The Dairy Mail Aug 2025

Vol 32 • No 8 • AUGUST 2025

R46,50 incl VAT • ISSN: 1561-4301

KI kan

suur melk keer

WOMEN IN

AGRICULTURE:

Breaking barriers, building legacies

IN THIS ISSUE: GERMANY’S DAIRY INDUSTRY | SILAGE CROPS PART 2 |

| DAIRY GENOMICS | THE CENTURY OF VIRUSES | WOMEN IN DAIRY: OBVIOUSLY |

®

Check out this

Lemonhead daughter in her

2nd and 8th lactations.

SHE IS STILL MAKING MONEY!

FERTILE COWS

THAT BREED BACK QUICKLY

DRIVE YOUR PROFITABILITY.

in the herd of Sarel and Marilize

Wasserman in the Tsitsikamma

LEMONHEAD IS IN JX CRISPIN’S SIRE STACK | JX THRASHER IS THE SIRE OF JX CRISPIN

BOTH ARE DAUGHTER FERTILITY EXPERTS!

JX CRISPIN {5}

14JE01921 JX PRIMUS THRASHER CRISPIN {5}-ET

JX THRASHER {6} X JX FOURNETTE {3} X LEMONHEAD

3.4 DPR | 3.0 HCR | 3.7 CCR

Daughter Pregnancy Rate | Heifer Conception Rate | Cow Conception Rate

JX THRASHER {6}

7JE01758 JX CDF JLS PILGRIM THRASHER {6}-ET

PILGRIM X VICEROY X SOLEIL

1.6 DPR | 2.7 HCR | 1.5 CCR

Daughter Pregnancy Rate | Heifer Conception Rate | Cow Conception Rate

JX Thrasher daughters pictured,

left to right:

Dupat Thrasher 22916-ET VG-82,

Dupat Thrasher 22842-ET VG-85,

JX Victory 51583 Thrasher

58551 {6}-ET VG-81,


58904 {5} EX-90,


60692 {5} VG-84

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Ultraplus is a trademark of STGen LLC. All

gender SELECTED semen is processed using

Ultraplus technology. Evaluations are

powered by CDCB unless otherwise noted.

04/25 CDCB data. 14JE01921 Rel. %:

DPR 83, HCR 72, CCR 83. 7JE01758 Rel.

%: DPR 99, HCR 98, CCR 99.

SOOS ONS DIT SIEN • AS WE SEE IT

A SALUTE TO

strength, nurture, and a

bit of moo-mentum

by Jade Smith, MPO economist

August keeps you on your

toes – it’s when the season

starts answering all the hard

work you put in over winter.

After months of cold weather, lower

milk yields, and scarce grazing, August

brings a welcome shift as we transition

from winter to the early signs of spring. As

temperatures rise and pastures begin to

recover, our farmers start to see the rewards of

their dedication – and the farm moves from a

rhythm of endurance to one of renewal.

But August is more than just a seasonal

turning point. It’s also Women’s Month and a

time to reflect on the remarkable strength and

contributions of women across every sector

that feeds, heals, and builds our nation.

In the world of dairy, that contribution

is immense – often quiet, but never small.

Whether managing herds, leading research,

marketing products, or keeping the milking

parlour running smoothly, women in dairy

embody a rare blend of nurture and grit.

So, to every woman in dairy – I salute you.

For your perseverance. For your compassion.

For your excellence.

For rising each day to keep our food system

alive and flowing.

May this August be a celebration not only of

what you do, but of who you are.

Jade Smith

AUGUST 2025 • THE DAIRY MAIL 1

2 THE DAIRY MAIL • AUGUST 2025

REDAKTEURSBRIEF • EDITOR’S NOTE

VROUE

KÁN BOER

deur Hanlie du Plessis, redakteur van The Dairy Mail

In 2002 het die Amerikaanse Departement

van Landbou sy metodiek van

sensusopnames onder boere verander

sodat meer as een boer per plaas aan die

opname kon deelneem. Daarna kon vroue wat

ook op die plaas betrokke is, ook onder ‘boer’-

status aan die sensus deelneem. Die resultate

was oorweldigend en die rol wat vroue in

kommersiële landbou speel, kon vir die eerste

keer behoorlik gedokumenteer word.

Namate die statstiek bekend geraak het,

was daar geen twyfel nie – vroue kán boer

en dit het vir al meer vroue ’n beroepskeuse

geword. In 2012 was 30% van die net meer as

3 miljoen Amerikaanse boere vroue gewees.

Die 969 672 vroue het volgens die 2017

opname met 27% toegeneem tot 1,2 miljoen

vroue wat hulself as boere beskou het, wat op

daardie stadium 36% van Amerika se totale

aantal boere uitgemaak het. Oor dieselfde

tydperk het die aantal manlike boere met 2%

van 2,2 miljoen tot 2,1 miljoen afgeneem.

Die Verenigde State van Amerika is

sover ek weet die enigste land waarvan

die landbousensus spesifiek voorsiening

maak vir vroulike kommersiële boere. Dit

is nie vergesog om na aanleiding van hul

sensusresultate die aanname te maak dat

daar dalk wêreldwyd, ook in Suid-Afrika, ’n

beduidende en toenemende aantal vroue

is wat uit eie reg suksesvol boer nie. Hierdie

vroue beskou hulself al meer as selfstandige

boere en nie net as die vrou of dogter van

’n boer nie.

Augustus is Vrouemaand en vir ons

’n tyd om na te dink oor die merkwaardige

baanbrekerswerk en bydraes wat vroue

tot die melkbedryf maak. The Dairy Mail

maak ’n draai op die plaas Glentana naby

Somerset‐Oos, waar Wilhelmien en Niel Wilke

as volwaardige vennote saam boer. Lees die

artikel op bladsy 8.

Dr Portia Phohlo is ’n volhoubaarheidsnavorser

wat elke plaas as ’n navorsingstasie

en elke boer as ’n wetenskaplike beskou. Sy

glo dat boere oor ’n magdom kennis beskik

en dat baie by hulle geleer kan word wat in

geen handboek voorkom nie. Ontmoet hierdie

merkwaardige rentmeesterskap-baanbreker

op bladsy 38.

Die bladsye van hierdie tydskrif is te min

om die werklike omvang van die bydraes wat

vroue tot ’n suksesvolle melkbedryf in Suidafrika

maak te weerspiëel, maar weet dat julle

herken, geëer en waardeer word.

Geniet die lees.

Hanlie du Plessis

CONTACT US

BYE-BYE BUZZZZZ…


CONTENTS INHOUDSOPGAWE

48

27

1 Soos ons dit sien • As we see it

3 Redakteursbrief • Editor’s note

7 Meet the team | Suiwelkalender

BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

8 Vroue: volwaardige vennote

11 Germany’s dairy industry

14 Women in animal genetics:

Breaking barriers, building legacies

17 Dairy economic indicators

23 Dairy digits

25 Kortliks • Briefly

PRODUKSIE • PRODUCTION

27 Silage crops: Part 2 – whole crop

oat silage

31 Dairy genomics: The shortcut to progress

35 SMART ways for early mastitis detection

RENTMEESTERSKAP • STEWARDSHIP

38 Portia Phohlo – a barrier-breaking

stewardship champion

40 The century of viruses

BESTUUR • MANAGEMENT

43 Maak reg vir 'n Elite suiwelboer

toekenning

46 Oat silage for reliable winter

roughage preservation

48 Mechanisation makes sense

51 Arbeidskolom

Oneerlikheid tydens onderhoude

53 Financial column

Women in dairy: Obviously!


INHOUD • CONTENTS

Produced by

61

Editorial contributions

Hanlie du Plessis • Tel: 083 293 8007

Email: editor@maxmediagroup.co.za

Advertising & rates

Email: sales@maxmediagroup.co.za

Ilse Liveris • Tel: 072 708 4401

NAVORSING EN OPLEIDING •

RESEARCH AND TRAINING

57 KI kan suur melk keer

61 Research column

Direct-fed microbials affect

lactation performance

63 Strategic partnership to support the role

of crop advisers

VERWERKING • PROCESSING

65 Preserveerkampioenskappe lok

oorweldigende belangstelling

MOO-VING WHEELS

67 More affordable version of the

GWM Tank 300

Charlene Bam • Tel: 061 500 7991

Accounts & subscriptions

Charlene Bam • Tel: 061 500 7991

Email: charlene@maxmediagroup.co.za

On the cover / Op die voorblad

Die pragtige gesinnetjie wat hierdie maand

op ons voorblad pryk is die Wilkes van

Glentana Boerdery in die Somerset‐Oos

omgewing. Van links na regs staan

Wilhelmien met klein Migael, Dercksen,

Sarah-Sophia, Daniël en Magda-Mari wat

pappa Niel se hand vashou. Niel het in 2023

met die MPO Nedbank Rentmeester van jaar

toekenning weggestap.

Expressions of opinion, claims, and statements of supposed

facts do not necessarily reflect the views of The Dairy Mail,

editor, or publisher. While every effort is made to report

accurately, The Dairy Mail, the publisher, or the editor do not

accept any liability regarding any statement, advertisement,

fact, or recommendation made in this magazine.

ISSN: 1561-4301

An initiative of the MPO,

published monthly | PO Box 1284,

Pretoria 0001, South Africa

www.dairymail.co.za

Milk Producers’ Organisation,

referred to as MPO

South African Milk Processors’

Organisation, referred to as SAMPRO

Milk South Africa,

referred to as Milk SA


Boer meer winsgewend met Barenbrug

se Baster raaigrasse

Ervaar hoër opbrengste, verbeterde aanpasbaarheid

en gesonder weiding!

KENMERKE

Hoë opbrengs variëteite

Wye aanpasbaarheid

Goeie siekte toleransie

VOORDELE

Verhoogde produktiwiteit

Veelsydig gebruik

Verminderde risiko

WINSGEWENDE

ASPEKTE

Hoër winste

Doeltreffend

Gesonde weiding

Barenbrug se Baster raaigrasse besit kenmerke met meetbare voordele en winsgewende aspekte,

wat hierdie raaigrasse 'n slim keuse maak vir moderne landbou. Versterk jou plaas se sukses met

hierdie hoë presterende raaigras variëteite.

BARHILL

(Diploïed)

SHOGUN

(Tetraploïed)

Verspreiders landwyd beskikbaar

Tel: 021 979 1303 | info@barenbrug.co.za


www.barenbrug.co.za

MEET THE TEAM

THAT CARES:

SWITCHBOARD: 012 843 5600

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Fanie Ferreira fanie@mpo.co.za 083 453 9339

COMUNICATIONS MANAGER

Carina Pieterse carina@mpo.co.za 079 458 5497

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SERVICES

Bertus van Heerden bertus@mpo.co.za 083 300 3667

ECONOMIST

Jade Smith jade@mpo.co.za 076 712 7395

FINANCIAL SERVICES

Wessel Steyn wessel@mpo.co.za 082 896 8116

MEMBER SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

Yolanda Strydom yolanda.s@mpo.co.za 072 371 1893

Anneke Kubannek anneke@mpo.co.za 071 875 1488

REGIONS

MPO WESTERN CAPE

Lize Marié du Toit lizem@mpo.co.za 076 774 1284

MPO NORTH

Mnandi Kruger north@mpo.co.za 073 116 8544

MPO KWAZULU-NATAL

Bianca Johnston kzn@mpo.co.za 060 945 1735

MPO EASTERN CAPE

Anri Wolmarans ec@mpo.co.za 064 934 3951

TRAINING AND TRANSFORMATION SERVICES

Ronald Rapholo ronald@mpo.co.za 082 734 4433

SOME EVENTS TO

LOOK FORWARD TO

28–30 AUGUSTUS 2025

GEORGE

LANDBOUSKOU

George Skougronde

10–13 SEPTEMBER 2025

16–18 OCTOBER 2025

NAMPO ALFA

NAMPO Park,

Bothaville

NAMPO CAPE

Bredasdorp Park,

Bredasdorp

Weens herhaaldelike kragonderbrekings ondervind

ons probleme met ons skakelbord. Vir die toekoms

word aanbeveel dat u ons span direk op hulle

selfoonnommers kontak. Ons wil graag met u gesels.

Due to repeated power outages, we are experiencing

problems with our switchboard. In future, we recommend

that you contact our team directly on their mobile numbers.

We would like to talk to you.

Dairy Mail - IntelliBond Banner Ads (June 2025)print.pdf 1 2025/05/08 08:55

20–23 OCTOBER

IDF World

Dairy Summit

Santiago, Chile

C

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CM

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CMY

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VROUE:

volwaardige vennote

Niel en Wilhelmien Wilke boer saam op Glentana naby

Somerset‐Oos in die Oos-Kaap. Die Wilkes was in 2023 in

die nuus toe hulle as die wenners van die MPO Nedbank

Rentmeesterskapstoekenning van die jaar aangewys is.


GLENTANA BOERDERY

» Altesaam 110 mense in diens

» Melk 4 000 koeie op 2 plase

» 3 draaitafels

» Selfdruk-besproeiing uit die

Groot Visrivier-kanaal

BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Vir hierdie egpaar beteken

volhoubaarheid om bewaarders van

natuurlike hulpbronne vir toekomstige

geslagte te wees. Hul eerste prioriteit was om

aandag aan hul grondgesondheid te gee.

Gesonder grond het gelei tot voedsamer voer,

wat weer gelei het tot gesonder en gelukkiger

koeie en uiteindelik tot verhoogde produksie

en laer insetkoste.

Dit is egter nie net die grond, water en

koeie wat maak dat ‘n boerdery finansieel

lewensvatbaar en volhoubaar is nie.

Wilhelmien en Niel sien elke mens wat vir

die boerdery werk as volwaardige vennote

en poog om hul so ver moontlik te bemagtig

sodat hulle saam as ’n span die beste van die

boerdery kan maak.

Maar dit is Augustus, die maand waarin die

wêreld spesifiek fokus op vroue, daarom maak

ons ook vandag van naderby kennis met die

vroue van Glentana Boerdery.

Niel het Wilhelmien op Universiteit in

Stellenbosch ontmoet en toe hy met die

stadsjapie trou en haar plaas toe bring, het

sy vinnig besef dat sy moet deel word van

die boerdery, anders gaan sy totaal nutteloos

voel en niks verstaan van wat in haar man se

daaglikse bedrywighede gebeur nie.

Sy het, soos baie boere se vroue wat later

volwaardige vroueboere geword het, by

kalfgrootmaak begin. Wilhelmien het ’n baie

doeltreffende kalfsisteem gevestig en vier

jaar lank bestuur, maar wou toe meer doen

en ’n groter rol in die boerdery speel. Vandag

kan daar ook van haar gesê word dat sy ’n

volwaardige vennoot is wat verantwoordelik is

vir die boeke, aankope en betalings, lone en

die gladde verloop van die melkery.

“Ons boer nou saam en staan saam vroeg

op om melkstal toe te gaan. Ons bespreek

uitdagings en probleme en vind saam

oplossings. Ons dien as klankborde vir mekaar

en verstaan beter wanneer die eise van die

dag die gemoedere aantas,” vertel Wilhelmien.

Maar hierdie voorslag in die kantoor en

melkstal is ook ma van vyf. Sy het aanvanklik

daagliks heenen weer die 80 km na en van

Somerset‐Oos aangepak sodat die kinders

kon skool bywoon. Sy het vinnig besef dat die

tyd wat sy op die pad en tussen skoolklokke in

die dorp moet verwyl, beter bestee kan word

op die plaas. Om die logistieke dilemma te

vergemaklik bly die drie oudste kinders nou

in die week op die dorp, en terwyl die twee

jonger suigelinge nog nie skoolgaan nie, is

hulle op die plaas.


Daar werk altesaam 48 vroue in die

boerdery en elkeen van hierdie vroue is

belangrike skakels in die onderneming se

sukses. In die melkstal sien jy byna net vroue.

“Vroue verstaan die proses beter en het meer

empatie met diere, hulle werk sagkens met

die koeie en hul aanvoeling is dikwels in die

kol,” sê Wilhelmien. “Boonop is hulle uiters

betroubaar – reën of sonskyn, hulle is altyd

op hul pos.”

Wilhelmien vertel dat alhoewel elke vrou op

die plaas onmisbaar is, daar ’n paar spesiale

uitblinkers is. Minette is een, sy is getroud met

een van die voormanne en data is haar ding.

Sy versamel en interpreteer die boerdery

se data en haar kundigheid is goud werd,

spesifiek wanneer dit by die berekening

van voer kom.

Phumeza het in die melkstal begin as ’n

operateur wat kloustukke moes aansit. Met

haar passie, toewyding en hardwerkendheid

het sy haarself opgewerk en is vandag ’n

junior bestuurder wat skoonmaakskedules

uitwerk en verantwoordelik is vir van die

personeelopleiding.

In die huis is Brenda en Wendy die sterre.

Die twee vroue maak skoon, maak kos en help

kinders grootmaak. Brenda werk al nege jaar

vir die Wilkes en Wendy het drie jaar gelede

by haar aangesluit. “As dit nie vir hierdie vroue

was nie, sou dit onmoontlik vir my gewees

het om ’n volwaardige vennoot in hierdie

boerdery te wees. Hulle maak dit vir my

moontlik om my deel te doen,” sê Wilhelmien.

Haar droom is om ’n groot ontspanningsarea

vir die plaaswerkers aan te lê. “Hierdie mense

werk so hard, dit sal my gelukkig maak om vir

hulle ’n area met fasiliteite te kan skep waar

hulle net kan ontspan en pret hê. Teruggee

is deel van die kultuur wat ons op die plaas

en in die gemeenskap kweek. Ons het ’n

jaarlikse Kersprojek waartoe elke werker

volgens sy vermoë bydra. Ons sit dan by en

gaan koop die geskenkies, maar elkeen van

hierdie werkers kry self die geleentheid om ’n

geskenkie aan iemand wat minder bevoorreg

is of in ’n ouetehuis bly, te oorhandig.”

Die vroue van Glentana laat my onwillekeurig

aan die eerste strofe van AG Visser se gedig

‘Die vrou’ dink:

Die vrou is die sout van die aarde,

Die suurdeeg, beskou op die keper:

Al hoër steeds rys sy in waarde:

Sy’s beide die sout en ... die peper!


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Germany’s

dairy industry

Germany is the largest milk producer in

the European Union (EU), with its dairy

sector forming the cornerstone

of both its agricultural and

food industries. Despite this

leadership position, the

German dairy industry has

been undergoing a profound

transformation – one that

offers valuable insights for

South Africa as it navigates its

own agricultural future.

Structural change in full swing

At the turn of the millennium, Germany

had 138 500 dairy farms housing around

4,6 million cows. By 2023, only about

46 600 commercial dairy farms remained

– just one-third of the original number.

The national dairy herd also shrank by 21%,

to just under 3,8 million cows.

Interestingly, while the number of farms

and cows has declined, milk production has

steadily increased. In 2020, German dairies

processed over 31,8 million tonnes of milk –

the highest on record – thanks to productivity

gains, with an average yield per cow of

8 457 kg annually.

That same year, dairy contributed nearly

19% of total agricultural output, while

animal products as a whole accounted

for more than 41%.


This illustrates a broader trend, i.e. fewer

farms and cows, but more efficient and largerscale

operations – something South African

producers can relate to as the local industry

consolidates and strives for efficiency under

economic and environmental pressures.

Pressures of a global market

Like South Africa, Germany’s milk producers

face a highly competitive and volatile global

market. One key driver of structural change is

the lack of generational succession – many

younger Germans are not returning to the

farm. Additionally, frequent market downturns

and tightening regulations on animal welfare

and environmental standards are pushing

many smaller farms to exit the industry.

As farms consolidate, the average herd size

has doubled over the past two decades –

from 37 cows per farm in 2004 to 74 in 2024.

In eastern German states, farms often run

herds of 150 to 240 cows, compared to 45 to

60 in southern regions. Only about 600 farms

across the country have more than 500 cows

– demonstrating that large-scale operations

are still the exception rather than the rule.

Policy changes have also had an impact.

The end of European Union (EU) milk

quotas in 2015 and reforms to the Common

Agricultural Policy have shifted control from

government to market forces. As a result,

producers are now more vulnerable to global

price swings – something South African dairy

farmers have long understood in an exportreliant

economy.

Consolidation of processing

This trend toward scale is mirrored in the milk

processing sector. In 1950, Germany had

around 3 500 dairies. By 2023, that number

had dropped to just 161. Larger, more efficient

processors now dominate, driven by the need

to stay globally competitive – a challenge

also familiar to South African processors

competing in international value chains.

Consumption and trade trends

Consumption patterns in Germany have

shifted significantly. Per capita milk

consumption has declined to 45,8 kg in

2023, down from over 60 kg in the 1990s.

However, Germany remains 107% selfsufficient

in milk. Cheese consumption rose

until 2021, then dropped to 23,8 kg per capita.

Nonetheless, Germany still produces 128%

of its domestic needs, with strong export

demand making up the difference.

Butter consumption has declined slightly,

from 6,3 kg in 2020 to 5,6 kg in 2023, with

self-sufficiency at 102%.

Exports are vital. Nearly half of Germany’s

milk is turned into dairy products for foreign

markets. In 2023, 1,4 million tonnes of cheese

were exported. Italy, the Netherlands,

and France are major EU buyers, while

key markets outside the bloc include the

United Kingdom, Switzerland, Japan, and

South Korea. The growing footprint of German

dairy in Asia is particularly noteworthy,

signalling opportunities for countries like

South Africa to also explore diversification of

export destinations.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Sustainability takes

centre stage

Sustainability is no longer a buzzword – it is

shaping the future of the German dairy sector.

Public debate around the environmental

impact of milk production has led to a shift in

practices and consumer expectations.

German food retailers have committed to

offering only fresh milk from higher-welfare

production systems in the near future. These

systems include pasture access, free-range

farming, and more space per animal. Pastureraised

milk now accounts for over 11% of total

sales, although the premiums offered by

processors often fall short of covering the

extra production costs.

Meanwhile, organically produced milk –

although growing – makes up just 4,5% of total

output. This is similar to trends in South Africa,

where organic and free-range milk remain

niche products, constrained by market price

sensitivity and certification costs.

Sustainability in Germany is defined by

a ‘triple bottom line’ approach: economic

viability, environmental stewardship, and

social responsibility. As climate change

and resource management rise up the

agenda globally, these pillars are becoming

non-negotiable for long-term success in

dairy farming.

What this means for

South Africa

The evolution of Germany’s dairy sector offers

key lessons for South Africa. As in Europe,

the need for scale, efficiency, sustainability,

and market orientation is becoming ever

more urgent. Local producers face similar

challenges: market volatility, consumer shifts,

regulatory tightening, and competition on

both local and global stages.

If Germany is to maintain its position as the

EU’s leading milk producer, both its domestic

consumption and export strength must

continue to grow. Likewise, South Africa’s

ability to strengthen its own dairy industry will

depend on improving efficiency, expanding

value-added products, and building

sustainable farming systems that align with

global expectations.

In both countries, the future of dairy will

belong to those who can adapt – efficiently,

responsibly, and strategically.


Women in animal genetics:

Breaking barriers,

building legacies

By Chanelle Steenekamp and Japie van der Westhuizen, SA Stud Book

Imagine a scientist – let alone an animal

geneticist – whose computer software

enabled thousands of animal geneticists

to estimate genetic parameters, such as

heritabilities and genetic correlations, using

algorithms once thought impossible. Imagine

further that this same scientist was the author

or co-author of 182 peer-reviewed scientific

publications, cited more than 10 700 times.

This is no mean feat. This was achieved by

a lady, born, raised and initially schooled in

Germany, who then joined the ranks of one

of the leading groups in animal breeding

at Edinburgh University (Scotland) and

ended up at the University of New England

(Australia). Unknown by dairy farmers?

Her innovations, and especially computer

software, enabled animal geneticists

globally to be part of livestock breeding

research and development. Karen Meyer’s

contributions, and that of others, are bearing

fruit in modern-day genetic breeding value

predictions, where genomic information

plays a major role.

One of the breakthrough publications to

maximise the computing efforts and speed

for multiple solutions in estimating genetic

variances and use in best linear unbiased

prediction (BLUP) breeding values was

published in 1990 in the Journal of Dairy

Science. The main author is Professor Milena

Kovač, a native of Slovenia, who at the time

was studying at the University of Illinois

Urbana-Champaign in the United States.

Prof. Kovač ’s contribution towards the

development of one of the most successful

computer software programs, Prediction and

ESTimation (PEST), with Professor Eildert

Groeneveld (from Germany), has allowed

South Africa – like many other countries in

Europe and elsewhere – to take part in the

BLUP revolution. Prof. Kovač continued with

a successful career in animal breeding and

genetics at the University of Ljubljana.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

In a world evolving at lightning speed,

women are not only part of the workforce, but

they also play a significant role in redefining

it. From boardrooms to barns, classrooms

to laboratories, women are rising as leaders,

scientists, and changemakers. As was

illustrated by the introduction, they are often

overlooked in the field of dairy and even the

broader field of animal genetics, even though

they are leaving a legacy.

For generations, it has been hard for women

to be truly recognised for their science

achievements. In many societies, they had

to balance their careers with caregiving and

faced the challenge of being stereotyped.

Being able to take their rightful place has

always been – and still is – generally more

challenging than for men.

PIONEERS IN GENETICS

Women have long played pivotal roles in the

advancement of genetics – and, therefore, in the

foundation of dairy and animal breeding programme.

Three of the many brilliant women whose research

continues to shape science and industry alike are:

Barbara McClintock (1902–1992)

As a trailblazing American cytogeneticist,

McClintock revolutionised the understanding

of genetic behaviour. She uncovered ‘jumping

genes’ in the 1940s to 1950s – transposable

elements that can move within chromosomes

and thereby alter gene expression. She

was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1983. Her

work paved the way for modern research

in genetics, cancer biology, and other

biotechnological fields.

Nettie Maria Stevens (1861–1912)

By studying mealworms, she showed that

sperm carrying either X or Y chromosomes

determine the sex of offspring. This was

a paradigm-shifting discovery in 1905,

as she revealed the chromosomal basis

of sex determination and also validated

Mendel’s theories.

Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)

A British chemist whose X-ray diffraction

images provided the critical data that Watson

and Crick used to describe the DNA double

helix structure. Proper credit was not given to

her in her lifetime – so much so that she was

not considered for the Nobel Prize awarded to

Watson and Crick. Though posthumous, her

legacy as a pioneer in molecular biology is

now widely honoured.


Dina Victor

Bernice Mostert

Dr Helena Theron

Suretha Francis

& Thalia Brameld

WOMEN IN MODERN GENETICS

at SA Stud Book

Women in dairy and animal genetics today

are not only scientists. Women also play a

crucial role in providing professional advice

to farmers and the broader industry, securing

proper data handling, developing and

assisting in breeding programmes, and as a

bridge between modern computer software

development and animal science. To a large

extent, they are also fulfilling their roles as

educators and mentors. They are contributing

to the reshaping of industries, including the

dairy industry.

SA Stud Book, as the only certified source

of genetic merit prediction for the South

African dairy industry, employs women making

their mark in the breeding of dairy animals.

They range from professional and certified

natural (animal) scientists to information

technology (IT) specialists and women

specialising in data handling.

The genetic evaluation of all dairy cattle,

as well as participation in the Interbull

international evaluations, is in the hands of Dr

Bernice Mostert. She is part of the specialist

animal science group at SA Stud Book, under

the leadership of Dr Helena Theron. An

exciting mentorship programme has led to

the appointment of Hannah Kruger, a young

animal scientist, who has also join this group.

Donné Kruger, a registered animal scientist,

developed and maintains the computer

programs linking farm milking systems to SA

Stud Book’s Logix database, enabling instant

reporting back to the farm. Her work is part of

Stud Book’s IT team, led by Dina Victor. Dina is

the country’s most experienced IT specialist

in livestock recording.

Dairy farmers are directly supported by

SA Stud Book’s capable technical assistants.

Suretha Francis heads this team, which

includes Chanelle Steenekamp, responsible

for technical services to dairy farmers in the

Western and Southern Cape. Thalia Brameld,

also a trained animal scientist, manages SA

Stud Book’s marketing and interaction with

farmers and the industry.

The data services team at SA Stud Book

consists of dedicated, knowledgeable,

and experienced women serving the

dairy industry.

All the women making their mark in animal

breeding in South Africa are recognised

for their important roles in sustaining the

dairy industry.

Dr Bernice Mostert, Hannah Kruger, Thalia Brameld, Suretha Francis, Thalia Brameld & Chanelle Steenekamp.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

DAIRY ECONOMIC INDICATORS

MONITORING

DAIRY RETAIL PRICES

by Jade Smith, MPO economist

MPO Economic Desk:

Guided by science, rooted in knowledge

The MPO compiled the following figures to illustrate average retail prices for

dairy products from 2023 to July 2025. Long-life milk is the only product that

remained below its December 2024 price level during this period.

(Source: BMI as supplied by Agri Inspec).


Figure 1 Clover 2 L fresh full-cream milk prices

R41,00

R40,00

R39,00

R38,00

R37,00

R36,00

R35,00

R34,00

R33,00

R32,00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2023 R37,23 R34,91 R35,85 R34,80 R35,92 R37,53 R36,92 R36,45 R35,95 R35,18 R36,12 R36,13

2024 R36,57 R36,35 R38,26 R36,69 R38,17 R39,14 R37,77 R38,57 R37,53 R36,08 R36,37 R36,59

2025 R35,99 R36,67 R36,19 R35,05 R35,17 R36,24 R36,50

Ј In the first seven months of 2025, the average price of a 2 L Clover fresh milk decreased by

0.5% and 4% compared to the same period in 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Ј In July 2025 alone, prices were down 1% and 3% compared to July 2023 and 2024.

Ј Notably, May, June, and July 2025 each recorded lower prices than the corresponding months

in both previous years.

Figure 2 Douglasdale 2 L fresh full-cream milk prices

R40,00

R39,00

R38,00

R37,00

R36,00

R35,00

R34,00

R33,00

R32,00

R31,00

R30,00


2023 R31,82 R32,90 R34,08 R33,59 R34,74 R36,59 R33,10 R32,99 R35,99 R35,19 R35,09 R34,74

2024 R35,29 R36,09 R35,69 R34,70 R34,79 R35,62 R35,49 R36,37 R36,28 R36,74 R34,49 R36,99

2025 R35,37 R34,99 R35,99 R35,32 R36,32 R36,74 R37,10

Ј In July 2025, Douglasdale 2 L fresh milk reached its highest recorded price at R37,10 – an

upward price movement of R1,73 since January.

Ј Compared with the same month in previous years, July 2025 was R4,00 higher than July 2023

and R1,61 higher than July 2024.

Ј Across 2025, prices fluctuated by R2,11, ranging from the lowest in February to the

highest in July.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Figure 3 Department’s own brand 2 L fresh full-cream milk prices

R38,00

R37,00

R36,00

R35,00

R34,00

R33,00

R32,00

R31,00


2023 R32,09 R33,74 R34,49 R34,37 R35,53 R34,46 R35,89 R35,95 R35,95 R36,22 R34,89 R35,07

2024 R35,06 R35,26 R34,86 R36,67 R37,34 R36,68 R36,63 R35,16 R36,34 R35,85 R34,96 R34,99

2025 R35,38 R35,09 R33,87 R34,73 R34,68 R34,93 R34,71

Ј From March to July 2025, the department's own brand (DOB) showed only minor price

fluctuations.

Ј Price movements between March and July followed similar patterns in 2023 and 2025, in

contrast to the atypical pricing seen during the same months in 2024.

Ј DOB remained the most affordable option compared to Clover and Douglasdale.

During the first seven months of 2025, DOB was, on average, R1,20 cheaper than both

Douglasdale and Clover.

Figure 4 Clover 1 L ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk prices

R22,00

R21,00

R20,00

R19,00

R18,00

R17,00


2023 R18,83 R19,05 R19,25 R19,58 R20,81 R20,91 R21,05 R21,10 R20,93 R20,37 R20,60 R20,45

2024 R20,38 R20,37 R21,07 R19,57 R21,15 R21,30 R21,41 R21,29 R21,13 R20,85 R20,61 R21,49

2025 R20,86 R20,66 R20,48 R20,40 R20,52 R20,76 R20,85

Ј Consistent price trends were observed in the first seven months of 2025.

Ј For May, June, and July 2025, prices fell below the levels recorded in the same months of both

2023 and 2024.

Ј In April 2025, the price remained above R20,00 for the first time.


Figure 5 Parmalat 1 L UHT processed milk prices

R24,00

R23,00

R22,00

R21,00

R20,00

R19,00

R18,00

R17,00


2023 R18,89 R19,72 R19,82 R20,29 R20,18 R20,75 R20,41 R20,96 R21,18 R21,42 R21,25 R21,28

2024 R21,16 R21,72 R22,23 R22,40 R22,44 R22,62 R22,93 R22,69 R22,02 R21,96 R21,96 R22,19

2025 R21,88 R21,88 R21,16 R21,39 R21,44 R21,50 R21,61

Ј Parmalat was the most expensive brand to purchase compared to Clover and Crystal Valley.

Ј From March to July 2025, prices were approximately R1,10 cheaper compared over the same

period in 2024.

Ј December 2024 was the last month to experience a price above R22,00. The price has since

then decreased with 3% from December to July 2025.

Figure 6 Crystal Valley 1 L UHT processed milk prices

R20,00

R19,00

R18,00

R17,00

R16,00

R15,00

R14,00


2023 R16,32 R16,35 R16,85 R16,58 R16,49 R16,98 R17,05 R17,21 R17,14 R17,06 R17,18 R17,04

2024 R16,97 R17,11 R17,48 R17,40 R17,33 R18,18 R18,33 R18,55 R18,80 R18,59 R18,41 R18,59

2025 R18,17 R18,33 R18,15 R17,83 R17,77 R17,78 R17,55

Ј From January to May 2025, prices exceeded those in the same period of 2023 and 2024.

The largest increase occurred in February, with prices 12% higher than February 2023 and

7% higher than February 2024.

Ј In both June and July 2025, prices were 40 cents and 78 cents lower compared to the

corresponding months in 2024.

Ј Over the first seven months of 2025, Crystal Valley maintained an average price advantage of

R2,71 over Clover and R3,61 over Parmalat.

Overall, Clover and Parmalat’s prices moved in similar patterns, while Crystal Valley

maintained substantially lower price levels.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Figure 7 Lancewood Cheddar cheese price/kg

R180,00

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R137,95 R150,76 R151,99 R154,99 R150,98 R144,15 R149,72 R156,66 R153,20 R150,90 R155,99 R159,55

2024 R154,99 R153,99 R152,32 R169,37 R168,80 R160,60 R163,70 R154,90 R155,40 R138,78 R164,44 R164,99

2025 R167,41 R165,81 R162,66 R155,37 R152,11 R159,68 R157,99

Ј In 2025, prices gradually shifted downwards until May before experiencing a R7,57 upwards

movement in June. In July, prices fell again by R1,69.

Ј April and May of both 2023 and 2025 recorded similar prices, contrasting with the atypical

pricing observed in the same months of 2024.

Ј In July 2025, prices were R8,27 higher than in July 2023, and R5,71 lower than in July 2024.

Figure 8 Parmalat Cheddar cheese price/kg

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R135,31 R143,08 R141,12 R148,05 R145,64 R152,60 R150,77 R153,77 R152,51 R151,92 R151,08 R153,42

2024 R153,10 R154,98 R155,98 R154,68 R161,27 R156,68 R161,60 R157,51 R162,46 R161,50 R160,46 R156,63

2025 R163,83 R162,94 R165,53 R164,02 R168,80 R162,49 R162,54

Ј In July 2025, the price increased by 8% and 0,6% over the same period in 2023 and 2024,

respectively.

Ј January and March recorded the largest price movement of R28,52 and R24,41 over the same

period in 2023.

Ј Although Parmalat remained the most expensive Cheddar cheese brand, it experienced the

smallest price shifts during the first seven months compared with other brands.

Overall, Parmalat Cheddar cheese was the only brand to display similar price trends over

the first seven months across all three years. In contrast, Lancewood, Clover, and Elite

Cheddar showed no consistent patterns, with prices fluctuating considerably.


Figure 9 Elite Cheddar cheese price/kg

R180,00

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R133,91 R131,42 R127,42 R125,77 R127,16 R139,13 R133,84 R138,30 R136,24 R140,13 R136,66 R136,66

2024 R144,28 R149,16 R142,13 R151,65 R138,32 R138,99 R139,99 R156,66 R139,99 R149,99 R148,32 R148,99

2025 R149,99 R159,99 R156,66 R159,99 R159,99 R159,99 R159,99

Ј Between January and July 2025, the price of Elite Cheddar shifted upwards by R10,00

per kilogram.

Ј In July 2025, prices increased substantially compared to the same month in 2023 and 2024,

showing increases of 20% and 14%, respectively.

Ј Although prices remained higher than in 2023 and 2024 during the first seven months, Elite

Cheddar continued to be the most affordable brand.

Figure 10 Clover Cheddar cheese price/kg

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R125,57 R128,96 R121,14 R123,05 R130,05 R134,41 R133,49 R135,16 R135,92 R137,88 R135,76 R135,90

2024 R136,99 R137,29 R142,14 R147,55 R141,32 R135,66 R136,99 R144,28 R137,62 R146,89 R149,08 R161,28

2025 R146,29 R150,24 R143,49 R144,27 R137,49 R151,66 R161,37

Ј Clover Cheddar’s price per kilogram showed the greatest fluctuations, with no clear trend

across the three years.

Ј July 2025 marked the highest price to date, marking a 21% and 18% increase compared to the

same period in 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Ј May 2025 was the only month to record a price below R140/kg.

For more information on retail prices, contact JADE SMITH, economist at the MPO at jade@mpo.co.za


DAIRY DIGITS

DAIRY

DIGITS

AUGUST 2025

Dairy digits is a Milk SA feature. It is also

available on the Milk SA website: milksa.co.za.

Table 1 Key market indicators

Item Period Value

% change

(same period

previous year)

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) 2023 1 3 339 −0,3%

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) 2024 1 3 458 +3,56%

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) estimate Jun 25 1 240 −0,49%

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) estimate Jan–Jun 25 1 1 553 −0,01%

Dairy imports (’000 tonnes) 2024 2 33,9 −30,1%

Dairy imports (’000 tonnes) Jan–May 25 2 10,9 −29,7%

Dairy exports (’000 tonnes) 2024 2 53,5 −4,63%

Dairy exports (’000 tonnes) Jan–May 25 2 24,4 +13,5%

Dairy exports inclusive of sales to other SACU countries (’000 tonnes) 5 Jan–May 25 2 80,9 +10,4%

Producer price index of unprocessed milk (base Dec 23 = 100) 3 Jun 25 3 104 −1,39%

Producer price index of dairy products (base Dec 23 = 100) 3 Jun 25 3 104,3 0,0%

Farm requisite price index (base 2015 = 100) 4 Oct 24 4 142,9 −2,66%

Source:

1

Milk SA returns

2

SARS statistics supplied by SAMPRO

3

Stats SA PPI index

4

Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural

Development (DALRRD) price index of farm requisites

5

SARS statistics supplied by Agri Inspec

Figure 1 International dairy product prices (free on board), Jan 2014–Jul 2025

Rand per t

170 000

150 000

130 000

110 000

90 000

70 000

50 000

30 000

10 000

Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19 Jan-20 Jan-21 Jan-22 Jan-23 Jan-24 Jan-25

Source:

USDA price surveys,

exchange rate South

African Reserve Bank

middle rates, last

month – average of

daily closing values.

Butter

SMP

Cheddar

FMP

Acronyms and abbreviations: Milk South Africa (Milk SA) • Milk Producers’ Organisation (MPO) • South African Milk Processors’

Organisation (SAMPRO) • Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) • South African Revenue Service (SARS) • United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA) • producer price index (PPI) • consumer price index (CPI) • Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural

Development (DALRRD) • full-cream milk powder (FMP) • skimmed milk powder (SMP) • ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed


Figure 2 Monthly unprocessed milk purchase trends, Jan 2021–Jun 2025

360

340

320

Source:

Milk SA statistics.

Note: Each year's

figures are assessed,

reviewed, and

finalised by 31 March

of the ensuing year.

'000 t

300

280

260

240

2025*

2025

2022

2023

2024

220


* Last two months

preliminary: sample survey

Figure 3 Monthly cumulative net imports, milk equivalent, Jan 2021–May 2025

200

150

Source:

MPO calculation

from SARS data

supplied by

SAMPRO.

1000 t milk equivalent

100

50

0

-50


2025

2021

2022

2023

2024

-100

Figure 4 PPI indices of unprocessed milk and dairy products, and the CPI of milk,

cheese, and eggs, Jan 2014–Jun 2025

230

210

Source:

Stats SA PPI and

CPI information,

statssa.gov.za.

Index (2012 = 100)

190

170

150

130

110

90

Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19 Jan-20 Jan-21 Jan-22 Jan-23 Jan-24 Jan-25

Dairy products PPI

(full cream fresh milk, full

cream UHT milk,

Cheddar cheese,

yoghurt & ice cream)

Unprocessed

milk PPI

Milk, cheese,

and eggs CPI

This publication is compiled from sources that are deemed reliable. However, Milk SA and the contributors to

the publication accept no responsibility for the accuracy of the information. The information is, furthermore, intended

to provide market signals only and Milk SA indemnifies itself against any actions based on this information.


KORTLIKS | BRIEFLY

Dutch group

learned at Lactimar

By Colinda van Rees

A group of young people from

the Netherlands recently visited

Lactimar, where Daan and

Dian Landman farm. They were

doing volunteer work and stayed in

Jeffreys Bay in the Eastern Cape.

Being from the Dutch countryside and

living on farms themselves, they were

eager to see what farming in South

Africa looks like and to learn more about

the agricultural differences and similarities

between the two countries.

The visit began with a presentation on the

farm’s history and some general information.

Then it was time to see some cows. The first

stop was the calf-rearing facilities. In the

Netherlands, calves are usually kept indoors

for health control due to the climate, but at

the Landmans’ farm, there were excellent

outdoor facilities and an impressively low calf

mortality rate.

After learning about feed rations, the group

went to the milking parlour, where they were

impressed to see 800 Jersey cows being

milked. This was just one of four locations,

as the herd totals 3,600 dairy cows. Looking

ahead, Dian shared his ambitious goal of

expanding to 10,000 dairy cows. For context,

an average dairy farm in the Netherlands has

around 120 cows.

Later that day, they discussed the biggest

challenges in farming. In both countries, high

input costs are a concern. In the Netherlands,

dairy farming faces heavy pressure due

to ammonia’s impact on nature and water

quality, which must be improved. Although

some government grants are available to

support these measures, they rarely cover the

full costs.

In South Africa, drought and the shortage

of qualified workers are key challenges.

The South African government also has

sustainability ambitions, but no grants

are currently available to support more

sustainable farming.

The group found the visit very interesting

and enjoyed their time on the farm. Special

thanks go to Anri Wolmarans from the Milk

Producers Organisation for organising the

visit, and to Daan and Dian Landman for their

warm hospitality.

Read all about the MPO’s activities in each issue of The Dairy Mail.




Silage crops:

Part

2

WHOLE CROP

OAT SILAGE

By Richardt Venter, international silage consultant

The second in our mini-series covering the main

silage crops in Southern Africa, is all about whole crop

cereals, also known as small grain silage, of which oats

is by far the most popular.


This silage is the second most important

in terms of volume produced in the

region, and is primarily cultivated in the

winter rainfall areas.

Variety

Oat cultivars have advanced significantly in

recent years, resulting in steadily increasing

yields. This progress reduces risk for the

producer by improving production efficiency

per hectare, enabling them to produce

sufficient feed to meet their fodder flow

requirements.

Wheat can also be ensiled, delivering

excellent nutrient content, particularly

in starch value. However, ensiling wheat

is uncommon in South Africa, where

wheat cultivation is primarily focused on

cash cropping.

Planting mixtures of oats, barley, and

wheat is sometimes practiced to enhance

starch content (primarily from the wheat)

while also mitigating dry-off challenges and

associated risks. Additionally, mixing cultivars

can improve standability, offering further

agronomic benefits.

Small grain crops can also be cultivated

for grazing or silage where water is readily

available. Crops like stooling rye are

particularly popular, especially when

planted immediately after the maize silage

harvest during favourable late-summer

rainfall seasons.

Crude protein and fibre

It is a common misconception that oats are

only an energy crop – primarily producing

fibre with a highly variable starch content.

However, oats can yield substantial amounts

of crude protein (CP) when harvested earlier

for ensiling.

The average CP content of oat silage in

the 2024 silage competition was 8,4%, on a

dry matter (DM) basis, although in previous

years it has reached approximately 10%.

In 2024, CP levels ranged from 5% to over

13%. Notably, I have been involved in oat

silage production that achieved CP levels

exceeding 16%.

The three neutral detergent fibre (NDF)

parameters referenced in the table are

aNDF, NDF dig (NDF digestibility) and

uNDF (undigested NDF).



What stands out most is the considerable

variation in fibre content. Neutral detergent

fibre levels as low as 48%, combined with

30-hour NDF digestibility values as high as

38%, indicate good fibre quality. However,

the crop’s fibre values can also be much

lower. On average, the fibre levels of oat

silage are similar to those of sweet forage

sorghum silage, although the fibre fractions

in oat silage tend to be lower and more

readily utilisable.

Ash and starch

Oat silage typically contains more ash than

maize and forage sorghum silage, partly

because oats must be cut and raked before

harvesting, which increases the risk of

soil contamination. This underscores the

importance of using appropriate equipment.

Oat silage is generally not planted for its

starch content – even when cut at the soft

dough stage, it produces only about 7%

starch in exceptional cases. In contrast, wheat

silage can contain over 20% starch. Although

wheat often yields less dry matter per hectare

than oats, its high starch content makes it

valuable for efficient fodder flow planning.

Total digestible nutrients

The formula for total digestible nutrients

(TDN) integrates the digestibility of several

components, including protein, fibre (cell

wall components), fat, and carbohydrates. It

serves as a useful benchmark for comparing

analyses both within the same crop and

across different crops.

Oat silage typically has a TDN value slightly

higher than forage sorghum silage but lower

than maize silage.

General remarks

Oat silage presents several production

challenges, making it one of the more difficult

crops to ensile – particularly in terms of

wilting and the increased effort required for

silage bunker or pile compaction. However,

these challenges are manageable with

proper techniques.

The decision to plant small grains for

silage is influenced by more than just

regional rainfall and starch content. Small

grains offer additional benefits, especially

in irrigated areas, such as improving overall

soil health and providing opportunities for

double cropping.


Table 1 Neutral detergent fibre parameters

Parameter Average Minimum Maximum

Dry matter (DM) 33,20 26,70 52,60

Starch (%DM) 3,77 0 10,60

Water-soluble carbohydrates – sugar (%DM) 4,13 0 18,00

Acid detergent fibre (%DM) 41,41 31,00 46,90

Neutral detergent fibre (%DM) 61,45 48,50 68,40

Lignin (%DM) 5,79 3,43 7,19

Ash (%DM) 6,69 4,33 9,32

Total digestible nutrients (%DM) 57,19 50,30 67,00

Crude protein (%DM) 8,41 5,00 13,30

pH 3,91 3,54 4,51

Lactic acid (%DM) 6,05 2,12 8,41

Acetic acid (%DM) 1,86 0,31 2,85

Butyric acid (%DM) 0,61 0 1,51



Dairy

GENOMICS:

The shortcut

to progress

By Stuart Bright

Dairy farming has always been a long game

– generations of breeding, hours of research

into pedigrees and families, and plenty of

patience. But what if you could skip some of

the waiting without sacrificing quality?

That’s exactly what genomics offers.

Genomics gives you a snapshot of an

animal’s genetic potential from day

one – not five years down the track.

No more waiting for a bull’s daughters to

prove him right. No more guessing if a flashy

young sire will deliver.

With genomic data in hand, you can make

sharper, faster decisions that accelerate your

herd’s progress.

And this isn’t theory. I’ve seen the results

firsthand – from pasture systems in Australia

to high-input dairies in the United States, and

everything in-between.

Why genomics matters

For decades, selection was based on visual

appraisal, production records, and pedigree

– and it got us here. But those methods leave

gaps. Two heifers might look the same and

come from good families, yet one becomes a

40 L/day cow, while the other doesn’t cycle

and ends up in the cull pen.




Genomics fills in those gaps. With a hair or

tissue samples, you can:

» Identify high-potential animals early.

» Cull smarter and avoid raising passengers.

» Focus on the traits your farm needs –

fertility, mastitis resistance, components.

» Make more confident, data-backed mating

and selection decisions.

But for many farms, the most immediate and

impactful way to use genomics isn’t testing

heifers – it’s choosing the right bulls.

A few years ago, I worked with a dairy in

Tasmania that had stuck with daughterproven

sires for decades. They were hesitant

about genomic bulls – “too new,” “not proven,”

“we’ll wait and see.”

Eventually, they trialled a small team of

genomic sires selected for production, calving

ease, and mastitis resistance. Three years

later, they were blown away:

» An extra 1 200 L per cow per

year, on average.

» Fewer calving interventions.

» Less lameness and better cow survival.

» More uniform replacements coming

through the system.

They didn’t test a single heifer – they just

made smarter bull choices. Genomics wasn’t

a risk. It was a game-changer.

But what if it goes wrong?

(because sometimes it does)

Of course, no tool is perfect. And yes – things

can go sideways.

One farm I worked with in Southeast Asia

went all-in on a young genomic bull that

looked like a game-changer. He was off the

charts for milk, solid on health and fertility,

and ticking every box – on paper.

They used him heavily across the herd

in one season, expecting big results. But

twelve months later, trouble started to show:

small teats, poor milk let-down, and some

real temperament issues in the daughters.

His conformation scores hadn’t been low –

just average – but that’s exactly where the

weaknesses showed up once the daughters

hit the shed.

The lesson? Genomics is powerful, but it’s

not bulletproof – and relying too heavily on a

single young sire can expose your whole herd

to a single blind spot.

Luckily, this farm had done one very smart

thing – they’d used a team of genomic bulls,

not just one. So the issue was contained

to a subset of the heifers. The rest of the

herd, bred from bulls with stronger udder

and milking speed profiles, performed well.

The farm tweaked their sire selection and

bounced back quickly.

No disaster. Just a course correction.


That’s the power of using a team. It’s your

insurance policy. It spreads genetic risk,

protects you from overcorrecting in one

direction, and keeps your progress on track –

even if one sire misses the mark.

When selecting genomic bulls, it’s not

just about choosing the ‘best’ one. It’s about

choosing a balanced group, with strengths

across production, health, fertility, and

conformation – so you’re never putting all

your eggs in one genetic basket.

The takeaway?

Yes, things can go wrong – but with a teambased

strategy, the risk is manageable, and

the reward is real.

How genomic bulls

have improved

Back in 2009, reliability for young

genomic bulls was between 55% and

65%. That was exciting at the time, but it

still carried plenty of risk.

Today, those numbers are much higher:

» Production traits: 75–80% reliability

» Fertility and health: 65–70%

» Conformation: 60–70%

For comparison:

» Parent average (pedigree

only): ~35–40%

» Daughter-proven sires: 85-99%, but

much slower to market

So while daughter-proven sires still

have the edge in reliability, genomic

bulls aren’t far behind – and they offer

something daughter-proven sires can’t –

speed and cutting-edge genetics.

What this means on a farm

You don’t have to dive in headfirst. Even

simple steps with genomic bulls can make

a huge difference:

» Build your own genetic plan and pick

sires with the traits your system needs

– fertility, feed efficiency, calving ease.

» Use a team of bulls to spread your risk

and capture broader gains.

» Keep an eye on health traits,

not just milk.

» Trust the system.

Whether you’re milking 100 cows or

1 000, using the right genomic bulls gives

you an edge – not just in production

but in health, fertility, and long-term

profitability.

Genomics =

smarter, faster progress

Think of genomics like a global positioning

system for your breeding programme. It won’t

drive the car for you – but it shows the road

ahead more clearly than ever before.

Yes, things can go wrong. But with the right

strategy, the odds are firmly in your favour.

You’ll move faster, make fewer mistakes, and

build a herd that delivers – in the vat, in the

paddock, and in your bottom line.

And the best part? That progress doesn’t

take generations anymore, it starts with your

next semen order.



SMART WAYS

for early mastitis

detection

Bovine mastitis (inflammation of the

udder) can be caused by numerous

factors, including viral and bacterial

infections and trauma. It can lead

to abnormal and decreased milk

production and remains one of the

most common problems plaguing

the dairy industry.

The condition can also adversely affect

the reproductive performance of dairy

cows. Cows that have had mastitis

usually take significantly longer to conceive.

Mastitis is one of the main reasons that dairy

producers cull their cows. The possible fatal

consequences and general cost of treating

mastitis warrant an appropriate mastitis

prevention and control programme.

Conventional methods of mastitis detection

are expensive, arduous, and require samples.

Early mastitis detection is essential to

minimise economic losses and ensure higher

productivity and effective treatment. The

recent advancement in technological and

engineering tools and materials provides

smart effective methods for the dairy industry

to automatically detect mastitis.

Augmented reality

Augmented reality is described as the

application of technologies that combine

physical and virtual objects over the real

environment, interact in real-time, and align

physical and virtual objects with each other.

Augmented reality provides useful information

about dairy cow mastitis by transferring

different virtual elements via a computer over

the real world.


Infrared thermography

Infrared thermography is an emerging, noninvasive

diagnostic tool with the potential

to detect mastitis in dairy cows. Infrared

thermography allows the conversion of the

infrared radiation emitted from the udder skin

surface into pixel intensity and generates

thermographic images of the udder. This

method requires specific software for analysis.

Research has shown that the udder skin

surface temperature of dairy cows suffering

from mastitis is about 0,8°C higher than the

body temperature. However, factors such as

skin colour, manure coverage, and hairiness

can impact the accuracy and reliability of

thermographic results and, therefore, must

be addressed to improve the method’s

effectiveness.

Internet of Things

The Internet of Things is defined as the

ability of connected devices through highspeed

internet to sense, collect, share, and

process data and to utilise this data to achieve

common goals. The Internet of Things (IoT)

infrastructure – consisting of wearable sensors

such as motion, temperature, and rumination

sensors, along with the cloud system and the

end-user application – enables farmers to

detect diseases such as mastitis in dairy cows.

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence stimulates human

intelligence in machines and exhibits traits

such as learning and problem-solving

associated with the human mind. Artificial

intelligence is used to derive knowledge from

data, rationalise, and take actions to achieve

specific goals. The implementation of artificial

intelligence enables farmers to analyse

data collected by sensors for early mastitis

detection in dairy cows.

Electronic three-dimensional

(3D) motion detectors

Electronic 3D motion detectors consist of

a battery, a data transmitter, and one or

more sensors mounted on the cow’s body

to measure, collect, and transmit physical

activity data at specified time intervals. These

sensors include ear tags, halters, neck collars,

reticulo-rumen bolus sensors, leg tags, tail

tags, tail head tags, and vaginal tags. The

collected data is computed into physiological

and behavioural parameters by algorithms,

software, or cloud computing to predict,

detect, and diagnose mastitis in dairy cattle.

Deep learning

Deep learning is defined as a subset of

machine learning that implements multilayered

neural networks to simulate the

decision-making power of the human brain. A

computer vision-based automatic recognition

model based on deep learning is used for

dairy cow mastitis diagnosis. Furthermore, the

deep learning network model has an average

accuracy of 96,1% in mastitis detection. In

addition, deep learning in combination with

udder ultrasonography is used as an accurate,

rapid, and inexpensive method to detect

mastitis instead of routine laboratory test.



5G technology

This is the fifth-generation technology

standard for cellular networks and can

support 1 000-fold gains in capacity,

connection for at least 100 billion devices,

and a 10–20 GB/s individual user experience

of extremely low latency and response times.

In intensive dairy production systems, dairy

cows can wear a 5G-connected collar that

records their activity data and assists with

mastitis detection.

Cloud computing

Cloud computing connects cyber-physical

devices in real-time to share data within

milliseconds or faster. In addition, cloud

computing provides computing services

through visualised and scalable resources

over the internet and offers an opportunity to

monitor dairy cattle mastitis.

Focus on prevention

Prevention is always better than cure. A

good preventative mastitis management

programme not only protects the health

and well-being of dairy cows, but helps to

keep milk production stable, limit the use of

antibiotics, and maintain the quality of milk.

The control of mastitis is based on a sound

management programme that should include

at least some of the following practices:

» Proper use of a functional milking machine,

as well as appropriate milking machine

maintenance.

» Effective disinfection of teats, before and

after milking, with an approved teat dip.

» Early treatment of clinical cases of mastitis.

» Dry cow therapy, if appropriate, at the end

of lactation, using a dry cow antibiotic

mastitis treatment product.

» Use of internal teat sealants.

» The culling of cows with chronic mastitis.

» Appropriate vaccination with a Gramnegative

core-antigen vaccine to reduce

coliform infections.

The dairy industry is adopting new

technology to ease the early detection of

mastitis. However, possible existing limitations

in terms of technology and infrastructure

in the dairy industry increases the need

to advance the devices and tools for more

efficient applications in the field.


PORTIA

PHOHLO

– a barrier-breaking

stewardship

champion

“For as long as I can remember,

I have been drawn to the land

not only as a source of food and

livelihood, but as a living system

that sustains communities.

Growing up, I saw how deeply

people depend on healthy soils and

natural resources, and this shaped my

belief that caring for the environment

must go hand in hand with building

a resilient agricultural sector. This

passion has guided my journey into

soil science, where I have dedicated

my career to helping commercial

dairy farmers balance productivity

with environmental responsibility.”

Meet Portia Phohlo, a soil and

environmental scientist employed

by Trase & Save. Her work is

centred on improving the way soil health is

measured, understood, and managed on

commercial farms.

“I see soils not just as a medium for

production, but as living ecosystems

with complex biological processes.

This perspective allows me to support farmers

in making more informed, environmentally

responsible decisions.”

She believes that healthy soils enhance

nutrient cycling, reduce the need for

excessive fertiliser inputs, and protect water

and biodiversity, all of which are critical for

ensuring that farming remains productive

while safeguarding the environment.



When Portia started university, she knew

she wanted to study agriculture but was

unsure of the exact field. In her second

year, the passionate teachings of Professor

Muchaonyerwa, a lecturer in one of the soil

science courses she attended, resulted in

her changing the focus of her degree from

initially being plant-focused to include soil

as well. She realised how important this

natural resource was and wanted to know

more about it.

Her PhD in agronomy at Stellenbosch

University investigated nitrogen fertilisation

strategies in pasture-based dairy systems. “My

study explored how different levels of nitrogen

input affect both pasture productivity and

nutrient use efficiency, showing that excessive

nitrogen applications can suppress yields and

increase environmental losses. These findings

highlighted the importance of aligning

fertilisation with natural soil processes to

achieve both economic and ecological gains.”

Portia’s research is closely tied to the

practical, on-farm implementation of holistic

sustainability assessment tools developed

by Trace & Save. These tools enable farmers

to track soil health, water use, carbon

footprint, and nutrient efficiency as well as

biodiversity as part of an integrated system

of environmental management. They are

currently being applied across commercial

dairy farms under the Woodlands Dairy

Sustainability Project, creating a vital link

between research and farming practice.

This project gives farmers measurable

insights into their environmental footprint

while empowering them to adopt more

sustainable approaches.

Sustainability has become an undefined

term. People use it to mean all sorts of

things. Trace & Save, believes that claims of

sustainability should be made with integrity.

By measuring indicators on a farm annually,

it is possible to determine whether farmers

are actually successfully implementing

sustainable practices, and the effect they

are having on improving the sustainability

of the farm.

“For me, soil is not just a resource to be

managed; it is the foundation of food security,

rural livelihoods, and ecological resilience.

My work reflects a conviction that healthy

soils lead to healthy communities and that

environmental stewardship is not optional but

essential for the future of farming. By placing

science and sustainability at the heart of

agriculture, I hope to help ensure that South

Africa’s dairy industry can thrive without

compromising the resources that future

generations will depend on.”

As a woman in science, Portia realises

that female voices bring both strength and

perspective to fields where women have

historically been underrepresented. “For

me, Women’s Month is a reminder that our

contribution is not only about professional

achievements but also about breaking

barriers, mentoring others, and showing that

there is space for women to lead in science

and agriculture. My hope is that my journey

can inspire other young women to follow their

passion with courage, because agriculture

and the world need their ideas, energy,

and leadership.”


THE CENTURY

OF VIRUSES

By Dr Joao Pereira

It begins, as it often does, with the quiet. A misty dawn,

the low murmur of hooves on hay. The gentle, rhythmic

whoosh of milking liners echoing like a heartbeat through

the parlour. The cows are calm. The routine is sacred.

And yet, something unseen stirs in the air. Something

ancient, adaptable, and alarmingly fast – viruses.

For much of modern agriculture, the

focus has been on growth, performance,

and productivity – and rightfully so. Yet

in optimising outputs, streamlining operations,

and linking continents, we have quietly

opened the door to another kind of risk: one

that moves invisibly, mutates with ease, and

slips in without knocking.

Century of viruses

Welcome to what many scientists,

veterinarians, and global health authorities

now call the ‘century of viruses’. And no, this

is not just a post-pandemic buzzword. It is a

biological and societal reckoning – the reality

that infectious diseases, especially viral ones,

are no longer fringe concerns. They have

become frontline challenges, rewriting the

rulebook for dairy farms across the globe.

From global pandemic to

pasture problems

We used to think of viruses as distant –

belonging to far-off lands, to exotic wildlife, or

to the pages of textbooks. Now, they surface

in farm logs, milk reports, and veterinary

screens with unsettling frequency.

» COVID-19, of course, was a wake-up call

to all industries, but especially agriculture,

which saw supply chain breakdowns, staff

shortages, and heightened biosecurity

requirements.

» Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains

one of the most feared animal diseases on

the planet. It spreads through breath, feed,

manure, even clothing, and can devastate

trade, paralyse movement, and slash profits

within days.



» Lumpy skin disease (LSD), once restricted

to Africa, has galloped into Europe

and Asia, carried by insects and global

warming alike.

» Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), infectious

bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine

coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial

virus continue to wreak havoc on calf

health, milk yields, and reproductive

performance.

Each virus has its own playbook, but

they share a chilling truth – they thrive in

the shadows of inattention. And here is

the real kicker … the rise of viral diseases

is not just due to biology, it is entangled in

everything – climate change, global trade,

increased animal density, and yes, even

human behaviour. We are not just reacting

to viruses anymore. We are, in many cases,

accelerating them.

The science behind the surge

Let us pull back the curtain a bit and

understand why this surge is happening.

» High-density farming = high

transmission potential

Modern dairy farms are marvels of

efficiency, but they are also ideal grounds

for viral transmission. Close contact, shared

air, and centralised systems can allow a

virus to spread like wildfire if not contained.

» Global trade = global risks

With animals, feed, semen, and equipment

crossing borders regularly, the chance of

bringing a stowaway virus along for the ride

has never been higher.

» Climate change = vector explosion

Warmer climates extend the active season

for virus-carrying insects like ticks and

midges. Diseases that were once regional

are now migrating.

» Stress = immunity’s worst enemy

High-performance cows are more

productive than ever, but often under

greater physiological stress. Stress weakens

the immune system, making cows more

susceptible to infection.

» Mutation = new viral variants

As in humans, animal viruses evolve quickly.

This makes vaccine development and

disease control a moving target.

This is not fear-mongering – it is a fact.

And it demands that dairy farmers evolve

alongside the threats.

Practical tools to prevent the

next outbreak

If this is truly the century of viruses, then we

need to become guardians of prevention.

Here is your toolkit:

1. Create a fortress farm

Think like a virus. Then stop it.

» Controlled entry: No one enters without

logging in, disinfecting boots, and donning

clean clothing.

» Quarantine zones: New or returning

animals must be isolated for 14 to 21 days.

» Footbaths and vehicle disinfection: Keep

entryways clean and monitored.

2. Build a custom

vaccination protocol

Vaccines are not one-size-fits-all.

» Work with your vet to develop a region- and

herd-specific vaccine calendar.

» Include FMD, IBR, BVD, LSD, and other

regionally prevalent viruses.

» Track vaccinations like gold –

accuracy matters.


3. Train your eyes and ears

Early detection saves herds.

» Teach your staff to notice signs of

lethargy, respiratory issues, ulcers, unusual

behaviour, and milk drop.

» Keep a shared logbook for daily

observations.

4. Be ready to respond

A virus can go from zero to outbreak in

days. Be faster.

» Create and test an emergency standard

operating procedure for isolating

sick animals.

» Keep personal protection equipment

kits and disinfectants on hand for quick

containment.

» Identify your emergency veterinarian team

and reporting contacts.

5. Strengthen from the inside

Happy cows are resilient cows.

» Ensure balanced nutrition, adequate

bedding, fresh air, and minimal stress.

» Use technology – like thermal cameras

or herd management software – to

spot anomalies.

A new era of

agricultural leadership

This is not just about dairy. It is about global

food security, public health and the sacred

relationship between humans and the animals

we care for.

You, dear farmer, are not ‘just’ a milk

producer. You are a protector of life. A steward

of health. A sentinel of the soil. In this century

of viruses, your barn is not just a workplace – it

is a front line. And every boot you clean, every

protocol you enforce, every staff member

you train – that is a stand you take against

invisible enemies.

Conclusion – courage,

clarity, and commitment

This article is not meant to scare you; it is

meant to awaken you. Viruses are quick. But

we can be quicker. Viruses evolve. But so do

we – through learning, leadership, and love for

what we do. And while viruses are invisible, the

impact of a prepared, vigilant farm is the kind

of legacy that leaves hoofprints on history.

So, let us rise to meet this century with

open eyes, clean boots, and hopeful hearts.

The cows are counting on us. As a veterinarian

and industry expert, I have seen firsthand how

prevention, education, and fast action can

save not just cows – but entire communities.

And I have also seen how fear, denial, and

delay can unravel years of progress in a

matter of weeks.



SCAN or

CLICK to listen

Maak reg vir ’n

ELITE MELKBOER-

TOEKENNING

Deur Suretha Francis, SA Stamboek

Alle melkkuddes wat gebruik maak van SA Stamboek

se Logix Melkdienste kwalifiseer vir deelname aan die

Elite Melkboer-toekennings.

Die SA Stamboek Nasionale Elite 2025 kudde van die jaar (suiwel)-toekenning het

gegaan aan AJ, JA en PJ Schoonwinkel van Kluitjieskraal Jersey in die Wes-Kaap.


Elke melkkudde word beoordeel op

grond van ’n reekse objektiewe,

meetbare maatstawwe wat bepalend

is vir doeltreffende en volhoubare wins in

melkkuddes. Die gootste voordeel is dus

dat deelnemers aan Logix Melkdienste

toegang het tot hierdie evaluasies en

hulself daaraan kan meet, ongeag of hulle

noodwendig beloon word met een van die

top-toekennings. Aandag kan dan gegee

word aan bepaalde aspekte waar dit nodig is,

en hierdie verbeterings plaas sulke kuddes

ook sommer in ’n beter posisie met die

Elite-toekennings.

Die Logix Elite Kuddetoekennings

identifiseer die top-melkkuddes in Suid-

Afrika. Vir kuddes om ’n toekenning te kan

ontvang, is die vereistes is baie streng. Toptoekennings

gaan dus aan werklik uitstaande

kuddes. SA Stamboek is ’n organisasie aan

die voorpunt van tegnologie in Afrika. Telers

wat van die dienste gebruik maak, se diere

word geteel om uiters goed aangepas en

winsgewend te wees. Die volle siklus word

gedek in die Elite Melkboer-toekennings: van

die korrekte en tydige rekordhouding van

diere, reproduksie-doeltreffendheid, tot die

genetiese meriete van die kudde.

Daar is verskillende kategorie toekennings,

naamlik Platinum, Goud, Silwer en Brons.

Die kuddes wat ’n Platinum of Goue

toekenning behaal is in die Top 10 persent

van die kuddes wat deelneem aan die Logix

Melkdienste van SA Stamboek. Die kuddes

voldoen aan streng vereistes, wat verseker

dat hulle werklik uitstaande is, dat die boer

reeds jare in die melkbedryf is en op die regte

manier van die beste beskikbare tegnologie

gebruik maak. Die diere beskik ook oor

voortreflike prestasie en genetiese meriete.

Die Platinum-toekennings gaan aan die

top-ses kuddes landwyd, terwyl die kuddes

wat Goud verdien, ’n punt van meer as 70%

moet behaal op die objektiewe skaal.

Afgesien van die algemene punt is daar

ook bykomende minimum-vereistes waaraan

hulle moet voldoen om die toekenning te

kan ontvang.

Die bykomende vereistes (Goud)

is as volg:

1. Die kudde moet minstens drie jaar in die

melkbedryf wees.

2. Die vorige jaar se Elite-toekenning moes

ten minste Silwer of beter wees.

Slegs Goue kuddes kwalifiseer vir

Platinum-toekennings en die volgende

vereistes word bygevoeg:

1. Minimum-kuddegrootte van 100

koeie in melk.

2. Ten minste agt amptelike melktoetse (met

melkontledings) per jaar voltooi.

Om ’n Silwer toekenning te verwerf moet ’n

deelnemer ten minste ’n punt bo 60% behaal,

en vir Brons bo 40%. Die Silwer kategorie

bestaan uit die top 25% van alle melkkuddes

oor alle rasse heen, terwyl Brons aan die top

50% toegeken word.



Puntetoekenning

Puntetoekenning geskied in drie

kategorieë, naamlik:

» Akkuraatheid, tydigheid en volledigheid

van aantekening, wat 80 punte bydra,

» Produksiedoeltreffendheid, met ’n bydrae

van 145, en

» Genetiese meriete van die kudde, wat

ook 145 tot die totale moontlike punt

van 370 bydra.

Aantekening word verdeel in drie subkategorieë

(met die maksimum punte

wat behaal kan word in hakies):

» Koeie in melk (15): Gemiddelde aantal

koeie in melk. Groter kuddes is moeiliker

om te bestuur en verdien dus meer punte.

» Melkaantekening (30): Aantal amptelike

melktoetse gedoen tydens die Elitekompetisiejaar.

» Ouerskap (35): Persentasie aktiewe diere in

die kudde waar beide ouers bekend is.

Produksiedoeltreffendheid bestaan uit

agt sub-kategorieë:

» Produksie (35): Gemiddelde

melkproduksie (vergelyk binne ras en

voedingsgroep).

» Melkvastestowwe (10): Gemiddelde

vastestowwe soos aangeteken in

melktoetse (binne ras en voedingsgroep).

» Laktasieduur (10): Gemiddelde

laktasieduur vergelyk met optimum.

» Ouderdom eerste kalwing (15):

Gemiddelde ouderdom van eerste kalwings

tydens die Elite-jaar.

» Tussenkalfperiode (30): Gemiddelde TKP

tussen laaste twee kalwings.

» Konsepsietempo koeie en verse (20):

Gemiddelde aantal strooitjies per

konsepsie vir alle verse en koeie.

» Somatieseseltelling (13): Gemiddelde SST

(× 1000) op grond van melktoetse.

» Gemiddelde dae in melk (12): Gemiddelde

DIM van koeie wat gemeet is in vergelyking

met optimumwaarde.

Genetiese meriete van die kudde:

» Genetiese vlak (145): Gemiddelde

genetiese vlak van alle aktiewe koeie

(Genetiese Indeks per rasvereistes)

Uit die bostaande uiteensetting kan afgelei

word dat kuddes met uitstaande punte reg

bestuur word en dat die regte genetiese

besluite geneem word. Dit verg dus regtig

harde werk en toewyding om enigeen van die

toekennings te ontvang.

Die eintlike waarde is egter gesetel in die

nut wat die toekennings het om bestuur te

verbeter, asook om die regte ekonomiese

besluite te neem.


OAT SILAGE

for reliable

winter roughage

preservation

By Jos Malherbe,

business development manager,

Western Cape, Vitam International

Oat silage remains one of the most

effective methods of preserving

roughage during the winter feeding

season. When ensiled correctly with attention

to crop maturity, moisture levels, and airtight

storage, oats can retain their nutritional value

for several months, offering a consistent and

palatable feed source for ruminants.

Planning and preparation

for oat silage

The foundation for successful silage begins

long before harvest. Once a suitable oat

cultivar has been selected and standard

agronomic practices (planting, fertilisation,

chemical management) are in place, preensiling

preparations must follow.

Mechanical readiness

Ensiling is a time-sensitive operation, and its

success depends significantly on mechanical

efficiency. Delays during the harvesting

window, often caused by equipment failure,

can result in substantial nutrient losses

and spoilage. For this reason, it is essential

that all mechanical equipment, including

harvesters, tractors, transport wagons, and

compactors, are thoroughly serviced and in

optimal working condition before the onset

of harvest. Stocking critical spare parts onfarm

is strongly advised, especially in cases

where supplier delays may occur during peak

silage periods.

Scheduling the harvest

A general benchmark for harvest timing is

between 120 and 140 days after planting.

However, this timeframe can change,

depending on local conditions such as

climate, rainfall, and the specific oat variety

used. Regular field monitoring as the crop

approaches maturity is crucial.

Key indicators of harvest readiness include:

» Grain development stage: Boot, milk, and

dough phases (the boot stage has the

highest protein but lower yield).

» Leaf senescence: Two to four leaves

drying from the base of the stem.

» Moisture content: Chop samples from the

field and measure moisture using a Koster

tester or air fryer method to determine dry

matter (DM) percentage.

Environmental factors, such as dry fields and

increased wind exposure, can accelerate

drying and must be considered during the

decision-making process.



Dry matter considerations

The optimal DM content for oat silage ranges

between 30% and 40%, with 35% considered

ideal. This range supports efficient

fermentation, while allowing for effective

compaction in storage.

Ensiling roughage below 30% DM carries

the risk of undesirable clostridial fermentation.

This results in the formation of butyric acid, a

compound that is not only malodorous and

unpalatable but also reduces the energy

density of the silage and negatively impacts

dry matter intake.

Conversely, roughage ensiled above 40%

DM becomes more difficult to compact,

increasing the risk of air infiltration

and subsequent aerobic spoilage. This

environment favours mould growth, leading

to the production of mycotoxins – hazardous

compounds that can affect animal health

even at low concentrations.

Inoculants and sealing

The next critical step is the selection of

appropriate inoculants and silage covers. The

choice of these materials can significantly

influence the fermentation quality and

aerobic stability of the final product.

Inoculants typically contain carefully

selected strains of lactic acid bacteria and

enzymes that promote rapid pH reduction

by enhancing lactic acid production. A

quick drop in pH is essential for suppressing

spoilage organisms and preserving

nutritional quality.

It is important to note that not all inoculants

are created equal. Some offer additional

benefits such as improved digestibility,

enhanced palatability, and extended bunk

life. Selecting the appropriate product

with proven scientific results ensures

optimal results.

Sealing silage with a high-quality, multilayer,

oxygen-barrier film is equally important.

These covers must be ultraviolet-resistant,

puncture-resistant, and capable of forming a

tight seal to prevent oxygen ingress. A wellsealed

bunker minimises aerobic spoilage and

supports long-term silage stability.

Infrastructure and final checks

In preparation for storage, silage bunkers or

platforms must be cleaned and inspected.

Any residual feed, contaminants, or debris

should be removed to reduce the risk of

microbial contamination. Attention to detail in

storage infrastructure, combined with sound

agronomic practices and proper harvest

timing, enables producers to maximise both

the nutritional value and shelf life of their oat

silage. By following best practices throughout

the process, producers can enhance feed

consistency and improve animal performance

throughout the year.

For more information or to book a

free on-farm consultation to prepare

for the winter silage season, contact

Vitam International at 012 665 5245 or

email josm@vitam.co.za.

MAKE GOOD SILAGE GREAT!

Scan the QR code to chat with us on

WhatsApp today or book a free consultation


MECHANISATION

MAKES SENSE

By Priyanka Tiwari of Markets and Markets

The global milking robot

market is projected to grow

from US$3,2 billion in 2024 to

US$5,3 billion by 2029, registering

a compound annual growth rate of

10,8% during the forecast period.

The milking robot market is driven by

economic factors such as rising labour

costs and increased milk production,

technological advancements in sensor

technology and automation, social shifts

towards animal welfare and organic products,

and governmental support through incentives

and regulations.

These factors collectively fuel growth,

revolutionising dairy farming practices

toward efficiency, sustainability, and

ethical standards. Regional variations

and technological advancements further

influence market dynamics, but the

overarching trend points to significant market

expansion and a pivotal role in addressing

agricultural challenges.

The dominance of farms with herd sizes

below 100 in the milking robot market stems

from the accessibility and affordability of

entry-level robotic solutions tailored for

smaller operations.

Financially viable –

smaller dairy farms

These farms find these systems more

financially viable, allowing gradual automation

integration without substantial upfront

costs. Moreover, the flexibility and scalability

offered by robots designed for smaller herds

align perfectly with their operational needs

while addressing labour efficiency concerns.

This accessibility, affordability, and tailored

suitability for smaller-scale operations

contribute to these farms holding the largest

share in the milking robot market.

The substantial growth in services within

this market stems from the increased

adoption of the technology, prompting a

heightened demand for technical support,

maintenance, and repair services. Moreover,

the necessity for training programmes and

education to empower farmers to operate

these systems efficiently fuels the expansion

of service offerings.

Additionally, the need for customisation,

upgrades, and continual advancements

in technology drive service providers

to offer tailored solutions, ensuring

optimal performance and functionality of

milking robots.



India’s growth in milking robots

This collective demand for diverse services

caters to the evolving needs of farmers,

significantly augmenting market growth.

India’s burgeoning expansion finds roots

in a convergence of factors. The country’s

expanding dairy industry and growing

demand for dairy products have fostered a

need for more efficient milking solutions.

The adoption of advanced technologies in

agriculture, including milking robots, aligns

with the sector’s modernisation drive. Rising

labour costs and limited availability further

propel the shift towards automated solutions.

At the same time, government support and

initiatives complement this transformation

by encouraging the adoption of innovative

farming technologies, facilitating India’s rapid

ascent in market.

Companies – advanced

milking robots

The milking robot market is consolidated,

dominated by established original equipment

manufacturers (OEMs) that design and sell

milking robots. Major OEMs include DeLaval

(Sweden), GEA Group (Germany), Lely

(Netherlands), BouMatic (United States),

and Fullwood JOZ (United Kingdom). These

companies have created a integrated

ecosystem by investing extensively in

research and development activities to

launch advanced milking robots.

The ecosystem also includes various

component manufacturers and technology

providers offering a wide range of products

and software solutions integrated into

milking robots. Major hardware devices

used in milking robots include robotic arms,

milk analysers, sensors, radio-frequency

identification tags, readers, cameras, and

control and display units. The market

ecosystem also comprises service providers

offering maintenance and support services,

connectivity services, system integration and

consulting services, managed services, and

assisted professional services. Integrated

solutions are delivered to end users

by distributors.

Automatic cattle traffic

management

Moving cattle in and out of milking stalls

or milking parlours is extremely tedious,

and automatic cattle traffic management

technologies can help reduce the risk of

injury to cattle on-farm. These systems are

equipped with automatic sorting gates that

segregate animals based on their readiness

to be milked. Animals ready for milking are

directed to the milking area, while others are

sent to the barn or moved to a waiting area.

Some major companies offering automatic

cattle traffic management systems include

Lely, Fullwood JOZ, Delmer, and Bump Gates.

Parlour monitoring

Parlour monitoring solutions are extensively

used for monitoring and measuring the

daily milk flow per cow. Advanced parlour

monitoring systems also facilitate the

measurement of parameters such as milk

fat, protein, and somatic cells to determine

the milk quality. The system sends alerts

to farmers when there is a slowdown in

milk production, thereby helping farmers

make improved decisions related to farm

productivity and cattle nutrition.

In recent years, there has been a surge in

demand for advanced parlour monitoring

solutions to ensure high milk yield, especially

in large farms.


Advanced liners and clusters

Advanced liner and cluster solutions can

play a key role in improving milk yield and

quality as they facilitate automatic dipping

and flushing. When the animal reaches the

milking area, liners are positioned correctly for

seamless milking. Once in place, the system

continuously monitors and controls vacuum

levels for individual teats. The dip is then

applied at the appropriate angle and vacuum

level. After milking is completed, the liner is

removed and sanitised for the next animal

ready to be milked.

Add-on robotic solution

Add-on robotic solutions help in automating

pre-milking and post-milking procedures.

miRobot (Israel) offers a comprehensive addon

robotic solution that can be integrated

with farm milking systems. The system is

highly compact, durable, and easy to operate.

The add-on robotic solution offered by the

company conducts pre- and post-milking

procedures based on the requirements of

the animal, ensuring improved milk yield and

enhanced animal comfort.

Reduced labour costs due to automation in

dairy farms, technological advancements in

dairy farms, and benefits offered by automatic

milking solutions are some of the major factors

contributing to the market growth.

Advanced technologies and equipment

have made livestock farms more efficient

and productive, with increased precision and

automation.

WWW.RUMAX.CO.ZA



ARBEIDS-

KOLOM

deur Christiaan Swart

ONEERLIKHEID

tydens onderhoude

Die hoeksteen van die werksverhouding is vertroue. Werkgewers

moet weet dat hul werknemers eerlik sal optree in hul handelinge

met die werkgewer. ’n Vertrouensverhouding is dus uiters belangrik.

’n

Werkgewer het die reg op volledige

en akkurate inligting wat werklik

relevant is en wat direk verband hou

met die inherente werks- of operasionele

vereistes van ’n spesifieke pos.

Dit is belangrik dat persone sodanige

inligting eerlik en volledig openbaar,

aangesien hierdie inligting deurslaggewend

kan wees in die besluit om ’n applikant aan te

stel al dan nie.

Daar word van applikante vir

indiensneming dus verwag om:

» inligting bekend te maak wat relevant is

tot die besluit om ’n aanstelling te maak

waar dit duidelik is dat die werkgewer sulke

inligting benodig;

» saaklike en relevante vrae eerlik

te beantwoord;

» te verhoed dat werkskwalifikasies,

vaardighede en ervaring oordryf word.


Valse of misleidende inligting aan die

werkgewer sal die kanse om werk te bekom

ernstig belemmer, of in sommige gevalle

verhinder. Ongelukkig is dit ’n realiteit dat

applikante voornemende werkgewers oor

sekere feite en kwessies mislei in die hoop dat

dit hul kans op indiensneming sal verbeter.

Voorbeelde van sulke misleiding sluit in om:

» aanspraak te maak op kwalifikasies wat nie

bestaan nie;

» valse verwysingsbriewe te verskaf; en

» vaardighede en ervaring te oordryf.

Kan ’n werknemer ontslaan word

indien hy of sy oneerlik was

tydens die onderhoud?

Werkgewers moet kan bewys dat

die werknemer hulle tydens die

indiensnemingsproses mislei het deur valse

inligting te verskaf rakende die operasionele

verwagtinge van die pos en hul geskiktheid

daarvoor. Indien ’n werknemer misleidende

inligting verskaf het wat tot hul indiensneming

lei, sal daar ook van die werkgewer verwag

word om te bewys dat die werknemer se

oneerlikheid die vertrouensverhouding

negatief beïnvloed het.

Daar rus dus ’n verpligting op die

werkgewer om te kan bewys dat, indien

die werknemer die korrekte/ware/volledige

inligting sou verskaf het tydens die

onderhoud, die werknemer nie suksesvol

sou wees in die indiensnemingproses nie

en dus nie in diens geneem sou word nie.

Die tweede been is dan om te bewys dat

die vertrouensverhouding onherstelbaar

verbrokkel het.

Oneerlikheid as ’n aspek van wangedrag

is ’n generiese term wat alle vorme van

gedrag omvat wat misleiding behels. Die

Arbeidsappèlhof het oneerlikheid gedefinieer

as ’n gebrek aan integriteit of reguitheid en,

in die besonder, ’n bereidwilligheid om te

steel, te kul, te lieg of bedrieglik op te tree.

Bedrog kan in verskeie vorme gemanifesteer

word, wat insluit die verskaffing van valse

inligting, nie-openbaarmaking van inligting,

diefstal en bedrog.

Indien die werknemer dus aangekla

word van oneerlikheid tydens die

onderhoudproses, moet daar bewyse gelewer

word dat die oneerlike inligting ’n direkte

verband hou met die voorvereistes dat die

aanstelling plaasgevind het op grond van die

oneerlike inligting, dat indien die werknemer

die werklike inligting voorsien het, dit nie

sou gelei het tot indiensname nie, en dat

die werkgewer nie meer die werknemer kan

vertrou nie.

Elke aangeleentheid moet op eie meriete

bepaal word. Die relevante feite van elke

aangeleentheid moet volledig ontleed

word om te bepaal of ontslag ’n gepaste

en regverdige sanksie sal wees. Indien die

oneerlikheid nie ’n invloed het op die besluit

om die werknemer in diens te neem nie, sal

dit heelwaarskynlik nie genoegsaam wees om

ontslag te regverdig nie.

Dit is nie altyd maklik om die nodige

bewyse bymekaar te maak om ’n werknemer

te ontslaan weens wanvoorstelling nie, en

daarom is dit uiters belangrik dat werkgewers

die regte vrae vra gedurende onderhoude,

gekombineer met ’n behoorlike siftingsproses

wanneer hulle beoog om ’n werknemer

aan te stel.

Wat mag ’n werkgewer nie tydens

’n onderhoud vra nie?

Enige inligting wat in Artikel 6 van die Wet op

Billike Werksgeleenthede as ’n arbitrêre grond

gelys word, mag weerhou word. ’n Werkgewer

mag byvoorbeeld nie ’n applikant vrae vra

oor hul MIV-status nie (tensy hierdie vraag

medies relevant is), huwelikstatus, seksuele

voorkeur, godsdienstige praktyke, en of ’n vrou

swanger is nie.



FINANCIAL

COLUMN

Women in dairy:

OBVIOUSLY!

August is Women’s month. This is stating

the rather obvious. However, what seems

less obvious is the role women play in the

South African dairy industry, as we are

constantly asked to define, expand on, or

explain what women can do. Really! If we

spend just a moment reflecting on these

questions, we inevitably have to start

with the fact that the whole industry is

built on females. No cows, no industry!

If we look at the innovations we see in the

industry, I challenge you to find one that

is gender-specific or something that only

men could do. Some of these innovations

and new technologies in the industry include

automated milking systems or robotic milking,

artificial intelligence and predictive analytics,

precision livestock farming, genomic and

biotechnical advances, sustainable and

green technologies, the Internet of Things,

next-generation dairy processing, alternative

and synthetic dairy, data-driven supply

chain optimisation, and improving animal

welfare through technology. All of these

require a brain – not a voice that changed

during puberty.


The challenges we face mean that we have to

look at our business holistically. This requires

us to expand our thinking and include many

things we may not have included in the

past. We need to:

» Diversify our income and operations.

» Invest in technology and data.

» Prioritise compliance and staff training.

» Emphasise transparent record-keeping.

» Foster community and

stakeholder engagement.

» Embrace sustainability and adaptation.

» Stay ahead of market and consumer trends.

» Build strategic alliances and networks.

» Cultivate a culture of continuous learning.

These things are not tick-box exercises; they

require a total shift in how we think and act.

Women are, by their own insistence, geniuses

at multitasking and juggling responsibilities.

As an aside: I keep telling my family that I

am the master of multitasking – I can sit and

do or think about nothing, all at the same

time. Apparently, this does not make me a

multitasker …

and generally make a hash of it. Some of the

possible covers to consider include livestock

insurance, property insurance, equipment

breakdown, business interruption, general

liability, product liability, environmental

liability, workers’ compensation, vehicles,

cyber insurance, householders, electronic

equipment – and the list goes on!

It should be clear from this that you absolutely

need a few pointers when embarking on

this journey:

» Work with a specialist – this is not a braai or

tea party discussion; get a proper broker.

» Regularly review your policies.

» Actively promote loss prevention

on your farm.

» Bundle policies where possible, as you can

achieve some level of scale benefit.

» Be very transparent with your broker and

your records.

These many facets mean that I must also

take cognisance of how I manage risk within

this expanding world. Relying on insurance

as a single solution would be unwise. While it

does form part of a proper risk management

plan, there is much more to consider. I need

to look at insurance coverage, but I also have

to practice a host of other measures, such

as proactive animal health management, to

mitigate potential risks.

Let us, for a moment, focus on insurance as

part of the solution. The possible calculations

are enough to stump anyone. There are so

many different types and combinations of

cover that we could easily get confused,

possibly double-insure (paying twice for the

same cover), miss critical items and covers,



As with most things you essentially end

up getting what you paid for. If it sounds

too good to be true, it probably is. While

it’s tempting to buy every possible cover

available, you also have to ask yourself

whether it’s truly necessary – that old wantversus-need

quandary! The way to navigate

this is to list the things that, if they go wrong,

could cost you the farm or your livelihood.

These are the ones that require special care.

Your watch or cell phone won’t cost you

the farm, but if the whole parlour goes up in

flames, you have a real problem.

We tend to think these things only happen

to other people, but here’s a very real

question: If you are milking, say, 100 cows in

your parlour and it burns down, how are you

going to milk those cows? By hand? Two by

two in a portable unit? At your neighbour

who is already using his parlour to the

maximum? Even if he can help, you’ll have

to get all your cows there, feed them, sort

them, and manage countless other logistics.

The parlour will eventually be rebuilt, but in

the meantime? We dare not stop thinking

once we’ve insured the parlour and believe

we’re sorted. This is just one example of the

impact a loss could have on your well-being

and survival. How many more can you think

of? Often, the unintended consequences are

more difficult to deal with than the primary

loss itself.

If we get back to the gender thing, it

unfortunately is true that men often think

big picture and overlook the details. It is

a generalisation, I know, but it highlights

the value of a diverse workforce and the

importance of having more than one

perspective when making decisions.

For many years, women have allowed

themselves to be silenced and then had to

deal with the fallout of that silence. For many

years, men allowed themselves to believe they

knew everything – but they did not. Let us not

make an issue of this, but rather acknowledge

that we all have a contribution to make, and

speak up for and recognise the value of that

contribution. Not because I am a man or a

woman, but because I am a farmer.


ALGEHELE

MELKHIGIËNE

Ons verskaf skoonmaak-in-plek stelsels, deeglike

skoonmaak - middels, ontsmettingsmiddels

en spesialis oplossings vir:

• Massatenks • Melkmasjiene

• Vervaardigingsaanlegte

011 708 0209

info@bransonchemicals.co.za

www.bransonchemicals.co.za


NAVORSING EN OPLEIDING • RESEARCH AND TRAINING

SCAN or

CLICK to listen

KI

kan suur

melk keer

Navorser: Wesley Niemann,

UP Departement Ondernemingsbestuur

Kunsmatige intelligensie kan verseker dat

verbruikers hul gunsteling-produkte elke

keer betyds in die hande kry. Dit kan ook ’n

maatskappy se doeltreffendheid verbeter

deur markskommelings te voorspel,

voorraad optimaal te beheer en moontlike

ontwrigtings in die voorsieningsketting te

identifiseer voordat dit in ’n krisis ontaard.


In vandag se vinnig veranderende wêreld

is voorsieningskettings die ruggraat van

wêreldhandel. Dit verseker dat goedere sonder

enige onderbrekings van vervaardigers na

verbruikers vloei.

Die COVID-19-pandemie het egter die

kwesbaarheid van hierdie stelsels blootgelê, veral

in die Suid-Afrikaanse sektor vir vinnig bewegende

verbruikersgoedere.

Ontwrigtings het ontstaan as gevolg van

grenssluitings, onbestendige vraag en logistieke

uitdagings, wat die dringende behoefte aan

transformasie van ons voorsieningsketting

beklemtoon het.

Alhoewel die pandemie iets van die verlede

is, word die ketting tans ontwrig deur ander

bedreigings wat kop uitgesteek het: oorloë

en geopolitieke spanning, strenger regulasies

of ’n onverwagte klimaatsgebeurtenis het in

sommige gevalle daartoe gelei dat betroubare

verskaffers moes deure toemaak. Dit is juis

hier waar kunsmatige intelligensie (KI) en

gevorderde inligtingstelsels inkom – tegnologieë

wat die herstel, aanpassing en vlot verloop van

voorsieningskettings herdefinieer.

Navorsing deur Wesley Niemann, ’n dosent aan

die Fakulteit Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe

aan die Universiteit van Pretoria (UP), ondersoek

hoe KI en inligtingstelsels die veerkragtigheid van

die voorsieningskettings van vinnig bewegende

verbruikersgoedere in Suid-Afrika kan verbeter.

Die studie poog om vas te stel watter KIvermoëns

die meeste kan bydra en wat die

aanvaarding daarvan in hierdie kritieke bedryf

sal aanmoedig. Die navorsing bied waardevolle

insigte oor hoe digitale hulpmiddels ontwrigtings

kan verminder en voortreflike voorsieningskettings

kan verseker.

“Die grootste uitdaging vir die bedryf van

vinnig bewegende verbruikersgoedere lê in sy

kwesbaarheid vir ontwrigtings,” sê Niemann.

“Met produkte waarvan die rakleeftye kort is,

is die bestuur van voorraad, vraagvoorspelling

en tydige aflewering van kardinale belang.

Ontwrigtings – hetsy deur wêreldwye pandemies

of natuurrampe – kan lei tot voorraadsurplusse of

voorraadtekorte, en albei is duur foute.”



Wêreldwyd kos ontwrigtings in die

voorsieningsketting nywerhede jaarliks

miljarde rande. In die sektor vir vinnig

bewegende verbruikersgoedere kan

vertragings groot verliese veroorsaak weens

produkte wat verval of ’n verbruikersvraag

waarin nie voorsien kon word nie. Deur KI in

te span kan hierdie bedryf nie net plaaslike

uitdagings die hoof bied nie, maar ook ’n

voorbeeld stel vir ander ontwikkelende

ekonomieë. Met vermoëns soos intydse

opsporing, voorspellende ontledings en

outomatiese besluitnemings kan KI die manier

waarop voorsieningskettings wêreldwyd

funksioneer, herdefinieer.

“Kleinhandelaars is in die vroeë stadiums

van die gebruik van KI-algoritmes om vraag

te voorspel en voorraadvlakke in reële tyd te

optimaliseer,” verduidelik hy. “Dit verminder

die risiko van oorvoorraad of tekorte, veral

vir produkte met ’n kort rakleeftyd. Hierdie

vermoë laat kleinhandelaars vinnig aanpas

by wisselende vraag, wat vermorsing

beperk en konsekwente beskikbaarheid

van noodsaaklike items verseker. Deur

verbruikersgedrag en verkoopsyfers te

analiseer, kan hulle beter voorsien in die

vraag, voorraadtekorte verminder en

vermorsing beperk.”

Hy noem ook dat kleinhandelaars en

derdeparty-logistiekverskaffers reeds

KI-gedrewe ontleding gebruik om beter

insig in voorsieningskettings te verkry en

roetebeplanning te optimaliseer. Hierdie

integrasie het alreeds gelei tot laer

bedryfskoste en beter dienslewering.

Wat maak hierdie

navorsing uniek?

Hoewel baie studies voorsieningskettingveerkragtigheid

ondersoek, fokus min op

die ontwikkelende wêreld, waar digitale

transformasie dikwels groot struikelblokke

ervaar. Hierdie navorsing vul daardie gaping

deur praktiese insigte te bied wat spesifiek

vir Suid-Afrika se konteks aangepas is. Dit

beklemtoon ook die belangrikheid van

interne integrasie binne ondernemings, asook

eksterne samewerking met vennote in die

voorsieningsketting – ’n aspek wat dikwels in

soortgelyke studies oor die hoof gesien word.

Uitdagings bly egter bestaan. “Baie Suid-

Afrikaanse maatskappye ervaar ’n tekort aan

digitale vaardighede en word afgeskrik deur

die hoë implementeringskoste,” sê Niemann.

“Om hierdie struikelblokke te oorkom sal

die bedryf, akademie en regering moet

saamwerk om ondersteunende beleid en

opleidingsprogramme te skep.”


Hoe groot is die probleem?

Volgens ’n Deloitte Global-opname

onder meer as 1 000 voorsieningskettingbedryfsleiers

het byna 80% aangedui dat

hul organisasies in die afgelope jaar skade

gely het as gevolg van een of meer nadelige

voorsieningskettinggebeurtenisse. Die

opname toon ook dat bestuurders wat van

maatstawwe gebruik maak om ontwrigtings

te meet, die eksterne skokke en krisisse in hul

voorsieningskettings beter kan deurstaan.

Duidelike maatstawwe stel sakeleiers in staat

om ontwrigtings vinniger en doeltreffender te

verstaan en daarvolgens op te tree.

Niemann beklemtoon dat KI en

inligtingstelsels nie bloot modewoorde is

nie; dit is kritieke hulpmiddels vir die bou

van veerkragtige voorsieningskettings.

“Namate Suid-Afrika se bedryf van vinnig

bewegende verbruikersgoedere herstel ná die

pandemie, kan die aanvaarding van hierdie

tegnologieë langtermyn-volhoubaarheid en

mededingendheid op wêreldvlak verseker.”

Die navorsing is

belangrik vir die toekoms

Voorsieningsketting-veerkragtigheid is nie

meer ’n luukse nie; dit is ’n noodsaaklikheid.

Die COVID-19-pandemie het bewys hoe

broos tradisionele voorsieningskettings is

wanneer dit met ongekende ontwrigtings

gekonfronteer word. KI en inligtingstelsels

kan hierdie kwesbaarheid in sterk punte

omskep deur proaktiewe, databestuurde

besluitneming moontlik te maak.

Vir Suid-Afrika met sy unieke logistieke

uitdagings en sosio-ekonomiese druk,

kan hierdie innovasies mededingendheid

verbeter, koste verlaag en werksgeleenthede

in tegnologie-gedrewe sektore skep.

Hierdie navorsing is ’n oproep tot aksie vir

ondernemings om in innovasie te belê, en

vir beleidmakers om ’n gunstige omgewing

vir digitale transformasie te skep. In ’n land

waar ’n enkele ontwrigting leë rakke tot

gevolg kan hê, kan KI ons geheime wapen

wees om veerkragtige, slimmer en vinniger

voorsieningskettings te bou. Minder verliese.

Minder vermorsing. Meer sekerheid dat jou

melk altyd vars op die rak sal wees.



RESEARCH

COLUMN

by Dr Heinz H. Meissner

DIRECT-FED

MICROBIALS affect

lactation performance

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) defined as “live, naturally

occurring microorganisms that have been used to

improve digestive function of livestock” are feed additives

commonly used to improve production, efficiency,

and health in dairy cows. Direct-fed microbials, by this

definition, can be classified into three categories: bacterial,

fungal, or a combination of both. Several benefits and

modes of action have been proposed for DFM, including

control of rumen pH driven by stimulation of lactic acidutilising

bacteria, enhancement of rumen native microbiota

by provision of growth factors, and improved nutrient

uptake by increasing substrate breakdown.

Despite the numerous proposed

mechanisms, the specific modes of

action of DFM are not fully understood

and may vary depending on the type of

microorganism used (e.g. bacterial or fungal),

the dose and duration of administration,

and the characteristics of the host animal

and its microbiome. Several studies have

reported positive effects of supplementing

conventional DFM on dairy cow performance

during the transition period, as well as in early

and mid-lactation. However, common bacteria

and fungi used in conventional DFM are not

native to the ruminal environment, which may

limit their ability to interact with and influence

the rumen and its native microbial community.

On rumen-derived DFM, though, limited

data are available of their effects on

performance, ruminal fermentation profiles,

and indicator blood parameters. Therefore,

in the study cited, the objective was to

evaluate the effects of rumen-derived DFM

on performance, blood biomarkers, ruminal

fermentation, and bacterial abundance in

dairy cows during the transition period until

100 days in milk (DIM).


Fifty-six Holstein cows were enrolled in a

randomised complete block design from −21

to 100 DIM. Cows were blocked based on

expected calving date, parity, and previous

lactation milk yield for multi-lactation cows

or genetic merit for first-lactation cows. At

−21 DIM, cows were randomly assigned to

either a basal control diet supplemented with

150 g/day ground maize (CON; n = 29) or

the control diet supplemented with ground

maize plus a rumen-derived DFM product

(GF; n = 27, 150 g/day ground corn + 5 g/

day) containing Clostridium beijerinckii at

1,0 × 107 cfu; Pichia kudriavzevii at 1,0 × 108

cfu; Ruminococcus bovis at 1,0 × 108 cfu;

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens at 1,0 × 108 cfu) that

was top-dressed once a day.

All cows received the same basal diet from

−21 DIM until calving (1,56 Mcal/kg dry matter

and 14,46% CP) and the same lactation diet

from calving to 100 DIM (1,76 Mcal/kg DM

and 15,69% CP).

Blood samples were collected to measure

biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and

oxidative stress, along with rumen fluid via

oesophageal tubing to analyse ammonia,

volatile fatty acids, and microbial abundance.

These samples were taken from a subset of

multi-lactation cows (n = 12/treatment) at

various time points from −22 to 100 DIM.

Compared with CON, GF cows produced

more milk (+4,1 kg/day) during the immediate

post-calving period (6–14 weeks) and tended

to produce more milk (+2,9 kg/day) than

CON during the entire trial (0–14 weeks).

Although dry matter intake was not affected

by treatment, GF cows had greater feed

efficiency (+0,18, milk/DMI) in the immediate

post-calving period.

Compared with CON, GF cows had lower

blood plasma glucose and higher β-hydroxy

butyrate (BHB). Blood biomarkers showed

greater concentrations of ceruloplasmin,

haptoglobin, and reactive oxygen metabolites

(ROM) in GF cows. They also had greater

ruminal molar proportions of butyrate and

tended to have greater valerate and lower

acetate. These changes in ruminal volatile

fatty acids were coupled with alterations

in ruminal microbial abundance, where

compared with CON, GF cows tended to

have a greater abundance of lactate-utilising

species (Megasphaera elsdenii), but lower

abundance of cellulose-utilising species

(Fibrobacter succinogenes). Although

greater ROM was accompanied by a mild

inflammatory condition in GF cows, this was

not detrimental to milk yield and DMI.

Overall, our results suggest that

supplementing GF in the transition period

until 100 DIM positively affects lactation

performance.

Reference:

Bulnes, M., Bonilla, J., Suazo, M.,

Michelotti, T.C., Paz, A., Lefler, J., Marotz,

C., Embree, M., Begalli, G., Halfen, J.,

Fernandes, T., Trevisi, E., Uddin, M.E.

and Osorio, J.S. (2025). Effects of

peripartal rumen-derived direct-fed

microbial supplementation on lactation

performance, metabolism, ruminal

fermentation, and microbial abundance

in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science,

108(3), pp.2354–2370. doi:https://doi.

org/10.3168/jds.2024-25058



STRATEGIC

PARTNERSHIP

to support the role of crop advisers

The role of crop advisers in

agriculture today extends far beyond

supplying products or offering

technical advice. The right adviser

profile plays a strategic role as a

business partner, working with

producers to manage risk, implement

solutions, and improve profitability.

InteliGro has partnered with the North-

West University (NWU) Business School

to launch a tailored three-year training

programme for crop advisers. A pilot project

began in May 2025, with ten young InteliGro

advisers receiving business skills training to

complement the company’s strong technical

approach at the farm level.

According to Janet Lawless, marketing

manager at InteliGro, this practice-oriented

training is essential to support crop advisers

with the unique skill set the role demands.

Participants who complete the programme will

earn a formal qualification to enhance their

credibility and career development.

“The difference lies in the quality of crop

advisers,” says Lawless. “Knowledge alone is

no longer enough. Climate change, shifting

markets, and regulations demand critical

thinking and strong business insight. That’s

why our programme focuses on key skills

such as self-development, operational

management, strategic entrepreneurship,

future readiness, financial resource

management, effective communication, and

practical application in agriculture.”

Over 90 advisers develop

through CCA-training

More than five years ago, InteliGro laid

the foundation for a focused, relevant

development path for its crop advisers

through its internal Certified Crop Adviser

(CCA) programme. Today, over 90 advisers

across South Africa are involved in the

formal initiative. Each follows a personalised

development programme including technical

training, mentorship, and career planning.

“Advisers must not only give advice. They

need to listen, apply business insight, and

offer customised solutions to complex farming

challenges,” says Lawless. “Beyond strong

product and crop knowledge, they must be

technologically capable, apply basic business

principles, and interpret data to support

decision-making.”


This programme ensures that all advisers

meet the required standards through ongoing

evaluation and training in technical, business,

and soft skills. Courses are continually

developed based on current research

and field experience. Topics include crop

physiology, nutrition and protection, irrigation,

application technology, and soil fertility.

“The CCA programme provides valuable

tools to help me offer solutions to clients,”

says Stephan Venter, trainee crop adviser

from Wolmaransstad in North West. “The

new business course has broadened my

perspective. It shows how important each

person’s role, focus, and discipline is. I believe

this course will help me grow and manage my

business better.”

Bridging technical expertise

and practical impact

Lawless says that working with universities

adds not only academic value but also

helps address the sector’s specific needs.

“This partnership with NWU and our parent

company WinField United SA’s involvement

with Stellenbosch University, contributes

to research, technological progress, and

access to the latest knowledge for on-farm

application.”

“As a provider of integrated crop solutions

built on expertise and advice, InteliGro is

setting a new standard. Producers know

they are getting skilled support,” she says.

“We focus on developing each crop adviser

into a reliable partner who helps ensure

producer success.”

“What sets our advisers apart is not just

their technical skill, but their ability to plan

ahead,” says Niel Kruger, executive manager

for the primary business channel at InteliGro.

“They need to understand current needs and

also plan for the future in areas such as crop

rotation, resistance management, biological

solutions, technology tools, alternative control

methods, and market access requirements.”

Kruger says InteliGro supports producers

through targeted training, technical backing,

mentorship, a crop-specialist model, and

crop working groups. This approach helps

producers manage risk proactively and build

sustainable businesses.

“The ability to identify future trends and

develop strategies aligned with them means

our advisers are well positioned to navigate

farm-level challenges.”

Trust is the cornerstone

of success

According to Kruger, a combination of

technical expertise, strategic vision,

technological skills, and the right people

makes the InteliGro team stand out. “This

approach supports long-term sector success

and gives producers the peace of mind

that they have a business partner by their

side to help tackle challenges and unlock

opportunities.”

“Trust is the foundation of productive

producer–adviser relationships,” he says.

“Producers must rely on their adviser as a

trusted partner in making complex decisions.

These relationships are built on ongoing open

communication, experience, expertise, and

proven results.”

“Trust is critical in managing risk and

investment. The CCA programme serves

as our own trust index. We know it starts

on the farm, and that is where we make

the difference.”


VERWERKING • PROCESSING

Preserveer-

kampioenskappe

lok oorweldigende belangstelling

’n Nuwe era vir plaaslike

preserveerprodukte is onlangs

ingelui met die beoordeling

van die eerste Suid-Afrikaanse

Preserveerkampioenskappe by

Eensgezind buite Durbanville.

Met 456 inskrywings van

66 vervaardigers – meer as

dubbel soveel as wat verwag is –

is dit duidelik dat die tyd ryp is vir

nasionale erkenning van gehaltegepreserveerde

produkte.

preserveerkampioenskappe

is geskep om topgehalte

“Hierdie

produkte te erken,

bewustheid van preservering te verhoog,

bemarkingsgeleenthede vir entrepreneurs

te bied en die kuns van voedselbewaring

te vier,” sê hoofbeoordelaar Susina Jooste,

bekende koskenner en opleidingspesialis.

“Dit is ook ’n platform vir kennisdeling,

volhoubaarheid, ekonomiese groei,

die verhoging van standaarde en die

vermindering van voedselvermorsing.”

Die beoordelaarspaneel van 38 kenners

het onder meer bestaan uit bekende

sjefs, gesoute kosskrywers, klein- en

groothandelspesialiste, kundiges uit

die gasvryheidsbedryf, sjefstudente,

afgevaardigdes van die Vroue-

Landbouvereniging van Kaapland en selfs

enkele vervaardigers self. Produkte is deur

middel van ’n blinde proeproses beoordeel.

Die kampioenskappe, aangebied deur Agri-

Expo, fokus op gepreserveerde vrugte- en

groenteprodukte in meer as 100 klasse, vanaf

konfyt, marmelade, blatjang en piekels tot

pesto’s en ander innoverende skeppings.

Slegs produkte wat reeds aan die publiek

beskikbaar is by winkels, padstalle, markte of

aanlyn is vir die kampioenskap aanvaar.


Skyn lig op gehalte,

innovasie en erfenis

Jooste sê innovasie is een van die

beoordelingskriteria en dat dit bemoedigend

is om te sien hoe outentisiteit en kreatiwiteit

mekaar ontmoet. “Ek is oortuig daarvan dat

hierdie kompetisie ’n impak op gehalte in die

mark gaan hê en dat verbruikersvertroue in

preserveerprodukte sal toeneem. Ons sien uit

na die verbruikers se reaksie op produkte wat

met ons toekennings vir uitsonderlike gehalte

op die winkelrakke gaan spog.”

Breyton Milford, hoofbestuurder van

Agri-Expo en organiseerder van die

kampioenskappe, sê die groot belangstelling

toon dat daar ’n duidelike behoefte in die

bedryf bestaan vir hierdie soort platform.

“Ons het hierdie kompetisie geskep vir agriverwerkers

in die vrugte- en groentebedryf.

Die groot aantal inskrywings wys dat daar ’n

behoefte is aan erkenning in die bedryf vir

preserveerprodukte – een wat dit sáám met

kaas en wyn op die tafel plaas,” sê Milford.

“Ons is dankbaar vir ondersteuning uit die

bedryf, met Clemengold en Hollard wat as

goue vennote betrokke is,” sê Milford. “Sonder

hul ondersteuning sou dié mylpaal nie

moontlik gewees het nie.”

Produkte is na afloop van die beoordeling

aan welsynsorganisasies geskenk.

Die toekenningsgeleentheid waar die

wenners aangekondig is, was op Dinsdag 19

Augustus by Lanzerac op Stellenbosch.

Vir meer inligting, besoek

www.sapreservechamps.co.za of stuur

’n e-pos aan charlotte@agriexpo.co.za.

Volg @AgriExpo1 op Facebook, X, Instagram

en LinkedIn en gebruik #AgriExpo en

#SAPreserveChamps om saam te gesels.


MOO-VING WHEELS

More affordable version

of the GWM Tank 300

The Tank made its debut back in February 2024, where it was initially

available with a 2.0 L turbocharged petrol engine in both hybrid and

non-hybrid guises. In response to customer demand, the Chinese

carmaker later added a 2.4 L turbodiesel option, greatly improving

the sport utility vehicle’s fuel consumption in the process.

Now, GWM has added a new, entrylevel,

rear-wheel-drive version of the

300, which was previously only sold as

a 4×4. The new Tank, which is available in a

‘Luxury’ specification, clocks in at R649 900,

making it R50 000 cheaper than the previous

‘Super Luxury’ starter model.

Engine

The 2.4 L turbocharged diesel engine

generates a total of 135 kW and 480 Nm,

which is transmitted to the rear wheels.

Gear changes are handled by a nine-speed

automatic transmission, which leads to an

average fuel consumption of 7,7 L/100 km.

Importantly, the two-wheel drive Tank has

the same towing capacity as the four-wheel

drive models, letting it pull a trailer weighing

up to 3 000 kg.

It also comes with a rear axle differential

lock, and a surround-view camera system

with a transparent chassis view, allowing

users to see what is under the car as they

traverse off-road.


Features

While it may be the entry-level model, the new

300 still comes with a generous spec sheet.

This includes a set of light-emitting diode

headlights and daytime running lights, side

steps, roof rails, 17-inch alloy wheels, a chassis

guard, rain-sensing wipers, and a sunroof.

It also features keyless entry and start, a

leather multifunction steering wheel with

paddle shifters, a six-way manually adjustable

driver’s seat, leatherette upholstery, an

aviator-style gearstick, dual-zone climate

control, nine speakers, a 12,3-inch digital

driver display, and a 12,3-inch infotainment

screen with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.

This is on top of safety and driverassistance

functions, such as traction control,

electronic stability control, front collision

warning, automatic emergency braking, driver

fatigue monitoring, hill ascent and descent

control, adaptive cruise control, lane-keep

assist, traffic sign recognition, traffic jam

assist, and parking sensors.

The few things the base GWM misses out

on include ambient cabin lighting, heated

and ventilated massage seats, blind spot

detection, an automated parking system,

off-road cruise control, a lockable front axle

differential, and various terrain driving modes.

Pricing

The South African pricing for the updated

GWM Tank 300 series is as follows:

» GWM Tank 300 2.4T Luxury

– R649 900 (New)

» GWM Tank 300 2.4T Super Luxury

4WD – R699 900

» GWM Tank 300 2.0T Super Luxury

4WD – R729 950

» GWM Tank 300 2.4T Ultra Luxury

4WD – R739 900

» GWM Tank 300 2.0T Ultra Luxury

4WD – R779 950

» GWM Tank 300 2.0T HEV Super Luxury

4WD – R855 950

» GWM Tank 300 2.0T HEV Ultra Luxury

4WD – R929 950

This includes a seven-year/200 000 km

warranty, a seven-year/unlimited kilometre

roadside assistance plan, and a sevenyear/75

000 km service plan.


The quality of your milk

begins here.

Your Milk Can Be More.

Genetic testing helps identify which animals in your herd have the potential to be more profitable, for example;

the high milk, fat and protein producers with a lower incidence of mastitis and other costly diseases.

It can also help you identify animals that possess the potential for quality milk production before

they ever start milking.

Zoetis South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Co. Reg. No.: 2012/001825/07, 6th Floor, North Wing, 90 Rivonia Road, Sandton, 2196.

Postnet Suite 53, Private Bag 9976, Sandton, 2146, South Africa. Tel.: 0800 998 969. www.zoetis.co.za March 2024.

MM-36775 05/2025


The Dairy Mail Aug 2025

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