MAFO 04/2025

ISSN 1614-1598 66527
Volume 21
OPHTHALMIC LABS & INDUSTRY
Connect, discover,
stay up-to-date
4/2025
▶ Special: Connected
Products
Autofocus glasses – a
concept for the future?
Basic knowledge of
artificial intelligence
Everything connected
FULLY-AUTOMATED
COSMETIC INSPECTION
AND FULL-MAP
POWER MEASUREMENT
DETECTED
▶ Technology
Black magic or
precision?
50 years of
developments
in ophthalmic
lenses | part 3
w
Haze
DETECTED
Scratch
▶ Interview
How tariffs affect the
eyeglass industry
Good forecasts
despite partly poor
consumer climate
▶ Business
Polite or cowardly?
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Germany
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LETTER
For the jungle and Silicon Valley
– when coexistence is the best answer
Hanna Diewald
Chief editor
Tell us your opinion,
ideas and suggestions:
hanna.diewald@mafo-optics.com
Once upon a time, there was a
frame and a pair of lenses. Put
together by an optician, they
made the perfect timeless
product. A product that runs without batteries,
has no sensors, and works even in the deepest
jungle without a network.
Once upon a time... because even ophthalmic
optics is moving faster and faster. The direction
is clear: digital, connected, smart – these are
the keywords for the eyewear (production) of
the future.
You don't have to be an expert to see that. Anyone
who was familiar with eyeglass lens manufacturing
20 years ago and visits a modern lab today
can see this change at first glance. State-of-theart
networked machines are taking over more
and more processes fully automatically. Operators
only need to intervene when necessary.
We spoke with Niko Eiden, CEO and cofounder
of IXI, about the potential of autofocus
glasses and the current state of
development. We present a wide variety of
products that are currently changing the
optical industry on many different levels, and
we have summarized some basics on the topic
of artificial intelligence.
I am personally convinced that some of these
new technical developments will change our
world forever. However, I am equally convinced
that every new product must prove itself in
real life. Be it smart glasses, automatic eye tests
or the latest machine in the lab.
Not every disruptive start-up ultimately makes
the breakthrough. Not every new idea is accepted
by customers. But with tech giants now
discovering the market for smart glasses, eye
care will certainly not remain what it once was.
At opticians, however, the change is not yet quite
so obvious. But here, too, things are changing.
Refraction is becoming increasingly modern and
centering data is often measured using state-ofthe-art
video centering devices. The smart
Ray-Ban Meta glasses with a camera and voice
control may already be on display.
Pure online retailers, on the other hand, are
still struggling in the optical sector, despite
virtual try-on frames. The dependence on
optimal subjective refraction and centering
data collection is too great. Even Amazon
Optics, which recently launched on the
German market, does not (yet) have an answer
to this. Things will get exciting when the eye
test hurdle is finally overcome.
However, all of these things have one thing in
common: they are connected. That is why we
are dedicating this issue to the special topic
"Connected Products".
In the end, we probably don't need to worry
about how we charge our smart products in
the jungle. The answer is probably simply:
coexistence – just as we have been accustomed
to for decades.
After all, who isn't familiar with the dilemma
that one pair of glasses is never enough? In
addition to progressives, you need at least one
pair of prescription sunglasses and a pair of
reading glasses. Then there are glasses for
working at a computer, contact lenses for
sports, a second pair of reading glasses by the
bed, and so on and so forth.
So, in the future, we may have glasses with a
camera, glasses with autofocus, and progressive
glasses in our luggage.
And who knows – maybe we'll then appreciate
most our tried-and-tested progressive glasses,
which don't need electricity or sensors. Just put
them on and go – digital detox on your nose.
MAFO 4-25 3

JULY / AUGUST 2025
Content
Topics in this edition
MAFO issue
July / August
2025
Page 22
Page 14
Page 34
At a glance
6
All about you
News from the international
ophthalmic industry
8
All about products
Innovations and products for your lab
10
All about markets
Data in graphics
39
NEW Survey
Automated cosmetic inspection
44
Suppliers Guide
Company overview
49
Outlook
Closing with good news and preview
on MAFO 05/2025
Spotlight
12
Special topic: Connected Products
Basic knowledge of AI
By Hanna Diewald
18
Strategic planning
under new tariffs | article and
interview
By Omar Elkhatib
36
Special topic: Connected Products
Everything connected
By Hanna Diewald
Interview
14
Special topic: Connected Products
Autofocus glasses – a concept
for the future?
An interview with Niko Eiden
26
Good forecasts despite partly
poor consumer climate
An interview with Roland Lorek
Technology
22
Black magic or precision?
By Dean Thompson
30
50 years of developments in
ophthalmic lenses | part 3
By Dr. Mo Jalie
Business
34
Polite or cowardly?
By Oliver Schumacher
History
47
António Plácido da Costa
By Silke Sage
MAFO 4-25 5

INTERNATIONAL NEWS
All about you
News from the international ophthalmic industry
EssilorLuxottica plans to acquire Optegra
EssilorLuxottica and MidEuropa announced that they entered into an
agreement for EssilorLuxottica to acquire Optegra, a fast-growing and
highly integrated ophthalmology platform operating in five key European
markets: the UK, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and the Netherlands.
The acquisition represents a significant milestone in EssilorLuxottica’s
med-tech strategy, building on the group’s offering which today spans far
beyond frames and lenses to include AI-powered innovative technologies,
wearables, medical instruments, and science-backed eyecare solutions that
improve the lives of millions of people.
Picture: Unsplash
Hoya Vision Care acquires Centennial Optical
Hoya Vision Care announced the acquisition of Centennial Optical, a
Canadian distributor of ophthalmic frames, eyeglass lenses, sunglasses,
lab supplies, and optical accessories. According to the company, the
acquisition represents a significant opportunity to add to Centennial
Optical’s solid foundation and leverage it with Hoya’s resources and
technologies. The complementary capabilities of the two companies
should elevate their ability to better serve the Canadian market.
Picture: Centennial
EU Commission simplifies labeling
requirements for eyewear products
According to Spectaris the European Commission adopted an amendment to the Medical
Device Regulation (MDR) that simplifies the unique device identification (UDI) requirement
for spectacle lenses, frames, and ready readers and that extends the transition period for implementation.
The new regulation stipulates that these products are no longer recorded individually,
but they can get grouped under so-called master UDIs. This significantly reduces the
burden on manufacturers, opticians, and the European Database for Medical Devices
(EUDAMED).
Picture: Frank Flores / Unsplash
6
MAFO 4-25

INTERNATIONAL NEWS
Carl Zeiss Vision International announces an
agreement to acquire Brighten Optix
Carl Zeiss Vision International announced that it has entered a
definitive agreement to acquire 100% of the shares in Brighten
Optix, listed on Taipei Exchange. Brighten Optix is a leading
player in the field of orthokeratology (short: ortho-k) and specialty
contact lenses. This acquisition should enhance the company’s
portfolio of myopia management solutions and further reinforce
its leading global position in vision care by also integrating
specialty contact lenses, announced the company.
Picture: Zeiss
President Emmanuel Macron inaugurates
EssilorLuxottica’s laboratory in France
EssilorLuxottica’s Excellence Rx Laboratory (“Labex”) in the
Grand Paris area (Wissous-91) was inaugurated by President
Emmanuel Macron. This state-of-the-art industrial facility, a
testament to the Company’s optical expertise, aims to enhance
the production of made-to-measure ophthalmic lenses in France,
announced the group. It should combine advanced med-tech
know-how with a strong commitment to sustainability, solidifying
EssilorLuxottica’s dedication to pushing the boundaries of innovation
in a sustainable way.
Picture: EssilorLuxottica
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INTERNATIONAL NEWS
Optiswiss strengthens international expansion
The Swiss ophthalmic lens manufacturer Optiswiss is continuing to expand its international
presence. Since the beginning of May 2025, Theresa Bunte has been responsible
for collaboration with global distribution and franchise partners in her new role as
Sale Operation Manager International. She also supports the company’s strategic direction
on the international stage. In her new position within the team of Frederik
Zimmermann, Director of Business Development & Global Expansion, her focus lies
on building and expanding strong partnerships, coordinating international sales activities,
and implementing targeted training programs for business partners worldwide.
In doing so, she plays a key role in realizing the company’s global vision and strengthening
the market position of Optiswiss AG.
Theresa Bunte. Picture: Optiswiss
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MAFO 4-25

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INTERNATIONAL NEWS
All about markets
Graphical data
244 billion
USD
42.45%
The market for AI grew beyond 244
billion U.S. dollars in 2025, a jump
of nearly 50 billion compared
to 2023.
Source: Statista
Around 42.45% of Chinese people
who wear myopia glasses said they
replace them every two years,
according to a survey in 2024. 38%
Myopia is a prevalent eye
problem in China.
Among Ray-Ban Meta enthusiasts,
38% fall under the high-income
Source: Statista
category. In general, Ray-Ban Meta's
branding resonates more with Gen X
and the smart glasses generally
appeals to men more than
women.
Source: Statista
Do people underestimate
their encounters with AI?
How often Americans think they
interact with AI and how often AI
experts think Americans interact
with AI.
Data source: Pew Research Center
10
MAFO 4-25

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Connected Products
SPOTLIGHT
Basic knowledge
of artificial intelligence
10 terms briefly explained
Artificial intelligence (AI) can write entire texts, summarize the to-do list after a team meeting, or redesign your
private garden. But AI is also used in machines in production or, for example, in the analysis of retinal scans.
Deepfakes, on the other hand, can generate deceptively real media content and create a reality that does not
exist. However, all these software solutions, which are used for completely different tasks, are grouped under
one umbrella term: artificial intelligence. Therefore, it makes sense to distinguish between them more precisely.
The following definitions are intended as a basic introduction to the topic. By Hanna Diewald
intelligence (AI)
AI is a general term for many different software applications.
1|Artificial
Basically, AI uses machines to mimic intelligent human
behavior in order to solve problems. By training models with large
amounts of data, AI systems can learn to recognize patterns and
make predictions, for example. Computers are thus supposed to
learn from experience and adapt without being explicitly programmed.
In general, AI is a higher-level system. Machine learning
is a subset of AI. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, and
neural networks form the basis for deep learning algorithms.
Generative AI generates new content such as images, text, etc.
Predictive AI is particularly useful for evaluating patterns and making
forecasts.
2|
Machine learning (ML)
ML is a subfield of AI. Machine learning applications can
learn from data independently or with guidance and solve
tasks without a preprogrammed solution path. The principle is as
follows: 1. Input data, 2. Learn structures, 3. Apply to unknown
contexts. Machine learning can be used in a wide variety of industries:
in IT security to search for malware, predict customer
behavior, or forecast the weather. The human factor still plays an
important role in classic machine learning, for example, by specifying
categories for data analysis.
neural networks (ANN)
(Artificial) neural networks are algorithms that are modeled
3|Artificial
on the structure of the human brain. These neural networks
consist of layers of nodes. There is an input layer, an output layer,
and hidden layers. Each node is connected to other nodes. A
special form of neural network is the convolutional neural network
(CNN), which is used in particular in image recognition. Artificial
neural networks play an important role in many areas. These include
autonomous driving, early warning systems, image recognition,
fraud detection, medical analysis, and more.
learning (DL)
The “deep” in deep learning refers to the
4|Deep
number of layers in a neural network. A
neural network consisting of more than three layers
can be considered a deep learning algorithm or
a deep neural network. A neural network that only
has three layers is just a simple neural network.
Deep learning makes it possible to automatically
identify the characteristics that distinguish different
data categories from each other from unstructured
data in its raw form, such as text or images. This
means that there is no need for complex definitions
of characteristics. In the case of supervised
learning, however, annotated training data is required.
Deep learning and neural networks form
the basis for many advances in the field of computer
vision and natural language processing.
12
MAFO 4-25

Connected Products
Spotlight
Language Models (LLM)
Language Models work on the basis
5|Large
of deep learning models with human language.
The goal is to generate and understand text
in a human-like manner. LLMs are trained using a
huge amount of text to learn patterns and relationships
in language. They help translate languages,
write or summarize texts, or are used as chatbots.
Vision (CV)
vision refers to the task of deriving
meaningful information from digital 6|Computer
images, videos, and other visual inputs. Machine
learning and neural networks can be used to extract
this information accurately and automatically in
order to make recommendations for action. A
commonly used model, the convolutional neural
network (CNN), helps with “seeing” by “convoluting”
the pixels of the image with a sequence of filters,
each of which can recognize specific patterns and
combine them later.
Similar to a human viewing an image from a distance,
a CNN first recognizes edges and simple shapes,
which can then be combined into more complex
information in deeper layers. A CNN is used to
understand individual images. A recurrent neural
network (RNN) is used in a similar way for video
applications.
AI in computer vision is often used for tasks for which
exact algorithms are difficult or impossible to define,
such as the detection and classification of defects
and anomalies, automated medical image analysis,
and disease detection. Computer vision is also used
in the field of automatic cosmetic inspection of
spectacle lenses and in the analysis of retinal scans.
learning
learning is a machine learning
7|Supervised
method in which AI is trained using specified
data and correct answers (labels). To do this, the AI is
given sample data where the input and correct output are known. For
example, a data set contains 50 photos of different cats and different
houses. Each photo is assigned the term “cat” or “house.” The AI is then
trained to predict the expected terms as accurately as possible for
this input data and learns which criteria are decisive for assigning the
name. For example, the round shape of lines as opposed to hard edges,
etc. With new similar data, the AI can now make the correct assignment
itself based on what it has learned.
AI
The term “self-learning AI” is not precisely defined, but it
8|Self-learning
generally refers to systems that learn without human
guidance. There are other terms that all fall under this umbrella:
Unsupervised learning: Here, the AI only receives input data, but
no labels. It is therefore expected to recognize patterns independently.
No categories or similar are defined in advance.
Reinforcement learning: The AI learns through trial and error. For
example, as in a game. It only progresses or is “rewarded” by
learning the right “moves.”
Self-supervised learning: This refers to a process in which labels
for supervised learning are generated without human intervention.
The training material is therefore not generated by humans, but
from the existing data. This is particularly useful for large amounts
of data, for example for natural language processing (NLP).
General Intelligence (AGI)
AGI is a field of theoretical AI research that attempts to
9|Artificial
develop software with human-like intelligence and the
ability to learn on its own. The goal is for the software to be able to
perform tasks for which it was not trained or designed. Such AI
should be able to perform most tasks as well as humans. OpenAI
CEO Sam Altman has already indicated that we are very close to
achieving such AGI.
The opposite of this are so-called narrow AIs, which are only
designed to solve a specific task. These only work within defined
limits and not beyond them. Today's AIs are narrow AIs.
A deepfake is an image or video created using artificial
10|Deepfakes
intelligence that appears authentic but is not. Machine
learning and deep learning methods are used. Since the technology
has now advanced to such an extent that laypeople can hardly
distinguish artificially created videos from real videos, this gives
rise to various dangers. Disinformation can be easily spread, as
people have generally learned to consider videos as “the truth.”
This is particularly dangerous when you think of buzzwords such
as propaganda and disinformation. But the technology
also poses risks in private life, as people can
very easily be discredited by creating image or
video material that looks deceptively real.
MAFO 4-25 13

Connected Products
INTERVIEW
Autofocus glasses –
a concept for the future?
IXI is working on commercializing smart glasses
for distance and near vision
Autofocus. Glasses. These are two buzzwords that are turning heads. Several companies are currently
working on a smart alternative to traditional progressive lenses. One of them is Finnish start-up IXI, which
recently received a cash injection of US$36.5 million. One of the best-known investors is Amazon. MAFO
spoke to one of the founders, Niko Eiden, about the potential of the glasses and the current challenges.
By Hanna Diewald
For Niko Eiden, the plan is set. If every cell phone
camera works with autofocus, then glasses should
too. Put them on, look through them, and everything
is in focus at every distance. Across the
entire field of vision. Without annoying image errors. That
is the goal. During the interview, MAFO discovered how
close the start-up has come to its goal so far. Unfortunately,
it is not quite as simple as with a camera – but it is not impossible
either.
IXI: A company awakens to life
In 2021, current CEO Niko Eiden and Chief Algorithm
Officer Ville Miettinen founded IXI. Both founders come
from the fields of augmented reality and virtual reality and
already have experience starting companies. In 2016, the
entrepreneurs launched the start-up Varjo, which today
successfully offers solutions in the field of VR and XR technology
and supplies astronauts, pilots, and nuclear power plant
operators for instance.
14
MAFO 4-25

Connected Products
INTERVIEW
Pictures: IXI
In April, they ventured out of the shadows with IXI and officially
announced that the start-up is working on autofocus
prescription glasses. Various investors are investing a total
of US$36.5 million in the Finnish start-up, part of which
comes from the Amazon Alexa Fund.
In addition to the Finns, other companies are also working
on smart alternatives to progressive lenses. MAFO has already
reported on some of them, such as Morrow, DeepOptics,
and Laclarée.
The IXI developers are currently keeping some details under
wraps, such as when the product might be ready for market.
However, MAFO was able to elicit some other information
from founder Niko Eiden.
MAFO: Can you please explain how your smart glasses work?
Eiden: We want to create the same experience with glasses that
you have with autofocus cameras. Therefore, we use tunable
optics. Meaning, we have an electro-optical lens that we can
control. It is not like a button press. It works automatically, and
whatever you are looking at, you will get the right power.
Currently, we are working on the first generation of those
glasses, based on liquid crystal lenses. We will have embedded
our liquid crystal element in a traditional single-vision lens.
The idea is to have a single-power experience: when you are
looking far, you have the full view from the traditional lens,
and for reading or computer work, you will have a very large
field of view from the liquid crystal lens.
Fig. 1: Most of the technique is in the front of the frame.
Fig. 2: Transparent side view.
MAFO 4-25 15

Connected Products
INTERVIEW
Niko Eiden is the co-founder and CEO of IXI. Having
spent his earlier career at Nokia and Microsoft, he
went on to co-found Varjo, the mixed reality
company whose advanced VR technology is
used by astronauts and pilots. At IXI, his experience
in advanced optics and eye-tracking solutions
inspired him to create a new kind of eyewear
that truly solves the challenge of vision correction
and liberates people from poor eyesight.
All the electronics and computing are happening in the front
of the frame. In the temple is the battery but nothing else and
the glasses should look like normal eyewear.
Fig. 3: IXI's liquid crystal lens dynamically adjusts its focus
based on where the wearer is looking, enabling a seamless
transition between near and far vision.
MAFO: Are the glasses connected to a smartphone?
Eiden: The product is connected to a smartphone, and you
can do the configuration there. But you do not need a smartphone
to turn the glasses on or off, and the glasses do not have
any buttons. You just put them on, and they start to work.
But the product has lots of sensors, microcontrollers, a continuously
running eye tracker, or a Bluetooth radio. Meaning, we
can provide a lot of data from the health and wellness perspective
when people wear our glasses. People can get insights and
data about their usage on the smartphone, and all of this is in
the smartphone application.
MAFO: What is the biggest challenge in the development
phase?
Eiden: To have an eye tracker that works continuously with ultralow
power consumption, and to fit it into a frame that looks like
any traditional frame. That is a very challenging concept overall
to crack. You have to understand the context the person is looking
at in order to figure out the distance. I give you an example: If I
am looking at the corner of my laptop, it is not clear if I am looking
at the corner or right next to the corner. Therefore, we tested
many different eye tracking technologies.
Finally, we decided to use a technology based on the convergence
of the eyes, as the majority of people converge the eyes when
looking at close distance. We can then track the vector of both
eyeballs continuously to calculate the distance to a specific
object. Based on that, we drive the lens.
Another challenge is to create a large, tunable lens that is very
lightweight and thin. We are creating a lens that has more stuff
in it than a traditional eyewear lens, but on the other hand,
we will be compared to existing eyewear lenses, from the
perspective of transparency, haziness or optical quality.
And finally, we are aiming for glasses that are similar to existing
eyewear in weight, size, or volume. The glasses have to fit ergonomically
for the majority of people, for different nose
shapes, head shapes, or eye heights. The glasses should be adjustable
by opticians, and you can heat them, as we only have the
tiny battery but no other technique in the temple.
And you know, very big brands are coming out with smart
eyewear now, and this eyewear is absolutely not adjustable.
MAFO: Can you share some technical data about weight,
battery running time and more?
Eiden: We have a very tiny battery in the product, which is
integrated in the temples. This allows a very nice form factor,
which you can't distinguish from traditional glasses. But this
also means that the power consumption for the eye tracking
and for the lens needs to be minimized. The idea is to have two
Fig. 4: Behind the scenes of IXI's latest brand shoot.
Fig. 5: IXI frame mould.
16
MAFO 4-25

Connected Products
INTERVIEW
days of battery operating time, but that means basically
overnight charging. However, it will be impossible to do a
product that would run for a week with an eye tracking system
working continuously.
The eye tracker that we have built is already 50 to 100 times
more power efficient than anything else out there on the market.
The frame weight is the same as any plastic frame, and when
you take the frame, you will not see any difference. Because
we have embedded the electronics completely into the frame.
Therefore, we don’t have more volume or weight.
MAFO: In which diopter range will the product be
available later?
Eiden: I cannot go yet into the details because we have not yet
made the final decision. But it is possible to have a sphere and
cylinder with liquid crystal lenses.
MAFO: Will the glasses be safe to wear while driving?
Eiden: We don't know yet what the optimal way is to do the car
driving, but there are many ways to fix that. When talking about
autofocus in the car, it needs to be superfast. Another option
would be to have a fixed area for far, for driving glasses.
MAFO: What is the current state of development, and
when will the product be ready for market?
Eiden: We have now four years existing, and this has been mainly
R&D. In the past year, we have been transferring the company
more towards the commercial side. We are now setting up
production for the frames and for the lenses. That work is ongoing,
and how fast we can progress will dictate the launch. However,
we are not yet publishing the timing of the product.
MAFO: Currently, it appears that autofocus glasses may
be relatively expensive. Also, due to the liquid crystal
lenses. Will this product always be a high-end product?
Eiden: In the beginning, it will be a high-end product – but
nothing extraordinary. In the end, it is a volume game like any
consumer electronics. Once the volumes get up from an electrical
component perspective, we have no specific or expensive
components. And then the same goes for the liquid crystal
production method that we've been developing. Once we get
into volume, it will be possible to push down the pricing also
on these types of products.
MAFO: How important is Amazon's role as an investor
for your success?
Eiden: Obviously, all the big tech companies are looking at eyewear
currently as a new wearable platform, but all with different use
cases. However, Amazon as an investor has been very helpful
when we have discussions with large companies that will source
materials, technology, or machinery. Having an investor like
Amazon is always a good start in the discussions to get attention.
But it is also true that the start-up industry has its own kind of
superstars from the investor perspective. But if you go to a manufacturing
company, they most likely have never heard of those.
MAFO: Can you already say how the product will be
distributed?
Eiden: Probably, it will get distributed at normal opticians’
retailers. Of course, it's always tempting to look at the market
and start dreaming about direct consumer sales and online
sales. But glasses are a very personal thing. Eyewear needs to
fit and look good, and people want to try it out. At the moment,
I don't feel that we should fight that windmill.
MAFO: What are your hopes for the introduction of
autofocus smart glasses?
Eiden: When I talk to friends, who are all in the situation that
they start to adapt to progressive eyewear, they all have their
issues. And when I explain how we are fixing this problem,
every single person is impressed and says that they have never
seen something like that.
I am not sure if there is any other product or concept that
would have a stronger pull from the market than that. We want
to create a product that actually fixes a fundamental problem.
And we feel that it is time to make people see better with the
help of technology.
We also see other companies like DeepOptics, Morrow, and
Laclarée trying to crack exactly the same problem. But on the
other hand, we also see the huge tech companies. They bring
technology into eyeglasses, but not for seeing things better.
Those glasses are for recording content for social media or
providing users with information. I feel we are very interesting
in between – in a world with those giants.
MAFO: In your opinion, will we reach a point where
autofocus glasses become as normal as any other type
of glasses?
Eiden: It is hard to predict the future. But when looking at
tunable optics, the first generation will have its limitations.
But we are not very far from a point where you can pick a pair
of glasses and tuning prescription by using your mobile app.
And when we reach this point, it will change everything, and
it will become mainstream – whoever going to crack this issue.
It will change the logistics, how glasses are being produced
and how they are sold. Remember the camera example from
manual to autofocus. Change often happens super-fast. Changing
the whole way glasses are being built – that is our aim.
MAFO: Thank you for the interview. ◆
MAFO 4-25 17

SPOTLIGHT
Strategic planning under new tariffs
10 things decision-makers should know
about strategic planning under new tariffs
Almost every day, there is new information about the customs dispute. This makes it more challenging
than ever for decision-makers to develop long-term business strategies. To help guide managers through
these times, 10 definitions should bring some clarity to strategic planning under new tariffs. Furthermore,
MAFO asked the expert Omar Elkhatib, Senior Manager Government Relations at The Vision Council, for
tips on how to deal with the uncertain situation (interview on page 20, 21). By Omar Elkhatib
1Country of origin
Most of the new tariffs are tied to the origin of the merchandise.
There are exceptions to these product-wide tariffs,
such as Section 232 on aluminum, steel, cars, and more. But
especially for eyewear products, it is important where the
products were made, as those products are often put together
by components sourced from numerous suppliers around the
world.
2Determining the country of origin
To determine a product’s country of origin, all inputs – raw
materials, components, and subassemblies – must be assessed
for their role in the final product.
The key question is whether a part has undergone substantial
transformation to become a new and different article. This is
judged mainly by changes in character and use, as changes in
name carry little weight.
3Change in character and use
A change in character depends on whether the input, on
its own, achieves the same outcome as the finished product.
If not, the input’s character has likely changed by becoming
part of something “bigger.”
This is very similar with use. The part as a part can be used as
a part. The finished product can be used as a finished product.
But once integrated, the original use of the part fades, replaced
by the new use of the final product. Ultimately, three key factors
must be considered: name, character, and use.
4The crux with Section 301
However, since 2018, customs agencies have taken a more
and more subjective view on assembly, lacking clear standards
for what qualifies as “meaningful” versus “simple” work.
Companies arguing their manufacturing is not simple often
cite factors like value, workforce size, tooling, or assembly
complexity. However, final decisions rest with the agency,
which decisions are subject to judicial review if the importer
chooses to challenge it. Customs and Border protection has
become more vigilant in enforcing country of origin issues
due to companies shifting operations out of China to avoid
Section 301 duties.
Ironically, these duties encouraged the move, yet products
assembled elsewhere might still originate in China under US
country of origin law, thus triggering the extra duties on
Chinese origin goods. Therefore, companies must remain
cautious: Customs may reject third-country assembly claims
and declare the product Chinese – even if it never entered
China.
5Substantial transformation
The situation changes if substantial transformation is
confirmed, but the criteria are strict. Companies should proceed
cautiously and thoroughly analyze the issue. Below are two
illustrative (non-binding) examples related to eyewear:
▶ Example 1 | Plano sunglasses
A company sources frames from Country X and plano lenses
from Country Y, then assembles them into sunglasses in
Country Z. Historically, customs considered this a substantial
transformation, making Country Z the origin.
The transformation changed the name, character, and use of
the components into a new commercial product. But with the
current strict stance on origin under Section 301, it is unclear
if this would still qualify.
In contrast, if you swap the example with prescription lenses,
customs typically find no substantial transformation.
▶ Example 2 | Eyeglass frames
A company in Country Z uses raw materials (like acetate sheets
and hinges) to make frames. This would likely qualify as a
substantial transformation. In contrast, if the company imports
pre-cut frame parts and only assembles them, Customs may
view it as simple assembly without a substantial transformation,
meaning no change in origin.
18
MAFO 4-25

SPOTLIGHT
6Special case: Mexico and Canada
Mexico and Canada follow USMCA-specific origin rules,
so the substantial transformation test does not apply for determining
product origin under the agreement. However, Customs
ruled that while USMCA rules determine trade eligibility,
substantial transformation still applies for assessing China 301
duties. As a result, a product can be duty-free under USMCA
and marked “Made in Mexico” or “Canada,” yet still face China
301 tariffs if it contains Chinese content that does not undergo
a substantial transformation.
7Legitimate appraisal value
Duties are based on the appraised value of imported goods,
typically using an FOB (free on board) price. While it may seem
appealing to reduce that value, only certain non-dutiable charges
– like freight or insurance under CIF (cost, insurance, and
freight) or CIP (carriage and insurance paid) terms – can be
deducted if properly documented. Under DDP (delivered duty
paid) terms, the duty portion can also be excluded. In all scenarios,
costs like packing, assists, royalties, or commissions
must be included, even if billed separately, if those costs were
not already built into the price charged to the importer.
Some vendors are trying to separately invoice tooling, packaging,
and more in an attempt to reduce duty liability, but those inquiries
are a red flag. Even though it is perfectly legal to do that,
companies need to include those elements of value when they
declare the value at the time of entry. Failure to do so results
in a misdeclaration of the good’s value, and usually an underpayment
of duty, both of which are violations of the Customs laws.
Therefore, it makes things a lot more difficult to do it that way.
In short, certain non-dutiable elements can be backed out if
documented properly, but dutiable components must always
be reported – even if billed separately.
8First sale rule
The first sale rule allows U.S. importers to declare the
lower price from a foreign manufacturer (Z) to a foreign
middleman (Y), instead of the higher resale price from foreign
middleman Y to the U.S. importer (X), if both Y and Z are
outside the U.S. and the sale is for direct export to the U.S. To
qualify, the first sale must be legitimate, the production must
be triggered by the U.S. order, and all dutiable charges (e.g.,
packing, royalties) must be included. Furthermore, related
parties must prove the price was not influenced by their
relationship.
However, a common hurdle is obtaining the manufacturer’s
invoice, especially if the middleman is unrelated to the importer
and reluctant to disclose costs. While the rule can lower duties,
it requires strict documentation and full compliance with legal
standards.
9 Drawback
The U.S. drawback program lets importers reclaim up to
99% of duties paid on imported goods if those goods or products
are later exported, either unused or after manufacturing. Though
paperwork-heavy, recent tariff hikes – especially related to
China – have increased interest. Some tariffs qualify for drawback
(like China 301 and the “reciprocal” tariffs being assessed
against all countries), while others (IEEPA on China, Mexico
and Canada, Section 232) do not. Participation often requires
a drawback broker and thorough record-keeping.
However, accelerated payment options are available, and the
offering of timely refunds during application processing might
make the program worthwhile despite its complexity.
Front-loading inventory
10The 90-day pause, which expires on July 7th for most
countries and on August 7th for China, offers companies a
chance to consider front-loading inventory to lock in the current
duty before rates potentially rise very high. However, these
rates might be negotiated down, and no one can predict
outcomes.
The Vision Council will share updates as negotiations progress.
Companies should weigh the benefits but also account for rising
freight costs and limited shipping capacity, as many others may
do the same.
MAFO 4-25 19

INTERVIEW
How tariffs affect the eyeglass industry
An interview with Omar Elkhatib
MAFO: President Trump announced a 90-day mutual
tariff reduction agreement with China. Do you think this
is good news for the optical industry? If so, why?
Elkhatib: Any time the industry can find relief from increased
tariffs, it is certainly good news. This specific reduction is more
favorable than the previous rates, however there are still challenges
the industry faces even at the current temporary reduced rates.
Outside of the “reciprocal” tariffs, which this reduction agreement
addresses, our industry continues to be impacted by the regular
“Most Favored Nation” duties (which vary by product), the
Section 301 duties (ranges from 7.5% to 25%), and the IEEPA or
fentanyl duties (imposed at 20% and intended to address national
security concerns related to the fentanyl crisis).
MAFO: Overall, tariffs remain high in many areas. How
will this affect the price of eyeglasses in the US?
Elkhatib: At the end of the day, any price increases are up to
individual companies and will depend on the market conditions
like consumer demand and competition among retailers. It is
probable that importers will pay more to bring their goods into
the country. Previous efforts to mitigate tariffs, like diversifying
production across different countries, should be carefully
considered with the new reciprocal tariffs in mind.
There is always the potential for some political resolutions to
occur on a country-by-country basis that may lessen or alleviate
the proposed reciprocal tariffs, especially for countries where
the Trump administration has friendly relationships, like Japan
or India.
MAFO: Which of the following three product groups will
be most severely affected by the conflict: frames,
spectacle lenses, or machinery?
Elkhatib: Plastic eyeglass frames from China are likely to be
one of the most affected optical product impacted by the tariffs,
with the current tariff rates totaling 40%. This 40% duty
combines the ”regular“ customs duty of 2.5%, the China 301
duty of 7.5%, the IEEPA/fentanyl 2025 duty at 20%, and the
reciprocal duty at 10%. Eyeglass cases, various types of lens
grinding and finishing equipment, and other related machinery
of Chinese origin will also be greatly affected, with total duty
rates for these machines ranging from 57% to 83%.
An example below compares what importers will pay now for
some popular optical imports, compared to 2024 rates (Table 1).
MAFO: How exactly will the high tariffs affect lens
manufacturers, frame manufacturers, and machinery
manufacturers who want to import products from Europe
to the US?
Elkhatib: Manufacturers in these spaces, like others, will have
to stay tuned for any changes that might happen as negotiations
continue. Specifically for imports coming into the United States
from the European Union, total duty rates are calculated from
combining the “regular” customs duty, which ranges by product
from 2% to 17.6%, with the 10% reciprocal tariff. The Trump
Administration has recently announced that they will delay the
imposition of a 50% tariff on all European goods, but negotiations
are continuing.
MAFO: The Vision Council is holding talks at the White
House to advocate for the optical industry. What exactly
are they hoping to achieve?
Elkhatib: Our Government and Regulatory Affairs Team recently
met with the Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy
Director of the National Economic Council at the White House
to share the challenges facing the optical industry and offer
collaborative, practical solutions. Along with a few industry
leaders representing different segments of the industry, our team
emphasized how tariffs are increasing the cost of eyewear and
vision products, many of which are classified as Class I medical
devices and are essential to children, seniors, veterans, and
Country of origin Product Units Average dutiable value per unit Estimated 2024 Duty Estimated 2025 Duty
China Plastic Frames 1000 $10 $1000 (10% duty) $4,000 (40% duty)
China Sunglasses 1000 $10 $950 (10% duty) $3,950 (39.5% duty)
Mexico Spectacle Lenses 1000 $10 $200 (2% duty) $2,700 (27% duty)
Germany Contact Lenses 1000 $10 $200 (2% duty) $1,200 (12% duty)
Table 1: Comparison of customs duties for various product groups in 2024 compared to 2025.
20
MAFO 4-25

Advertisement
low-income individuals. These products are often supported
through public programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, and
Veterans Affairs as well, meaning increased costs also affect
taxpayers.
Overall, we wanted to bring the concerns of the industry forward
at the highest level. In addition to tariffs, we also discussed ongoing
advocacy efforts such as revisiting “Made in USA” labeling
standards for products assembled domestically with imported
products, regulatory parity with other Class I medical devices
for many of our products, and incentives to support domestic
manufacturing and supply chain development.
The Vision Council will continue to advocate on behalf of our
members and promote policies that support access to vision
care and a strong domestic industry, and look for more opportunities
like this to share our industry’s story.
MAFO: Do you have any advice on how companies
should use the time until the tariffs are finally
resolved?
Elkhatib: I would urge companies to continue to monitor the
ever-changing landscape so they are aware of what is happening.
The Vision Council offers several resources for our members to
stay up to date, including a Tariff Dashboard and simulator that
models the financial implications of tariffs on imports. It’s
important to remember these are ongoing trade negotiations,
so the situation is fluid and can change fairly quickly.
Advertisement
MAFO: If you had one important tip for decision-makers
on how to deal with the tariff conflict, what would it be?
Elkhatib: We have been visiting Capitol Hill regularly to get
our industry concerns in front of the policymakers and committees.
I would say the best thing right now is for decision
makers to hear the concerns of those affected by current policies,
and do their part to advocate on their behalf.
MAFO: Thank you for the interview. ◆
Omar Elkhatib
Omar Elkhatib is Senior Manager; Government Relations for The
Vision Council. He leads the association’s advocacy to state and
federal policymakers on issues of importance to the optical industry
and members. To contact him: oelkhatib@thevisioncouncil.org
MAFO 4-25

Black magic or precision?
How accurate cleaning and coating lead to perfect lenses
The production of spectacle lenses is an art in itself. Especially, the cleaning and coating process
in particular should be carefully thought out and implemented to ensure minimal breakage and the
highest quality spectacle lenses. This article provides an insight into the technologies and practices
involved in these essential stages of the lens manufacturing process – from perfect cleaning methods to
nanotechnology in AR-coating. By Dean Thompson
Today’s lenses undergo a multifaceted and highly
precise series of process operations through a
range of differing equipment before reaching the
hands – or eyes – of consumers.
Among these, cleaning and coating are not merely steps in a
linear chain but critical operations. They determine the overall
performance, longevity, optical clarity, durability, and customer
satisfaction associated with the final product and ever-growing
user expectations. Today’s high-precision cleaning and
coating technologies are able to eliminate microscopic
contaminants or to apply ultra-thin, multifunctional coatings.
However, in order to achieve the best performance,
the crucial steps must be carried out with absolute precision
and using good equipment.
Perfectly prepared: pre-cleaning steps
This precision already begins with cleaning, which is carried
out in several steps rather than just one. Before spectacle
lenses enter the precision cleaning stage, they are usually
subjected to a pre-cleaning process designed to remove
coarse debris such as swarf, dust, or leftover polishing
compounds. These initial cleaning actions are vital, as they
prevent larger contaminants from clogging downstream
filtration systems or disrupting ultrasonic cleaning operations.
Operators can either wipe the lenses with alcohol-based
solutions that help to dissolve and remove greasy smudges or
fingerprint marks. Or they use mild detergent baths, either
through automated stations or cleaning by hand, to break
down stubborn contaminants.
22
MAFO 4-25

TECHNOLOGY
Dual action: spray and brush cleaning
Automated spray and brush cleaning systems are effective in
the pre-cleaning stage for reaching lens areas that may be
difficult to clean using ultrasonic cavitation alone. As those
methods utilize mechanical action.
These systems typically use rotating soft-bristle brushes to
gently scrub the surface of the lenses while simultaneously
applying high-pressure jets of deionized water. This dual-action
mechanism effectively removes residual particulates after the
polishing process and ensures that the lens surface is completely
clean prior to coating departments.
Cleaning – a 'black magic' and the
foundation for success
Often considered a ‘black magic’ compared to the other processes
within the chain of lens manufacturing, cleaning is an essential
step. And it is the foundation for success for many growing
high-value add-on coating treatments.
Contaminants such as oils, polishing compounds, or airborne
particles can inhibit coating adhesion, resulting in optical distortions
or premature wear and delamination. Consequently, the
quality and methodology of the cleaning process have a direct
impact on the effectiveness of every subsequent operation.
To achieve flawless results, lens cleaning involves multiple
stages that incorporate precision chemistry, mechanical
action, and fluid dynamics. And they are often tailored
to a wide variety of lens materials and different indices.
These cleaning stages are typically carried out using highly
automated cleaning and coating machinery in controlled
environments to ensure consistency. These high-grade cleaning
systems are designed not just to clean but to protect delicate
lens materials and ultimately prepare them for the following
coating and curing steps .
the case of high-index or specialty lenses. Deionized (DI) water
is indispensable in the final cleaning process. Unlike standard
tap water, which contains dissolved ions such as calcium and
magnesium (but can be useful for rinsing stages after chemical
ones), DI water has been stripped of these impurities to prevent
mineral deposits from accumulating on the lens surface.
These deposits can significantly degrade visual clarity and
interfere with the proper adhesion of subsequent coatings.
Therefore, ultra-pure water must be used to ensure that each
rinse phase leaves no trace contaminants behind.
The filtration systems embedded within these cleaning setups
are equally critical. Precision filters, often with low micron
ratings, are utilized at key stages of the cleaning process to
capture the smallest particulates. These should be routinely
monitored through both standard operational preventative
procedures and, if applicable, the equipment’s onboard systems
for monitoring pressure drops, saturation, and/or conductivity
levels, replacing these filters at defined intervals to maintain
peak operational efficiency and highest quality yields.
The gold standard – ultrasonic cleaning
Widely considered the gold standard for removing microscopic
contaminants from lens surfaces without physical abrasion
prior to coating applications. This cleaning technique employs
high-frequency sound waves, typically around 40kHz – 100kHz,
which are propagated through a liquid chemistry medium to
create microscopic cavitation bubbles. As these bubbles implode
near the surface of the lenses, they generate powerful yet
Chemistry, water quality, and filtration
The effectiveness of lens cleaning hinges heavily on three key
factors: the chemistry of the cleaning agents, the purity and
type of water being used for each stage, and the quality of the
filtration systems.
Each of these elements plays a synergistic role in ensuring that
the lens surface is completely free of contaminants and adequately
dried for coating processes. The chemical solutions
used should be tailored to remove specific contaminants without
interacting adversely with the lens substrate. For instance,
aqueous-based surfactants are particularly effective for eliminating
hydrophilic particles, while solvent-based solutions are
better suited for dislodging oily residues.
These formulations are frequently developed through extensive
research and development to strike the optimal balance between
cleaning efficacy and material compatibility, particularly in
Fig. 1. Ultrasonic cleaning waves.
MAFO 4-25 23

TECHNOLOGY
extraction from the liquid, the potential for water staining can
be greatly reduced before progressing to the drying stage.
Fig. 2: Hard coating process.
localized micro-jets of energy that dislodge contaminants
effectively and uniformly. Ultrasonic cleaning systems are
usually designed with a series of tanks, each fulfilling a
specific function.
The initial pre-wash tanks loosen and suspend the bulk of
the contaminants. This is followed by the primary ultrasonic
bath, where the cavitation effect performs the detailed
cleaning at a micro level.
Subsequent chemical and rinse tanks ensure that all residual
solutions and particles are thoroughly washed away.
Automation and control allow managing multiple batches of
lenses. Those technologies also play a crucial role in maintaining
tight control over parameters such as bath temperature, exposure
time, and ultrasonic power to ensure consistent and
reproducible results across all lens batches.
Deionized water rinsing and filtration
The rinsing of lenses in final stages using deionized water is
one of the most crucial steps in the lens cleaning process. This
stage ensures that all traces of cleaning agents, surfactants,
and microscopic debris are removed from the lens surface
before the application of any coating.
Modern final rinsing stages incorporate multi-stage configurations,
often with cascading water tanks that allow for progressively
cleaner rinses. These systems are also equipped with
continuous water purification units that maintain the purity
of the DI water supply.
Inline sensors are employed to measure the conductivity of
the water in real time, ensuring that the rinse quality meets
stringent specifications.
Advanced filtration systems are integrated to keep the rinse
water free from particulate contamination, further safeguarding
the quality and consistency of the final product. By coupling
the ultra-pure rinse action of the DI water with a controlled
Drying processes like hot-air, vacuum or
infrared
After rinsing, it is imperative to dry the lenses completely
before they proceed to the coating stages. Residual moisture
can lead to defects such as water spots, delamination, or inconsistent
coating adhesion.
One common method is the use of HEPA-filtered hot air-drying
systems, which provide controlled airflow and temperature to
gently evaporate any remaining moisture.
In applications where lenses are sensitive to heat, vacuum
drying may be employed. This technique lowers the boiling
point of water, enabling low-temperature drying that is both
efficient and non-damaging to the substrate.
Another effective drying method is infrared (IR) drying, which
accelerates moisture evaporation by selectively heating water
molecules without significantly raising the temperature of the
lens material itself. These drying processes also act as pre-cure
steps, stabilizing the lens surface to ensure optimal conditions
for subsequent coating applications.
Coating technologies for enhanced
performance
Once lenses are thoroughly cleaned and dried, they are ready
to receive a variety of functional coatings. These coatings serve
multiple roles, from enhancing optical clarity (AR coatings)
to improving mechanical durability and resistance to environmental
factors (hard coatings).
The most common types of coatings are hard coatings for
scratch resistance, and anti-reflective coatings for visual clarity,
mirrored coatings, hydrophobic and oleophobic layers for ease
of maintenance, and UV-blocking layers for wearers eye
protection.
Hard coatings for scratch resistance
Hard coatings are designed to form a transparent, durable
protective barrier on the lens surface that resists scratches
from everyday handling and wear. These coatings are typically
applied using either dip-coating or spin-coating techniques.
In dip-coating on modern equipment, lenses are batched in
volumes, immersed in a polymer-based coating solution, and
then withdrawn at a controlled speed, allowing the coating to
spread evenly and dry without streaking. The final cure is
normally achieved through a thermal curing stage after manual
or automated inspection.
Spin-coating is more commonly used for smaller lens volumes.
Usually, it is singularly processed and involves placing a small
amount of coating material on the lens surface, which is then
24
MAFO 4-25

TECHNOLOGY
rapidly spun to distribute the coating across the concave surface
of the lens. The coating material is usually a UV-curable polymer
resin that hardens upon exposure to ultraviolet light. The final
properties of the hard coating, such as its hardness, adhesion,
and optical transparency, depend not only on the resin formulation
but also on the precision of the application and curing
process.
Anti-reflective coatings
Anti-reflection (AR) coatings are essential for reducing glare,
protecting the eye, and increasing market value. AR coatings
enhance light transmission and minimize unwanted reflections
that can interfere with vision.
These coatings are typically applied using well adopted vacuum
deposition techniques for best results within a clean room environment
to prevent contamination. Common deposition
methods include electron beam evaporation, ion-assisted deposition,
and magnetron sputtering. Each of these techniques enables
the application of nanometers-scale layers of dielectric materials,
such as magnesium fluoride or titanium oxide, in highly controlled
sequences (the elements form what is known as a stack).
The resulting multilayer structure is finely tuned to cancel out
specific wavelengths of reflected light, thereby enhancing both
the visual and aesthetic performance of the lenses.
Hydrophobic and oleophobic coatings
As a final protective layer, hydrophobic and oleophobic coatings
are applied to repel water, oils, and smudges. This makes lenses
easier to clean and improves long-term user satisfaction. These
coatings are often applied using plasma-enhanced chemical
vapor deposition (PECVD) or spin-on techniques, followed
by thermal curing to fix the coating to the lens surface. Advanced
formulations are now available that provide long-lasting durability,
resisting degradation from ultraviolet exposure and
temperature fluctuations. These top-coat layers not only enhance
performance but also extend the useful life of the lenses.
conditions. These measures are essential to ensuring the flawless
application of coatings and the consistent production of
high-quality optical lenses.
Sustainability in cleaning and coating
processes
Modern lens manufacturing increasingly emphasizes sustainability.
Many equipment designs now incorporate energy-efficient
features and components. Chemical formulations are also being
developed with reduced environmental impact in mind.
Water recycling is becoming a growing standard practice,
achieved through multi-stage filtration and UV sterilization.
Low-VOC (volatile organic compound) coatings are being
adopted to minimize atmospheric emissions.
While smart energy management systems are being implemented
to monitor and optimize power consumption across production
lines. These efforts help manufacturers comply with environmental
regulations. Reducing waste during cleaning/rinsing by
harvesting water at either plant or machine level and increasing
the active life of coating materials all work towards improving
sustainability during operational lifetime too.
Conclusion
Cutting-edge systems, advanced chemical engineering, and
tightly controlled environments enable any lens manufacturing
lab to deliver coated products that meet the very highest
standards of optical clarity, durability, and user satisfaction.
As consumer expectations rise and new optical technologies and
entrants into the market emerge, the demand for refined cleaning
and coating processes will only continue to intensify. ◆
Clean room environments for coatings
Because even a single dust particle can compromise the integrity
of a high-performance coating, the application of any such coatings
should occur in clean room environments that adhere to rigorous
cleanliness standards, typically ISO Class 7 or better.
These environments should be strictly controlled for
airborne particulate levels, humidity, temperature, and
airflow dynamics. Operators working in clean rooms
should follow behavior protocols to prevent any unnecessary
contamination.
HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems
equipped with HEPA or ULPA filters continuously cycle and
purify the air to maintain the required environmental
Dean Thompson
Dean Thompson is Managing Director of Optimal Technologies,
a UK-based leader in cleaning and coating equipment for
the optical lens, precision optics and medical sectors established
27 years ago. Thompson has over 33 years of extensive
experience in Rx lab operations – including key roles at SOLA,
American Optical, Carl Zeiss Vision, and The Specsavers
Group – from which he brings his deep expertise in lens
cleaning and dip coating technologies.
MAFO 4-25 25

INTERVIEW
Good forecasts despite partly
poor consumer climate
An interview with Roland Lorek about the market in Europe
The current global crises are also affecting the ophthalmic optics industry. Some lens manufacturers are
relocating production, for example from Germany to the Czech Republic. Consumer sentiment could
be better and there are initial indications that the number of young, occasional spectacle wearers is
declining. But what exactly is the impact of all this on the optical industry in Europe? Roland Lorek from
the NIQ market research institute knows the current figures in the optical industry. MAFO spoke to him
about the price development of glasses, trends and the effects of the crises. By Hanna Diewald
MAFO: The current tariff conflicts, inflation and wars
are affecting people all over the world. How would you
summarize the current consumer climate in Europe?
Lorek: Overall, the European consumer climate has normalized
again after the shockwaves caused by coronavirus and subsequently
by the war in Ukraine and inflation. It is currently at
what I would describe as a neutral level – although the level
is still well below the pre-pandemic level.
Consumers are currently taking a critical view of future economic
developments, their willingness to spend remains subdued and
inflation expectations are elevated. Nevertheless, it is no longer
as pessimistic as it was when these crises broke out. Although
the issues, for example the war in Ukraine, are still relevant.
But people seem to be getting used to it – to some extent.
That was the European average, although the consumer climate
varies greatly within Europe. In Germany, for example, it is
more pessimistic than the European average. Germans are
still very insecure and are trying to save their money. However,
the consumer climate in Germany reached its lowest level
during the Ukraine and gas crisis, when Germans were afraid
that they would run out of gas for heating.
Incidentally, the mood also matches the growth rates of gross
domestic product. Here, too, Germany is far behind in a
European comparison.
only growing slightly above inflation rates. There is no wind
of growth. In this environment, combined with rising financing
costs in recent years, the cost pressure in the optical industry
is growing. The high labor and energy costs in Germany and
the prospect that these could rise even further in the future
mean that investment decisions are currently being made in
favor of other production locations. However, this development
does not only affect the optical industry.
MAFO: According to the Allensbach study, the number
of people wearing glasses in Germany has fallen for
the first time in a long time. Is this trend also occurring
in other countries?
Lorek: Our figures do not support this conclusion. In our
figures, sales of spectacle frames and lenses are growing faster
in the other EU countries than in Germany. This suggests that
the number of spectacle wearers in the other markets we
monitor is at least remaining constant, if not increasing.
MAFO: In Germany, several lens manufacturers
have said goodbye to Germany
as a production location. Is there an
explanation for this when looking at
the NIQ market data?
Lorek: Our figures show that consumers
in Germany are currently reluctant to
spend more money on eyewear optics.
Sales growth is very low and sales are
26

Advertisement
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Fig.1: Consumer climate in the EU. Source: GfK Euro Climate powered by NIM
MAFO: What consequences could the customs conflict have for the eyewear
industry based in Europe?
Lorek: It's still difficult for me to say at the moment, as we hear about new developments
almost every day. Higher prices would presumably mean that consumers would have
to compromise on product quality and design more often – in other words, they would
opt for cheaper products. I would expect this to have a negative impact on the industry's
margins, at least in the short term.
MAFO: How have sales of ophthalmic lenses developed in Europe?
Lorek: On average, sales in the EU4 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy and France)
grew by 5% in 2024, while the quantities sold only increased by around 1%. If you look
at per capita sales, i.e., the average price of glasses (two lenses and a frame), this averaged
365 Euro in 2024, which is 4% higher than in 2023.
MAFO: What trends are you currently seeing, particularly in the ophthalmic
lens segment?
Lorek: In the four European core markets that we are observing, sales of monofocal
lenses are currently stagnating, while progressive lenses are growing in volume. This
change in the product mix is leading to rising average prices for ophthalmic lenses
overall. In combination with inflation-related price increases, this is leading to decent
sales growth that significantly exceeds the moderate increase in sales volumes. However,
the increased inflation of recent years has somewhat clouded this picture.
Another trend is the increasing market penetration of spectacle lenses to slow down
the development of short-sightedness in children (so-called myopia management
lenses). We have seen very strong growth in these special lenses in Europe in recent
years, although sales volumes are still low overall. The topic is currently attracting a
lot of media attention, but the market is still growing at a low level.
MAFO: Can you predict how the European eyewear market will develop in
the near future?
Lorek: In our figures, the eyewear market in Europe has grown by between 1% and
6% every year since 2018. The only outliers were the two coronavirus years (with -13%
and +19% respectively). The median age in Europe is currently around 45 and is rising
slowly but steadily – this fits in perfectly with the rising sales figures for multifocal
lenses. This means that the number of people living in Europe with presbyopia will
also continue to rise. Based on current knowledge, the increasing use of smartphones
is also likely to lead to an increase in defective vision among young people.
MAFO 4-25

INTERVIEW
Table 1: Average prices per capita in the EU4-countries:
Germany*, Spain, Italy, France. *(Only independent opticians)
Table 2: Price development from 2024 to 2025 in the EU4 countries.
In this environment, I assume that the European eyewear
market will continue to grow in real terms in terms of volume
and sales in the coming years.
Roland Lorek has been working as market analyst
for GfK – An NIQ Company for 10 years. He focuses
on the German and European markets
for spectacle lenses and contact lenses.
GfK – An NIQ Company offers market analyses
and consulting services to industry and retail
participants in the optical appliances' market.
MAFO: How interested are consumers in buying
glasses and contact lenses online?
Lorek: When it comes to contact lenses, buying lenses online
or by subscription is becoming increasingly popular. The
drivers behind this are often low online prices combined
with the convenience of delivery. We also anticipate aboveaverage
growth in online purchases in the spectacle optics
segment, albeit at a much lower level. In the case of contact
lenses, for example, the online share of sales in Germany is
already around 50%.
When talking about glasses with prescription, I expect a
mid-single-digit percentage share of sales. Here we are still a
long way from the contact lens market. One of the reasons for
this could be that refractions still have to be carried out on
site. But with the entry of Amazon Optics, it will be exciting
to see how the market develops in Germany.
MAFO: Do you collect data from sales of smart
glasses, for example the Ray-Ban Meta? If so, what
are the results?
Lorek: So far, we have focused on specialist opticians when
measuring the eyewear markets. Smart glasses have played a
very small role in this channel so far.
MAFO: We are currently seeing tendencies that the
two sectors optic and acoustic merge. On the one
hand through more shops that serve both, but also
through new products such as the EssilorLuxottica
hearing glasses. Are you also observing this? If so,
where do you see the reasons for this?
Lorek: We are currently only monitoring hearing aids in
Germany and can confirm the trend described. As the population
ages, the customer groups for hearing aids and progressives
are becoming increasingly similar. This effect will intensify
over the coming decades. In addition, the hearing aid market
in Germany has grown more dynamically than the spectacle
optics market in recent years – so it is naturally lucrative for
opticians to tap into this additional business segment. The
fact that the market for hearing aids is a growth area is also
reflected in the steadily increasing number of specialist hearing
aid stores in Germany.
MAFO: Can positive trends also be identified from the
market data you have collected in times of crisis? If so,
which ones and why?
Lorek: As already mentioned, the demographic trend in
Europe indicates that the sales market for ophthalmic optics
will develop favorably. This is also reflected in the growth
rates for the European markets, which are proving more
robust than those for technical consumer goods, for example.
Although these have benefited greatly during the pandemic,
they have been under pressure since 2022. The optical markets
are certainly also influenced by the current rather skeptical
consumer sentiment, but our data shows that consumers have
been willing to continue spending money on good vision
even in the past years of crisis. I see no reason why this should
fundamentally change.
MAFO: Thank you for the interview. ◆
28
MAFO 4-25

9-11 SEPT 2025
China International Exhibition Centre
中 国 国 际 展 览 中 心 ( 朝 阳 馆 )

TECHNOLOGY
50 years of developments in
ophthalmic lenses | part 3
Before 1980, aspherical surfaces were only used on high-power plus spectacle lenses that lie beyond
the range of powers that can be corrected for aberrational astigmatism with spherical surfaces. In recent
years, aspherical surfaces have been employed on lenses of low power; those used for the usual range of
prescriptions. Once again this was made possible by the development of freeform machining. By Dr. Mo Jalie
Aspheric lenses for the normal power range
In 1980, the author obtained patents 1 for lenses in the power
range +7.00 to -20.00 for a series of spectacle lenses which
incorporate a hyperboloidal curve for the major surface of the
lens. The major surface being the convex surface for plus powers
and the concave surface for minus lenses. The use of aspheric
forms for the low to medium power range allows the production
of thinner and lighter lenses for the normal range of
prescriptions. The reduction in thickness is the result of a
two-stage process.
Stage one
First, the lens is made much flatter in form by employing a
shallower base curve. Simply by flattening the lens form a
saving in center thickness is obtained. The flatter the lens, the
thinner it becomes.
30
MAFO 4-25

TECHNOLOGY
F´T & F´S
F´S
F´T & F´S
40 0
40 0
40 0
F´T
30 0
20 0
10 0
30 0
20 0
10 0
+4.00/+0.75 at 30º 30 0
20 0
10 0
+3.0 +4.0 +5.0
+3.0 +4.0 +5.0
+3.0 +4.0 +5.0
a) point focal lens made
with +8.89 D front curve
b) lens of poor form made
with +5.38 front curve
c) aspheric lens with convex
hyperboloidal surface, p = -1.8.
5.4mm
1.0mm 1.0mm 1.0mm
+4.00 D lens
1.50 index
p = -1.8
4.5mm
+4.00 D lens
1.60 index
p = -4.2
3.9mm
+4.00 D lens
1.70 index
p = -7.1
70
Fig. 1: Comparison of off-axis performance of +4.00 D lenses
made in different forms.
Figure 1 Comparison of off-axis performance of +4.00 D lenses made in different forms.
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
+8.89
+5.38
+5.38
Fig. 3: Comparison of off-axis performance of +4.00 D lenses
made in different media.
Figure 3 Comparison of off-axis performance of +4.00 D lenses made in different media.
8.0mm
7.1mm
6.4mm
+4.75
+0.75
+0.75
6.6mm
6.0mm
5.4mm
70
2.0mm
2.0mm
2.0mm
+4.00 D lens
Point focal lens with
spherical surfaces
Weight = 20.3g
+4.00 D lens
+5.38 convex
spherical surface
Weight = 18.1g
+4.00 D lens
+5.38 convex
hyperboloidal surface
Weight = 16.0g
-4.00 D lens
Point focal lens with
spherical surfaces
-4.00 D lens
Flatter form lens with
spherical surfaces
-4.00 D lens
Point focal lens with
aspherical surface
Fig. 2: Comparison of center thickness of +4.00 D lenses made
in spherical and hyperbolic forms.
Figure 2 Comparison of centre thickness of +4.00 D lenses made in spherical and hyperbolic forms.
Fig. 4: Comparison of edge thickness of -4.00 D lenses made
in CR 39.
Figure 4 Comparison of edge thickness of -4.00 D lenses made in CR 39 .
If the lens is made with a -1.50 base curve instead of the usual
-5.25 inside curve which would be necessary to make the lens
free from astigmatism (i.e., point focal), then a saving in center
thickness of 0.6 mm would be obtained. Needless to say, this
flatter form does not have good optical properties. It is afflicted
with positive aberrational astigmatism when the eye rotates
to view through off-axis portions of the lens as shown by the
field diagram in Figure 1b.
Just how poor the off-axis performance becomes due to flattening
the lens form is illustrated in figure 1. Figure 1a illustrates a field
diagram for a +4.00 D lens made with a -5.25 back curve and it
can be seen that the tangential and sagittal oblique vertex sphere
powers are the same for all direction of gaze.
This form is free from oblique astigmatism and represents a
point-focal form for this power. Figure 1b illustrates the off-axis
performance of a +4.00 D lens made with a -1.50 back surface
power using spherical surfaces and it is seen that the real effect
of the lens when the eye has rotated 35° from the optical axis
is +4.05/+0.87. It will be appreciated that there is almost 1.00 D
of aberrational astigmatism 35° from the optical axis for this
very shallow bending.
However, to eliminate the aberrational astigmatism an aspherical
surface can be employed whose form is such that it introduces
negative surface astigmatism to neutralize the astigmatism of
oblique incidence. A correctly chosen aspherical surface will
completely neutralize the aberrational astigmatism arising
from oblique incidence.
Figure 1c illustrates the off-axis performance of the +4.00 D
lens made with a -1.50 back surface power and a convex aspherical
surface whose p-value has been chosen to neutralize the
astigmatism of oblique incidence. This form has the same
oblique vertex sphere powers as the point-focal form with
spherical surfaces whose performance is depicted in figure 1a.
The surface is a convex hyperboloid whose p-value is -1.8 and
it can be seen that the field diagram is almost identical with
that shown in figure 1a for the spherical form.
Stage two
The second stage of the thinning process occurs since, for a
given diameter, the required aspherical surface has a smaller
sag than a spherical surface of the same vertex radius. The
smaller front surface sag causes a further reduction in the
center thickness of the lens.
The original patent proposed that a hyperboloid should be
employed for the major surface of the lens since the rate of
flattening of a hyperboloid is just what is required to neutralize
aberrational astigmatism.
Figure 2 shows what additional saving in center thickness is
achieved when the convex spherical surface is replaced by a
suitable convex hyperboloidal surface whose asphericity is
chosen to restore the off-axis performance of the lens. A further
saving of 0.6mm is achieved for a 70mm diameter when the
spherical surface is aspherised to eliminate the aberrational
astigmatism arising from oblique incidence.
The aspheric lens form has a total saving in center thickness
of 1.2mm when compared with the traditional spherical form.
Needless to say, any higher order aspherical surface could be
used but, in practice, it would not depart significantly from a
hyperboloid since this curve regulates the astigmatism at the
correct rate.
MAFO 4-25 31

TECHNOLOGY
Fig. 5: Convex oblate ellipsoid used to reduce the edge thickness of a minus lens.
Another important advantage of these low-power aspheric
designs for hypermetropia can be gleaned from figure 3.
The original best-form +4.00 design with spherical surfaces
required a center thickness of 6.6mm in order to obtain an
edge thickness of 1.0mm at 70mm diameter. If this uncut
lens is edged down to a finished diameter of 50mm, it will
have an edge thickness of 4.1mm which is not acceptable
for a lens of this power.
The aspheric design made in 1.60 index material, on the other
hand, has a center thickness of 4.5mm and would have an
edge thickness of 2.6mm when edged down to a finished diameter
of 50mm. The aspheric design lends itself far better to
a system of supply of large diameter plus uncut lenses which
need to be edged to smaller diameters depending upon the
choice of shape and size of the lens.
Fig. 6: Non-rotationally symmetric aspherical surface such as that originally used
for the original Zeiss Hypal design.
The optical performance of an aspheric design can be made to
match any design philosophy. The lens may be made point-focal,
just like the designs illustrated in figures 1a and 1c or it may be
made in Percival form or, more typically, a compromise bending
between these two forms to provide a reasonable performance
over a wide range of fitting distances.
An even greater saving in thickness is obtained when a higher
refractive index material is used. If the same power base curve
is used the saving is two-fold. Firstly, there is the obvious reduction
in the sags of the curves since longer radii of curvature
are employed.
Secondly, since the use of the same power base curve on a higher
refractive index material requires a longer radius of curvature
at the vertex, r0, effectively, the lens is flatter still and requires
greater asphericity on the convex surface to restore the off-axis
performance. This is illustrated in figure 3, which shows how
the center thickness of a 70mm diameter +4.00 D lens would
reduce when made in 1.60 and 1.70 index materials. The asphericity
of the convex surfaces indicated in the figure has been chosen
to provide the same off-axis performance for each lens.
Aspheric lenses for myopia
The principle of flattening a curved lens form to make it thinner
and then aspherising one surface to restore the off-axis performance
of the flatter-form lens can be applied equally to
minus lenses. For example the reduction in thickness which
is obtained for -4.00D lenses made in CR 39 material with
uncut diameters of 70mm and center thickness of 2.0mm is
shown in the figure 4.
It can be seen that the traditional best form design made using
spherical surfaces might employ a +4.75 D base curve, when
the resulting edge thickness would be 8.0mm. Then, flattening
the base curve to +0.75 D produces an edge thickness of 7.1mm
which is a saving of 0.9mm at the edge.
Finally, aspherising the flatter-form lens to provide the same
off-axis performance as the best-form spherical design results
in an edge thickness of 6.4mm which is a further saving of
0.7mm, the final aspheric design being 1.6mm thinner than
the traditional spherical form.
The author’s original proposal for the correction of myopia
was to employ a concave hyperboloidal surface but, initially,
lens manufacturers preferred to aspherise the convex surface
of the lens since it is easier to incorporate the cylinder on the
concave surface as a minus-base toric. Several aspheric minus
lens series, therefore, incorporate a convex aspherical surface,
the purpose of which is to increase the convexity of the front
surface towards the edge of the lens (Fig. 5). Typically, a convex
oblate ellipsoid might be used whose tangential curvature
increases at a faster rate than that of a spherical surface of the
same vertex radius, as illustrated in figure 5a.
Usually, however, a two or three-term polynomial convex
curve is chosen since this does not place a restriction on the
maximum diameter of the lens. A field diagram for a typical
minus aspheric lens with a convex polynomial surface is illustrated
in figure 5b.
32
MAFO 4-25

TECHNOLOGY
Freeform machining now enables the concave surface of the
lens to be aspherised enabling the lens to incorporate the astigmatic
correction together with the aspherical surface.
For higher power minus lenses, the principle of blending has
been applied to the humble workshop flattened lenticular to
produce a blended concave lenticular with a truly invisible dividing
line. These blended lenticulars for myopia, such as the
Wrobel Super-lenti and the Rodenstock Lentilux designs, enjoy
excellent cosmetic properties and allow very high minus prescriptions,
in excess of -20.00 D, to be dispensed in relatively
thin and lightweight form.
Atoric lenses
Aspherical surfaces of the type which have been described so
far provide excellent imaging properties for any lens power,
providing that the prescription is spherical. It should be apparent
that in the case of astigmatic prescriptions, the asphericity of,
say, a conicoidal surface can only be correct for one principal
meridian of the lens. The other principal meridian will require
a different eccentricity, or different p-value for the power along
this meridian 2 .
For example, in the case of the prescription +2.00/+2.00 x 180,
which has been made as an aspheric lens with a -1.50 base curve,
the principal meridians of the lens have powers of +4.00 and
+2.00. It has already been pointed out that the +4.00 meridian
which requires a -1.50 base curve would be point-focal if the
front curve had a hyperbolic section with a p-value of -1.8.
Accurate trigonometric ray-tracing shows that the +2.00 meridian
with a cross-curve of -3.50 would need a p-value of +0.45
if this meridian is also to remain point-focal for the 35° zone
of the lens.
Such a surface is depicted in figure 6 which illustrates a convex
atoroidal surface whose “toricity” is due to a change in asphericity
from one meridian to a second meridian at 90° to the first. It
should be understood that the surface illustrated in figure 6
has no cylindrical power in the usual sense of the term since
the curvatures of the surface at the vertex along the two principal
meridians are identical. The cylindrical component of the lens
is provided in the usual way by grinding a toroidal surface on
the back of the lens. One might argue that the term atoroidal
is not really a good description for this type of surface and a
better definition for the surface might be a non-rotationally
symmetric aspherical surface. However, this term also describes
many other forms of surface, including progressive power
surfaces, and the term atoroidal seems to have entered the
literature.
Such a surface was employed for the original Zeiss Hypal series
of lenses when employed for astigmatic prescriptions. For spherical
prescriptions the convex surface of the Hypal design is simply
an aspherical surface which is virtually indistinguishable from
Fig. 7: Concave atoroidal surface which has different curvatures along each of
its principal meridians.
a conicoid. A true atoroidal surface whose principal vertex
curvatures differ by the required cylindrical component in addition
to a variation in asphericity for the two principal meridians is
also employed on modern spectacle lens forms such as the Pentax
Super Atoric 1.67 UV AR and the Seiko SSV AZ 1.67 Bi-aspheric
design (Fig. 7). ◆
References: 1. US Patent 4289387 (1981) Jalie M., Ophthalmic Spectacle Lenses having
a Hyperbolic Surface, 2. US Patent 5083859 (1992), Jalie M., Aspheric lenses.
Dr. Mo Jalie
Dr. Mo Jalie SMSA, FBDO (Hons), Hon FCGI, Hon FCOptom,
MCMI, is Emeritus Professor at Ulster University and works
as a consultant to the ophthalmic industry. He was the Head
of Department of Applied Optics at City & Islington since
1968 to 1995. He is recognised as an international authority
on the design of spectacle lenses and has written several
books. Furthermore he is the author of some 200 papers
on ophthalmic lenses, contact lenses, intra-ocular lenses
and dispensing – and a consultant editor to the Optician
magazine.
MAFO 4-25 33

BUSINESS
Polite or cowardly?
Mailings and chats instead of real conversations in sales
Yes, we live in a digital world. And yes, we not only use emails as a matter of course, but also business
messaging service providers such as WhatsApp. But although these digital systems offer many
advantages, the question remains as to whether we, as participants in the popular online dialog, would
sometimes prefer to have a human contact. By Oliver Schumacher
The fact is and remains: Face-to-face conversations
are often much more purposeful – and more appropriate
for many situations. However, it is
temptingly easy to “just” send a message, both to
request a written offer, for example, and to send it. This may
work well in an established business relationship, but is it really
effective when dealing with new customers where both parties
do not even know each other?
Who is bothering whom?
The sales manager says to his employee: “What happened to the
offer you sent the customer? Wasn't that about a big order?” The
employee replies: “Nothing has come of it yet. I have already sent
him two emails asking if he has made a decision yet. But he hasn't
replied. I guess we will have to be patient a little longer.” This
kind of behavior makes some managers' hair stand on end – and
often leaves employees shrugging their shoulders. Because in
situations like this, they often say to themselves “I don't want
to be a nuisance and be pushy, so I can't just call them. If the
customer is interested, they will get in touch. But if I really
need to follow up, I'd rather do it by email.”
And the boss? He is at a loss and wonders what is wrong with
his employee – you can just pick up the phone! That's what he
used to do ...
A delicate balance
Very often, communication is a balancing act between intrusiveness
and indifference. Admittedly, hardly any customer likes
it when salespeople are annoying. But on the other hand, do
not customers also want to feel wanted and desired? Who has
not experienced the disappointment of having to run after the
waitress in a restaurant?
34
MAFO 4-25

BUSINESS
And is it not often a case of “getting the order” or “not getting
the order” in everyday business life, or in other words, all or
nothing? After all, orders are usually only placed once. And if
you are too passive here, you run the risk of not being awarded
the contract.
Of course, there are people who happily make inquiries here
and there – and insist on a written rather than a personal
dialog. Right from the start. But can it be right to provide an
enquirer with an offer almost on demand if they are not even
prepared to speak to the provider before the offer is made?
Is it not even a clear alarm signal that this request is highly
unlikely to result in an order? Why do providers invest a lot
of time and money in elaborate offers if the enquirer clearly
communicates from the outset: “I set the rules for how you
have to work!”? Are such behaviors really the basis for solid
business or an appreciative and prosperous cooperation?
Providers need rules of the game
An analysis of the inquiries that come in via different channels
and the resulting completion rates are a valuable indication of
where specific changes are required. The bottom line is that some
companies are better off if they do not blindly send out offers,
but define minimum requirements before taking the next step.
For example, if the interested party is ready for a further open
qualification meeting after their inquiry, whether on site, on
the phone or online, then the next step is taken and an elaborate
and meaningful offer is prepared. If not, then they will not
receive a detailed and individualized offer due to a lack of order
probability, but at best a standard offer.
Salespeople need ideas
If salespeople are reluctant to call the enquirer, there is a reason
behind it. Possibly not only the concern of disturbing the call,
but perhaps also the fear of being spontaneously overwhelmed
by the reaction of the person called. The prospective customer
could react in very different ways: from polite and eager to the
point of being dominant and dismissive.
Who really wants to end the conversation and regret the call
because the person called has pushed them to the edge of their
possibilities, with or without malicious intent? Even though
this risk is quite low, it still exists and it will influence your
decision to call or not, even if you are not even aware of it.
My tip: exchanging ideas with experienced colleagues, regular
training and an increasing number of tasks to be carried out
on the phone can help many employees to enter customer
meetings with more courage and confidence. ◆
Oliver Schumacher
Oliver Schumacher, sales trainer since 2009 and networking
professional, sets new accents in the areas of knowledge
transfer, learning culture and personal positioning in a likeable,
well-founded manner. Under the motto "Be real", he shows
how anyone can become No. 1 - whether self-employed,
manager or employee. For him, the main drivers of growth
are curiosity and courage, discipline and (self-)confidence.
https://oliver-schumacher.de/
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Connected Products
SPOTLIGHT
Everything connected
Products that transform ophthalmic optics
New technologies are sweeping through the optical industry
across the entire value chain. Almost all of these products have
one thing in common: they are connected. This means that they
“communicate” with their environment in some way, thereby
offering added value to users. This applies to production as
well as to frame selection, repairs, and the glasses themselves.
MAFO took a look at the entire eyewear shopping experience
and presents individual innovative products that are already
significantly changing the world of eyewear. By Hanna Diewald
1. The (automatic) eye test
The basis of every eyewear purchase is the measurement of
optimal visual acuity and the evaluation of the final prescription.
Whether at an ophthalmologist, optometrist, or optician, the
procedure is usually very similar. The customer sits behind a
phoropter or a trial frame and the expert performs a subjective
refraction. This requires physical eyeglass lenses and a welltrained
specialist. But does it have to be this way?
90 seconds. A final prescription is then issued in cooperation
with a tele-physician or tele-optometrist. Further measurements,
which are also intended to cover different areas of eye
screening, are currently under development.
On its website, the company describes that Eyebot's first
generation (Gen1) contactless eye scanner measures as accurately
as clinical autorefractors. CEO and co-founder
Matthias Hofmann also emphasizes that the aim is not to
compete with ophthalmologists. In fact, he says, there are too
few of them to ensure good care. The terminal is therefore
intended to be a supplement. The terminal is currently available
in the US. Expansion into other countries is planned for 2026.
Key to success: The combination of tele-experts and good
vision test technology makes the product attractive.
Fig. 1: Eyebot AI
Example Eyebot AI: This American company offers an automated
vision test. Customers can use it independently and
the device determines visual acuity with prescription within
2. Screening
Eye screening is designed to detect signs of disease or abnormalities
at an early stage. This may involve examining
the retina, the optic nerve, or the intraocular pressure, for
example. The qualifications required to perform this screening
vary from country to country. However, there is often a
shortage of specialists, resulting in long waiting times for
appointments and a high inhibition for contacting a doctor
in the first place. But there are already solutions to this
problem.
36
MAFO 4-25

Connected Products
SPOTLIGHT
Fig. 2: Ocumeda
Fig. 3: Fittingbox
Example Ocumeda: Qualified opticians perform medical eye
screenings in specialist stores. For example, at Fielmann in
Germany. The data is then transmitted securely and in compliance
with GDPR (General Data Protection Security) to licensed
ophthalmologists via the Zeiss | Ocumeda platform. The
ophthalmologists then send the opticians' customers their
ophthalmological findings report by email or post, including
a detailed assessment and individual recommendations for
action. Ocumeda is currently active in Germany.
Key to success: Networking screening technology, opticians,
and tele-doctors. Without long waiting times and the hassle
of making a doctor's appointment, screening can help many
more people identify problems at an early stage.
3. Choosing frames
The eye test and screening are often followed by the selection
of frames. Of course, these must fit the customer perfectly.
Not only must the size be right, but also the shape – suitable
for the face – and the fit on the nose is important, unless the
model has an adjustable nose bridge.
Of course, many people want to touch frames and experience
them with all their senses. But many does not mean all. Even
though optical retail is not an easy playing field for online retailers,
it is nevertheless a sector that is growing steadily. Virtual try-on
is the buzzword for all companies that want to enable their customers
to shop online or that follow a multi-channel strategy.
Example Fittingbox: Using machine learning and deep
learning, experts here develop algorithms that generate virtual
glasses on the image of a real person within milliseconds. The
company is the market leader in virtual try-on for eyewear
and frame digitization in 3D. With more than 193,000 digitized
frame models, the company now has a huge database and
counts various large chains among its customers.
Key to success: High-end technology enables a virtual try-on
of eyeglass frames. It meets the customer's need for
uncomplicated online shopping thanks to the connection of
opticians and customers in the digital world.
4. Centering devices
Measuring the point of view when wearing a frame with a pen
or measuring the pupillary distance using a pupillometer is
today often a thing of the past for many opticians. Instead,
state-of-the-art video centering devices ensure precision and
leave a competent impression on customers. For example,
classic measurements such as corneal vertex distance, pupillary
distance, frame angle, and tilt are measured. Depending on
the device, it is also possible to perform special measurements,
such as pupil diameter, dominant eye, near vision habits, or
the vertex distance. Some devices can also be operated with a
tablet, or the data can be transferred directly and support lens
consultation with attractive visualization.
Key to success: Maximum precision for customized lenses. Additionally,
the networking of measuring device and digital device
enable clear visualization of lens thickness, etc. for the customer.
5. The final product
Of course, classic frames and classic lenses are an integral part
of our world and are the first choice for customers in the vast
majority of cases. Highly customized progressive lenses impress
with their excellent quality, single vision lenses are a done deal
and lenses for myopia control can even slow down the development
of short-sightedness.
And yet, individual smart and connected products are sure to
delight many tech-savvy customers today. Examples include
addition at the touch of a button, sports glasses that darken within
0.09 seconds, and smart glasses that also improve hearing.
Example Morrow: The Belgian company already offers smart
glasses that provide an addition at the touch of a button. The
whole thing works with the help of liquid crystal lenses and
electronic components embedded in the frame.
MAFO 4-25 37

Connected Products
SPOTLIGHT
Fig. 4: Morrow
Fig. 6: Nuance Audio
With the push of a button, a small electric current activates the
liquid crystal, instantly changing the refraction of light (Fig. 4).
In just 0.6 seconds, one can switch focus from near to far. Since
the additional addition is currently limited to one diopter, the
company is still working with a kind of hybrid model. This
means that a progressive lens with slight addition is used for
one part of the “sandwich” lens. The additional addition of the
liquid crystal film adds up the power. However, the aberrations
remain low, as is usual with low additions in progressive lenses.
Currently, these special glasses are only available from opticians
in France and Belgium. But that is set to change in the future.
Key to success: Addition at the touch of a button, resulting in
fewer imaging errors and a wide field of vision – all thanks to
the connection of frame and lenses.
Key to success: Support better vision and hearing in one device,
enabling barrier-free access for beginners with mild hearing loss.
6. The repair
The glasses are now with the customer, who is satisfied with
the high-quality spectacle lenses, but the frame breaks. It may
no longer be repairable, or available, or the customer does not
have a second pair of glasses and needs immediate help. If
regrinding is not an option due to the shape or diopter of the
lenses, the customer and optician are quickly faced with major
problems. This is where OOmade comes in.
Example Out Off: This sports eyewear model darkens in just
0.09 seconds. The glasses darken thanks to electronic lenses.
The IRID lenses work with a small photovoltaic panel that
powers a liquid crystal film. The glasses do not require any
battery. A clip is available for individual prescription lenses.
Key to success: Dark lenses in less than a second and in any
environment.
Fig. 7: OOmade
Fig. 5: Out Off
Example OOmade: The French company offers a 3D printer
that prints new frames directly on site. The shape of the lenses
is scanned, and a new model is created to fit them exactly. The
company developed the 3D software platform itself. A bio-based
material is used for printing.
Key to success: Frame repairs can be carried out on site, even
if filling, soldering, etc. are not an option.
Example Nuance Audio: EssilorLuxottica's hearing glasses
combine better hearing with better vision. Microphones, speakers,
and the so-called beamforming technology are designed to improve
speech comprehension. The hearing glasses are not technologically
comparable to a classic hearing aid that is fitted by a hearing aid
acoustician. Nevertheless, they could offer an easy introduction
to hearing aids, especially for people with mild hearing loss. There
is a massive undersupply of hearing aids worldwide, as many
people associate hearingsystems with something negative.
These examples show that buying glasses today, at every level,
can also be a technical process that is optimized thanks to
networked products.
This also applies, of course, to the production of spectacle frames
and lenses. Here, existing technology is becoming more modern,
connected, and efficient than ever before with each passing year.
One example of this is automatic cosmetic inspection, which
was unthinkable just a short time ago. A market overview with
a wide variety of products follows on the next few pages. ◆
38
MAFO 4-25

SPECIAL
Automated
Cosmetic Inspection
For decades, cosmetic inspection was carried out exclusively by humans. But this has
recently changed. Several machine suppliers now offer inspection machines for the
automated cosmetic inspection in optical labs. But what are the differences and advantages
of the various products?
Find it out in MAFO's brand-new market survey automated cosmetic inspection that
compares the latest products on the market. All query points are answered by the
manufacturers themselves.
Special
FULLY-AUTOMATED COSMETIC INSPECTION
AND FULL-MAP POWER MEASUREMENT
DETECTED
Haze
DETECTED
Scratch
POWER MEASURED
DETECTED
NEW
FULL-MAP
POWER
MEASUREMENT
FULLY -AUTOMATED
COSMETIC
INSPECTION
Center
Dot
No Go
Rework
Go
CSIp m
The AI-powered system is a real game changer, combining fully-automated cosmetic inspection with full-map
power measurement in one machine. CSI-P Modulo ONE assesses all quality defining aspects in a fast process and
assures consistent compliance with all of a lab‘s quality standards.
The system reliably detects cosmetic defects absolutely dependably. It screens the surface for irregularities, and
characterizes and evaluates them with the help of artificial intelligence. Any common defects are detected. The smart
system learns and understands what kind of defect(s), in which combination, in what intensity and in which zones is
deemed acceptable. Ultimately it mimics individual decision making patterns to reflect a lab‘s unique quality standard.
In addition, CSI-P Modulo ONE measures the power across the full-map including spherical and cylindrical power,
axes, and prism in transmission with high resolution. The data is analyzed and an error map is calculated and
displayed. The result is automated assessment of all quality defining information.
www.schneider-om.com
dulo
RZ_AZ_CSI-p_modulo_ONE_MAFO_Inside_05-2025_184,355x172,862_4c_engl.indd 2 27.05.2025 14:21:30
MAFO 4-25 39

MARKET SURVEYS
Automation & Robotics
www.ar.be
Automated cosmetic inspection
Cosme on ProMapper
Cosme on NeoMapper
Application
Small labs (less than 100 l/ shift) x /
Medium sized labs (100 - 3,000 l/shift) x x
Mass production labs (more than 3,000 l/shift) x x
Lens diameter mm
(minimum and maximum ∅)
44 to 80 44 to 82
Measurement range (dpt.) -12 to + 10 -12 to + 10
Maximum lens thickness mm 18 18
All organic materials (1.5, 1.6, 1.67 1.74,
polycarbonate, trivex)
x
x
Mineral / /
Semi-finished lenses / /
Surfaced lenses x x
Coated lenses x x
Multifocal lenses coming soon coming soon
Tinted up to […] % (percentage requested) 80 80
Polarized x x
Technical data
Productivity (lenses / hour) [MR8, 1.6, Ø 70,
sph. -3,0, cyl. 2.0, Add. 2.5, private label]
120 150
Weight (kg / lbs) 65 kg 240 kg
Dimensions (w x d x h) / [ m / inches]
(machine without conveyor)
0.73 x 0.52 x 0.78 m 1.08 x 0.62 x 1.77 m
Process
Features
Cleaning process (antistatic, air, etc.) / /
All kinds of defects detectable (material
defects, surface defects, coating defects
x
x
and removavle particle detection)
Cosmetic inspection in transmission or
reflection (trans/refl)
transmission
transmission
Power mapping x x
Thickness measurement x x
Diameter measurement x x
Shape measurement x x
Auto calibration x x
Automatic loading/unloading / x
Lab dependent or independent quality
standards (dep/ind)
dep
dep
Multiple inspection zones configurable x x
Multiple levels via size, location, numbers
(Brand - PL - WL ….) configurable
x
x
Self learning AI (learns without human guidance) / /
Supervised AI (trained on a labeled data set) x* x*
Input and output in standard format, say VCA x x
Statistical overview/reports only to hosts
(LMS) also in stand-alone mode
x
x
Further information
Legend: Yes = x, No = /, Optional = o
40
*hybrid AI
Customization of the decision rules within 2
weeks. Clear and accessible results visualization
*hybrid AI
Easy & rapid configuration, smooth integration
into production process on existing conveyor
MAFO 4-25

MARKET SURVEYS
Mirapro
Buhler Leybold Optics
www.mirapro.co.jp/hawkaeye/en/
www.buhlergroup.com/global/en/industries/leyboldoptics.html
OptoTech
www.optotech.net/en/product/detail/vista~op27606
HAWKAEYE LX70000
VISTA
x
x
x
x
50 to 80 40 to 90 mm
-10 to + 6 -10 to +10
20 20
x
x
/ x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
/ 85-90
/ /
up to 240 lenses / hour
up to 300 lenses/h
2100 kg / 4630 lbs 600 kg / 1322 lbs
3.7 x 1.3 x 1.8 m
146 x 52 x 73 inches
1.34 x 1.8 x 2.2 m
52.8 x 70.9 x 86.6 inches with handling
antistatic, air
x
antistatic, air
x
both
transmission
/ /
/ /
o /
o /
not needed /
o
x
both
x
x
x
x
x
/ o
x
o
x
x
x
x
Constant evolving cosmetic inspection adapting to each customer's quality
needs through AI learning
MAFO 4-25 41

MARKET SURVEYS
Schneider
www.schneider-om.com
Automated cosmetic inspection
CSI-P Modulo ONE
CSI Modulo ONE
Application
Small labs (less than 100 l/ shift) x x
Medium sized labs (100 - 3,000 l/shift) x x
Mass production labs (more than 3,000 l/shift) x x
Lens diameter mm
(minimum and maximum ∅)
40 to 85 40 to 85
Measurement range (dpt.) -14 to 11 -14 to 11
Maximum lens thickness mm 45 45
All organic materials (1.5, 1.6, 1.67 1.74,
polycarbonate, trivex)
x
x
Mineral x x
Semi-finished lenses x x
Surfaced lenses x x
Coated lenses x x
Multifocal lenses x x
Tinted up to […] % (percentage requested) 90 90
Polarized x x
Technical data
Productivity (lenses / hour) [MR8, 1.6, Ø 70,
sph. -3,0, cyl. 2.0, Add. 2.5, private label]
200 up to 300
Weight (kg / lbs) 420 kg 420 kg
Dimensions (w x d x h) / [ m / inches]
(machine without conveyor)
1.7 x 1.23 x 1.8 m
67 x 49 x 71 inches
1.7 x 1.23 x 1.8 m
67 x 49 x 71 inches
Process
Features
Cleaning process (antistatic, air, etc.) air air
All kinds of defects detectable (material
defects, surface defects, coating defects
x
x
and removavle particle detection)
Cosmetic inspection in transmission or
reflection (trans/refl)
transmission
transmission
Power mapping x /
Thickness measurement x (optical) /
Diameter measurement / /
Shape measurement / /
Auto calibration x x
Automatic loading/unloading x (gripper) x (gripper)
Lab dependent or independent quality
standards (dep/ind)
both
both
Multiple inspection zones configurable x x
Multiple levels via size, location, numbers
(Brand - PL - WL ….) configurable
x
x
Self learning AI (learns without human guidance) / /
Supervised AI (trained on labeled data set) x* x*
Input and output in standard format, say VCA x x
Statistical overview/reports only to hosts
(LMS) also in stand-alone mode
x
x
Further information
*Supervised AI will be trained and evaluated by internal AI and lens quality experts
Legend: Yes = x, No = /, Optional = o
42
MAFO 4-25

SPECIAL
Automated
Cosmetic Inspection
For decades, cosmetic inspection was carried out exclusively by humans. But this has
recently changed. Several machine suppliers now offer inspection machines for the
automated cosmetic inspection in optical labs. But what are the differences and advantages
of the various products?
Find it out in MAFO's brand-new market survey automated cosmetic inspection that
compares the latest products on the market. All query points are answered by the
manufacturers themselves.
Special
COSME
A U T O M A T E D C O S M E T I C I N S P E C T I O N
W i t h A & R , i t ’ s n o t a n e w m a c h i n e ,
i t ’ s a n e w s t a n d a r d .
L a b s q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d
C o n f i g u r a b l e d e c i s i o n r u l e s
MAFO 4-25 43

Suppliers
Guide
Surfacing
Filtration systems
Engraving / printing
Tinting
Hard coating
Cleaning
AR Coating
Edging
Inspection
Consumables
Diamond tools
Software
Designs
Automation & Robotics
Bühler
Coburn Technologies
Comes
Fil-Tech
Filtertech
FISA
Horizons Optical
IOT
K&Y
Kan-Pacific
Lensware
Nidek
Optimal Technologies
OptoTech
Satisloh
Schneider
SCL
Teco
Ultra Optics
44
MAFO 4-25

Suppliers Guide
AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
www.ar.be
TOTAL LENS INSPECTION
DIGITAL INKING
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC)
SERVICES & AUTOMATED SOLUTIONS
salesmarketing@ar.be
Tel. 315-682-8815
info@filtertech.com
Machines for your coating excellence
Reliable. Efficient. Flexible.
Bühler Alzenau GmbH
Business Area Leybold Optics
Siemensstrasse 88, D-63755 Alzenau
T +49(0)6023 500-0
leyboldoptics@buhlergroup.com
www.buhlergroup.com
Process
Water Treatment
Ultrasounds
Robot
Industry 4.0
HMI Controller
Plugins
CONTACT US NOW
www.fisa.com
Optics@fisa.com
Optical solutions tailored to you,
from lens design
to your retail experience.
Focus on you
!AZ.indd 13
Your lens innovation
and technology partner.
Cleaning & Hard Coating
IOT empowers Automatic optical Machines businesses
with cutting-edge technologies and
innovative See more solutions to design and
produce information advanced ophthalmic lenses.
scan QR code
info@kanpacific.com
www.kanpacific.com
QUALITY & SAVINGS
FROM STOCK
• Sensor Heads and Feedthroughs
• INFICON Deposition Monitors and Controllers
• Quality Crystals ®
• Vacuum Pump Fluids
• Vacuum Measurement Gauges
• Electron Beam Gun Parts
• Ion Source Parts
!AZ.indd 14
www.filtech.com
617-227-1133 • 800-743-1743
paula@filtech.com
Cleaning & Hard Coating
Automatic Machines
See more
information
09.05.25
scan 11:47
QR code
info@kanpacific.com
www.kanpacific.com
MAFO 4-25 45

Suppliers Guide
YOUR ULTRA PRECISION
Diamond Tools Manufacturer
kydiamond.ca
sales@ kydiamond.ca
> Excellent service and
quick turnaround
> Compliant with
any generator
OPTICAL MANUFACTURING SOLUTIONS
Satisloh AG
Neuhofstrasse 12
CH - 6340 Baar / Switzerland
Phone: +41 (0) 41766 16 16
Email: info@satisloh.com
satisloh.com
The Lab Management System Company
LensWare International GmbH
Robert-Bosch-Str. 32
63225 Langen - Germany
Phone : +49 6103 / 372 87 87
Email : info@lensware.de
Web : www.lensware.de
SCHNEIDER GmbH & Co. KG
Biegenstrasse 8–12 · 35112 Fronhausen · Germany
Phone: +49 (64 26) 96 96-0 · Fax: +49 (64 26) 96 96-100
www.schneider-om.com · info@schneider-om.com
HARD COAT LEADER
HARD COATING CLEANING TINTING PERIPHERALS CONSUMABLES EXPERTISE
271 rue Laszlo Biro
ArchParc
FR-74160 Archamps
scl-intl.com
+33 (0) 450 820 720
office1@scl-intl.com
Hard coating ad:
World leaders in Lens Hard Coating
Machines and process solutions
X-Cube
Lens Digital Printer
Enjoy:
• unlimited designs
• digi-speed process
Full range available for any production
volume
Choose your frame colour
!AZ.indd Expert advice 9 on your application
23.01.18 11:27
contact us: (+44) 1462 49 16 16
sales@optimal-technologies.com optimal-technologies.com
www.tecofrance.com
info@tecofrance.com
White
Yellow
Blue
Red
Cyan
Purple
Cleaning ad:
Optical Machinery. Processing Technology.
!AZ.indd 2
OptoTech Optikmaschinen GmbH
Sandusweg 2-4 • 35435 Wettenberg/Germany
Tel.: + 49 641 49939-0
World leaders in Ultrasonic Cleaning
eMail: info.de@optotech.net
Machines prior to lens coating
Web: www.optotech.net
Full range available for any lens volume
03.06.14 12:02
Expert advice on your application
46
Contact us for our full range: +44 (0) 1462 491 616
sales@optimal-technologies.com www.optimal-technologies.com
MAFO 4-25

HISTORY
António Plácido da Costa
From weaver's son to academic pioneer
Every optician knows them, many use them every day, and most probably had the snake Kaa from The
Jungle Book in mind when they sat down in front of one for the first time: a keratograph with the typical
Plácido rings. This arrangement of concentric rings alternating in black and white was developed by the
scientist and physician António Plácido da Costa. Here we present his groundbreaking invention, which is
used in state-of-the-art keratographs today. By Silke Sage
In 1874, he enrolled at the Medical and Surgical School of
Porto, where he was a student of Ricardo Jorge, with whom he
collaborated years later in research on bubonic plague. During
his studies, he developed a particular interest in ophthalmology
and specialized in this field. He completed his medical studies
in 1879 with the presentation of his dissertation “Apontamentos
de micrologia médica” (Notes on Medical Micrology) and
graduated with distinction.
Fig. 1: António Plácido da Costa (1848-1916)
António Plácido da Costa was born on September 1,
1848, in Covilhã, Portugal, as the son of weaver
Rafael da Costa. From an early age he showed a
strong interest in science and medicine. In 1863,
at the age of 15, he moved with his father to Porto, where his
father had been hired by the Lordelo do Ouro wool factory.
There, the young man continued his schooling at Colégio do
Padre Six. Originally, he was supposed to be prepared for a
career in the church.
Academic career
After transferring to the National Lyceum, he completed his
exams and entered the Polytechnic Academy of Porto, where
he remained until July 1868. At this academy, he passed exams
in physics, chemistry, zoology, and botany, and in 1867 he
received a prize in botany for the presentation of a paper on
plant histology.
Inventions in ophthalmology
Between 1879 and 1891, he worked as an ophthalmologist in
Dr. Van der Laan's practice in Lisbon, during which time he
wrote ten articles for the “Periódico de Oftalmologia Prática.”
In seven of these studies, he presented four of his inventions:
the “examination astigmatoscope,” probably the most famous of
all, known today as Plácido's keratoscope; the orthopedic binoscope,
an instrument to assist in the subjective correction of
strabismus; the hygrothermal capsule for the application of moist
heat in eye diseases; and the “galvanotherapeutic battery.”
Back in Porto, he exhibited his inventions in a room at the
medical-surgical school and submitted his last published work,
entitled “Fisiologia do punctum caecum da retina humana”
(editors note: Physiology of the Punctum Caecum of the Human
Retina) as his thesis for the position of substitute lecturer in
the medical department of this school.
During his teaching and research activities, he taught histology
and physiology (first as a private lecturer, then as a full lecturer
from 1911). He headed the physiology laboratory (1884-1906)
and, among many other instruments, built the first telescope
designed and manufactured in Portugal (1883-1885) and the
“eye electromagnet” (1884) for removing foreign bodies made
of ferromagnetic metal from the eye.
One of his most important inventions was the keratoscope
mentioned above, a device for examining the cornea of the eye.
He developed this instrument, also known as the Plácido disc,
in Porto around 1880. This hand-held device consisted of a 23
cm disc with concentric black and white rings and a central
viewing hole.
MAFO 4-25 47

HISTORY
Later, optical and geometric principles were used to derive the
exact geometry of the cornea from the distortions of the rings.
This later led to the development of keratometers and modern
corneal topographers, which today perform precise measurements
based on Plácido's principle.
Fig.2: Invented in 1880: This device, pictured here from the
1920s, was used to determine the radius of curvature of the corneal
surface and diagnose irregular astigmatism.
António Plácido da Costa developed his keratoscope at a time
when it was very difficult to accurately analyze the cornea, its
condition, and its geometry. His method of examining the
cornea was therefore largely based on visual observation.
Plácido himself could tell with the naked eye whether the reflection
was regular or distorted. Strongly elliptical or unevenly
spaced rings indicated an irregular corneal surface. Areas with
varying distances between the rings suggested local changes
in curvature. And by comparison with known cases, he was
able to draw conclusions about specific clinical pictures.
Empirical assessment
Since this was long before the advent of digital image processing,
his method was purely visual and empirical. Ophthalmologists
had to learn from experience how different deformations of
the rings were related to specific corneal curvatures.
Although Plácido himself did not perform any precise
mathematical calculations, his observation skills were revolutionary.
His method was simple but effective – and over the
decades it has developed into a highly precise medical technique.
With his method, he laid the foundation for later mathematical
models for analyzing corneal curvature.
Further development of his method
The introduction of the keratoscope was initially met with
reluctance, as ophthalmology was still in its infancy in terms
of instrumental diagnostics at the time and new methods were
often viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, Plácido's invention
gradually gained acceptance due to its effectiveness and became
established in clinical practice. While Plácido's approach was
still purely qualitative, later mathematical and computerassisted
methods enabled quantitative analysis.
Today, digital corneal topographers automatically analyze
the reflection patterns and create color-coded maps of the
corneal geometry. This technique is essential for the precise
fitting of contact lenses, the diagnosis of corneal diseases,
and the planning of eye surgeries such as LASIK. 3
Numerous companies have developed devices based on the
principle of the Plácido disc. These devices are used
worldwide in opticians' shops, ophthalmologists' practices,
and clinics and are an integral part of modern optometry
and ophthalmology.
António Plácido da Costa died in Porto in 1916 at the age of
68. He was married and had children. His work laid the
foundation for numerous advances in the diagnosis and
treatment of corneal diseases and continues to be used
worldwide more than a century after its invention. 1,2 ◆
The basic principle of the Plácido disc is simple
but effective: the concentric black and white rings
are projected onto the cornea. The cornea acts
like a mirror and reflects the pattern of the rings.
This reflection can now be interpreted through the
central hole of the disc with a converging lens. 3 In
a healthy, regularly curved cornea, the reflected
rings appear uniform and circular. However, if there
are irregularities in the curvature of the cornea
(e.g., in astigmatism or keratoconus), the rings are
distorted or asymmetrical.
References: 1. U.Porto - University of Porto Famous Alumni: António Plácido
da Costa, 2. Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia, 3. Optical methods for
measuring corneal topography: A review DOI:10.7149 OPA.52.2.51016
48
MAFO 4-25

OUTLOOK
Closing with good news!
Early detection of glaucoma during sleep
Researchers at the University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China recently published a study on a soft, stretchable bimodal
contact lens (BCL). This smart lens is capable of simultaneously
monitoring intraocular pressure and eye movement even when the
eyelids are closed. This is particularly exciting because other contact
lenses that perform similar measurements only work when the eyes
are open or do not perform both measurements simultaneously.
Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and irregular eye movements (EM)
are important biomarkers for glaucoma, but these indicators often go
unnoticed during sleep. However, nocturnal IOP spikes and EM events
associated with the REM phase are particularly important for the diagnosis
and prevention of damage. By integrating capacitive and magnetic sensors
into a single, wirelessly connected platform, the device enables round-theclock
monitoring of eye health, according to the researchers, and could
thus offer a new path to personalized, proactive care.
MAFO 01 MAFO 03
MAFO 05
Special
topics in
MAFO 2025
Lab
Management
Smart
Processes
Sustainable
Environments
Connected
Products
Go Green!
Markets
Worldwide
MAFO 02
MAFO 04
MAFO 06
Preview
MAFO 05/2025
The upcoming MAFO issue for September and October sets the stage for the
important trade fairs Vision Expo West and Silmo Paris. Readers will find a
preview of the most important trade fair highlights, as well as a special focus on
“Go Green!”. This section will cover topics like the paperless lab, a look behind
the scenes of the spin coating process, and smart strategies for reducing energy
consumption and the use of chemicals in optical labs. And finally, readers
should not forget to check out the market overview on hard coating machines.
www.mafo-optics.com/mafo-subscription
MAFO 4-25 49

Eyepress Fachmedien GmbH
Saarner Str. 151
45479 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr
66527
Germany
POWER MEASURED
FULL-MAP
POWER
MEASUREMENT
No Go
Go
DETECTED
Haze
DETECTED
Scratch
DETECTED
Center
Dot
FULLY -AUTOMATED
COSMETIC
INSPECTION
RZ_AZ_CSI-p_modulo_ONE_MAFO_05-2025_160x225_4c_engl.indd 1 05.06.2025 15:53:16
01_Titel.indd 1 16.06.25 12:56
3/2025
Eyepress Fachmedien GmbH
Saarner Str. 151
45479 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr
66527
Germany
Highly
versatile
Environmentally
friendly
Highest
throughput
01_Titel.indd 1 12.05.25 11:43
Eyepress Fachmedien GmbH
Saarner Str. 151
45479 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr
66527
Germany
Real-time data
collection, to improve
your lab performance
Detect & correct issues
before they leave your
production site
Get the right machine
and process reports that
impact your OEE
Analyze production data &
identify areas to reduce your
environmental footprint
01_Titel.indd 1 13.03.25 17:24
Eyepress Fachmedien GmbH
Saarner Str. 151
45479 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr
66527
Germany
processes
lenses
hour
L_AZ_Modulo_Center_ONE_MAFO_12-2024_160x225_4c_engl_D.indd 1 02.12.2024 11:52:33
sq.ft.
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ISSN 1614-1598 66527
Volume 21
ISSN 1614-1598 66527
Volume 21
ISSN 1614-1598 66527
Volume 21
ISSN 1614-1598 66527
Volume 21
OPHTHALMIC LABS & INDUSTRY
OPHTHALMIC LABS & INDUSTRY
OPHTHALMIC LABS & INDUSTRY
OPHTHALMIC LABS & INDUSTRY
Connect, discover,
stay up-to-date
4/2025
▶ Special: Connected
products
Autofocus glasses
– a concept for
the future?
Basic knowledge of
artificial intelligence
Everything connected
▶ Technology
Black magic or
precision?
w
50 years of
developments
in ophthalmic
lenses | Part 3
▶ Interview
How tariffs affect the
eyeglass industry
Good forecasts
despite partly poor
consumer climate
▶ Business
Polite or cowardly?
NEW
CSIp m
FULLY-AUTOMATED
COSMETIC INSPECTION
AND FULL-MAP
POWER MEASUREMENT
dulo
Rework
The AI-powered system is a real game changer, combining fully-automated cosmetic
inspection with full-map power measurement in one machine. CSI-P Modulo ONE assesses
all quality defining aspects in a fast process and assures consistent compliance with all
of a lab‘s quality standards.
The system reliably detects cosmetic defects absolutely dependably. It screens the surface for
irregularities, and characterizes and evaluates them with the help of artificial intelligence. Any
common defects are detected. The smart system learns and understands what kind of defect(s),
in which combination, in what intensity and in which zones is deemed acceptable. Ultimately it
mimics individual decision making patterns to reflect a lab‘s unique quality standard.
In addition, CSI-P Modulo ONE measures the power across the full-map including
spherical and cylindrical power, axes, and prism in transmission with high resolution.
The data is analyzed and an error map is calculated and displayed.
The result is automated assessment of all quality defining information.
www.schneider-om.com
Connect, discover,
stay up-to-date
ECO-FRIENDLY DEBOXING AT
UNMATCHED SPEED
DBX m
With DBX Modulo ONE, SCHNEIDER debuts a powerful and fully automated lens
deboxer for high throughput, 24/7. The innovative technology unpacks not just
one kind but a wide range of boxes – perforated or not, with or without blisters –
with a clean process. Designed for high efficiency and throughput, it deboxes
two lenses at a time.
In line with today‘s market trends, it has been specifically optimized for more
eco-friendly cardboard solutions and supports this new standard. It requires a
minimum of energy to open the boxes, making it a highly sustainable deboxer.
All waste material is separated and collected individually to simplify recycling.
DBX Modulo ONE follows SCHNEIDER‘s vision to provide the full solution for
ophthalmic labs, from warehousing all the way to inline coating and beyond.
www.schneider-om.com
dulo
Connect, discover,
stay up-to-date
2/2025
▶ Special:
Smart Processes
The evolution of
cosmetic inspection
Next generation
centering devices
▶ Live on Site
Experiencing
the future of
manufacturing in Milan
Between intelligent
production in the
lab and eyeglass
lens science fiction
▶ Spotlight
A strong future
in Orlando?
50 years of
developments in
ophthalmic lenses
A strong IT foundation
is not just a necessity
– it is a game-changer
▶ Market Survey
Industrial edging
MES-360
OPTIMIZE YOUR LAB’S DAILY PROCESSES, LEVEL UP YOUR
PRODUCTIVITY, MONITOR & CONTROL YOUR PRODUCTION
MES-360 Manufacturing Execution Software is specifically developed for the optical industry to optimize
lab productivity. The latest version delivers improved dashboard components incl. KPIs in real time, e.g.
number of jobs per shift & machine status overview. It provides reports on lab productivity & machine
energy consumption. Another feature provided is access to machine manuals.
PRODUCTION
QUALITY
MACHINE
WASTE
EFFICIENCY
CONTROL
PERFORMANCE
REDUCTION
Request a demo & learn how MES-360 can level up your lab’s productivity!
satisloh.com
Connect, discover,
stay up-to-date
1/2025
▶ Special:
Lab Management
Blockless lens
surfacing technologies
A radically new way of
subjective refraction
Additive manufactured
coatings
▶ Spotlight
MAFO – The
Conference timetable
and more
▶ Live on Site
Visit at Morrow:
Addition at the
touch of a button
▶ Market Survey
Cleaning machinery
4
M
▶ Special:
Sustainable
Environments
“Supporting talent –
regardless of if they
are men or women“
First German-
Chinese school
for optometrists in
China established
▶ Technology
Dry tinting technology
w
▶ Live on Site
A visit at the
EssilorLuxottica lens
production facility
▶ History
50 years of
developments
in ophthalmic
lenses | part 2
▶ Business
How fear prevents
confidence and
success
ALL-IN-
80
dulo Center
in 1
72
Imagine one single machine featuring all the technology to surface 80 lenses/hour,
in just 72 sq.ft. This is the new Modulo Center ONE. The all-in-one surfacing center is a
full-fledged production line without limitations: a milling station // a lathe turning
station // one or two 4-spindle polishing units // a CO2 or excimer laser
Modulo Center ONE features highly advanced Modulo ONE process technology as well as
robust and reliable components proven in hundreds of installations across the globe.
An inner ring forms the basis for the smart and swift automation featuring multiple
handling systems. Substantial time savings are won through the machine’s tight integration
and by running all processes simultaneously – even milling and lathe turning.
The result: There is no faster way to surface a lens.
Its’ dedicated Control Center (MES) informs at a glance about the current status of the
machine, production parameters, and efficiency.
With Modulo Center ONE the jobs are processed in a fully automated environment
without any need for operator intervention. Simply put: Blank in, surfaced lens out.
SEE IT LIVE AT MIDO // 08. – 12. February 2025 // Hall 6 // Booth K15 K21 N16 N22
www.schneider-om.com
MASTHEAD
PUBLISHERS ADDRESS
Eyepress Fachmedien GmbH
Saarner Str. 151, D-45479 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr
Tel.: +49-208-306683-00
Fax: +49-208-306683-99
Website: www.mafo-optics.com
E-mail: info@mafo-optics.com
CEO
Petros Sioutis
E-mail: p.sioutis@eyepress.de
PUBLISHER
Silke Sage, Petros Sioutis, Efstathios Efthimiadis
FOUNDED 2003 by Jörg Spangemacher
BANK DETAILS
Bank account: Sparkasse Aachen
Bank No.: 390 500 00, Acc. No.: 1073 3925 06
IBAN: DE21 3905 0000 1073 3925 06
SWIFT: AACSDE33XXX
CHIEF-EDITOR
Hanna Diewald
E-mail: hanna.diewald@mafo-optics.com
EDITORS
Rebekka Nurkanovic
E-mail: rebekka.nurkanovic@mafo-optics.com
Britta Laupichler
E-mail: britta@mafo-optics.com
EDITORIAL BOARD
Jörg Spangemacher, Peter Baumbach, Mo Jalie
PRODUCTION & LAYOUT
Efstathios Efthimiadis, Pascal Bruns
E-mail: produktion@eyepress.de
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PressUp GmbH, Postbox 70 13 11, D-22013 Hamburg
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Pauline Möller
Tel.: +49-208-306683-24
E-mail: pauline.moeller@mafo-optics.com
ADVERTISING AGENT GREAT CHINA
Beijing FOCUS Optics Culture Communication Co. Ltd.
Room 319, Building 2, Nr. 1, Northbank 1292, Nr. 15
Jianguo Eastroad,
Beijing 100024 (Chaoyang), P.R. China
Mrs. Jian Wang
Tel.: +86-10-8537-6529
Email: jennywang_focus@126.com
Skype: jennywang611
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Price list no. 21, valid from January 01, 2025
Publication schedule
6 issues 2025: January, March, May,
July, September, November
SUBSCRIPTION COSTS PER YEAR
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(plus VAT for German companies)
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PHOTO CREDITS
P.12: Google Deepmind, P.18: Alona Savchuk, P.24: wei,
P.26: Good Days Digital, P.32: komthong wongsangiam,
P.34: Getty Images, P.36: DesignSells, P.49: Getty Images
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PRODUCTION & PRINT
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The publisher takes no responsibility for unsolicited
manuscripts. Please note also that photographs submitted
for use in MAFO cannot be returned. The publisher’s
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Copies made of published items must be limited
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50
MAFO 4-25

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