية يف العراق، إىل جانب األقليات الدينية
األخرى، خطر االنقراض، إذ ترجع جذور املسيحية
يف العراق إىل األيام األوىل لإلميان قبل الفي عام. وقد
ساهمت أعامل العنف واالضطهاد التي ارتكبها تنظيم
داعش يف أكرب أزمة نزوج وطرد وهجرة ولجوء يف
العامل منذ الحرب العاملية الثانية ومحرقة الهولوكوست.
وعليه فإن واحدة من مهامت متحف اإلبادة هي دعم
املكونات ومواصلة العمل والتوعية املستدامة والدعوة
إىل وضع خطط شاملة لدراسة ومعالجة اضطهاد
املجتمعات املسيحية واملكونات يف العراق.
ويأيت يف ضمن هذه املساعي تطوير اقرتاحات
وأولويات الناس لتصبح خطة عمل محتملة تشمل
إعادة التوطني واالستقرار، وإعادة اإلعامر، والتنمية
االقتصادية، وبناء قطاعي التعليم والصحة، والعناية
بالتحديات التي تواجه الشباب والجيل الصاعد،
وتسوية النزاعات عىل األرايض واملمتلكات، وحفظ
األمن والقانون، وتوضيح مستقبل سهل نينوى،
والتغيريات الدميوغرافية والجغرافية واإلدارية وفرص
تأسيس مبادئ اإلدارة الذاتية ومن قبل اهل املنطقة
والخدمات واملساءلة وأمور أخرى مبا يف ذلك
العقبات التي تحول دون العودة الطوعية واآلمنة
للمسيحيني واألقليات األخرى إىل مدنهم وموطن
أجدادهم وضامن مستقبلهم عىل املدى الطويل.
جدار النصب التذكاري للشهداء
تشتهر الكنيسة الكلدانية الكاثوليكية باسم
“كنيسة الشهداء”، وذلك ألن العديد من أعضائها
قُتلوا بسبب عدم انكارهم إميانهم. وسيُكرِّم
جدار النصب التذكاري للشهداء الذي سيتصدر
أحد جدران واروقة البناية الجديدة بعض من
أولئك الشهداء الذين لقوا حتفهم خالل اإلبادة
التي ارتكبها تنظيم داعش وقبل ذلك من قبل
الشوفينني والعنرصيني واملُكفرين. وسيتضمن
الجدار أسامء الضحايا وصورهم ومقتنياتهم،
وسيعمل كتذكري قوي بأرواح الشهداء األبرياء التي
أزهقت غدراً وكلها باقية كذكريات إلرث واميان
وشجاعة ابناء الشعب الكلداين.
املعارض املقرتحة
سيضم املتحف العديد من املعارض الدامئة، مبا يف
ذلك:
1. األقليات العراقية واإلبادة الجامعية
2. الطريق إىل اإلبادة الجامعية
3. شهود عيان
4. قصص ال تُنىس
5. صور املدن والكنائس املدمرة
سيتم تعزيز هذه املعروضات بالقطع األثرية
األصلية من منطقة سهل نينوى وستتضمن وسائط
العرض املتعددة أحدث وأحسن التقنيات املتاحة
ولقطات فيديو، ومنصات للشاشات تعمل باللمس
والتطبيقات التفاعلية الذكية وغريها من وسائل
التواصل والعرض الحديثة.
الحصول عىل القطع األثرية األصلية
ستأيت القطع األثرية التي ستُعرض يف معرض
اإلبادة الجامعية من منطقة سهل نينوى، مبا يف
ذلك الكنائس والقرى واملتاحف والناس، ومن
بني الرشكاء الرئيسيني الذين سيساعدون يف
مهمة جمع القطع أسقف املوصل، واملسؤولني
يف البلدات، ومتحف املوصل واملتاحف املحلية
والكنائس واألديرة وممثلني عن الحكومة العراقية،
فضالً عن املنظامت الدولية التي ساهمت بإعادة
اإلعامر مثل الحكومة الهنغارية )املجر(.
إن امر الحصول عىل موافقة الحكومة العراقية
واألساقفة املحليني ووزارة الثقافة واآلثار أمر رضوري
لشحن القطع األثرية بصورة قانونية من العراق إىل
الواليات املتحدة، وسيتطلب ذلك التعاون مع الرشكاء
املحليني والدوليني الرئيسيني وسيتطلب هذا الجهد
الصعب التعاون من جانب الحكومة والوزارات
ومسؤويل اإلدارات واملدن املحلية.
التحديات اللوجستية والدعم
تتضمن التحديات الرئيسية يف هذا املرشوع تأمني
القطع األثرية األصلية لإلبادة والتغلب عىل العقبات
القانونية واللوجستية، وضامن الحفاظ عىل املواقع
التاريخية املدمرة مثل املقابر والبيوت والكنائس يف
العراق. وسيتم متويل املتحف من خالل التربعات
واملنح وأشكال الدعم األخرى. كام سيتضمن
املرشوع تخطيطًا تفصيليًا للتكاليف الالزمة القتناء
القطع األثرية، وشحنها وتركيبها وعرضها.
كلمة أخرية ومتنيات
لقد مر وقت طويل لتنفيذ هذا الحلم وتحقيق
الرغبات وبناء املركز الجديد كمرشوع تأريخي
يؤرش صوب مستقبل زاهر، إذ سيكون املوقع
الجديد مبثابة مركز كامل ملجموعة شاملة من
احتياجات املجتمع ونشاطات الجالية، وميُ ثل رمزاً
حضاريا وإنجازاً تاريخيا ملا متثله مؤسسة الجالية
الكلدانية وغرفة التجارة الكلدانية األمريكية
يف الحرية الثقافية ويعكس طموحات أبناء
الجالية وتقدمهم يف كافة املجاالت ورغباتهم يف
الحداثة وتنمية االحتياجات الحالية واالسرتاتيجية
واملستقبلية ونحن جميعاً متحمسني لرؤية هذا
املرشوع يؤيت مثاره ويعلوا بتأثريهُ. وليس هذا
املرشوع سوى متهيد لعملٍ أكرب ورضوري من
اجل نرش رسالة السالم واحرتام التنوع وحامية
الهوية املسيحية بحكمة وصياغة عالقة الدولة مع
املكونات لكيال تنقلب السياسات اىل مامرسات
العنف والكراهية واالضطهاد واإلبادة ابداً.
املتوقع أن يكتمل البناء واالحتفال بافتتاح قص
رشيط البناية واملركز يف مطلع شهر أيار عام 2025
وبدورنا نحتاج إىل مساعدتكم، وأن قسم
اإلبادة الجامعية يف املتحف ما يزال يف مراحله
األوىل، وعليه نحن نسعى للحصول عىل
مساهامت من الناجني والشهود وأفراد املجتمع
الذين عارصوا فصول هذه املأساة يف العراق. فإذا
كانت لديكم قصص، أو صور، أو افالم، أو وثائق،
أو قطع أثرية ميكنها أن تساعدنا يف تسجيل
وحفظ تأريخ اإلبادة الجامعية، فنحن نشجعكم
عىل مشاركتها معنا، سيام وأن مساهامتكم
الثمينة حيوية إلنجاح هذا املرشوع، وبالتعاون
معاً ميكننا ضامن استمرار العمل الجاد والتذكري
بالشهداء والضحايا ومأساة املسيحيني والتصدي
ملحاوالت تهجريهم من وطنهم العراق.
للمشاركة ومعرفة املزيد عن تفاصيل املتحف،
تفضلوا بزيارة صفحاتنا عىل وسائل التواصل
االجتامعي أو مراسلتنا عىل الربيد اإللكرتوين:
edit@chaldeannews.com
32 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
موضوع مميز
لِكَيْال نَنىَسَ اإلبادة وليك نُذّكر األجيال بجرائم داعش
مرشوع افتتاح جناح اإلبادة الجامعية يف املركز الثقايف الجديد يف مدينة ويست بلومفيلد
بقلم د عضيد مريي
التأريخ الحديث، وتشجيع التأمل يف األسئلة
األخالقية والروحية والوطنية التي أثارتها األحداث،
وإلهام الباحثني والكتاب والزوار يف تحمل
املسؤولية اإلنسانية والعمل عىل منع اإلبادات
واالضطهاد والكراهية واالنتقام يف املستقبل.
اإلبادة: فصل مظلم يف التاريخ
اإلبادة تعترب واحدة من أخطر جرائم البرشية.
تُعرَّف بأنها إبادة جامعية ملجموعة من الناس عىل
أساس العرق، أو اإلثنية، أو الدين، أو الجنسية،
وتتميز بالنية السادية التي تنوي تدمري مجموعة
بالكامل. تم صياغة مصطلح “اإلبادة الجامعية” يف
عام 1944 ومنذ ذلك الحني تم استخدامه لوصف
الفظائع كمثل تلك التي ارتكبها تنظيم داعش
ضد املسيحيني واليزيدين واملندائيني يف العراق
وسوريا، ويف عام 2016، اتهمت الواليات املتحدة
تنظيم داعش بارتكاب إبادة جامعية ضد هذه
املجموعات.
تواصل مؤسسة الجالية الكلدانية نرش رسالتها
املجتمعية وتنفيذ خطط مشاريعها التوسعية
وخدماتها وتثبيت اركان وجودها وتؤسس
حضورًا مهامً مع غرفة التجارة الكلدانية
األمريكية من خالل توسعها وعبورها الجانب
الغريب لشارع وودوارد وتأسيس وجود لها يف
مقاطعة أوكالند.
إذ بعد أن أكملت مؤسسة الجالية الكلدانية
خطواتها يف رشاء بناية املدرسة القدمية املسامة
ب )كورنرز( الواقعة عىل شارع )ولنت ليك
رود بالقرب من غرب شارع انكسرت يف مدينة
ويست بلومفيلد( بدأت مساعي التحديث
والبناء ليصبح للجالية مركزا اخراً للمؤسسة عىل
الجانب الشاميل الغريب ملدينة مرتو ديرتويت.
وستضم البناية الجديدة املكاتب اإلدارية
للمؤسسة ولغرفة التجارة الكلدانية األمريكية،
وسيكون املوقع الجديد مبثابة مركز ملجموعة
شاملة من الخدمات واملوارد املجتمعية، مبا يف
ذلك حاضنة لألعامل، وصالة لأللعاب الرياضية،
واستوديو تلفزيوين وإذاعي، وفصول دراسية،
ومطبخ تجريبي، ومكتبة األسقف إبراهيم )التي
تضم كنزًا من األرشيفات الثقافية(، ومرسحًا
للمنتديات واألحداث التعليمية، واملركز الرتايث
الكلداين الذي سينمو كمتحف للجالية يف املهجر
وسيحوي جزء من األرشيف الثقايف الكلداين
وإذاعة صوت الكلدان، ومكتب مجلة اخبار
الكلدان )كالديان نيوز(، وروضة أطفال، ، وستة
قاعات عرض جديدة واسعة ملقتنيات املتحف
الثقايف الرتايث الكلداين الذي سينتقل من موقعه
الحايل يف نادي شانندوا العائيل.
أفاق جديدة وتطلّعات مستقبلية
سوف ينتقل املركز الثقايف الرتايث الكلداين املوجود
حالياً يف نادي شانندوا، إىل املنشأة الجديدة وسيجري
توسيع اركانه من حيث املساحة اىل )3200 قدم
مربع( واألجنحة )6( واملحتويات واملعروضات
وسيتكون املتحف من ست صاالت عرض تشمل:
1 بالد ما بني النهرين القدمية
2 اإلميان والكنيسة
3 الحياة يف البلدات والقرية
4 اإلبادة الجامعية
5 الرحلة إىل أمريكا الشاملية
6 الكلدانيون اليوم
سريكز املتحف بشكل رئييس عىل جمع وتوثيق
ورسد قصص اإلبادة الجامعية واالستشهاد يف القرن
املايض، وخاصة يف القرن الحادي والعرشين، مع
التوثيق والتذكري بحجم الجرائم التي ارتكبتها
عصابات داعش والقاعدة وامليليشيات ضد
املكونات األصيلة بعد غزو العراق عام 2003.
وسيشكل تأمني القطع األثرية األصلية لإلبادة
وجلبها من العراق جزءًا مهامً وصعباً من هذا
املسعى التاريخي من اجل حفظ وتسجيل فصول
الترشيد والتهجري والنزوح ورسد قصة اإلبادة
الجامعية بطريقة أكادميية ومؤثرة.
كام وسيحيي الجناح وسيسجل قسم اإلبادة
الجامعية األحداث املأساوية التي وقعت يف
بلدات سهل نينوى وتسليط األضواء عىل اضطهاد
واستشهاد املسيحيني يف العراق، وتثقيف زوار
املتحف بشأن كل ما حصل من جرائم اإلبادة
الجامعية ضد اإلنسانية التي تهدد بقاء األقلية
املسيحية واملكونات األصيلة يف العراق.
رسالة جناح اإلبادة
تعمل املتاحف يف كافة ارجاء العامل كمواقع
حضارية ومراكز تثقيفية وتعد من الرضورات
األساسية لحفظ ذاكرة املجتمعات وتؤمن عرض
شامل ملراحل تطورها وتاريخها والتذكري باملايض،
وتجمع يف أركانها اثار ومعروضات من اجل نرش
التعليم والتثقيف ومصادر اكادميية معتمدة
للدراسات والجامعات واملدارس وهدفها جذب
الزوار ونرش املعرفة.
كام وان الهدف من إضافة جناح اإلبادة
الجامعية وضمن بناية املتحف الرتايث الكلداين
الجديد يف أمريكا ووالية ميشيغان بالذات، جاء
كرضورة حتمية للتوثيق وللتذكري ولتفسري عقلية
اإلبادة التي مارستها عصابات تنظيم الدولة
اإلسالمية يف مطلع القرن الحادي والعرشين ولكيال
ننىس حجم الدمار والرتهيب والترشيد والهجرة
والنزوح لسكان بلدات سهل نينوى، وكذلك من
اجل تنوير األجيال القادمة مبا فاتهم من قسوة
وسجالت املآيس والصمت املخزي والتجنب املر
ومحاولة النسيان من جميع الصامتني والالمباليني
من السياسيني واملسؤولني ومن دون اإلحساس
مبسؤوليتهم عام حدث ويحدث للمكونات
األصيلة يف العراق تاريخيا وجغرافيا ومن اجل
الحفاظ عىل ذكرى مئات اآلالف من املسيحيني
النازحني واملهجرين و القتىل أو املجربين عىل
الفرار من العراق منذ عام 2003.
وتتمثل مهمة املتحف ايضاً يف أهمية
االستمرار بنرش مبادئ الوعي املجتمعي والقانوين
حول تبعات هذه املأساة التي ال مثيل لها يف
وسوف يسلط متحفنا األضواء وسيجذب
االنتباه إىل حمالت اإلرهاب التي شنها تنظيم
داعش من عام 2014 إىل عام 2017 يف شامل
العراق وسهل نينوى وما ارتكبت عصاباته من
فظائع واسعة النطاق ضد األقليات يف العراق. وال
ننىس كيف تم استهداف األقليات األخرى، مثل
اليزيدين واملندائيني، عىل أساس هوياتهم العرقية
والدينية والجغرافية.
وستعكس أجواء ومحتويات املعرض
مشاهد ومعلومات عن تدمري املدن واملمتلكات
وتهجري املجتمعات والثمن البرشي لهذه الحملة
اإلجرامية الال انسانية عىل أمل إلقاء الضوء عىل
املحنة املستمرة للمسيحيني واألقليات العرقية
يف املنطقة، والنية هنا هي خدش سطح هذا
املوضوع املعقد والعمل عىل صياغة ورقة عمل
تعالج مخاوفنا كمسيحيني )كلدان وآشوريني
ورسيان وأرمن( يف العراق ومنطقة اقليم
كردستان.
ملاذا سيتم تأسيس متحف اإلبادة
الجامعية؟
الهدف األسايس إلضافة جناح اإلبادة والشهداء
للمتحف هو لغرض توسيع فهم املجتمعات
واملؤسسات واملؤرخني وجمهور املهتمني
عن جرائم وحجم ومأساة اإلبادة الجامعية
التي ارتكبها تنظيم داعش وتفكيك الكراهية
العميقة ملن خالل اقامة املعارض السنوية
وتشجيع البحوث والدراسات وعرض القطع
األثرية وتصوير املواقع الكنسية واملقابر التي
تم تدمريها من اجل التذكري بالدمار ومصري ما
حصل لهذه املواقع، كام سيستضيف املتحف
أيامًا ومناسبات سنوية إلحياء الذكرى، وإرشاك
الجامهري وأعضاء املجتمعات يف الربامج التي
تهدف إىل منع مثل هذه الجرائم يف املستقبل.
وسيكون املتحف العباً رئيسياً لضامن عدم
نسيان دروس املايض وعدم السامح بتكرار
الفظائع ومحاسبة القامئني بها.
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 33
FEATURE
Creative Frontiers
Joseph Naman pursuing multiple passions
BY PAUL NATINSKY
To say Joseph Naman wears
many hats would be an understatement.
The 25-year-old
Wayne State University graduate has a
degree in finance, but soon found himself
bored crunching numbers all day,
so he branched out into podcasting,
filmmaking and standup comedy.
Naman says his family supports
his goals and dreams. In return he has
helped his father and uncle, both physicians,
promote their multi-location
primary care practice by producing podcasts
and other promotional projects. He
quickly turned the help into a full-time
marketing role with the practice.
Partnerships with local groups,
including Focus Hope, whose CEO
appeared as a guest on the practice’s
podcast, are an important part of the
marketing program, which Naman
shares wherever possible. He regularly
links and loads material onto spaces
such as Spotify, YouTube, Linked In,
Instagram and Tik Tok.
Naman’s work with his family’s
medical practice is only the tip of the
iceberg. The finance major minored
in film, where he learned editing
and production. “In college, I started
making short films and sketches with
friends. Around the same time, I got
into standup comedy and podcasting,”
said Naman.
Last year, when podcasting and
comedy began to intersect with his
filmmaking efforts, Naman formed
Paradiso Films. The company serves
as an umbrella company to house and
organize his various interests. He says
Paradiso handles, “anything video
production-wise.”
Naman used Paradiso to create two
films that he intends to submit to various
film festivals, with the hope that
they will be chosen and played on the
big screen for festivalgoers. Naman
says he targets the large festivals, such
as South by Southwest, Tribeca, and
the Toronto International Film Festival.
“These larger ones are hard to get
into, but I’d rather spend time submitting
to these larger ones. You get better
views at the larger ones,” says Naman.
Films are submitted via festival websites.
They are then voted on.
“If they like it, it’s included in the
festival. You get to come and watch it
on the big screen. A bunch of big producers
and famous people come to
these festivals. Sometimes the studios
will purchase independent films and
put them out,” says Naman.
He’s gotten into some of the local
ones in the past with his previous short
films and says it’s a lot of fun. “You meet
others in the area who are into filmmaking.
But it’s not super impactful.”
Monk, a five-minute thriller-comedy
short (about which Naman would
reveal little) and a 30-minute documentary
about a couple in their 80s
who do spoofs of popular songs using
spent paper towel rolls and call themselves—of
course—The Cardboard
Tubes are Naman’s current hopefuls.
The new company also houses a
weekly podcast that features several
of Naman’s friends and collaborators
as well as comedians who roll through
town. Chaldean funnyman Paul Elia
dropped by a show Naman produced (I
checked Elia out on YouTube, he’s very
funny and knows how to read a room).
Naman’s podcast has done very
well. He has been at it three years and
has about 2,000 subscribers. He says
he had only about 150 a year-and-ahalf
ago. Constant sharing and linking
as well as Naman’s ubiquitous presence
in the Detroit comedy community
have fueled Naman’s rising profile.
Naman tries to keep his networking
and production endeavors large and expansive
and his costs low. To that end,
he uses friends as actors in his films
and accumulates podcasting and filmmaking
equipment one piece at a time.
As he continues to flow among big
comedy clubs like Mark Ridley’s and
Detroit House of Comedy and “random
bars, restaurants and theaters open
comedy nights,” he says there is “more
opportunity than ever before.”
While Naman would like to see
how far he can take his comedic endeavors,
he has no intention of giving
short shrift to his other interests.
“They’re all hobbies and skills I’ve
developed through the years. The past
few years, I’ve been trying to make a
name for myself in all those areas.”
Joseph Naman’s diverse pursuits
and multifaceted career reflect his relentless
drive to explore and expand
his creative boundaries. From finance
to filmmaking, standup comedy, and
podcasting, Naman continues to balance
his passions with his family’s
medical practice, always seeking new
opportunities to grow and connect
with others.
Through Paradiso Films, his expanding
podcast audience, and his
goal to break into major film festivals,
Naman is steadily carving out a unique
niche for himself in both the creative
and professional worlds. As he continues
to pursue his diverse passions,
his journey exemplifies the power of
following one’s interests, embracing
collaboration, and leveraging new platforms
to bring creative ideas to life.
34 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
SPRING
COMMUNITY
JOB FAIR
2025
JOIN US
Employers will receive:
• Table and two chairs for setup.
• Light refreshments and snacks.
* Space is limited. Registration is available
on a first come, first served basis.
Please register by
scaning the
QR code below.
$150 Registration fee
WEDNESDAY, MAY 7, 2025 | 3:00PM
- 5:00PM
Chaldean Community Foundation - Wireless Vision Gymnasium | 3601 15 Mile Rd., Sterling Heights, MI, 48310
For more info contact Elias at Elias.Kattoula@chaldeanfoundation.org or call 586-722-7253.
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 35
ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT
Caption
From Stage to Screen
Dramedy “Pomegranate” slated for March release
Freestyle Digital Media, the digital
film distribution division
of Byron Allen’s Allen Media
Group, has acquired the VOD rights to
the acclaimed dramedy Pomegranate.
The film, which explores the complex
cultural dynamics between Iraqi Muslims
and Chaldeans (Iraqi Christians)
in suburban Michigan during the
2016 U.S. presidential election, will be
available to rent or own on all global
digital HD platforms—including cable
and satellite—on March 4, 2025. In addition,
it will be released on DVD the
same day. The release also coincides
with the observance of Women’s History
Month and International Women’s
Day on March 8, 2025.
Pomegranate centers around
20-year-old Niran, an Iraqi Muslim
refugee living with her family in a predominantly
Christian Iraqi suburb of
Detroit, known colloquially as “Little
Baghdad.” The film explores Niran’s
internal and external struggles as she
navigates her identity as a politically
liberal young woman in a conservative,
traditional community. She’s
caught between the cultural expectations
of her Muslim family and her desire
to live a life of independence and
self-expression.
Niran’s world is further complicated
by her relationship with Mary, a
politically conservative Christian who
lives directly across the street and has
a large “Make America Great Again”
sign next to a Virgin Mary statue in
her front yard. The stark contrast between
the two women’s worldviews
highlights the cultural and ideological
divides in their community. As
Niran seeks to redefine herself, she
draws inspiration from Enheduanna,
the first known writer in history, and
a priestess from Ancient Mesopotamia,
in an effort to find her own voice
amidst the chaos.
Set against the backdrop of the
highly charged political climate of
the 2016 U.S. election, Pomegranate
is a poignant exploration of cultural
clash, personal growth, and the power
of women’s voices. The film’s narrative
is a timely reflection on how identity,
religion, and political beliefs intersect
and shape individual lives, especially
for women in immigrant communities.
Written and directed by Weam
Namou, a Chaldean woman who has
firsthand knowledge of the culture she
is portraying, Pomegranate is the first
narrative film by Iraqi-Americans to be
led by a team from the community it
represents. Namou, whose previous
work has garnered widespread attention,
shared her thoughts on the significance
of the film: “Pomegranate
is more than a movie, it’s a window
into the authentic lives of Middle Easterners,
especially women, who have
long been confined to stereotypes. By
understanding the beauty, struggles,
and resilience of these lives, we open
the door to a more connected, compassionate
world.”
The film was produced by Sam
Sako and executive produced by Scott
Rosenfelt, known for his work on iconic
films such as Home Alone and Mystic
Pizza. The talented ensemble cast
of Pomegranate includes Sam Rahmani
as Niran, Zain Shami as Hassina,
Ismail Taher as Ali, Natally Boutrus
as Mary, Lamar Babi as Matthew, Basim
Alameen as Sermad, Amanda
Kashat as Nisreen, and Jordyn Kashat
as Fatima. The performances bring to
life the intricate dynamics between
the characters, capturing the complex
emotions of individuals caught in the
crossfire of competing cultural and political
pressures.
Pomegranate has already been recognized
by the international film community,
winning over 30 prestigious
awards worldwide. The film has been
praised for its nuanced portrayal of
immigrant life, its emotional depth,
and its exploration of the complexities
surrounding identity and belonging in
a multicultural society.
The film’s success underscores
the growing demand for diverse narratives
that reflect the experiences of
underrepresented communities. As
such, Pomegranate is not only a personal
journey for its characters but
also a significant step forward in the
broader movement for more authentic
and inclusive storytelling in the film
industry.
36 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
HIRING
WE ARE
Do you possess a passion for bettering the lives of others?
Join our ever expanding team!
Behavioral Health Therapist
Housing Liaison
Advocacy
Acculturation
Community Development
Cultural Preservation
For More Information
HR@chaldeanfoundation.org
586-722-7253
www.chaldeanfoundation.org/careers
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 37
IN MEMORIAM
OBITUARY
Dr. Nathima Atchoo
Roza Jiddou Jarbo
Jul 1, 1937 -
Jan 8, 2025
David A. Gorge
Aug 11, 1985 -
Jan 14, 2025
Mary Korkis Shina
Jul 1, 1927 -
Jan 9, 2025
Khalil Putrus Kizy
Mar 17, 1943 -
Jan 15, 2025
Behnam Goggo
Feb 15, 1929 -
Jan 11, 2025
Khilood Savaya
Sheker
Mar 3, 1953 -
Jan 16, 2025
Sabah Zaia Jamil
Jul 1, 1939 -
Jan 11, 2025
Hanny Ibrahim
Seman Semma
Oct 20, 1930 -
Jan 17, 2025
Sarra Isho Hanno
Jul 1, 1939 -
Jan 11, 2025
Dalila Esho
Youkhanna
Jul 1, 1936 -
Jan 18, 2025
Dr. Nathima Atchoo, born on December
28, 1931, in Iraq, passed away
on February 5, 2025, receiving her
heavenly reward. She was the loving
daughter of the late Habib and Bahija
Atchoo, cherished wife of the late Dr.
Peter Atchoo, and devoted mother of Dr. Faris (Shahnaz)
Atchoo, Fanar (Richard) Wright, Firas (Lakshmi) Atchoo,
and Fawaz (Cyndie) Atchoo. She was also a humble grandmother
to Jonah, Gabriel, Victoria, and Nema Atchoo, and
an adored sister to the late Badie “Buddy” Atchoo, the late
Betty Dawisha, the late Najla Daoud, and Suham Sheet.
A devoted volunteer, generous donor, and beloved
pillar of her community, Dr. Atchoo selflessly served
many organizations both in the United States and Iraq,
touching the lives of those in need. Through the Drs. Nathima
and Peter Atchoo Family Foundation Scholarship,
she helped provide financial assistance to Chaldean
students pursuing higher education, from community
college to graduate studies, in preparation for careers of
their choice.
Alice Stanlos
Desilva
Jan 13, 1933 -
Jan 20, 2025
Adnan Qaryaqus
Hanna
Jul 1, 1956 -
Jan 20, 2025
Nadeema Jibrael
Ammoo
Jul 1, 1950 -
Jan 22, 2025
Kitty Matte Petros
Jul 1, 1937 -
Jan 22, 2025
George Elia
Jul 1, 1931 -
Jan 23, 2025
Raheel Hako
Jul 1, 1934 -
Jan 23, 2025
Siham Doha
Jun 22, 1953 -
Jan 24, 2025
Mary Daniel
Jun 7, 1932 -
Jan 25, 2025
Amir Denha
Sep 8, 1943 -
Jan 25, 2025
Madlen Ghizi
Jul 1, 1953 -
Jan 25, 2025
Jerry (Jalal)
Shamon
Jul 1, 1956 -
Jan 25, 2025
Keith Gerald
Ballard
Feb 6, 1964 -
Jan 25, 2025
Brenda Patricia
Kassab
Jun 28, 1953 -
Jan 27, 2025
Shaza George
Zaya
Feb 15, 1967 -
Jan 27, 2025
Sylvia Sylvana
Daoud
Mar 13, 1960 -
Jan 29, 2025
Hayat Bashoka
Yacoub
Feb 1, 1938 -
Jan 30, 2025
Mikhaeel Amoni
Jarbo
Jan 2, 1948 -
Jan 31, 2025
Edward A. Yousif
Aug 8, 1955 -
Jan 31, 2025
Asiet Esho
Jul 1, 1942 -
Feb 1, 2025
Shammama Yousif
Dalli
Aug 20, 1919 -
Feb 2, 2025
Violet Kaddis
Nov 6, 1931 -
Feb 2, 2025
Violet “Vi” Poole
(George)
Apr 9, 1948 -
Feb 2, 2025
Joza Mansoor
Jul 1, 1932 -
Feb 6, 2025
Adeeb Haddad
Jul 1, 1943 -
Feb 6, 2025
38 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
There are enough things
out there going viral.
Get your COVID-19
and flu vaccines.
Help keep your immune system
from going viral. Talk to your
health care provider.
Michigan.gov/COVIDFluRSV
MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 39
RELIGION
The Great Fast
Entering Lent with heart and heritage
BY MICHAEL ANTOON
Lent is more than just a season
on the Church calendar; it is a
call to renewal. For Christians
around the world, it is a time when
we step back from the noise of daily
life and hear again the voice of God inviting
us to grow closer to Him. Each
year, we are given this gift—the Great
Fast (Soma Raba)—to pause, reflect,
and walk with Christ toward His Passion
and Resurrection.
While our ancestors in the villages
of our homeland approached this season
with customs unique to their time,
their faith remains a foundation for
how we, too, can enter into Lent with
both heart and heritage.
Fasting
The Great Fast begins in the Chaldean
Church on the Monday following the
First Sunday of Lent, serving as a significant
reminder that the journey we
undertake is not one of sorrow alone,
but of hope and expectation. Fasting is
one of the pillars of this holy season.
Traditionally, our ancestors fasted
with great seriousness, most abstaining
from meat and dairy. Some fasted
until midday, while others extended
their fasts further. The discipline of
fasting and giving something up was
not just a physical challenge or punishment
but a spiritual practice, reminding
the faithful of their reliance
on God. Today, Chaldean Catholics
are called to fast from meat on Fridays
and during the first, middle, and last
weeks of Lent. Many choose to give up
something they enjoy as well.
However, fasting is not just about
food, it is about purifying the heart.
We are called to fast from sin—from
anger, gossip, pride, and greed. Fasting
becomes fruitful only when it leads
to inner transformation. As St. John
Chrysostom reminds us, “What good is
it if we abstain from birds and fish but
bite and devour our brothers?”
Prayer
Prayer is another cornerstone of Lent.
It is through prayer that we enter into
the silence of the desert with Christ.
Our ancestors gathered in the church,
lifting their voices in supplication,
seeking God’s mercy. Today, we continue
this tradition. Many attend weekday
Masses or the Stations of the Cross
each Friday, reflecting on the suffering
Christ endured for our salvation.
Using this opportunity to walk with
Jesus as He carries His cross brings our
faith to life. Personal prayer also deepens
during Lent—whether through the
Rosary, the Psalms, or listening for the
Lord’s voice, we are invited to rediscover
the power of being in His presence.
Alms
The third essential element of the season
is almsgiving. Lent is a time to look
beyond ourselves and see Christ in the
poor, the sick, and the suffering. Our
ancestors in the villages shared what
little they had, ensuring no neighbor
went without. Today, we are called to
continue this spirit of generosity.
Whether through donations to the
Church, supporting charities, or helping
a struggling family, acts of mercy
reflect the love of Christ and unite us
more closely to Him.
Fasting and almsgiving are deeply
connected to the call to love and mercy.
His Beatitude Mar Louis Raphael
Sako, Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic
Church, reminds us in his Lenten
Pastoral Letter from 2024: “Fasting is a
time to practice the commandment of
love and mercy.”
Jesus Christ preferred mercy over
sacrifice…This is reflected in the words
of the Prophet Isaiah:
“Is not this the fast that I choose:
to loose the bonds of injustice, to undo
the thongs of the yoke, to let the oppressed
go free, and to break every
yoke? Is it not to share your bread with
the hungry, and bring the homeless
and poor into your house; when you
see the naked, to cover them, and not
to hide yourself from your own flesh?”
(Isaiah 58:6-7)
الصوم زمن لتطبيق وصيةّ املحبة والرحمة. وقد
فضل يسوع املسيح الرحمة عىل الذبيحة، ذلك
برفع الجدران التي تفصلنا عن االخرين، والعطاء
السخي ملساعدة االخوة املحتاجني كام جاء يف
توصيات النبي أشعيا: “أَلَيسَ الصَّ ومُ الَّذي فَضَّ لتُه
هو هذا: حَلُّ قُيودِ الرشَّ ِّ وفَكُّ رُبُطِ النِّري وإِطْالقُ
املَسْ حوقنيَ أَحْراراً وتَحْطيمُ كُلِّ نري؟ أَلَيسَ هو
أَن تَكرسِ َ للجائِعِ خُبزَكَ وأَن تُدخِ لَ البائسنيَ
املَطْرودينَ بَيتَكَ وإذا رَأَيتَ العُرْيانَ أن تَكسُ وَه
وأَن ال تَتَوارى عن لَحمِكَ ” )أشعيا /58 (.7-6
These words call us to reflect on our
call to almsgiving, ensuring our faith
is not isolated from our actions. True
prayer and fasting lead to love in action—lifting
up the poor, welcoming
the stranger, sharing our bread with
the hungry, and clothing the naked.
Village Traditions: Lent in Telkeppe
These spiritual practices are the foundation
of Lent, but for our forefathers
in the village, Lent was also a communal
journey. Fr. Michael Bazzi, in
his book “The Life of Tilkepnaye” and
from his interview with then-seminarian
Junior (now Father John) Jwad on
the Chaldean Voice Radio, offers us a
glimpse into the traditions of Lent in
the great village of Telkeppe.
Fr. Bazzi explains that in Telkeppe,
beginning on the Second Sunday of
Lent, a series of weekly pilgrimages
and festivals, known as ‘Sherawatha,’
became a tradition. Each Sunday was
dedicated to a particular saint and
their shrine in or near Telkeppe. The
Second Sunday honored Mar Daniel,
with villagers traveling to his shrine
to the west outside of the village.
The Third Sunday was dedicated to
Boukhtsaada, south of Telkeppe in
the Shango neighborhood. The Fourth
Sunday celebrated Mart Shmuni, in
the neighborhood of Mart Shmuni
(Abbo/Sitto). The Fifth Sunday honored
St. John the Apostle. The Sixth
Sunday was for Saint Joseph, in the
Kizy neighborhood. Finally, the Seventh
Sunday commemorated the Forty
Martyrs (Arbeeni) at a shrine to the
north of the village.
Fr. Bazzi recalls that after the High
Mass (Raza Raba), villagers would
travel to these shrines, with men and
women often walking separately. Sellers
of nuts and other goods would
gather near the sites. Families carried
food to share, and a special tradition
emerged for those preparing for
marriage. The family of the groomto-be
would bring a pot of ‘Paqota
Sha’oothta,’ or yellow barley, known
as Sheelanih, to be shared in the yard
of the shrine. This barley would, of
course, be made with onions, without
any meat.
Upon arriving at the shrine, priests
would lead prayers and teach the Catechism
to the children and faithful,
preaching on both Lent and the saint
being commemorated that day. Residents
of the neighborhood hosting
the shrine would often prepare food to
share. These gatherings were not just
social events but a true reflection of
the deep bond between faith and community.
Lent as a Gift
As we enter into this holy season, we
can draw strength from the example
of those who came before us. Lent is
not meant to be a burden; it is a gift.
It is an opportunity to reset our hearts,
to strip away what distracts us, and to
remember that our true joy is found in
Christ. We are invited to embrace fasting,
prayer, and almsgiving as a pathway
to renewal.
Let us fast with purpose, pray with
sincerity, and give with generosity. Let
us walk together, as our ancestors did,
toward the promise of the Resurrection.
Author’s Note: I would like to
personally thank Fr. Michael J. Bazzi
for his dedication in preserving our
heritage and traditions through his
many publications on the beloved
village Telkeppe and the Aramaic/
Chaldean Language.
40 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
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MARCH 2025 CHALDEAN NEWS 41
EVENTS
Portrait of a
Community
On January 30, the Chaldean News, in
partnership with the Chaldean Community
Foundation, hosted the Portrait of a
Community cultural event, premiering
powerful stories captured for the Library
of Congress Digital Archives Collection.
The event, attended by over 200 guests,
celebrated the rich Chaldean heritage
through a blend of authentic cuisine, traditional
music, and dance. Guests were
also moved by film excerpts of interviews
that highlighted the vibrant Chaldean
community in Metro Detroit. These contributions
will now be preserved in the
Library of Congress, safeguarding our
culture for future generations within the
world’s largest library. This unforgettable
event was made possible by the generous
support of the Library of Congress, the
Michigan Arts and Culture Council, and
the Chaldean Community Foundation.
Clockwise from top of page: Sterling Heights mayor, Michael Taylor, addresses more than 200 guests who attended the
Portrait of a Community event at the CCF. Activities included demonstrations of traditonal chai and coffee service, bread
making, and sweet treats from Heavenly Dates. A long stretch of traditional dancing brought the evening to a festive close.
Bishop’s Dinner
The Chaldean Diocese held its 2025 Annual Bishop’s Dinner on
Thursday, February 13, with over 1,000 community members in
attendance. Bishop Francis Kalabat, however, was unable to attend
due to a viral illness. The theme of this year’s Dinner centered
on the Eucharist as the source and summit of our Christian
faith. Without the Eucharist, the Dinner holds no true purpose.
The Annual Bishop’s Dinner is held each year to support
and advance the mission of the diocese: “To Make Christ
Known to All.” The Diocese introduced its newly established
Advancement and Development Department, which will focus
on expanding resources, strengthening outreach efforts, and
securing financial support to further the mission of the Diocese.
During the event, Bishop Francis introduced three key
goals for the year: to establish and host Chaldean Masses in
new locations, to hopefully soon establish a K-8 school, and
to inaugurate the Diocese’s first-ever retreat center, Mar Eliya
Retreat Center, which is set to open this Spring.
By the grace of God and the generosity of our community,
the Bishop’s Dinner successfully raised over $650,000!
Clockwise from top left: Chaldean nuns enjoying the evening; Left to right: Faiq Konja, a cutout
of Bishop Francis Kalabat, Sam Bakkal, and Joseph Sheena; Left to right: Fr. Rodney Abasso,
Fr. Perrin Atisha, and Fr. Patrick Setto; Bishop Ibrahim Ibrahim and Archbishop Allen Vigneron;
There were more than 1,000 in attendance.
42 CHALDEAN NEWS MARCH 2025
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