Professional Diver, Spring 2020, Issue 03

SPRING 2020 • ISSUE 3

FORGOTTEN ASSETS

MAINTAINING MARINE OUTFALLS

COLOURLESS, ODOURLESS, TOXIC

THE CARBON MONOXIDE THREAT

REAL JOBS IN THE REAL WORLD

IMPROVING MARINE STRUCTURES

ADC: The Association representing diving contractors

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2 PROFESSIONAL DIVER • SPRING 2020

WELCOME

EDITORIAL

Publisher/Editor: Taira Caton

taira@professionaldiver.co.uk

Tel: 0333 121 5474

Copy Editor/Contributor: John Hancock

john@professionaldiver.co.uk

CONTRIBUTORS

Gavin Anthony, Nick Bailey, Esteban

Marrufo, TMS Maritime, Martin Berry

and BSAC

ADVERTISEMENTS

Call 0333 121 5474

sales@professionaldiver.co.uk

MAGAZINE PRODUCTION AND PRINTING

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Company, tel: 01273 467579

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Professional Diver is a magazine

published by UK ADC Ltd

PO Box 3138, Reading. RG1 9FN. UK

Tel: 0333 121 5474

Registered in England and Wales, 10382894.

Registered office: Sg House, 6, St Cross Road,

Winchester, Hampshire, United Kingdom, SO23 9HX

©2020 UK ADC Ltd. All rights reserved. No part

of this publication may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means without

the prior written consent of the Publishers.

Great care is taken to ensure accuracy in the

preparation of this publication, but neither UK

ADC Ltd or the editor can be held responsible for

its contents. The views expressed are those of

the contributors and not necessarily those of the

Publishers. UK ADC Ltd.

DISCLAIMER: The Association of Diving

Contractors (the “Association”) provides any

information, education and advice in good

faith to its members for their convenience and

reference. The Association accepts no liability

for anything contained in the information

provided or for the consequences of using

such information in commercial contracting

or otherwise. The employees and agents of

the Association, including without limitation

the Association Secretary, are not responsible

in any way for the commercial or business

consequences of using any Association

resources or information provided or received

in Association materials or during Association

events. If you are in any doubt about the

commercial or legal effect of any action, please

take independent legal advice.

Welcome to the latest ‘Professional Diver’ in our 25th

Anniversary Year. The world is currently facing a coronavirus

pandemic which, for the diving industry, has meant only

essential/critical work being carried out. Hopefully, that

disruption will be temporary and the Inshore diving industry,

resilient in the past, will get back to normal soon.

Coronavirus is shaking up how we live and work but has

revealed how important technology is and how much progress

has been made to allow us to stay connected for work

purposes and keeping in touch with friends and family.

Many will be disappointed at the postponement of our

Regional Meetings, in May and June, and Seawork which was

due to take place in June. New dates will be issued soon.

On a positive note, the ADC office is pretty much operating as

normal and is available to invigilate online exams. Supervisors:

take advantage of this opportunity to study and sit your ADC

exams whilst you have time.

This year’s AGM is planned for 17th and 18th November 2020.

We still expect this to go ahead but will be reviewing over the

next few months.

Last year’s AGM was very successful with a higher number of

members attending than previous years, plus valuable input

and conversations over the two days. We had great Guest

speakers including an update from HSE Inspector of Diving

‘Judith Tetlow’, Martin Berry from Royal Haskoning on Marine

Outfalls, EON on their ‘Health & Safety approach’ plus member

presentations from Namaka Subsea, JFD and Diving Equipment

Services on ‘Servicing & Standards of Equipment’ We also issued

a Supervisor Award for Outstanding Contribution to Industry

Sector to ‘Pat Murray’ for his ‘Calm Leadership during a fire’.

Looking forward to seeing members at our AGM.

Enjoy our latest edition of Professional Diver and ‘STAY SAFE’.

CONTENTS

5 Marine Outfalls the

Forgotten Assets

Inspect and maintain

critical infrastructure.

10 Carbon monoxide

in diving

Invisible, odourless and

a danger in diving.

14 Maintaining

maritime

infrastructures

Preparing two key

structures for future utility.

COVER IMAGE Courtesy of Lloyd Blyth, Briggs Marine

18 Diving in dark water

The challenges and risks of

Public Safety Diving.

20 Immersion

Pulmonary Oedema

A growing interest in this

factor in diving incidents.

22 A clean break

from work

Diver welfare: breaks,

washing and changing

facilities.

PROFESSIONAL DIVER • SPRING 2020 3

NEW MEMBERS

Please welcome the following recent new

members to the Association.

APEX DIVING & MARINE (UK)

FULL MEMBER

MSDS MARINE LTD (UK)

FULL MEMBER

INSPIRE STRUCTURES LTD (UK)

FULL MEMBER

HUGHES SUBSEA SERVICES LTD (UK)

FULL MEMBER

ROCKSALT SUBSEA LTD (UK)

FULL MEMBER

TIDAL PORTS & MARINE CONSTRUCTION

CONTRACTING LLC (DUBAI)

CORRESPONDING MEMBER

Members contact details new and old can be found on the ADC website. Click on the Members

name to obtain full contact details and access to the Members Company Website.

ADC Information Notes & Safety Alerts

Issued since previous edition

INFORMATION NOTES

IN-01/19

ADC Updated First Aid List

IN-01/20

Composite Cylinders

IN-02/20

Commercial Shellfish Diving Consultation

IN-03/20 DVIS 8

IN-04/20

COVID-19

IN-05/20

Diver Medic Cert (COVID-19)

IN-06/20

Diver Medicals (COVID-19)

IN-07/20

Guidance COVID-19

————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

SAFETY ALERTS

SUBSERVICES SL (GRAN CANARIA)


SMARTDIVES LLC (DUBAI)


TRITON GREY LTD (UK)

ASSOCIATE MEMBER

ISUBC DIVING EQUIPMENT LTD (UK)

ASSOCIATE MEMBER

NAMAKA SUBEA (UK)

ASSOCIATE MEMBER

JW AUTOMARINE (UK)

ASSOCIATE MEMBER

Safety Alert 01/19 IMCA Safety Flash – High potential near miss

Safety Alert 02/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Tight Gas

Safety Alert 03/19 IMCA Safety Flash – PPE Violation

Safety Alert 04/19 Electrical Incident leading to a diving near miss

Safety Alert 05/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Damaged high-pressure content gauge hoses on bail outs.

Safety Alert 06/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Use of power tools, wear and care of safety helmets

Safety Alert 07/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Hand Injuries, Confined spaces

Safety Alert 08/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Fire

Safety Alert 09/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Cutting Injury, Man overboard fatality

Safety Alert 10/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Dropped Objects

Safety Alert 11/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Near Miss Fire

Safety Alert 12/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Divers Umbilical Trapped

Safety Alert 13/19 IMCA Safety Flash – Davit Failures, Fatal fall from height

Safety Alert 01/20 IMCA Safety Flash – Man overboard, explosion & Fire

Safety Alert 02/20 IMCA Safety Flash – Dropped Object, Lifting Operations

Safety Alert 03/20 IMCA Safety Flash – Failure of Pressure Test Equipment

Safety Alert 04/20 IMCA Safety Flash – Dropped Objects, Near Miss

Safety Alert 05/20 IMCA Safety Flash – IMO/WHO COVID-19 statements

Safety Alert 06/20 IMCA Safety Flash – Lifting failures

Safety Alert 07/20 IMCA COVID-19 Update

Safety Alert 08/20 IMCA Safety Flash – Fall from Height

MEMBERS CAN FIND ALL SAFETY ALERTS & INFORMATION NOTES

IN THE MEMBERS SECTION WHEN LOGGING INTO THE ADC WEBSITE


MARINE OUTFALLS

The Forgotten

Assets

Martin Berry details the need for development, maintenance and

replacement programmes with these forgotten assets.

We see them along

estuaries and at the

coast; in harbour

walls and even on beaches. In

fact they are so familiar as to

have become almost invisible,

but outfalls, especially marine

outfalls, serve an important

purpose with which comes

significant responsibilities.

MARINE OUTFALLS

A marine outfall’s purpose is

described as: ‘a pipeline, tunnel

or structure that discharges

a wastewater to the marine

environment to utilise the

assimilative capacity for further

treatment’. Outfalls are often associated with water companies,

industrial and power facilities and, while they might be quite

lengthy, most of the pipes are usually buried so that we are only

aware of the physical length of pipe that protrudes into the open

and above MHWS (Mean High Water Springs).

“A marine outfall’s purpose is

described as: ‘a pipeline, tunnel

or structure that discharges

a wastewater to the marine

environment to utilise the assimilative

capacity for further treatment’.”


WATER AND WASTEWATER

The term ‘water and wastewater’ outfall includes

contained rivers and as part of the ground

(surface water) or sewerage (including treated

effluent) drainage systems, or to manage

overflows (storm and flood). These pipelines

and their outfalls are usually owned by water

companies, local authorities or the Environment

Agency (EA). As already mentioned, the idea is

to use dispersal into the ocean as part of the

disposal and treatment system and to achieve

overall water quality standards.

The first challenge is that, like any

infrastructure, drainage systems and their

marine outfalls deteriorate with age and most

drainage systems are getting old which means

reaching the end of their asset life. Many of the

systems served by marine outfalls were built in

the 19th century as part of the Victorian drive to

improve public health or, for the more recent

cases, were built to meet the requirements

of the Bathing Water directive in the midnineteen-nineties.

Given the different times of

construction, materials used vary from cast

iron, steel and concrete to polyethylene. In the

UK, at present there will two or three longterm

renewal or refurbishment projects a year

underway.

At that rate, given that, there are over 500

water outfalls in the UK, their replacement would

take 250 years.


INDUSTRIAL AND POWER

With outfalls for industrial and power purposes,

there is a difference inasmuch as there is

sometimes also an input or intake pipeline

as well as an outfall, and often these systems

require significant quantities of water. In the case

of cooling systems, the discharge at the outfall

might well be warmer than would naturally be

the case and the water used in a process might

well include other constituents. Again, as with

water and wastewater, the principle of dispersion

and assimilation into the larger ocean is the

basis on which the outfalls work.

FORGOTTEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Outfalls are often the forgotten components in

a forgotten infrastructure. They are typically not

visible and, with few moving parts, do not require

daily or weekly maintenance. They are managed

by the current owners of the infrastructure

through process, network or plant operatives

and those people usually lack any experience

of infrastructure that interacts with the marine

environment. Records of the assets will often

not be up to twenty-first century requirements

and the infrastructure in question might not

even feature on GIS (Geographic Information

System) systems or be registered as part of the

sewer/drainage system. In short, they only get

considered if there’s a problem or a failure.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE

However, forgotten or not, the consequences

should one of these pipelines and marine

outfalls fail will be significant on many levels. Any

failure will almost certainly mean that the outfall

is unable to discharge the required quantity

which in turn is likely to impact on dispersion

capabilities. Also, more often than not, there will

be no alternative means of discharge which,

for a process, means reducing the capacity or

shutting it down and, for a wastewater outfall,

will probably result in a reduction of water

quality. Any nearby bathing beach could have

to be closed or nearby shellfish beds might have

to be closed. The loss of disposal capacity might

also cause flooding in the upstream catchment

“…there is sometimes

also an input or intake

pipeline as well as an

outfall, and often these

systems require significant

quantities of water.”

that feeds the system, with all the social and

financial consequences that can cause.

It could result in restrictions at treatment

works, process shutdown or power generation

shutdown. The upshot of all that might well

be fines, prosecution or even the loss of the

operating license. There is rarely any quick fix

available. In light of all this, there is a possible

solution and that is regular inspection of marine

pipelines and outfalls.

INSPECTION

Inspection is a way to manage any facility or

asset such as a pipeline and outfall.

Why should we inspect?

Like any process, there needs to be a business

case for regular inspection of marine outfalls

and their associated pipelines. Perhaps the first

obvious one will be the potential consequences

of failure outlined above. As Stelios Haji-loannou,

founder of easyJet put it, “If you think safety is

expensive, try an accident”. It is good practice

to inspect assets in any environment but an

environment such as the coast is dynamic and

damage can occur. With regular inspections,

condition can be assessed and graded against

consistent criteria, and to measure any rate of

deterioration. Water quality at the outfall can

be ascertained and compared with regulatory

change or changes in consent conditions to

“…the infrastructure in question might not even feature

on GIS (Geographic Information System) systems or be

registered as part of the sewer/drainage system.”


ensure compliance. Climate change is a big

subject today and the consequent extreme

weather events mean that storms are more

likely and more severe than when the facility

was originally designed. Using the information

from inspections, owners can develop long- and

short-term maintenance programmes and even

develop a pipeline replacement strategy.

How do we inspect?

There are a variety of inspection methods

available depending on the type and location of

the outfall.

A bathymetric survey would provide

information about the nature of the seabed

around a marine outfall while a topographic

survey would help to understand its relationship

to the surrounding area. Sonar, and sea bed (SB)

profiling and even magnetometry will give more

information about the outfall and its environs

while inter-tidal surveys and diver surveys will

allow the inspection to consider in closer detail

any specific issue that arises. In some cases, an

ROV (remotely operated vehicle) might be able

to offer better sight of the internal pipework and/

or of the water near the outfall. Diver surveys are

also undertaken as they can provide valuable

first-hand information on the pipeline condition

and operational status.

With any of the above, careful account has

to be taken of the weather and tides to ensure

optimum safety. Whatever method is used, the

results need to be processed properly.


“Using the information

from inspections, owners

can develop long- and

short-term maintenance

programmes and even

develop a pipeline

replacement strategy.”

ADC Publications

REGULATORY BODIES AND

CHANGES

There are different regulatory bodies in each of

the UK’s devolved nations…

• In England – the Environment Agency (EA).

• In Wales – Natural Resources Wales (NRW).

• In Scotland – the Scottish Environment

Protection Agency (SEPA).

• In Northern Ireland – the Northern Ireland

Environment Agency (NIEA), the Water Utility

Regulation Group (WURG) and the Northern

Ireland Water Limited (for Wastewater

Treatment Works).

ADC MODEL SAFETY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Members £35.00

Non Members £45.00

ADC MODEL FORMAT

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Members £35.00

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Plus, the overall UK regulator for marine

environments…

• Marine Management Organisation (MMO)

Regulation is not static but has to react

to changing understanding of the marine

environment and to the understood causes of

any incidents.

CONCLUSIONS

Marine pipelines should not be forgotten assets

because, if they’re not properly inspected and

maintained, the consequence of failure can be

significant. Owners of pipelines and outfalls should

undertake more inspections and repairs to…

• Develop and implement an inspection and

maintenance programme for marine outfalls.

• Develop a programme of future replacement

to allow investment to be planned.

One other outcome will be to retain the skills and

expertise needed to ensure that pipelines and

outfalls continue to operate at their optimum

capacity and with optimum safety.

Altogether this will deliver benefits to the

business and to communities with improved

water quality and better management of what

are high value capital expenditure assets.

PROFESSIONAL DIVERS,

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(includes vat, postage & packing

to a UK address).

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(includes vat, postage & packing

to a UK address).

ENTRY TO THE ADC SUPERVISORS SCHEME

Includes registration, Supervisors Manual,

Exam Sitting, ADC Certification and Card

when passed.

Members £100.00, Non Members £160.00


Carbon monoxide in diving

Unfortunately, diving incidents, some fatal, are still being caused by

carbon monoxide toxicity from contaminated breathing gas, as

Gavin Anthony explains

Carbon monoxide (expressed chemically

as CO) is a colourless and odourless

gas that is highly toxic. Toxicity primarily

results from low oxygen levels in the cells, also

known as cellular hypoxia. Carbon monoxide

has a nominally 300 times greater affinity for

binding to haemoglobin in red blood cells than

oxygen. This means that the blood is less able

to transport oxygen, around the body. The

body is further starved of oxygen because,

once it is bound to carbon monoxide, the

haemoglobin molecule changes shape and it

releases oxygen much less readily. At a cellular

level there are additional toxic mechanisms,

especially those affecting the circulation and

the nervous system. As a result, subsequent to

the initial hypoxia, longer term complications

can occur such as dementia and symptoms like

Parkinson’s disease.

CARBON MONOXODE TOXICITY

The level of carbon monoxide toxicity is normally

expressed in terms of both the concentration

of carbon monoxide, as inhaled, and the

percentage of haemoglobin carrier sites that are

bound with monoxide. An inhaled concentration

(at atmospheric pressure) of 200 ppm (parts

per million) or 0.02 %, may result in 15-20 % of

haemoglobin sites being bound; at this level,

clinical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue,

nausea and dizziness would start to occur. Active

smokers may inhale carbon monoxide levels

up to 60 ppm and have 10 % or more of their

haemoglobin bound with carbon monoxide. In

the UK the current occupational exposure limit

(HSE EH 40) for carbon monoxide breathed at the

surface (i.e. atmospheric pressure) is 20 ppm.

When considering the toxic effect of gases

Image courtesy of MMC Diving Services

during diving, it is the partial pressure of the


“An inhaled concentration (at atmospheric pressure) of

200 ppm (parts per million) or 0.02 %, may result in 15-20

% of haemoglobin sites being bound; at this level, clinical

symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, nausea and

dizziness would start to occur.”

gas, rather than the fraction or percentage that

should be considered. An air dive to 50 m (6

bar) will expose the diver to a total gas pressure

six times that at the surface, thus breathing a

carbon monoxide level of 20 ppm at 50 m could

be considered clinically equivalent to breathing

120 ppm at atmospheric pressure (1 bar), a level

which would cause severe symptoms. As depth

increases so does the inspired partial pressure

of oxygen, offering some mitigation against the

affinity of carbon monoxide over oxygen to bind

to haemoglobin. However, as a diver ascends

the partial pressure of oxygen reduces, but

the carbon monoxide remains bound to the

haemoglobin, so amplifying its toxic effects.

Haemoglobin without any oxygen bound to it

is blue in colour (hence cyanosis when someone

is hypoxic), it turns red when oxygen is attached.

When carbon monoxide is attached instead of

oxygen it turns a bright (cherry) red.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIVERS

Traditionally divers have been taught to look

out for symptoms such as cherry red face

and lips; in reality this is very rarely seen. The

symptoms of headaches, fatigue, dizziness

and nausea are more common. In extreme

cases carbon monoxide poisoning can

cause unconsciousness, severe neurological

symptoms, cardiac issues and even death. As

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The Underwriting Exchange HP 0818.indd 1 26/07/2018 10:34

ever with diving, these symptoms can also occur

with other diving illnesses; anyone experiencing

unusual symptoms during or post diving should

seek medical advice. Fortunately, as with

decompression illness, a treatment for carbon

monoxide poisoning is to give the diver oxygen

to breathe. In certain situations hyperbaric

oxygen therapy in a compression chamber may

be used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning.

For air diving, it is typical to specify a maximum

acceptable level of contaminants at a level

considerably less than those acceptable at the

surface. The current standard for compressed

gas purity is BS EN 12021:2014 and in Table 1 it

specifies 5 ppm as the maximum permitted

level of carbon monoxide in compressed air. It

also states (Para 6.1) that contaminants should

be one sixth of the national exposure limit.

Prior to 2018 the HSE EH 40 occupational limit

(8 h TWA level) for carbon monoxide was 30

ppm. Applying a one sixth logic to the national

exposure limit gives a diving adjusted limit of

5 ppm, i.e. no conflict with the Table. However,

in 2018 EH40 was revised and the UK 8 h TWA

level for carbon monoxide was reduced to 20

ppm. Applying the one sixth logic to the national

exposure limit gives a diving adjusted limit of

3.33 ppm, i.e. the one sixth limit now conflicts with

the 5 ppm limit in the table.

This conflict is currently being addressed by BSi

and it is expected that the UK National foreword

to BS EN 12021 will be revised to state ‘If a gas or

contaminant level is specified in a Table it should

be applied and not one sixth of the national

EH40 limit’. Thus if this is applied there will be

no change in the operational requirement to

provide compressed air containing no more

than 5 ppm of carbon monoxide.

MINIMISING THE RISK OF

CO CONTAMINATION

Carbon monoxide is produced as the result of an

inefficient combustion of hydrocarbons; instead

of being completely converted to carbon dioxide

and water, the combustion also produces

carbon monoxide and other chemical species.

There are primarily two mechanisms by which

an unacceptable level of carbon monoxide

may end up compressed into diving cylinders.

Probably the best understood is carbon

monoxide being drawn into a compressor

inlet from an external source such as a motor

vehicle exhaust or other fossil fuel combustion

e.g. gas heaters. A second, more subtle method

is pyrolysis (chemical decomposition by heat),

which might occur when a compressor is hot,

but not necessarily overheating. Pyrolysis may

cause the lubricating oil in the compressor to

break down releasing carbon monoxide, or other

plastic/organic compounds in the system to

decompose creating toxic chemical species. The

risk of carbon monoxide poisoning as a result of

either of these mechanisms may be reduced by

correct compressor operation and maintenance

such as: positioning of the inlet away from and

upstream of exhaust fumes, use and periodic

replacement of the correct lubricating oil,

ensuring compressors are adequately cooled

and including a carbon monoxide catalyst

(such as hopcalite) in the filter system – these

catalysts convert the carbon monoxide to

carbon dioxide.

The quality of compressed air from a

compressor or supply bank may be checked by

portable test apparatus (such as colorimetric

gas detector tubes) or by taking a sample for

detailed laboratory analysis. The requirements

and procedures for these analyses are

presented in the UK in an Annex of BS EN

12021. Samples for analysis should be taken at

least every three months or more frequently

if contamination is foreseeable within this

period. Also the air from portable compressors

should be checked each time they have

been moved to a new location. Whilst this is a

very useful procedure for monitoring routine

maintenance and filter performance, it would

not identify an acute event between samples,

e.g. a combustion exhaust, unknown to the

compressor operator, being moved close to

the inlet (such as a vehicle stopped outside a

compressor house with its engine running) or a

component overheating and producing carbon

monoxide by pyrolysis.

PREVENTION

Analysis of diving incidents has shown that

high levels of carbon monoxide may be found

in the diving cylinders, even if the air from the

compressor was analysed at the recommended

test intervals. All operators should be aware of

the risks of a sudden change in supply gas to

the diver. To mitigate this, on-line analysis of at

least oxygen and carbon monoxide should be

undertaken on the gas in the direct supply to

the diver. It is also reasonable to apply a parallel

logic to all diving compressor and breathing gas

supplies, and to continuously check the level of

oxygen and major toxic components, in the air

being used to fill diving cylinders.


ADC Members

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

Arch Henderson LLP

C-Tecnics Subsea

Equipment

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Consortium

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Services Ltd

Environment Agency

Fairlocks Pool Products

Health & Safety Authority

Herbosch-Kiere UK Ltd

Interdive Services Ltd

iSubC Diving Equipment Ltd

JFD Ltd & National

Hyperbaric Centre

JW Automarine

KB Associates (Europe) Ltd

Lime Street Insurance

Brokers Ltd

Namaka Subsea

Northern Rib Hire

O’Three Ltd

Pommec B.V.

Prodive Consultancy Ltd

Professional Diving

Academy

QinetiQ

RNLI

RWE Renewables UK Ltd

Searchwise Aberdeen Ltd

Submarine Manufacturing

& Products Ltd

The Superintendent

of Diving

The Underwriting Exchange

Tritex NDT Ltd

Triton Grey Ltd

TWI Technology Centre

North East

Unique Seaflex Ltd (UK)

United Utilities

University of Plymouth

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MEMBERS

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Services Ltd

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Service

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Contracting FZE

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SUBSERVICES SL

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Engineering LLC

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Construction

Contracting LLC

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Engineering Ltd

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Engineering Services Ltd

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Services Ltd

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Gareloch Support Services

(Plant) Ltd

Global Energy (Group) Ltd

Grampian Diving Services

Harbour & Marine Diving

Contractors Ltd

Haskoning DHV UK Ltd

Hulltec Ltd

Irish Sea Contractors Ltd

Isle of Man Government

Kaymac Marine & Civil

Engineering Ltd

Leask Marine Ltd

Lochs Diving Services Ltd

Malakoff Ltd

Medway Diving

Contractors Ltd

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Contractors Ltd

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Northern Divers (Eng) Ltd

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Port of London Authority

Quest Underwater

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Reach Engineering & Diving

Services Ltd

Red7 Inshore Diving Ltd

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Royal HaskoningDHV

RS Divers Ltd

Salvage & Marine

Operations IPT

Salvesen (UK) Ltd

Sea-Lift Diving Ltd

Sealane Inshore Ltd

Seatec UK Ltd

Seatech Commercial

Diving Services Ltd

Seawide Services Ltd

Seawork Marine

Services Ltd

Sellafield Ltd

Serco Ltd

Shearwater Marine

Services Ltd

South Bucks Diving

Services Ltd.

Sub Aqua Diving

Services Ltd

Sub Marine Services Ltd

SULA Diving

Teignmouth Maritime

Services Ltd

Underwater Diving

Services Ltd

Valkyrie Diving Services

Wessex Archaeology

Xeiad

Aegean Diving Services Ltd

MARDIVE

Specialised Diving Services

Underwater Construction

Corporation UK Ltd

Hughes Subsea

Services Ltd

Inspire Structures Ltd

Apex Diving & Marine

MSDS Marine Ltd

Dive and Marine

Contractors Ltd

James Fisher Marine

Services Ltd

Marine & Civil Solutions Ltd

Geomarine Ltd

Clyde Commercial

Diving Ltd

DCN Diving BV

Southampton Marine

Services (SMS Group)

DIARY

DATE

17-18

November

ADC AGM

Birmingham

We’ll be at SeaWork

SOUTHAMPTON • UK seawork.com #seawork2020


Maintaining key

maritime infrastructures

TMS Maritime has worked on two Whitby Piers and the Isle of Man Sea

Terminal to ensure that they continue to deliver. Words: Peter Dunwell

The jobs for which clients use diving

businesses and divers are many. Here are

just a coupole of recent cases from the

files of ADC member ‘TMS Maritime’.

WHITBY PIERS

In Collaboration with Balfour Beatty, TMS not

only delivered but exceeded expectations for

this six months, £2.5million project; completing

repairs to East Pier and West Pier in the Yorkshire

coast town of Whitby ahead of schedule for

Scarborough Council.

The scheme resulted in the upgrading of

the aged piers’ structures to improve their

condition. There were essentially two aspects

to the works involved. Firstly, stabilising the

external sandstone facing blocks of the piers,

this involved drilling out damaged sandstone

blocks then replacement from the original

source quarry at Eskdale. These replacement

blocks were skilfully dressed by the team to

match the existing structure and, once placed,

the voids behind were reinforced and concrete


weather and the coastal environment.

The project received significant funding from

the European Structural and Investment Funds

Growth Programme. The Ministry of Housing,

Communities and Local Government and the

Department for Work and Pensions are the

managing authorities for European Regional

Development Fund and European Social Fund

funding through the Growth Programme, funds

established by the European Union to help local

areas stimulate their economic development.

Funding was also secured from: the Environment

Agency; York, North Yorkshire and East Riding Local

Enterprise Partnership; North Yorkshire County

Council and Scarborough Borough Council.

“The delivery of the works

were complex in nature

with access requiring

innovative thinking, dive

teams, and bespoke

access equipment.

Working closely with the

client to ensure schedule,

quality, budget and

public relations were,

maintained…”

ISLE OF MAN SEA TERMINAL

In August 2018, Teignmouth Maritime Services

were contracted by BAM Nuttall to carry out

various scopes of work at the Sea Terminal in

Douglas Harbour, Isle of Man. In a nine month,

£1.5million project, these consisted of scour

protection to the two Ro Ro ferry berths, linkspan

hoist tower piles life extension (consisting of

repair sleeve and denso sea shield), installing

a new fender pile and repairs to previously

damaged piles; and sea shield work to the

three walkway dolphins situated within Douglas

Harbour.

filled. Secondly concrete was placed below the

water line creating a reinforced scour protection,

protecting the base of the piers for many

decades to come.

The delivery of the works were complex in

nature with access requiring innovative thinking,

dive teams, and bespoke access equipment.

Working closely with the client to ensure

schedule, quality, budget and public relations

were, maintained; achieving full potential

in order to reflect well on all those involved,

TMS experience in all things maritime proved

invaluable.

The works, in addition to havingto be carried

out in difficult working conditions, had extreme

access restrictions through very narrow

streets and foreshores. These problems were

significantly eased by TMS’s marine capability

and experience which further mitigated risk

associated with the unpredictable influences of


In order to protect the two berths, the design

was to install Proserve pumped concrete

mattresses to provide scour protection totalling

1150m 2 over both berths. Following the removal

of debris and preparing the sea-bed, layers of 2

tonne Kyowa rock bags (approx. 1000 in number)

were installed and guided into the correct

position by divers to the edge of the scour

underneath the linkspan. This layer created an

even surface to lay the concrete mattresses.

Once all the mattresses had been installed they

were then pumped with concrete and additional

2 Ton rock bags were installed along all edges

to stop future scour occurring underneath the

mattress.

Three of the eight linkspan piles required

repair works due to propeller wash from vessels

combined with ALWC (accelerated low water

corrosion) which had caused the piles to thin.

These three piles were firstly cleared of debris,

silt and seabed inside the piles and then repair

sleeves were installed prior to pumping with

concrete: all piles were wrapped with a Denso

SeaShield system.

The fender pile at the end of the pier had

already been removed, TMS were therefore

required to socket the new pile into the original

pile. Firstly, the pile stub that remained had

to be cut using BROCCO (underwater cutting

equipment) below the remaining damaged part

of the pile where the pile had been bent over;

to allow enough circular room for the new pile

to be fitted. The internal area of the pile stub

was then excavated to a depth of 1.3m below

seabed, once secure the pile was pumped full

of concrete which allowed the fender pile sleeve

to be installed over the pile for the fender panel

installation.



Diving in dark water

Nick Bailey, Discovering Safety — Diving Project lead,

Health and Safety Executive offers a new take on

public safety diving

Discovering Safety is an ambitious programme,

which aims to bring about a step change in

global health and safety performance using

data and analytical techniques to provide new

insights. As part of this research programme

we have been looking at the current and past

aspects of one sector of the diving industry, that

of Public Safety Diving.

RISK AWARENESS

Diving is a high risk activity where the worker

is in an environment hostile to normal human

existence and requires a life support system

and knowledge of physiological limitations to

be able to carry out the work required. Diving

work, whether from the offshore platforms of

oil and gas infrastructures or in a dive school

providing SCUBA experiences to children in a

swimming pool, takes place throughout the UK

and internationally.

Police or Fire and Rescue personnel may

be professional or part time members of a

Public Safety Diving team. Their tasks can be

challenging and unpleasant, such as looking

for bodies following an incident or searching for

evidence to support crime investigation officers.

These people enter mostly dark cold water that

may be swift moving, polluted, or contaminated

with debris or pathogens. In some areas of the

world there can be apex predators such as

sharks or crocodiles in the water as well.

UNDERSTANDING RISK IN

PUBLIC SAFETY DIVING

For the study we have looked at how UK Police

Diving (as all public safety diving in the UK is

“Police or Fire and Rescue personnel may be professional or part time

members of a Public Safety Diving team. Their tasks can be challenging

and unpleasant, such as looking for bodies…”


“Almost all UK Police diving is

carried out using a surface supply

method to ensure that the diver

cannot run out of gas while they

are underwater. UK Police divers will

also wear a bailout cylinder…”

done solely by the Police), including regulation,

training and supervision, compares to that of

Public Safety divers around the world. Within

the UK, only a relatively few minor incidents

have been reported over the past fifteen years

whereas, over the same time period on a global

scale, around 50 Public Safety divers have lost

their lives or been involved incidents.

To get a deeper understanding of the work

undertaken, the supervision of the diving, and

the training that a new diver or experienced

diver would need to undertake, a questionnaire

was sent to Public Safety dive teams, personnel

and training providers around the world. With

the data collated, a workshop was arranged and

those that had responded to the questionnaire

were invited to take part. Those unable to attend

were asked to send in questions or put forward

points to be discussed.

The points that stood out during these

discussions were the need for training and

refresher training that was suitably risk assessed

and overseen by competent trainers. A number

of the incidents seen overseas were during

training exercises where the diver either

became separated from their buddy (not a

practice carried out in the UK due to low visibility

conditions) or ran out of gas. A widespread view

was also held that Public Safety divers should

not enter the water without a lifeline or voice

communication system.

HOW PUBLIC SAFETY DIVING WORKS

Almost all UK Police diving is carried out using a

surface supply method to ensure that the diver

cannot run out of gas while they are underwater.

UK Police divers will also wear a bailout cylinder

that can act as an independent supply if

needed. Furthermore the umbilical back to the

surface for the deployed diver can be used by

the standby diver, who is dressed and ready to

enter the water and can follow the umbilical and

reach the diver quickly.

These divers may also be required to search in

fast flowing water that can have other dangers

that they need to be aware of. Trying to carry out

a search whilst you are being forced along the

river bed is not very comfortable. For example

the flow of water can start to lift the mask off

the diver’s face during movement causing it

to flood even though the mask is designed to

be a positive pressure system. Also when in

flowing water the surface cover may obscure

submerged items travelling within the water.

The study’s final outcome is to be able to

provide guidance to Public Safety dive teams

around the world, enabling them to work in a

safer manner to reduce the number of incidents

that occur within the Public Safety diving

community.

If you would like to know more about this project

or other work within the programme and how

you can get involved then please visit our

website www.discoveringsafety.com


Immersion Pulmonary Oedema

A serious risk that can be mistaken for drowning

In recent years there has been a growing

interest in Immersion Pulmonary Oedema

(IPO) as a factor within diving incidents.

Although originally reported in the 1980s the

condition was until recently thought to be rare.

Immersion Pulmonary Oedema (IPO) was first

reported in a medical journal in 1981 by Dr Peter

Wilmshurst and others, based on investigations

into a number of divers with the condition.

Further presentations to the Undersea Medical

Society and BSAC (British Sub-Aqua Club) Diving

Officer’s Conference (DOC) took place in 1984. A

paper based on this work was published in the

Lancet in 1989.

At the 2017 BSAC Diving Conference, Dr

Wilmshurst stated that IPO is probably the

most common cause of death during subaqua

diving and triathlons. He pointed out that

two thirds of triathlete fatalities occur during

the swim phase of the event, adding that the

precise numbers are not known because it can

be easily mistaken for drowning. Dr Wilmshurst

said that IPO can affect the super-fit, but

that high blood pressure, undiagnosed heart

disease and the normal effects of ageing are

exacerbating factors. Cold water and exertion

increase the likelihood of an IPO occurring

and he also stated that divers should avoid

excessive hydration before a dive. This runs

contrary to prior advice to be well hydrated

before a dive to reduce the potential for DCI

(Decompression Illness), which he said was

unproven and probably of limited effect.

INCREASING AWARENESS

Until recent times the condition was thought

to be rare but within the last 5-6 years

consideration of the circumstances of diving

incidents appears to be showing evidence

of IPO being a significant factor. BSAC began

highlighting the possibility within the Annual

Diving Incident Report from 2016 onwards and Dr

Peter Wilmshurst has presented on the subject

at two BSAC Diving Conferences (2014 and 2017).

Over recent years within the BSAC Annual

Incident Report a number of the incidents

described in the associated synopses have been

confirmed by medical assessment as involving

IPO in the casualty; a number of divers survived

by immediately leaving the water and attending

hospital. To date 24 incidents have been identified

in the entire database (1997-2018) where IPO has


“…high blood pressure carries increased risk of pulmonary oedema,

which is why it forms one of the screening questions on a diving

medical form. What was previously less understood is that very

strenuous exercise could trigger IPO.”

been confirmed; and for the 2016-2018 reporting

years 29 incidents have been identified where IPO

is suspected of being a factor from the synopsis

using the factors described within the Annual

Reports in recent years.

Since highlighting the importance of IPO for

divers in 2014, a number of articles, including

personal experiences of suffering IPO, have been

published in SCUBA magazine raising awareness.

Pulmonary Oedema may be confused with

drowning as both conditions result in fluid

collecting in the lungs. First Aid treatment is

however likely to be the same for both.

CAUSES OF IPO

When we are immersed in water, the hydrostatic

pressure causes compression of leg veins. As

a result blood that normally pools in the legs is

pushed centrally into the chest. The increased

central blood volume increases the pressure in

the alveolar capillaries and may cause fluid to

leak into the lungs and cause difficulty breathing,

and if not corrected can cause death.

It has been known for some time that high

blood pressure carries increased risk of

pulmonary oedema, which is why it forms one

of the screening questions on a diving medical

form. What was previously less understood is

that very strenuous exercise could trigger IPO.

This had previously been reported in military

divers under extremes of training. That level

of extreme exercise might arise in diving for

example when attempting a rescue of another

diver or fighting a current.

AVOIDANCE

IPO is the result of a combination of immersion

in water and the body’s response to that

immersion. Other than avoiding entering the

water in the first place some simple steps may

help reduce the risk.

• Hypertension - high blood pressure can

contribute to the risk. Divers with high blood

pressure should seek specialist advice from a

Medical referee.

• Hydration - divers should NOT drink excessive

fluids prior to a dive.

• Exercise - extreme levels of exercise can

contribute to IPO even in very fit individuals

and so, where possible, minimise the need to

extreme exercise.

RECOGNITION

BSAC are continuing to consult with an expert

to ascertain if IPO is likely in incidents where the

description of the incident implies an IPO may

have occurred. Whilst the body of information

and evidence develops, we believe it continues

to be important to remind divers to be aware of

factors that could indicate IPO which include:

• Divers with breathing difficulties when not

exercising particularly strenuously. Breathing

difficulties may be indicated by rapid,

uneven or heavy breathing, or coughing

uncontrollably.

• Confusion, swimming in the wrong or random

directions.

• Inability to carry out normal functions,

whilst appearing to have to concentrate on

breathing.

• Belief that a regulator is not working properly.

• Indication of ‘out of gas’ when their

regulator(s) are found to be working correctly

and with adequate gas supplies.

• Divers refusing or rejecting an alternate

source when ‘out of gas’.

• Indication of difficulty of breathing when on

the surface.

TREATMENT

Advice from the medical experts at this time

is that if you experience breathing difficulties

underwater you should terminate the dive,

ascend safely and exit the water. If you

recognise any of the above factors in a buddy

then assist them from the water as quickly as it is

safe to do so.

Once out of the water the casualty should:

• Sit upright if conscious;

• Be given oxygen;

• Keep warm;

• NOT be given fluids.

… and it is essential that medical advice be

sought.


A clean break from work

The proper planning of works breaks and

hygiene facilities is, explains Esteban Marrufo,

a key contributor to diver welfare

In these strange times,

it seems like a good

opportunity to talk about

welfare issues around our

continuously evolving industry.

We are all aware of the ACOP

(Approved Code of Practice)

relating to diving. It is used as

a foundation to plan, risk asses

and work on our methodology

to achieve the safest and best

outcome for the tasks carried

out within the inshore diving

industry. However, there are

numerous useful publications

that assist the diving ACOP.

In this article, I would like to

discuss workplace health

safety and welfare.

LOOKING AT FACILITIES

How you view welfare often

depends on your role inside

the company/team you work

with. Although an employer

has a duty of care towards

their employees, it is the

duty of everybody involved

to recognise and execute

safe working practices.

This will ensure a clean

and maintainable working

environment. Interpreting the

meaning of these regulations

is often one of the reasons for

discussion inside a dive team.

People might well have different

ideas about what is acceptable

and what is unacceptable. This

is why being armed with the

knowledge of welfare in the

workplace should go hand in

hand with the Diving ACOP.

Often, you will find yourself

on one day jobs: but what level

of welfare should you expect?

More importantly what level

of welfare will HSE Inspectors

expect? For example, for a

single or mixed gender dive

team of up to five people the

minimum expected W/C is one

cubicle and one washbasin.

If the team is all male then

those facilities will be sufficient

for up to fifteen people. For

any numbers greater than

these, there will need to be two

cubicles and two washbasins.

On longer jobs this is more

easily achievable; site owners

are encouraged to provide a

clean sanitary area with both

hot and cold running water,

soap and clean towels. Plus, if

required, due to contamination,

showers as well. This is also

expected on short duration

jobs. But, in reality, how many

dive sites provide these

facilities? I am sure it will be

agreed that on a one-day job

this is difficult.

There also needs to be a

separate and clean seating

area for breaks, drinking water

and a means of heating food

or water for hot drinks. A full

version of the HSE Guidance

can be found at www.hse.gov.

uk/pubns/indg293.pdf or, for

the Construction Industry www.

hse.gov.uk/pubns/cis59.pdf

Something not unique to

the diving industry, but with

more relevance for us than

most, is drying facilities. There

are so many varied factors

to take into account. On a job

that requires divers to dive

on multiple days there should

be a drying area. It should be

separate from any eating area

and be adequately ventilated.

There has to be enough room

for all the team to be able to

have sufficient space and,

where necessary, women and

men must be able to change

separately. It is imperative that

the facility is fitted with high

temperature cut-out devices

or is properly ventilated: both,

in an ideal world. Always

remember electric heaters are

not radiators; they should not

be covered directly and best

practice will ensure a fire RA

(Risk Assessment) and be in line

with fire safety regulations. One

of the most common causes of

fires is from drying facilities.

HSE (HEALTH AND SAFETY

EXECUTIVE) COMPLIANCE

It is worth adding that, if you

are working on a construction

site where there is a planned

schedule for inland diving

operations, you should find a

well-equipped welfare area

that includes a robust welfare

ethos and facilities that

should stand up to the ACOP

regarding not only welfare

but also the HSE (Health and

Safety Executive) document

for construction sites. It clearly

states on page 11 section 2.44


“…prearranging all breaks and outlining from the

start what you need to do to share out the areas

and breaks is a hugely important part of creating a

safe and happy workplace.”

of the HSE ‘Health and Safety in

Construction’ document that, in

almost all cases, arrangements

still need to be made for

welfare facilities where work is

of a short duration.

In this day and age, it is

more important than ever

to promote good hygiene

and safe refuge areas. These

documents are designed to

keep us all healthy to alleviate

the lost time through illness

at work. Not complying with

current recommendations can

bring a whole site to a standstill

thus losing operational time:

this never goes down well with

the client.

Going back to a one-day job,

is it unreasonable to speak to

the client and arrange use of

facilities? If, for instance, you

are working in a marina, could

you pre-arrange an area just

for the dive team to use as a

changing area… somewhere to

sit and eat some lunch? All of

this can be arranged through

the client via the contractor.

Keep in mind that, if you are

running a five-man team,

you will have to take breaks

all together as any shortfall

in team numbers working will

result in non-compliance with

the diving ACOP. With, say, a

six-man team or more, you

can rotate the team to take

breaks one at a time; this keeps

the team operating. All the

above points absolutely have

to be taken into account at the

planning stages of any job.

WORKING WHERE THERE

ARE OTHER TEAMS

The facilities you are expected

to see are totally transferable

to boats and barges. It is worth

keeping in mind that with

boats and barges the facilities

are often built in, so you

would fully expect a working

boat to have a clean area

for changing, a suitable area

for eating etc, However what

needs to be reviewed is the

total amount of personnel that

are licensed to be operating

on said vessel and use the

facilities. All boat skippers

should have this under control,

but if you walk into the work

environment and have the

knowledge to suitably question

what the facilities are, you

are already one step closer

to achieving a good working

relationship with everybody

involved.

Very often you will find on a

vessel month-on/month-off

crew who have strict routines

and strict cleaning processes.

They are letting you into their

work environment and, at

that moment, taking a break

from the day’s work, will often

mean that everybody stands

down. Going into their rest

area, all together might, more

often than not mean that you

would be heavily overcrowding

their refuge space. This is why

prearranging all breaks and

outlining from the start what

you need to do to share out the

areas and breaks is a hugely

important part of creating a

safe and happy workplace.

WELFARE FIRST

In general, it is a good idea

to be familiarised with the

HSE Guidelines on welfare,

construction sites and fire

safety. These should always

be reviewed in all job planning

before the dive plan is

executed. If you keep in mind

that no job can start properly

until the welfare of the dive

team is taken into account,

then should you have a visit

from an inspectorate, there will

be no problem in displaying

that you have considered all

aspects of the work. This is

best practice and will show

you to be a confident and

safe employer, if you are an

employee it will display a

strong respect for your craft

and show you have the ability

to think of others.

In the modern-day site, it is

imperative that the people

working in our industry respect

the regulations and guidelines.

Never compromise your

standards, always work with

everybody’s welfare in mind

and you will find yourself in a

stronger position to assist your

employer in achieving their

goal of employee welfare and

customer satisfaction.

Dive safe all.


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above and below the waterline

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www.kaymacmarine.co.uk

Email: enquiries@kaymacltd.co.uk

Offices: Swansea . Bristol . Kent

Professional Diver, Spring 2020, Issue 03

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