The Dairy Mail Sep 2025

Vol 32 • No 9 • SEPTEMBER 2025

R46,50 incl VAT • ISSN: 1561-4301

TECHNOLOGIES

to lower costs and

increase efficiency

NEW INNOVATIONS

for dairy farming

IN THIS ISSUE: THE RISE OF ETHIOPIA’S DAIRY SECTOR | SILAGE CROPS PART 3 |

| ONTWURMING VAN BEESTE | THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF LIVE MICROORGANISMS |

PROFIT PROVEN!

TICKING THE BOXES!

MILK | SOLIDS | FERTILITY | SURVIVABILITY

+3165 TPI ® | +637 NM$ | +658 CM$ | 96% REL.

+874 MILK | +0.12%F | +0.03%P | +105 CFP

+4.0 PL | +1.3 FI | +2.70 SCS

ROBUST | EASY KEEPERS | 104 BCS

UDDERS ARE WELL ATTACHED AND SHALLOW, WITH LONGER TEAT LENGTH

107 ZOETIS CALF LIVABILITY

+1.4 SIRE CONCEPTION RATE

AT TOP: BADGER S-S-I ZAPPA-ET

PATERNAL SISTER: SANDY-VALLEY TENCEL-ET EX-93

AT LEFT: MGD BADGER SSI OUT 7423 3192-ET VG-88

WORLD WIDE SIRES

S O U T H A F R I C A

B THE DAIRY MAIL • SEPTEMBER 2025

HERE FOR YOU.

®

wwsires.com

gender SELECTED is a trademark of Select Sires Inc.

®

Mastitis ResistantPRO, GrazingPRO and RobotPRO are

registered trademarks of Select Sires Inc. Ultraplus is a

trademark of STGen LLC. All gender SELECTED semen is

processed using Ultraplus technology. ® TPI is a registered

trademark of Holstein Association USA. Z_CALF LIVE is a

trademark of Zoetis Inc., its affiliates and/or its licensors.

Evaluations for non-conformation traits are Powered by

CDCB unless otherwise noted. 08/25 CDCB/HA, CDN

and Zoetis data. Rel. Production 96%, Type 90%, PL 87%,

SCS 93%, FI 88%, SCR 96%, Z_CALF LIV 87%.

SOOS ONS DIT SIEN • AS WE SEE IT

EMBRACE

new beginnings

by Sandra Berning, MPO

Spring reminds us that life is never static.

Just as the pastures and veld awaken

after winter, our own journey as farmers,

families, and communities are filled with

moments of renewal – new beginnings that

invite us to grow, adapt, and flourish.

Life is a journey filled with turns, crossroads,

and unexpected opportunities. Every so often,

we encounter a new beginning – an opening

to embrace change, growth, and possibility.

These moments, while sometimes daunting,

bring with them a spark of renewal that

can reshape not only our lives but also the

industry and communities we serve.

In many ways, the dairy sector mirrors

this journey. Like the seasons, it moves

through cycles of challenge and opportunity,

innovation and tradition. Each fresh chapter

brings with it the chance to rethink, reinvent,

and reinvigorate. Change is never without

uncertainty, but when met with courage and

creativity, it often unlocks new pathways

for success.

New beginnings fuel us with purpose and

vitality. They encourage us to step beyond

familiar routines and embrace bold thinking.

For farmers, producers, and dairy innovators,

this might mean adopting new technologies,

exploring sustainable practices, or connecting

with emerging markets. Every step taken

with resilience and imagination not only

strengthens us as individuals but fortifies the

entire industry.

Equally, new beginnings connect us with

people – consultants, professionals, workers,

and communities. These connections broaden

our horizons, bringing diverse perspectives

that inspire better ways of working and living.

They also remind us that dairy, at its heart,

is about nourishment and bringing people

together across tables and cultures.

Most importantly, new beginnings invite us

to redefine ourselves. They challenge us to

set aside limiting beliefs and embrace a vision

of what is possible. Within dairy, that vision

might mean reaching new levels of efficiency,

championing sustainability, perfecting

biosecurity, or showcasing the pride and

passion behind our animals and milk.

Change requires adaptability and courage,

but it is also exactly where we discover our

greatest potential.

As this new season unfolds, may it inspire

you to embrace fresh starts with open minds,

curiosity, and courage – just as our cows step

into lush green fields with quiet confidence. In

every change lies the seed of possibility, and

in every beginning the promise of a stronger

dairy industry for all.

With this issue, we celebrate not just the

resilience of the dairy industry but also the

boundless opportunities that lie ahead. May

it inspire you to embrace new beginnings

– with confidence, curiosity, and the spirit

of adventure that keeps our industry

ever evolving.

SEPTEMBER 2025 • THE DAIRY MAIL 1

2 THE DAIRY MAIL • SEPTEMBER 2025

REDAKTEURSBRIEF • EDITOR’S NOTE

A season

of NEW

BEGINNINGS

by Hanlie du Plessis, editor of The Dairy Mail

a wise man who understands that

every day is a new beginning … you

“It’s

can’t turn the clock back, so you have

to look ahead.” These words from actor and

filmmaker Mel Gibson ring especially true

in agriculture, where each sunrise brings

its own mix of challenges, lessons, and new

opportunities.

“New beginnings” is more than a hopeful

phrase – it’s a mindset. It calls for resilience,

optimism, and the courage to keep moving

forward. As spring arrives, we are reminded

of the promise of fresh starts – whether it’s

rethinking on-farm practices, improving

herd health, or simply tackling each day with

renewed determination.

This September edition of The Dairy Mail

embraces that spirit of renewal. At the

SPACE trade show in Rennes, France, the

spotlight falls on dairy-sector innovations

competing for Innov’Space awards. Turn to

page 21 for highlights from this showcase,

and to page 41 for a closer look at new

technologies designed to cut input costs and

boost efficiency.

Our silage mini-series continues with part

three, where Richardt Venter explores the

rising popularity of sweet forage sorghum for

silage production (page 36). On page 49, we

examine how endoparasites affect milk yields

and outline a careful, resistance-conscious

approach to parasite treatment in the article

Ontwurming van beeste.

New beginnings are also unfolding for Alisa

Schreuder and Lizemari Louw, who recently

achieved their dairy supervisor qualification

through the MPO Training Institute. Their story

– along with insight into this unique three-tier

industry qualification – appears on page 70.

Starting anew is not always easy; it takes

courage, curiosity, and an open heart. But

when opportunity knocks, it’s worth stepping

forward with confidence and embracing the

journey ahead.

Enjoy the read.

Hanlie du Plessis

CONTACT US

BYE-BYE BUZZZZZ…


CONTENTS INHOUDSOPGAWE

9

41

1 Soos ons dit sien • As we see it

3 Redakteursbrief • Editor’s note

7 Meet the team | Suiwelkalender

BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

9 New-generation dairy farmers

14 The rise of Ethiopia’s dairy sector

18 Looking back on MPO World Milk Day

celebrations

21 New innovations for dairy farming

27 Dairy economic indicators

33 Dairy digits

35 Kortliks • Briefly

PRODUKSIE • PRODUCTION

36 Silage crops: Part 3 – feed-sorghum

41 Technologies to lower costs and

increase efficiency

43 From negative to positive: Managing

energy balance for better cow fertility

RENTMEESTERSKAP • STEWARDSHIP

47 The value of good-quality irrigation water

49 Ontwurming van beeste

53 Agricultural chemicals – safety

and precautions

BESTUUR • MANAGEMENT

56 Milk urea nitrogen and bulk tank

sampling

63 New findings about the use of

sexed semen

66 Arbeidskolom

Werkgewer vs werknemer – wie dra

die kostes?

68 Financial column

Is cash still king in South Africa?


INHOUD • CONTENTS

63

Produced by

Editorial contributions

Hanlie du Plessis • Tel: 083 293 8007

Email: editor@maxmediagroup.co.za

Advertising & rates

Email: sales@maxmediagroup.co.za

Ilse Liveris • Tel: 072 708 4401

Charlene Bam • Tel: 061 500 7991

NAVORSING EN OPLEIDING •

RESEARCH AND TRAINING

70 Oos-Kaap spog met eerste MPO

toesienerkwalifikasies in dié provinsie

74 Research column

Biofilms in the milking machine

VERWERKING • PROCESSING

77 Safeguarding the health benefits of

live microorganisms

MOO-VING WHEELS

79 Changan prepares to enter the

South African market

Accounts & subscriptions

Charlene Bam • Tel: 061 500 7991

Email: charlene@maxmediagroup.co.za

On the cover / Op die voorblad

Kiara Wolmarans is in haar element

tussen die pragtige kalwers op

Daan en Dian Landman se plaas

in die Tsitsikamma distrik.

PS. Remember to capture the essence

of dairy farming wherever you farm.

Mail your photographs to

editor@maxmediagroup.co.za

Expressions of opinion, claims, and statements of supposed

facts do not necessarily reflect the views of The Dairy Mail,

editor, or publisher. While every effort is made to report

accurately, The Dairy Mail, the publisher, or the editor do not

accept any liability regarding any statement, advertisement,

fact, or recommendation made in this magazine.

ISSN: 1561-4301

An initiative of the MPO,

published monthly | PO Box 1284,

Pretoria 0001, South Africa

www.dairymail.co.za

Milk Producers’ Organisation,

referred to as MPO

South African Milk Processors’

Organisation, referred to as SAMPRO

Milk South Africa,

referred to as Milk SA


Top-Performing Perennial Ryegrasses

More Growth. More Feed. More Profit.

A perfect balance of toughness and taste – giving you more feed when it

matters most.

4FRONT (Tetraploid)

Big Leaves. Big Growth. Big Gains.

4Front is known for its larger leaves, higher palatability, and rapid regrowth. Expect top

winter & spring yields, superior summer growth, and excellent animal performance.

Perfect for intensive, high-output grazing systems.

MAXSYN (Diploid)

Built Tough – Season After Season

Maxsyn is dense, persistent and hard-wearing. It stays green through summer, delivers

consistent performance, and stands up to tough grazing conditions. A reliable choice

when you need a pasture that lasts.

For advice or further information on the best perennial ryegrasses in the market, visit

barenbrug.co.za or contact your nearest Barenbrug representative.

The pasture upgrade your farm has been waiting for.

Available countrywide


Tel: 021 979 1303 | info@barenbrug.co.za

MEET THE TEAM

THAT CARES:

SWITCHBOARD: 012 843 5600

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Fanie Ferreira fanie@mpo.co.za 083 453 9339

COMUNICATIONS MANAGER

Carina Pieterse carina@mpo.co.za 079 458 5497

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SERVICES

Bertus van Heerden bertus@mpo.co.za 083 300 3667

ECONOMIST

Jade Smith jade@mpo.co.za 076 712 7395

FINANCIAL SERVICES

Wessel Steyn wessel@mpo.co.za 082 896 8116

MEMBER SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

Yolanda Strydom yolanda.s@mpo.co.za 072 371 1893

Anneke Kubannek anneke@mpo.co.za 071 875 1488

REGIONS

MPO WESTERN CAPE

Lize Marié du Toit lizem@mpo.co.za 076 774 1284

MPO NORTH

Mnandi Kruger north@mpo.co.za 073 116 8544

MPO KWAZULU-NATAL

Bianca Johnston kzn@mpo.co.za 060 945 1735

MPO EASTERN CAPE

Anri Wolmarans ec@mpo.co.za 064 934 3951

TRAINING AND TRANSFORMATION SERVICES

Ronald Rapholo ronald@mpo.co.za 082 734 4433

SOME EVENTS TO

LOOK FORWARD TO

16–18 OCTOBER 2025

NAMPO ALFA

NAMPO Park,

Bothaville

26–28 FEBRUARIE 2026

Bieliemieliefees

Reitz, Oos-Vrystaat

20–23 OCTOBER

IDF World

Dairy Summit

Santiago, Chile

23 APRIL – 2 MAY 2026

Bloem Show

Bloemfontein

show grounds

Weens herhaaldelike kragonderbrekings ondervind

ons probleme met ons skakelbord. Vir die toekoms

word aanbeveel dat u ons span direk op hulle

selfoonnommers kontak. Ons wil graag met u gesels.

Due to repeated power outages, we are experiencing

problems with our switchboard. In future, we recommend

that you contact our team directly on their mobile numbers.

We would like to talk to you.

JUNE 2026

Large Herds

Conference

Date and venue to

be confirmed

Dairy Mail - IntelliBond Banner Ads (June 2025)print.pdf 1 2025/05/08 08:55

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K


•

•

•

•

•

•


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

New-generation

DAIRY FARMERS

The future of dairy lies firmly in the hands of the next generation.

Across the world, young producers are stepping up to inherit

family businesses, embrace innovation, and navigate an

industry that demands resilience and adaptability. Yet, this

is no simple path. Dairy farmers today face fluctuating milk

prices, rising input costs, shifting consumer demands,

and the ever-present challenge of sustainability.

South Africa is no exception. Many

local producers will recognise the

same obstacles being wrestled with

abroad. To illustrate, we take a closer look

at two young dairy farmers from the United

States – one from the rolling hills of Virginia

in the east, and another from the wide plains

of Idaho in the west – who share their hopes,

fears, and strategies for building sustainable,

future-focused operations. Their stories echo

many of the realities South African producers

live daily and offer insight into what it takes

to thrive in a sector where tradition and

innovation need to go hand in hand.


Tradition and transition

in Virginia

For Joanna Shipp, dairy farming is more than

just an occupation – it’s a way of life steeped

in history. As a seventh-generation farmer

in southwest Virginia, her roots run deep.

Shipp works alongside her father, managing

225 cows and 405 hectares, on land that has

been in the family since 1839.

Although she initially pursued a career in

veterinary microbiology with the Department

of Agriculture, the pull of the farm proved

too strong. “I wanted a more connected,

family-oriented lifestyle,” she explains. For her,

coming back was not simply about cows or

crops; it was about carrying forward a legacy

while shaping a future of her own.

Navigating the challenges

Like her South African counterparts, Shipp

does not shy away from acknowledging the

difficulties of modern dairy. Labour shortages,

operational costs, and unstable milk prices all

weigh heavily. But her greatest concern is the

loss of farmland.

“The older generations of landowners are

passing away, and those inheriting the land

often don’t have ties to farming. They’re willing

to sell to the highest bidder,” she says. For her,

this is not just a business issue; it strikes at

the heart of food security and sustainability.

Without land, cattle feed sources dwindle and

options for manure management shrink.

Yet Shipp remains determinedly

optimistic. “There’s a resilience in dairy,” she

insists. “We’ve always adapted, and we’ll

continue to do so.”

Harnessing technology

Part of that adaptation comes from embracing

technology. Earlier this year, Shipp secured a

grant to introduce cow activity collars across

her herd – technology that tracks cow health,

movement, and fertility with precision. “It’s

another tool to improve how we care for our

cattle,” she says.

She also sees robotic milking as inevitable.

Their current parlour, built in 1972 by her

grandfather, has served faithfully for decades

but is reaching the end of its viability. “We

eventually will milk with robots,” she says.

“Labour is scarce, and our current system is

not economically sustainable in the long run.”

For Shipp, technology is not about

replacing tradition but enhancing it. It is a

bridge between the farm’s proud history and

the demands of a new era.

Joanna Shipp


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Leading beyond the farm gate

Shipp’s contribution does not stop at her

farm. She serves as chair of the United States

National Dairy Board, where she champions

innovation, sustainability, and consumer

trust. She believes that dairy’s strength lies in

collaboration and shared leadership. “I believe

we’re stronger when we work together,” she

says, crediting her father for encouraging her

to participate in industry events when she

returned home.

Her enthusiasm is fuelled by broader

trends she sees in the marketplace. “Milk is

undergoing a renaissance,” she says with

excitement. “Innovation in processing and

product development is bringing new energy

into dairy. That makes me optimistic about

our future.”

Sustainability is equally central to her

outlook. “We’ve always cared about the land

and we're always looking at ways to improve

how we care for our cattle and soil. That’s not

new; it’s part of who we are as farmers.”

Shipp’s story resonates globally: a young

farmer balancing heritage with progress,

worries with hope, and local responsibilities

with industry-wide leadership.

Purpose and passion in Idaho

Across the country, in Idaho’s Magic

Valley, Alan Branch farms with his father

and brother-in-law. Their operation is larger

in scale than Shipp’s, milking 1 200 cows,

running a 4 000-head feedlot, and recently

acquiring a neighbouring 1 000-cow dairy.

Branch’s journey to the farm was not

straightforward. After school, he spent two

years doing mission work in Honduras, where

he learned Spanish, a skill that later became

invaluable in working with employees. He

went on to study agricultural education and

agronomy, taught high school agriculture, and

worked as an agronomist before returning to

the family farm in 2015.

Motivation and mindset

Branch’s motivation comes easily: family

and community. With four children, he is

constantly reminded of why the farm’s future

matters. “I’ve been blessed by my dad, a

first-generation dairy farmer,” he says. “Our

employees are also a big motivation – they

support their families through our farm. We

don’t take that responsibility lightly.”

Like Shipp, Branch acknowledges the

weight of challenges. In Idaho, the biggest

concern is water availability. “The aquifers

look good this year,” he says, “but that’s not

always the case. It’s something we constantly

think about.”

Growth and improvement

Branch is pragmatic about survival in today’s

dairy sector. “If you’re not improving, you’re

planning to close your doors,” he says bluntly.

For him, improvement doesn’t always mean

expanding cow numbers; it’s about efficiency,

quality, and seizing opportunities.

Technology has a place on their farm too.

Satellite-controlled irrigation pivots bring

major labour savings, while herd management

software helps track performance. Still, the

Branch family are cautious adopters. “We look

carefully at the return on investment,” Branch

explains. “Technology has to make sense for

our operation.”

Diversification also plays a role. Their

beef-on-dairy calves are sold soon after birth

rather than raised in-house, a decision that

balances labour and cash flow. “It works for

now,” he says, “but we’ll keep reevaluating.”


The role of community

Branch also invests his time beyond the farm,

serving on the Idaho Dairyman Association’s

board and contributing to his church and

local community. “Rubbing shoulders with

great producers has been a huge part of our

success,” he notes. For him, growth is not only

about cows and crops but also about building

networks of support and knowledge.

Despite pressures, his outlook is hopeful.

“We produce a wholesome product that

consumers want,” he says. “That gives me

confidence in dairy’s future.”

Shared lessons across borders

Although thousands of kilometres apart,

Shipp and Branch share themes familiar to

South African producers:

» Resilience under pressure: Both

acknowledge financial and environmental

stresses yet remain committed to growth.

» The pull of legacy: Returning to the family

farm was not automatic for either, but both

ultimately chose dairy for the sense of

purpose and continuity it offers.

» The promise of technology: From collars

to pivots, innovation is central, but only

when it makes sense practically and

economically.

» The importance of community:

Leadership roles, advisory boards, and

mentorship strengthen not only their own

businesses but also the industry as a whole.

Their stories highlight the balance every

young farmer must strike: honouring tradition

while innovating for the future, and managing

immediate challenges while keeping an eye

on long-term sustainability.

Looking ahead

South African dairy farmers will find much

to recognise in these stories, including the

constant juggle between costs and milk price,

the pressure of land and water availability, the

search for skilled labour, and the question of

how best to integrate new technologies.

In our next edition of The Dairy Mail, we

bring this conversation closer to home. We will

profile young, progressive South African dairy

farmers to explore what excites them, what

keeps them awake at night, and which tools

they are using to secure the future of dairy

right here on our soil.

What is certain is that whether in Virginia,

Idaho, or South Africa, the next generation

is not just inheriting farms, but shaping the

future of dairy itself.


WORLD WIDE SIRES

S O U T H A F R I C A

For more information

contact your local WWS sales representative or

Gerrit Eberson +27 82 456 6510 gerrite@iafrica.com

TK Khuzwayo +27 60 324 9027 tk@wwsires.co.za


The rise of

ETHIOPIA’S

dairy sector

Ethiopia, long celebrated as the cradle of humankind and the

birthplace of coffee, is also emerging as a dairy powerhouse

on the African continent. With a cattle population exceeding

66 million – the largest in Africa – the country holds vast potential

to transform its dairy sector into a cornerstone of economic growth,

food security, and international trade. The Ethiopian government,

supported by global partners, is steering a bold course towards

modernisation and expansion of its dairy industry, positioning the

nation as a future leader in regional and global dairy markets.

A nation of cattle

and tradition

Livestock has always been at the heart

of Ethiopian agriculture and culture. The

country’s approximately 66 million cattle

represent not just a source of milk, meat,

and draught power, but also a way of life for

millions of households.

Ethiopia boasts around 30 indigenous

cattle breeds, which account for nearly 97%

of its herd. While these local breeds are hardy

and well suited to the country’s diverse agroecological

zones, their milk productivity is

relatively low.

In recent decades, however, improved

breeds – mainly Holstein-Friesians and

Jerseys – have increased in popularity,

especially in urban and peri-urban areas.

These high-yielding dairy animals are

found among commercial farmers and

market-oriented smallholders, forming

the foundation of Ethiopia’s modern dairy

production systems.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

The economic importance of this sector

cannot be overstated. Livestock contributes

about 17% to Ethiopia’s overall gross domestic

product (GDP) and nearly 40% to agricultural

GDP. When accounting for processed

products, organic fertiliser, and animal

traction, livestock’s contribution rises to

25,3%. Milk alone makes up more than a third

of this contribution, underscoring its role in

the national economy.

Rising demand, widening gaps

Ethiopia’s dairy sector faces a paradox.

Milk production, despite the vast cattle

population, struggles to keep pace with rising

demand. Driven by population growth, rapid

urbanisation, and increasing incomes, milk

consumption is increasing steadily. Yet the

country still relies on imported dairy products

– particularly powdered milk.

If current trends continue, Ethiopia could

face a daily deficit of 3,2 billion litres of milk

by 2028, equivalent to a 29% shortfall. This

looming gap highlights both the urgency and

the opportunity. With the right investments

in genetics, feed, animal health, and postharvest

technologies, Ethiopia could not only

meet domestic demand but also become a

net exporter. Indeed, government projections

suggest that, with successful interventions,

Ethiopia could achieve a 20% surplus in

milk production by 2028 – amounting to an

additional 2 billion litres annually.

Policy vision: Ethiopia’s 10-year

dairy development plan

Recognising the transformative potential of

dairy, the Ethiopian government launched a

comprehensive 10-year development plan

(2020–2030). The strategy aims to increase

milk production from 4,3 billion litres in

2020 to 11,6 billion litres by 2030, through

interventions spanning genetics, feeding,

management, and market systems.

Key targets include:

» Raising milk yield of local cows from 1,45 to

2,02 litres per day.

» Expanding improved dairy cattle breeds

from 2,7% to 17% of the national herd.

» Increasing cross-bred cow yields from 6 to

10,7 litres per day, and pure exotic breeds

from 13 to 17 litres per day.

» Reducing post-harvest milk losses by half,

from 2,6% to 1,3%.

» Expanding marketable milk from 46% to

67% of production.

» Improving camel and goat milk productivity,

diversifying Ethiopia’s dairy sources.

This ambitious plan requires substantial

investment – an estimated US$274 million

over the next decade – but promises farreaching

impacts on livelihoods, food security,

and the broader economy.


Progress on the ground

The past two decades have already seen

encouraging progress. The proportion of

improved dairy cattle has tripled in five years,

reaching 3% of the national herd in 2022.

Formal milk collection and processing have

also expanded significantly, rising from less

than 50 000 litres daily in 2000 to around

300 000 litres by 2021. Cooperatives and

private aggregators have played a key role in

driving this growth.

Several initiatives underscore Ethiopia’s

determination to accelerate progress:

» Yelemat Tirufat: A flagship programme

to boost production of dairy, poultry,

and honey, aiming to achieve food

self-sufficiency and reduce imports.

The programme is investing heavily

in artificial insemination, with plans to

produce 14 million semen straws over

four years to rapidly expand the improved

cattle population.

» BRIDGE Project: Jointly implemented by

SNV Ethiopia and Wageningen University

& Research, BRIDGE has already benefited

over 126 000 farmers with improved forage

crops, silage-making, and milk production

techniques. Its pioneering school milk

programme now reaches more than

80 000 children, opening new markets

while promoting nutrition.

» LFSDP: Backed by a US$170 million

World Bank loan, the Livestock and

Fisheries Sector Development Project is

improving forage, collection, and marketing

systems to enhance productivity and

commercialisation.

» ADGG: The African Dairy Genetic Gains

initiative, funded by the Bill & Melinda

Gates Foundation and implemented by the

International Livestock Research Institute,

is introducing digital herd recording and

genetic improvement tools, strengthening

Ethiopia’s long-term breeding programmes.

Together, these programmes demonstrate

how partnerships between government,

donors, and private actors are already

transforming Ethiopia’s dairy landscape.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Opportunities for investment

Ethiopia’s dairy sector is ripe for investment,

with opportunities across the value chain:

» Forage and feed production: Supplying

quality fodder for medium- and

large-scale farms.

» Genetic services: Expanding artificial

insemination delivery, semen production,

and certification systems.

» Milk quality and safety: Establishing

accredited laboratories, introducing

quality-based payment systems, and

expanding cold chain infrastructure.

» Processing and value addition: Scaling

up processing capacity for fluid milk,

cheese, yoghurt, and other dairy products.

» Advisory and extension services:

Offering bundled solutions – inputs,

training, and veterinary care – for

smallholders.

As consumer preferences shift toward

safe, high-quality dairy products, and as

technologies lower production costs, Ethiopia

represents an attractive market for both

domestic and international investors.

Toward a global dairy dialogue

The Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture has

expressed interest in hosting a future African

Dairy Association (AfDA) conference and

exhibition. Such an event would provide a

platform for global and regional stakeholders

to explore Ethiopia’s investment opportunities,

share expertise, and promote regional

dairy products.

A dairy future in the making

Ethiopia stands at a pivotal moment. With

Africa’s largest cattle herd, a young and

growing population, and a government

committed to transformation, the building

blocks of a thriving dairy industry are firmly in

place. Challenges remain – from productivity

gaps to infrastructure bottlenecks – but they

are matched by unprecedented opportunities

for innovation and investment.

If the goals of the 10-year dairy plan are met,

Ethiopia will not only close its supply-demand

gap but also emerge as a dairy exporter,

strengthening food and nutrition security

while driving inclusive economic growth.

The story of Ethiopian dairy is no longer

just about tradition – it is about ambition,

modernisation, and a vision to nourish a

nation and the wider region. For investors,

researchers, and dairy professionals, Ethiopia

is a land of opportunity where the next

chapter of Africa’s dairy success story is

being written.


Looking back on

MPO WORLD MILK

DAY celebrations

Every year on 1 June, people around the globe celebrate

World Milk Day, an initiative established by the Food and

Agriculture Organization (FAO) two decades ago. The day

highlights the importance of milk as a global food source

while drawing attention to the dairy industry’s contribution

to food security, nutrition, and livelihoods. In South Africa,

the Milk Producers' Organisation (MPO) embraces this

celebration by aligning it with its mission to enhance the

profitability, sustainability, and competitiveness of the local

dairy sector, ensuring a vibrant and future-ready industry.

The MPO’s mission goes hand in hand

with World Milk Day activities. By

promoting dairy, educating consumers,

and raising awareness around the value of

milk and dairy products, the organisation

ensures that dairy remains central not only

to South African diets but also to community

well-being. Its ultimate goal is clear –

sustainable dairy farming for all.

One fun-filled but impactful initiative linked

to World Milk Day is the MPO World Milk Day

Sticker Project.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Annually, schools across the country are

invited to take part in a 'Milk Casual Day'. For

just R10, children purchase a cow sticker that

allow them to wear casual clothes to school.

A portion of the funds (R2 per sticker) goes

directly back to the schools, while the rest

gets pooled to acquire dairy product hampers

to be distributed to underprivileged schools

and organisations. Participating schools

are able to nominate the beneficiaries of

their choice.

This creative campaign not only makes

dairy fun and engaging for children but also

reinforces the values of giving and sharing.

Importantly, it also connects learners, parents,

and educators with the broader goals of the

MPO, turning consumer education into a

hands-on experience of community care.

Some of the Eastern Cape schools that

participated this year were:

» Jeffreys Bay Primary School celebrated

World Milk Day with great enthusiasm, not

only recognising the value of dairy but also

making a real difference in their community.

The MPO Eastern Cape in collaboration

with Woodlands Dairy, delivered

72 six‐pack cartons of milk to the school,

ensuring that nutritious dairy could be

shared with those who need it most.

» Cradock High School went above

and beyond with their World Milk Day

Sticker Project. Through the commitment

of learners and families, CHS proudly

donated 306 litres of milk to the ACVV

Cradock children’s home projects: Huis

Bethesda and Small Steps. Their effort

demonstrates that “every sticker purchased

makes a difference” – turning a small

initiative into a big act of kindness.

Donations by

Cradock High School

Donations by

Jeffreys Bay Primary School


» Cradock Preparatory School,

Woodlands Dairy, and MPO Eastern Cape

teamed up to deliver a whopping 456 litres

of milk to the Elizabeth Jordaan old age

home in Cradock. They had a real blast

celebrating the goodness of milk!

Through projects like these, the MPO

demonstrates how World Milk Day

celebrations directly reflect its mission. The

campaign promotes dairy in a relatable way,

highlights the nutritional value of milk, and

showcases the dairy industry’s role in uplifting

communities.

Ultimately, World Milk Day in South

Africa is more than a celebration – it is a

bridge between producers, processors and

consumers, a driver of social impact, and a

testament to the power of milk to nourish both

body and spirit.

Donations by

Cradock Preparatory School


NEW INNOVATIONS

for dairy farming

This year, 18 dairy sector innovations at the

upcoming trade show SPACE in Rennes,

France, will receive an Innov’Space award.

For those unable to attend in person, here

is a short summary of each:

BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Active suspension with the

lowering system, approved

for 40 km/h

Rolland: Animotion 40

Rolland has developed an active suspension

system combined with a hydraulic lowering

chassis to improve comfort for both humans

and animals. The system provides 14 cm of

suspension travel with independent right/

left control, smoothing road irregularities and

ensuring stability.

Thanks to a redesigned hydraulic architecture

and new kinematic system, transport speeds

can now reach 40 km/h instead of 25 km/h.

The system automatically detects the load

and adjusts braking in real time. Handling is

simplified by removing trailer control systems,

and maintenance is reduced with fewer

greasing points.

First autonomous and

electric handling solution

ManuRob: Loadix

Loadix is a a fully electric, autonomous

robot that automates bulk material handling

for biogas, reducing physical strain and

improving safety. Scalable by design, it can

also be adapted for other tasks such as

animal feeding.

It navigates with 2 cm accuracy using

Lidar, an inertial navigation system, realtime

kinematic global positioning system,

odometry, and ultrasonic sensors, ensuring

safe movement indoors and outdoors

around machinery and personnel. Tasks are

assigned via the Loadix Connect app. The

robot manages its own energy, recharges

autonomously, and is always ready for the next

mission. Depending on the material, it can

also switch tools without human intervention

through Speedlink technology.


MILK

FASTER

GO WITH

THE FLOW

It’s how you respond that makes you a winner.

When every second counts, if you’re not able to respond to what’s

actually happening you will be sacrificing performance. It’s the same with

milking. Don’t milk at one vacuum level regardless of the actual milk flow,

with DeLaval Flow-Responsive Milking vacuum, pulsation and stimulation

technology your system adjusts automatically to let you go significantly

faster without compromising udder health.

DeLaval

Flow-Responsive

Milking

www.delaval.com

*These are results producers were able to achieve on test farms. Results may

vary and are not guaranteed.


Efficient cleaning of

feeding buckets

EimiWash: EimiWash

EimiWash is based on industrial washing

machine design, adapted to provide thorough

cleaning of feeding buckets, including the

valve teat. A special basket holds up to four

buckets for simultaneous washing.

The machine operates with hot or cold water

and a small amount of detergent, using a

maximum of 1,5 L per bucket. Its specially

developed cleaning agent is dispensed

automatically and precisely to the millilitre.

High-pressure flushing cleans the suction

valve from the inside out, effectively removing

deposits and germs.

BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Management of vacuum on

milking robot

DeLaval: Flow-responsive milking

Flow-responsive milking (FRM) is a new

approach to voluntary milking developed by

DeLaval. The system adjusts vacuum levels at

the teat end according to milk flow, optimising

both efficiency and animal comfort.

Set initially at 50 kPa, FRM continuously

regulates vacuum pressure to maintain 45

kPa under each teat throughout milking. This

reduces milking time while safeguarding

teat health. The system operates with five

solenoids, each linked to a vacuum sensor

– one dedicated to the preparation cup and

four to the milking cups.

Repellent for flies,

lice, and ticks

Armosa SAS: Gerapyx

Gerapyx is a natural repellent (PT19)

formulated with pyrethrum and geraniol,

applied along the back topline using a pouron

applicator gun. It is effective against lice,

ticks, and flies – including Culicoides (vectors

of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic

disease) and Stomoxys calcitrans (lick flies,

vectors of lumpy skin disease).

The product contains a blue colourant for

easy identification of treated animals. With two

plant-derived active substances, it is suitable

for cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. Protection

lasts between four to six weeks, depending on

weather conditions and parasite pressure.

Smart assistant for efficient and

reliable herd management

Pilot’Elevage: Herdy

Pilot’Elevage’s artificial intelligence assistant

is embedded in the widely used Pilot’Elevage

mobile application, enabling users to

query strategic information – by voice or

text – on reproduction, health, growth,

genetics, and more.

It streamlines decision-making, guides

animal observation, and helps prioritise daily

tasks. The assistant

provides relevant

answers, tailored

recommendations,

and real-time savings,

supporting more

precise, responsive,

and sustainable

livestock farming.


Solution to manage calf health

MSD Santé Animale: SenseHub

Dairy YoungStock

SenseHub Dairy Youngstock is designed to

monitor dairy calves and heifers from birth

through their first 12 months. Accessible via

the SenseHub app, it provides key data on

well-being and health to safeguard future

productivity.

The system tracks activity, suckling, ingestion,

and rumination. Health alerts, combined

with the flashing light-emitting diode on the

SenseHub ear tag, allow animals to be located

quickly and easily.

Heated floor for calves

Bioret Agri Logette Confort:

CalfCare Thermofloor

Bioret Agri’s heated floor for calves provides

stable thermal comfort from birth through

a closed circuit of hot water integrated into

flexible insulating foam. This conductive

heating – 27 times more efficient than air –

delivers gentle, even warmth tailored to young

animals’ needs.

By keeping the floor dry, warm, and

comfortable, it reduces thermal stress,

neonatal disease, and bedding requirements.

The system is easy to install, economical,

durable, and animal-welfare friendly,

combining health performance, cost savings,

reduced environmental impact, and improved

working conditions on the farm.

Supports milk production

around calving

Deltavit: Deltabolus FeedStim

Deltabolus FeedStim is a slow-release bolus

(50 days) developed by Deltavit to support

dairy cows during oxidative stress and

inflammation around calving. Formulated with

patented Scutellaria baicalensis, it gradually

dissolves in the rumen, releasing flavonoids

– bioactive molecules that stimulate cellular

defences and enhance protection directly in

the mammary gland.

Administered in a single dose via applicator,

the bolus delivers targeted support during the

critical calving phase. By improving resilience

at this stage, it contributes to better lactation

performance, with gains of up to 3,3 L at peak

milk production.

Strips for the quantification of

inflammatory protein in milk

Bio-X Diagnostics:

Dipfit Smart CellSense

Dipfit Smart CellSense is an inflammatory

indicator of mammary health, enabling onfarm

detection of subclinical mastitis and

identification of animals suitable for antibioticfree

management.

The test is performed on a chromatographic

strip with quantitative results read via

the DipFit App on a smartphone. Each

diagnostic kit contains 10 strip devices for

the quantification of cathelicidins – specific

inflammatory proteins in bovine milk

associated with mastitis. By targeting these

biomarkers, the kit allows earlier and more

accurate detection of udder inflammation.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Maintenance for cubicles

(deep box)

Rosensteiner: LiboX

Digital control solution

of rodents

Schippers France:

HyCare Digital Rodent Control

HyCare Digital Rodent Control (HyCare DRC)

combines biological control methods with

modern digital technology. It integrates traps,

sensors, and rodent-control solutions into a

smartphone app, enabling real-time analysis,

remote monitoring, and full management of

rodent control.

The system offers farmers a transparent,

user-friendly interface accessible from

anywhere. By eliminating biocides, it prevents

resistance development in rodents, making it

a sustainable and eco-friendly solution.

LiboX ensures quick and efficient cubicle

care, improving milk yield, animal health, and

overall milkability. Lightweight and compact,

the machine adapts easily to different

bedding materials, cubicle designs, and

carrier vehicles.

The work process takes place in three steps:

1. Simple pick-up of loose material or

pressed bales.

2. Loosening and levelling of the

existing mattress with the adjustable

maintenance arm.

3. Targeted re-spreading of fresh, dry material

to keep cubicles consistently well filled.

End-of-tank level detector for

hydraulic pump

Ocene: NivAlert

NivAlert is a low-level sensor for hydrogen

peroxide canisters in milking robot liner

disinfection systems. This mechanical device

clips directly onto the suction strainer tube

of Dosatron-type hydraulic pumps, which

operate without electricity and lack built-in

level sensors.

When liquid levels drop too low, NivAlert

automatically sends an SMS alert to the

farmer. An optional visual alert can also be

added for greater visibility. By preventing

disinfection interruptions, it improves system

reliability, reduces

manual monitoring,

safeguards herd

health, and supports

milk quality.

Intelligent,

sustainable solution

for fan upgrades

Abbi-Aerotech:

Retrofit Kit

Retrofit Kit by Abbi-

Aerotech optimises the

energy performance of

livestock buildings while

extending the life of existing

equipment. This simple, cost-effective,

and eco-friendly upgrade replaces the

original belt-driven motor with a direct-drive

electronically commutated (EC) motor, while

retaining the frame, blades, and wiring.

The result is up to 36% electricity savings,

elimination of wear parts, and a significant

reduction in noise – all contributing to better

animal welfare. The EC motor runs at a low

speed of 500 rpm while maintaining optimal

airflow for proper ventilation. Energy use is

reduced to 524 W at 500 rpm, compared with

670 W in the old system.


The

connected

barrel

I-Tek:

Sure-Tek

Sure-Tek combines an

electronic knob cylinder with a stainlesssteel

lock, designed for flawless operation

in ammonia-laden environments. Using

near-field communication technology, doors

can be opened directly with a smartphone.

Weatherproof and secure, the system enables

real-time access management through its

app, allowing users to grant or revoke access

remotely with a single click.

The mechanism eliminates common issues

with traditional systems – lost keys, wear, theft,

or reliance on power supply. Economical,

durable, and easy to install, it strengthens

security while reducing environmental impact,

as it requires no key, battery, cable, or Wi-Fi,

and is maintenance-free.

Eco-friendly and

profitable animal

nutrition

CCPA Groupe:

Turboviv’SE

Turboviv is a phytogenic

nutritional solution that lowers

feed costs by improving feed

efficiency while reducing the

environmental footprint per

kilogram of milk produced.

Developed by the CCPA

Group, it combines plant-based ingredients

and trace elements to:

• improve feed efficiency and

reduce emissions;

• decrease enteric methane production; and

• increase farmers’ margin over feed costs.

The Turboviv formula was optimised in 2024 to

further enhance environmental benefits while

maintaining its efficiency and economic value.

Sustainability

intelligently applied

dsm-firmenich: Sustell

Sustell is an online computing platform

that calculates 19 criteria of a full life-cycle

assessment across different stages of

animal protein production – poultry, swine,

ruminants, and aquaculture. Assessments

can be conducted at the feed manufacturing

stage (feed mill or farm), the farm production

stage (live animals, eggs, milk), and the food

processing stage (slaughtering and cutting).

The platform provides access to

internationally recognised databases such

as GFLi, Agrifood Print, and soon EcoAlim

(Agribalyse). Users can also integrate their

own data to refine results, measure the

environmental footprint of their production,

and identify opportunities for improvement.

Veterinary

teleconsultation platform

Adventiel: VetLink Platform

In many regions, farmers struggle to access

veterinarians quickly enough to meet the

needs of sick animals. VetLink Platform,

developed under the 5G4Agri project,

is a telemedicine solution tailored to

this challenge.

It supports farmers and veterinarians at every

stage, preparing the video consultation with

data sharing, conducting the consultation,

and integrating with professional tools for

prescription writing. Connected veterinary

equipment and farm sensors transmit relevant

data, while 4G/5G compatibility ensures

smooth communication. The platform also

enables veterinarians to consult experts

or support young practitioners through

interconnection.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

DAIRY ECONOMIC INDICATORS

MONITORING

DAIRY RETAIL PRICES

by Jade Smith, MPO economist

MPO Economic Desk:

Guided by science, rooted in knowledge

The MPO has compiled the following figures to illustrate average

retail prices for dairy products from 2023 to August 2025.

Fresh and long-life milk prices remained relatively stable in 2025,

while Cheddar cheese prices saw significant fluctuations.

(Source: BMI as supplied by Agri Inspec).


Figure 1 Clover 2 L fresh full-cream milk prices

R41,00

R40,00

R39,00

R38,00

R37,00

R36,00

R35,00

R34,00

R33,00

R32,00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2023 R37,23 R34,91 R35,85 R34,80 R35,92 R37,53 R36,92 R36,45 R35,95 R35,18 R36,12 R36,13

2024 R36,57 R36,35 R38,26 R36,69 R38,17 R39,14 R37,77 R38,57 R37,53 R36,08 R36,37 R36,59

2025 R35,99 R36,67 R36,19 R35,05 R35,17 R36,24 R36,50 R36,44

Ј In August 2025, department’s own brand (DOB) reached its highest price of the year, rising by

R1,18 compared to July.

Ј DOB has shown the most stable pricing pattern in 2025, unlike Clover and Douglasdale, which

experienced greater fluctuations.

Ј Compared to August 2023 and 2024, the 2025 price trend indicates an upward shift from

August onwards.

Figure 2 Douglasdale 2 L fresh full-cream milk prices

R40,00

R39,00

R38,00

R37,00

R36,00

R35,00

R34,00

R33,00

R32,00

R31,00

R30,00


2023 R31,82 R32,90 R34,08 R33,59 R34,74 R36,59 R33,10 R32,99 R35,99 R35,19 R35,09 R34,74

2024 R35,29 R36,09 R35,69 R34,70 R34,79 R35,62 R35,49 R36,37 R36,28 R36,74 R34,49 R36,99

2025 R35,37 R34,99 R35,99 R35,32 R36,32 R36,74 R37,10 R34,87

Ј From March to July 2025, Douglasdale’s price rose steadily - the highest prices to date - before

dropping sharply in August.

Ј August experienced a price decrease of 6%.

Ј This decline positioned Douglasdale as the most affordable brand in August, averaging R1,57

less than Clover and R1,02 less than DOB.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Figure 3 Department’s own brand 2 L fresh full-cream milk prices

R38,00

R37,00

R36,00

R35,00

R34,00

R33,00

R32,00

R31,00


2023 R32,09 R33,74 R34,49 R34,37 R35,53 R34,46 R35,89 R35,95 R35,95 R36,22 R34,89 R35,07

2024 R35,06 R35,26 R34,86 R36,67 R37,34 R36,68 R36,63 R35,16 R36,34 R35,85 R34,96 R34,99

2025 R35,38 R35,09 R33,87 R34,73 R34,68 R34,93 R34,71 R35,89

Ј In August 2025, DOB reached its highest price of the year, rising by R1,18 compared to July.

Ј DOB has shown the most stable pricing pattern in 2025, unlike Clover and Douglasdale, which

experienced greater fluctuations.

Ј Compared to August 2023 and 2024, the 2025 price trend indicates an upward shift from

August onwards.

DOB consistently remains the most affordable option compared to Clover and Douglasdale.

Figure 4 Clover 1 L ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk prices

R22,00

R21,00

R20,00

R19,00

R18,00

R17,00


2023 R18,83 R19,05 R19,25 R19,58 R20,81 R20,91 R21,05 R21,10 R20,93 R20,37 R20,60 R20,45

2024 R20,38 R20,37 R21,07 R19,57 R21,15 R21,30 R21,41 R21,29 R21,13 R20,85 R20,61 R21,49

2025 R20,86 R20,66 R20,48 R20,40 R20,52 R20,76 R20,85 R20,82

Ј In 2025, prices stayed below R21,00 for all eight months, while in both 2023 and 2024 they

fluctuated above this level.

Ј The first eight months of 2025 reflected a consistent price trend.

Ј From May to August 2025, prices were lower than those recorded in the same months of both

2023 and 2024.


Figure 5 Parmalat 1 L UHT processed milk prices

R24,00

R23,00

R22,00

R21,00

R20,00

R19,00

R18,00

R17,00


2023 R18,89 R19,72 R19,82 R20,29 R20,18 R20,75 R20,41 R20,96 R21,18 R21,42 R21,25 R21,28

2024 R21,16 R21,72 R22,23 R22,40 R22,44 R22,62 R22,93 R22,69 R22,02 R21,96 R21,96 R22,19

2025 R21,88 R21,88 R21,16 R21,39 R21,44 R21,50 R21,61 R21,63

Ј Parmalat continues to be the most expensive brand compared to Clover and Crystal Valley.

Ј From March to August 2025, prices remained well below the levels recorded in 2024.

Ј In August 2025, prices were still 3% higher than in August 2023, but dropped by 5% compared

to August 2024, marking a clear year-on-year decline.

Figure 6 Crystal Valley 1 L UHT processed milk prices

R20,00

R19,00

R18,00

R17,00

R16,00

R15,00

R14,00


2023 R16,32 R16,35 R16,85 R16,58 R16,49 R16,98 R17,05 R17,21 R17,14 R17,06 R17,18 R17,04

2024 R16,97 R17,11 R17,48 R17,40 R17,33 R18,18 R18,33 R18,55 R18,80 R18,59 R18,41 R18,59

2025 R18,17 R18,33 R18,15 R17,83 R17,77 R17,78 R17,55 R17,73

Ј In August 2025, the price dropped by 4% compared to the same month in 2024.

Ј While prices in the first five months of 2025 were higher than in both 2023 and 2024, the price

shifted downward from June to August, falling below 2024 levels.

Ј Over the first eight months of 2025, Crystal Valley maintained an average price advantage of

R2,75 over Clover and R3,65 over Parmalat.

Overall, Crystal Valley was the most affordable brand, costing R3,09 less than Clover and

R3,90 less than Parmalat in August 2025.


BEDRYF • INDUSTRY

Figure 7 Lancewood Cheddar cheese price/kg

R180,00

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R137,95 R150,76 R151,99 R154,99 R150,98 R144,15 R149,72 R156,66 R153,20 R150,90 R155,99 R159,55

2024 R154,99 R153,99 R152,32 R169,37 R168,80 R160,60 R163,70 R154,90 R155,40 R138,78 R164,44 R164,99

2025 R167,41 R165,81 R162,66 R155,37 R152,11 R159,68 R157,99 R159,99

Ј In August 2025, the price was 2% and 3% higher compared to the same period in

2023 and 2024.

Ј Prices in 2025 trended downward until May, then spiked by R7,57 in June, before dropping by

R1,69 in July. By August, prices returned to roughly the same level as June.

Ј From 2023 through August 2025, no consistent trend is evident, with prices showing

significant fluctuations.

Figure 8 Parmalat Cheddar cheese price/kg

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R135,31 R143,08 R141,12 R148,05 R145,64 R152,60 R150,77 R153,77 R152,51 R151,92 R151,08 R153,42

2024 R153,10 R154,98 R155,98 R154,68 R161,27 R156,68 R161,60 R157,51 R162,46 R161,50 R160,46 R156,63

2025 R163,83 R162,94 R165,53 R164,02 R168,80 R162,49 R162,54 R164,85

Ј In August 2025, the price shifted upwards by R2,31 compared to July.

Ј Throughout the first eight months of 2025, Parmalat remained the most expensive cheddar

cheese brand.

Ј At R164,85, the August 2025 price was 7% higher than in August 2023 and 5% higher than in

August 2024.

Overall, the pricing patterns varied widely across brands, with no consistent trends

emerging, reflecting significant differences in price movements and volatility between

Cheddar cheese price per kilogram.


Figure 9 Elite Cheddar cheese price/kg

R180,00

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R133,91 R131,42 R127,42 R125,77 R127,16 R139,13 R133,84 R138,30 R136,24 R140,13 R136,66 R136,66

2024 R144,28 R149,16 R142,13 R151,65 R138,32 R138,99 R139,99 R156,66 R139,99 R149,99 R148,32 R148,99

2025 R149,99 R159,99 R156,66 R159,99 R159,99 R159,99 R159,99 R162,49

Ј Between January and August 2025, the price of Elite Cheddar shifted upwards by R12,50

per kilogram.

Ј Compared to other brands, Elite Cheddar saw the largest upward price movement from July to

August, rising by R2,50 per kilogram.

Ј Across the first eight months of 2025, price levels consistently remained above those of

2023 and 2024.

Figure 10 Clover Cheddar cheese price/kg

R170,00

R160,00

R150,00

R140,00

R130,00

R120,00

R110,00

R100,00


2023 R125,57 R128,96 R121,14 R123,05 R130,05 R134,41 R133,49 R135,16 R135,92 R137,88 R135,76 R135,90

2024 R136,99 R137,29 R142,14 R147,55 R141,32 R135,66 R136,99 R144,28 R137,62 R146,89 R149,08 R161,28

2025 R146,29 R150,24 R143,49 R144,27 R137,49 R151,66 R161,37 R152,90

Ј The price of Clover Cheddar per kilogram showed the greatest fluctuations, with no clear trend

over the past three years.

Ј Prices rose sharply by R23,88 from May to July 2025, then dropped by R8,47 from

July to August.

Ј Overall, Clover was the most affordable cheese in August 2025, at R152,90 per kilogram,

compared to the other brands.

For more information on retail prices, contact JADE SMITH, economist at the MPO at jade@mpo.co.za


DAIRY

DIGITS

SEPTEMBER 2025

Dairy digits is a Milk SA feature. It is also

available on the Milk SA website: milksa.co.za.

Table 1 Key market indicators

Item Period Value

% change

(same period

previous year)

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) 2023 1 3 339 −0,3%

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) 2024 1 3 458 +3,56%

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) estimate Jul 25 1 264 +1,35%

Unprocessed milk purchased (’000 tonnes) estimate Jan–Jul 25 1 1 818 +0,23%

Dairy imports (’000 tonnes) 2024 2 33,9 −30,1%

Dairy imports (’000 tonnes) Jan–Jul 25 2 15,6 −33,3%

Dairy exports (’000 tonnes) 2024 2 53,5 −4,63%

Dairy exports (’000 tonnes) Jan–Jul 25 2 37,9 +29,4%

Dairy exports inclusive of sales to other SACU countries (’000 tonnes) 5 Jan–Jul 25 2 115,6 +12,7%

Producer price index of unprocessed milk (base Dec 23 = 100) 3 Jul 25 3 103 −1,5%

Producer price index of dairy products (base Dec 23 = 100) 3 Jul 25 3 104,8 +1,0%

Farm requisite price index (base 2015 = 100) 4 Jan 25 4 143,1 −2,9%

Source:

1

Milk SA returns

2

SARS statistics supplied by SAMPRO

3

Stats SA PPI index

4

Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural

Development (DALRRD) price index of farm requisites

5

SARS statistics supplied by Agri Inspec

Figure 1 International dairy product prices (free on board), Jan 2014–Aug 2025

Rand per t

170 000

150 000

130 000

110 000

90 000

70 000

50 000

30 000

10 000

Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19 Jan-20 Jan-21 Jan-22 Jan-23 Jan-24 Jan-25

Source:

USDA price surveys,

exchange rate South

African Reserve Bank

middle rates, last

month – average of

daily closing values.

Butter

SMP

Cheddar

FMP

Acronyms and abbreviations: Milk South Africa (Milk SA) • Milk Producers’ Organisation (MPO) • South African Milk Processors’

Organisation (SAMPRO) • Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) • South African Revenue Service (SARS) • United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA) • producer price index (PPI) • consumer price index (CPI) • Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural

Development (DALRRD) • full-cream milk powder (FMP) • skimmed milk powder (SMP) • ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed


Figure 2 Monthly unprocessed milk purchase trends, Jan 2021–Jul 2025

360

340

Source:

Milk SA statistics.

Note: Each year's

figures are assessed,

reviewed, and

finalised by 31 March

of the ensuing year.

'000 t

320

300

280

260

240

2025*

2025

2022

2023

2024

220


* Last two months

preliminary: sample survey

Figure 3 Monthly cumulative net imports, milk equivalent, Jan 2021–Jul 2025

200

150

Source:

MPO calculation

from SARS data

supplied by

SAMPRO.

1 000 t milk equivalent

100

50

0

-50


2025

2021

2022

-100

-150

2023

2024

Figure 4 PPI indices of unprocessed milk and dairy products, and the CPI of milk,

cheese, and eggs, Jan 2014–Jul 2025

230

Source:

Stats SA PPI and

CPI information,

statssa.gov.za.

210

Index (2012 = 100)

190

170

150

130

110

90

Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19 Jan-20 Jan-21 Jan-22 Jan-23 Jan-24 Jan-25

Dairy products PPI

(full cream fresh milk, full

cream UHT milk,

Cheddar cheese,

yoghurt & ice cream)

Unprocessed

milk PPI

Milk, cheese,

and eggs CPI

This publication is compiled from sources that are deemed reliable. However, Milk SA and the contributors to

the publication accept no responsibility for the accuracy of the information. The information is, furthermore, intended

to provide market signals only and Milk SA indemnifies itself against any actions based on this information.


KORTLIKS | BRIEFLY

Rekords spat by

2025 NAMPO KAAP

Die sesde NAMPO Kaap-ekspo het

op ’n hoogtepunt afgesluit en ’n

rekordgetal van 49 326 besoekers

van 10 tot 13 September na Bredasdorp Park

gelok. Die geleentheid het homself as ’n

toonaangewende platform vir landbou in

die Wes-Kaap gevestig en het produsente,

landboubesighede, beleidmakers en die

breër gemeenskap bymekaar gebring

in ’n atmosfeer wat innovasie sowel as

tradisie gevier het.

Sedert sy ontstaan in 2018, toe 16 000

mense die eerste ekspo bygewoon het,

toon NAMPO Kaap bestendige groei. Vanjaar

se bywoning het verlede jaar se rekordgetal

45 894 ver oortref. Uitstallers het hul

tevredenheid uitgespreek oor die gehalte

van gesprekke en bevestig dat daar sterk

besigheid tydens die skou gedoen is.

Met die 2025-tema, “Slim tegnologie vir

doeltreffende hulpbronbestuur”, het NAMPO

Kaap ’n groot verskeidenheid innovasies

vertoon. Die uitstallings van onder andere

outonome trekkers, hommeltuie, presisiebesproeiing,

hernubare energie-oplossings

en vee-sensors, het praktiese insig in die

toekoms van landbou gebied.

Adjunkpresident, Paul Mashatile, het die

ekspo op Vrydag 12 September besoek. Hy

het sy program met ’n inligtingsessie begin

waaraan dr Ivan Meyer, die Wes-Kaapse

LUR vir landbou, ekonomiese ontwikkeling

en toerisme, en Jeremia Mathebula,

voorsitter van Graan SA se landbouontwikkelingafdeling,

Phahama Grain

Phakama (PGP), deelgeneem het.

“Die groei van NAMPO Kaap wys net hoe

relevant en noodsaaklik hierdie platform vir

produsente in die wintergraangebied is. Dit is

’n plek waar idees uitgeruil word, uitdagings

aangespreek word, en oplossings uitgestal

word wat werklik progressie op plase kan dryf,”

het dr Dirk Strydom, NAMPO se besturende

direkteur, gesê.

Buiten die landboufokus het NAMPO Kaap

weereens ’n positiewe impak op die plaaslike

ekonomie en gemeenskap gehad wat kon

baat by vol bespreekte gastehuise, besige

restaurante, en korttermyn werksgeleenthede

ten tye van die ekspo.

Dr Tobias Doyer het die sukses van die

week met een woord beskryf: Inspirerend.

“Die sukses kan toegeskryf word aan sterk

vennootskappe, toegewyde uitstallers, lojale

produsente, en die trotse ondersteuning van

die Overberg-gemeenskap. Hierdie jaar se

geleentheid het landbou se veerkragtigheid,

vindingrykheid, en vasberadenheid om te

floreer, duidelik getoon.” aldus dr Doyer

Graan SA-persverklaring verwerk deur

The Dairy Mail

Read all about the MPO’s activities in each issue of The Dairy Mail.


Silage crops:

Part

3

FEED-

SORGHUM

by Richardt Venter, international silage consultant

The third crop featured in this mini-series on the main

silage crops in Southern Africa is the group of sweet forage

sorghums. In the South African context, this term covers

sorghums, pure feed sorghums, feed-sorghum crosses,

sweet sorghums, and feed-sorghum × Sudan grass hybrids.



Alternative summer crops

Over the past decade or two, the use of sweet

forage sorghum in silage production has

increased. In my experience, the main reasons

are its lower sensitivity to drought, reduced

risk of theft compared to maize, and longer

cutting window.

It is also cheaper to produce than maize

silage, although it lacks the starch component

that maize silage provides.

However, the crop presents its own

challenges. Many producers find its standing

ability problematic, often due to high planting

density. The simplest and most economical

solution is to reduce seeding rates per hectare.

This encourages plants to tiller, maintaining

similar yields while reducing lodging.

Promises of extremely high yields per hectare

from forage sorghum abound, but these are

mostly unachievable. The inflated figures

often come from harvesting very early, when

the crop is still wet and heavy. Yields should

be standardised to 35% dry matter, as with all

crops, which reduces such claims considerably.

The lower nutrient value – particularly starch

– compared to maize silage must also be

considered. The real advantages lie in reduced

input costs and, depending on the production

system, the added opportunity for grazing.

Since sweet forage sorghum dries more

slowly during the silage cutting stage, it

offers an extended cutting window. However,

producers often cut it too early for ensiling.

Data from the 2024 Santam Agriculture national

silage competition reflects this trend, with an

average dry matter of 32,3% – consistently

wetter than the maize silage average.

Protein and fibre

Sweet forage sorghum is cultivated not for its

protein but as an energy source for ruminants,

owing to its high fibre levels. It is average

protein content is 6,9% (maximum of 9,0%)

as reflected in the data set. The crop’s fibre

production is exceptional, with average neutral

detergent fibre above 61% and acid detergent

fibre around 41%.


Numerically, this fibre content is similar to

oat silage, but higher than maize silage. This

is not necessarily negative and depends

on its intended use. High fibre can limit

performance in high-producing animals such

as dairy cattle, but it is well suited to feedlot

animals, where the portion of the daily intake

available for fibre is restricted and affects

total intake.

Ruminants are excellent fibre utilisers

due to microbial fermentation in the rumen

and are adapted to this type of feed. Unlike

maize silage, sweet forage sorghum is also a

‘safer’ option that can be fed pure – even to

unadapted, feed-deprived animals, or game

unaccustomed to supplementary feeding.

Total digestible nutrients

Because of the near absence of starch and

higher fibre levels, sweet forage sorghum

silage cannot match maize silage in total

digestible nutrients (TDN). Forage and sweet

forage sorghum crops vary widely, but TDN

values are generally low, as reflected in the

low maximum starch level shown in Table 1.

The only hybrids producing significant starch

are grain sorghums, which I have measured at

up to 24% (data not shown).

On average, TDN is comparable to oat

silage but much lower than maize silage,

although examples exist of all three showing

similar levels.

Other benefits

Sweet forage sorghum silage ferments

relatively easily due to its abundant sugars

– higher than oats and similar to maize –

resulting in good palatability.

The crop also processes well through

harvesting machinery, ensuring even

chopping, good compaction, and oxygen

exclusion when managed correctly. This

lowers the risk of poor fermentation, making

it one of the easiest silages to produce,

provided it is not cut too early and too wet.


Table 1 Neutral detergent fibre parameters


Parameter Average Minimum Maximum

Dry matter (DM) 32,31 26,08 37,44

Starch (%DM) 4,13 1,00 7,20

Water-soluble carbohydrates – sugar (%DM) 3,68 0,80 8,10

Acid detergent fibre (%DM) 41,23 37,20 46,40

Amylase-treated neutral detergent fibre (%DM) 61,50 56,80 66,30

Lignin (%DM) 6,66 5,48 8,76

Ash (%DM) 6,81 4,68 8,49

Total digestible nutrients (%DM) 57,07 50,10 61,80

Crude protein (%DM) 6,98 4,90 9,00

pH 3,98 3,84 4,18

Lactic acid (%DM) 6,50 5,31 8,89

Acetic acid (%DM) 1,99 1,08 3,18


It starts with mycotoxins.

It ends with Toxibind Plus.

Multi-spectrum mycotoxin binder, specifically

designed to target the African challenges of

DON, ZEA & FUM, amongst other mycotoxins

Synergistic blend

of essential

phytogenic

compounds to

bolster the immune

and liver systems

Reduces

ammonia

buildup in litter

Locally manufactured at our world-class facility,

Toxibind Plus delivers superior quality and

uncompromising protection against mycotoxins.

Toxibind Plus:

Science you can trust | Protection you can prove

Feed smarter | Perform better

Contact Details:

40 +27 THE 11 DAIRY 393 MAIL • 1182 SEPTEMBER | www.bitek.co.za

2025

TECHNOLOGIES

to LOWER COSTS and

INCREASE EFFICIENCY

by Samaneh Azarpajouh, author and veterinarian


Rapid global growth in the

scale of dairy cattle enterprises

increases the need for precision

technologies to control

qualitative and quantitative

parameters related to animal

health and welfare. Datagenerating

technologies

integrate communication

systems, data and information

technologies, and sustainable

devices to improve production

efficiency and lower operational

and labour costs.

Cameras

Cameras capture images or record videos of

dairy cows. The sensor inside the camera can

be either photographic film, which requires

post-processing, or a digital sensor, where

images can be viewed, stored, edited, and

transferred digitally using computers.

Cameras are utilised to measure deviations

in standing posture, gait parameters, and

behaviour. Data and image analysis are then

applied to develop an accurate, inexpensive,

reliable, and robust lameness detection

system for farm environments. Video imaging

can also be used to assess body condition

scores, as well as dominance structure and

social relationships in dairy cows.

Microphones

Microphones capture sound waves and

convert them into electrical signals. They

are developed in various configurations

depending on their application. In dairy

farming, microphones can automatically

detect coughing as an indicator of respiratory

diseases, with a precision ranging from

53,8% to 80%.


Accelerometers

Accelerometers continuously record and

analyse data activity by measuring motion

parameters. They can predict lameness

in dairy cows three to ten days before it

becomes visually detectable. Leg and neckmounted

accelerometers quantify lying,

standing, and feeding behaviours, while ear

tag devices determine rumination, eating,

and activity in grazing cattle. Accelerometers

integrated into ear, leg, tail, tail head, and

vaginal tags, as well as halters, neck collars,

and reticulo-rumen bolus sensors, collect

physiological and behavioural data to predict,

detect, and diagnose mastitis in dairy cattle.

Infrared thermography

Infrared thermography is a non-invasive

diagnostic tool that converts infrared radiation

emitted from the skin surface into pixel

intensity to generate thermographic images.

It reveals changes in metabolic heat patterns

and detects conditions such as mastitis,

stress, temperament, physiological traits, and

oestrus in dairy cattle.

Pressure mat, force plate, and

weighing platform

These devices measure, detect, and analyse

forces exerted by animals standing or

walking on them. Pressure mats, equipped

with sensors, record contact points, peak

vertical force, and vertical impulse. Force

plates measure ground

reaction forces, while

weighing platforms use

adjustable weights

and a lever system

to calculate body

weight or applied

force. All three show

promising potential

for detecting

lameness in

dairy cattle.

Deep learning and

augmented reality

Deep learning, a branch of machine learning,

uses multi-layered neural networks to

simulate the human decision-making. These

technologies are increasingly applied to

automate oestrus detection, with deep

learning achieving an average mastitis

detection accuracy of 96,1%. Augmented

reality, by overlaying virtual objects on the

real environment, supports farm management

through real-time access to milking, feeding,

and breeding data, improving efficiency

and accuracy.

Conclusion

Data-generating technologies enhance the

farmer's ability to monitor individual animals

as the dairy industry intensifies. They improve

production efficiency, lower operational costs,

and provide accurate data for management.

With rapid digital transformation, emerging

technologies are shaping a more advanced

future. To fully realise these benefits, the

dairy industry must be trained to adopt new

tools, while the engineering community

should advance device development for more

efficient field applications.



From NEGATIVE

to POSITIVE:

Managing energy balance

for better cow fertility

by Sarah-Dane Roberts

Cow fertility is the main driver of milk

production. Without a calf, the cow

will not produce milk, and for there

to be a calf, the cow needs to fall pregnant.

Fertility is a complex trait, influenced by the

interplay between genetics, nutrition, the

environment, and even human intervention.

Accurate heat detection and insemination

techniques affect calving interval and

services per conception, while the length

of the voluntary waiting period impacts

both calving interval and days open. These

factors, which strongly influence fertility, often

have little to do with the cow herself. When

considering cow fertility, beyond human error,

the following can be taken into account:

1. The ability of the cow to come into oestrus

after calving.

2. The ability of the ovum to become fertilised.

3. The ability of the cow to stay pregnant and

give birth to a healthy calf.


CholiGEM

Support liver health and reduce morbidity with CholiGEM, the pre- and

post-partum nutrition solution beneficial for hepatic lipid metabolism for a

healthier and more productive dairy cow.

Key Benefits of CholiGEM

Enhances lactation performance

Improves liver function and immuno-metabolic health status

Additional benefits with other methyl donors (e.g., methionine) to increase dry matter intake (DMI)

Improves colostrum quality and increases average daily gain in newborn calves exposed in utero to a

richer choline environment

SCAN ME

for more information

References provided upon request.


© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2024. All rights reserved. ® Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., USA. CholiGEM V34602 Act 36 of 1947.

Certain statements may not be applicable in all geographic regions. Product labeling and associated claims may differ based upon regulatory requirements.

1. The ability of the cow to

come into oestrus

Hormone balance and the relationship

between oestrogen and progesterone

determine how soon and how ‘loudly’ oestrus

occurs after calving. Any event that disrupts

these two hormones, whether nutritional

or metabolic, will either cause anoestrus or

silent oestrus. In both instances, heat will

not be observed and the cow cannot be

bred. The negative energy balance (NEB)

experienced by every cow after calving has

the most significant effect on cow cycling.

This NEB causes a decrease in insulin and

insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), both of


which are responsible for stimulating ovarian

activity and follicle growth. While NEB cannot

be avoided, its duration and severity can

be reduced. Chromium is a cost-effective

mineral supplement that potentiates the

action of insulin by increasing its interaction

with cell receptors. This means that glucose

is absorbed more efficiently into cells. By

improving glucose utilisation, chromium

supplementation makes more energy

available at a cellular level for reproduction as

well as milk production.

The NEB also results in higher levels

of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and

ketone bodies in the blood, which can impair

follicle quality, oocyte competence, and the

ability of the uterus to recover after calving.

Managing the levels of NEFA and ketone

bodies involves implementing nutritional

strategies that support the liver. One such

strategy is including rumen-protected choline

in the diet. Choline is a crucial component

of phosphatidylcholine, the phospholipid

responsible for transporting excess fat from

the liver. Supplementing choline helps the

liver handle the high influx of NEFA, which

reduces blood NEFA levels and leads to

improved follicle quality.

Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal

axis, causing an increase in cortisol.

Cortisol directly inhibits the pre-ovulatory

luteinising hormone surge, resulting in

delayed ovulation, anovulation, and ovarian

cysts. Causes of stress in the cow include

heat stress, lameness, overcrowding, and

improper handling. For instance, temperatures

above 25 °C can lower conception by

between 20% and 30%, compared to cooler

months. Heat stress also exacerbates NEB

due to its impact on dry matter intake

and the physiological energy expenditure

necessary to cool the animal. Ensuring

adequate shade and clean drinking water

helps cows cope with heat stress. Chromium

supplementation also reduces the negative

effects that cortisol exerts on the body and

may be useful when used in conjunction with

physical interventions.


2. The ability of the ovum

to become fertilised

The quality of the ovum depends on the

condition of the ovarian follicle in the weeks

and sometimes months before ovulation.

Negative energy balance also plays a role

in oocyte quality and can be addressed by

implementing the measures suggested above.

Elevated body temperatures during oestrus

and the first few days after insemination

can damage oocytes and early embryos,

decreasing their viability.

3. The ability of the cow

to stay pregnant

Most pregnancy losses happen in the early

embryonic period before day 60. Suboptimal

progesterone levels are a major cause of

early embryonic death as the corpus luteum

is responsible for producing progesterone.

Stress and metabolic disorders impair

corpus luteum function. If the uterus is

not healthy (retained placenta, metritis,

etc.) the embryo will not survive. Therefore,

managing NEB, stress factors, and overall

cow health improves the ability of the cow to

stay pregnant.

Many mycotoxins also have a direct effect

on animal hormone function. For example,

zearalenone mimics oestrogen and can cause

abortions when consumed in high enough

quantities. It is important to implement

mycotoxin management strategies, such

as using mycotoxin binders in feed, for all

animals on the farm.

Managing mycotoxins supports immune

function and health, thereby enhancing

reproduction and milking performance.

Infectious diseases such as bovine viral

diarrhoea, leptospirosis, and brucellosis

can also lead to embryonic death and

abortions. Proper vaccination schedules

and techniques, combined with appropriate

veterinary monitoring, are vital to ensure the

health and fertility of the herd.

Negative energy balance in the dairy

cow is an unavoidable phenomenon with

far-reaching consequences for fertility. By

implementing targeted nutritional strategies

and reducing stress or its impact, farmers can

mitigate the effects of NEB on fertility. This

helps ensure that cows show a clear oestrus,

conceive successfully, and give birth to a

healthy calf.

It is not possible to give a cow a stress-free

life; however, the farmer has tools to help

her cope with stress so that production and

fertility are only minimally affected. Looking

after the reproductive health of the herd

creates a sustainable business that will last

for generations to come.



The VALUE of good-quality

IRRIGATION

WATER

Farms are dynamic agro-ecosystems. There are

numerous things that affect the productivity of this

system. Farmers are generally very good at measuring,

monitoring, and accounting for the factors that influence

production. An area where I think there is a lack of emphasis, which

results in a lack of measuring and monitoring, is irrigation water quality.

Irrigation water quality significantly affects

the quantity and quality of any crop.

Multiple factors are used to assess water

quality, and different crops have different

tolerances. In this blog, I focus on two of the

most important factors: 1) oxygen; and 2)

saline and/or sodic water.

The importance of oxygen

Two types of soil organisms can be

categorised: 1) aerobic, which require oxygen

to survive, and 2) anaerobic, which do not.

The root zone of the soil is intended to be

aerobic, and most beneficial organisms in

soil are aerobic. Plant roots also require

oxygen. Irrigation water low in oxygen

creates anaerobic conditions when the

soil is saturated. This harms both roots and

beneficial microorganisms.

A good indication of low-oxygen irrigation

water is when crops respond better to

rainfall than irrigation. Rainfall is naturally

high in oxygen.


High nutrient levels in irrigation dams

cause excessive plant and algae growth. This

process, known as eutrophication, depletes

oxygen in the water. It results from water

pollution, mainly nitrogen and phosphorous,

often from excessive fertilisation or effluent

entering water sources.

Irrigation dams covered in algae and

aquatic plants indicate depleted oxygen

levels. The greater the growth, the lower the

oxygen. Water treatment options exist to

increase oxygen and should be considered

on affected farms. More importantly, the

cause must be addressed by limiting nutrient

run-off from crop and pasture lands and

managing effluent effectively.

The problem with

excessive salts

Another major concern with irrigation water

quality is salinity and sodicity. Salinity refers

to total dissolved salts, whiles sodicity refers

specifically to sodium levels. Water high in

salts has much lower value for irrigation, as it

reduces growth, pollutes groundwater, and

causes salt build-up in soil.

The difficulty with salinity is that farmers

usually have little control over this aspect

of water quality, and must work with what

they have. It is, therefore, important to know

if irrigation water is high in salts, usually

indicated by high electrical conductivity

(EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), or sodium

absorption ratio (SAR).

There are management practices that

alleviate some negative impacts of saline and

sodic water. These include ensuring adequate

drainage to prevent salt build-up, especially

in clay soils. Plant-water availability must be

maintained, as high salt levels make water

uptake more difficult. Soil sodium, magnesium,

potassium, and calcium should be monitored,

and any build-up or imbalance corrected.

Fertilisers containing chloride should be

avoided where soil salinity is a problem.

Irrigation during periods of high evaporation

(e.g. hot days and strong winds) should also

be avoided, as it increases salt concentration.

Similarly, irrigation systems with high

evaporation rates should be avoided.

Conclusion

Ignorance is not bliss when it comes to

irrigation water quality. The first step is to

know the quality of your irrigation water.

Management measures can then be taken to

mitigate negative impacts if the water is not of

optimal quality.



ONTWURMING

van beeste

deur Hanlie du Plessis

Dit is ekonomies belangrik om

op strategiese tye volwasse

melkbeeste te ontwurm vir

optimale produksie en reproduksie.

Strategiese ontwurming tydens

kwesbare periodes help om:

» Die inwendige parasietuitdaging

te verminder

» Die risiko van die negatiewe

impak wat inwendige parasiete op

beeste het te verminder

Uit die drie inwendige

parasietgroepe (Rondewurms,

Lintwurms en Slakwurms) is daar

twee wat van groot belang is by

volwasse beeste:

1. Rondewurms veroorsaak:

» Swakker eetlus

» Onderdrukte gewigstoename

» Swakker voeromset

» Verlaging in reproduksie- en

melkproduksiedoeltreffendheid by koeie

Alhoewel volwasse beeste weerstand teen

rondewurmspesies kan ontwikkel, kan hierdie

parasiete nog steeds onder sekere omstandighede

’n invloed op produksie hê, veral wanneer die diere

onder stres verkeer. Stres sluit fisiologiese stres

soos bv. gedurende die oorgangsperiode (net voor

en na kalwing), sowel as voedingstres (lae kwaliteit

of te min voer) en omgewingstres (droogte- en

ekstreme weerstoestande) in.




2. Lewerslak – skade aan die lewer lei

onder andere tot:

» Energie- en proteïntekorte (verlies aan

kondisie, vrugbaarheid en groei).

» Beperkte stoorvermoë van

spoorminerale - wat die aanvulling van

spoorminerale minder effektief maak en

suboptimale vlakke van spoorminerale

(verlaagde immuniteit, reproduksie en

produksie) veroorsaak.

» Vitamiene A tekorte – selfs op

groen weiding

Alhoewel beeste ’teenliggaampies’ ontwikkel

wat met ’n ELISA-toets opgespoor kan

word en die teenwoordigheid en graad

van besmetting kan bevestig, ontwikkel

beeste nie beskermende immuniteit teen

lewerslak nie.

Proewe wat bevestig dat die ontwurming

van beeste van kardinale belang is:

» In Suid-Afrika, het dr. HJ. Meaker (1994)

baanbrekerswerk gedoen om die effek

van ontwurming op reproduksie by

vleisbeeste te bepaal. Die proewe het

die verskil in konsepsie van diere wat

1x ontwurm is (slegs Junie) en diere wat

2x ontwurm is (Junie & November) teenoor

’n kontrolegroep aangetoon. Die groep

wat twee behandelings ontvang het, het

’n 17,9% toename in konsepsie getoon in

eerste kalf verse teenoor die kontrole groep

en ’n toename van 14,3% in die tweede

kalf-koeie teenoor die kontrolegroep.

Boonop het die kalwers van die groep wat

2x ontwurm is, 4,4kg swaarder gespeen,

alhoewel hulle self nie ontwurm was nie!

Dit is ’n as gevolg van ’n verbetering in

melkproduksie by koeie wat ontwurm is.

» ’n Proef in die Grootfontein-gebied in

Namibië deur dr MJ Ferreira (2011) het

die effek van gereelde ontwurming

van vleisbeesverse vanaf speen tot 12

maande ondersoek. Alhoewel die telling

van rondewurmeiers soms baie laag was,

het die eiertellings met voedingstres en

na goeie reënval toegeneem. Die netto

effek van ontwurming in hierdie relatiewe

’parasietvrye’ toestande, was dat teen die

tyd dat 50% van die behandelde verse

bronstig geraak het, het nog nie een van

die kontrolegroep bronstig geraak nie.

Dit is ’n bewys van die negatiewe effek

van inwendige parasiete op die groei en

ontwikkeling van vleisbeesverse.

Bogenoemde proewe dui duidelik op die

belangrikheid daarvan om volwasse beeste

op strategiese tye te ontwurm, maar die

gevaar van produkweerstandigheid kan nie

onderskat word nie.

Soos met die meeste genetiese eienskappe,

wanneer daar genoeg seleksiedruk toegepas

word en die lewensiklus van ’n organisme

kort genoeg is, kom die fenotipe waarvoor

geselekteer is, baie vinnig na vore. Met

elke generasie van die organisme kom die

geselekteerde eienskap meer en meer

algemeen voor.


Daarom gebeur dit dat, hoe langer jy

parasiete aan dieselfde aktiewe bestanddeel

blootstel, dit onvermydelik sal wees dat

weerstand ontwikkel. Met ’n korter lewensiklus

ontwikkel weerstand vinniger.

Om suksesvol te kan boer waar

weerstandbiedende wurms voorkom, is

dit nodig om die seleksiedruk van die

populasie wurms te verwyder en die aantal

vatbare wurms in die diere en omgewing

(refugia) te verhoog.

Strategiese wurm beheer word

gedoen deur:

» Die behandeling slegs toe te dien

gedurende die tyd van die jaar wanneer die

parasiet die meeste vatbaar sal wees vir die

middel wat gebruik word.

» Diere uit die kudde te onttrek wat

voortdurend ontwurm moet word.

» Strategies te ontwurm afhangende van die

teel- en kalfseisoen:

• Dragtige verse en koeie vier tot agt weke

voor kalwing

• Kalwers 30 dae na kalwing – rondewurmen

lintwurmbehandeling

• Volwasse kudde – monitor elke twee

maande vir parasiete en ontwurm

rondewurms en lewerslak.

» Slegs die diere wat dit nodig het

te behandel.

» Met die regte anthelmintikum teen die

regte dosis vir die gewig te behandel.

» Gebruik te maak van verskeie

anthelmintiese groepe en hul effektiwiteit

te monitor deur middel van wurmtellings in

mismonsters.

Lewerslak is ’n goeie voorbeeld van

geteikende/strategiese behandeling waar ’n

mens ’n anthelmintiese middel doseer wat

effektief is teen die onvolwasse stadiums

van die parasiet gedurende die nat maande,

wanneer die varswaterslak volop is en dit die

meeste skade aan die lewer veroorsaak.

In April wanneer die lewerslak-populasie

uit jong en volwasse slakke bestaan, na die

eerste ryp en wanneer die varswaterslakke

begin verdwyn, moet ’n middel gebruik word

wat teen al die stadia van die lewerslak se

lewensiklus effektief is, soos Triclabendasool.

In Augustus kan ’n middel waarvan die

aktiewe bestanddeel slegs effektief is teen

volwasse lewerslakke gebruik word, aangesien

die slakke in die diere op hierdie stadium

almal volwasse sal wees. Op dié wyse sal

die slak-las aan die begin van die somer

effektief verminder word en later in die somer

kan slegs diere wat dit nodig het takties

gedoseer word.

Reik uit na jou veearts om te help met die

regte produkkeuse en ’n doseringprogram

spesifiek vir jou boerdery, om sodoende die

risiko en negatiewe impak van inwendige

parasiete op jou kudde te verminder.


AGRICULTURAL

CHEMICALS

– safety and

precautions


by Hanlie du Plessis

The Dairy Standard Agency hosted a crucial webinar focused

on the correct use of agricultural chemicals on dairy farms.

This informative session was presented in the context of

the new global harmonised system for the classification and

labelling of chemicals, with expert insights from Dr Gerhard

Verdoorn – a respected authority in pesticide exposure and

chemical disaster management in South Africa.

Dr Verdoorn, who serves as the

operations and stewardship manager

at CropLife South Africa and director of

the Griffon Poison Information Centre, shared

important guidelines specifically tailored for

dairy producers.

Chemical storage

One of the webinar’s key messages was the

critical importance of proper chemical and

pesticide storage.

“Chemical accidents on farms are more

common than many believe,” Dr Verdoorn

cautioned. “They can lead to devastating

consequences – not only for human

and animal health but also for the farm’s

reputation and market access.”

To mitigate these risks, pesticide stores

should be clearly marked with a ‘DANGER’

sign and housed in standalone buildings,

or a minimum, fully separated by a firewall

from other areas such as feed stores or

equipment rooms.

“Agricultural chemicals should never

be stored near animal feed, fertilisers, or

tools that could become contaminated,” Dr

Verdoorn warned.

While ectoparasiticides may be stored with

pesticides if properly separated and labelled,

endectocides and veterinary medicines must

be housed in entirely separate facilities.


Risk prevention: Questions every

dairy farmer must ask

Before applying any agricultural chemical

or stock remedy, dairy farmers must

conduct a thorough pre-check. These

essential questions can prevent costly or

dangerous mistakes:

» Is the product registered for its intended

use (animal, pest, crop, or weed)?

» Are all necessary warnings and

precautions understood?

» Are the required buffers, adjuvants, and

clean water close by and accessible?

» What is the correct mixing

sequence and dosage?

» Is the personal protective equipment (PPE)

adequate for the chemical in use?

» Have all staff been trained on safety

procedures? These include:

• no eating, drinking, or smoking during

application;

• proper handwashing and PPE removal

before using ablution facilities; and

• scheduled breaks to safely remove

PPE and rest.

The label is the law

Dr Verdoorn emphasised the oftenoverlooked

importance of reading and

following label instructions. Labels are legally

binding documents under the Fertilizers, Farm

Feeds, Seeds and Remedies Act (36 of 1947)

and the Medicines and Related Substances

Act (101 of 1965).

“Labels are not just suggestions – they

are the result of rigorous testing to ensure

safety and efficacy. Ignoring labels risks harm

to people, animals, and the environment,”

he explained.

Dairy-specific chemical safety

Given the sensitive nature of dairy production,

some chemical safety practices are

non-negotiable:

» Never apply pesticides when dairy cows

are present in the paddock.

» Strictly adhere to pre-harvest intervals to

ensure milk and meat safety.

» Avoid unregistered or homemade

chemical mixtures.

» Always store veterinary medicines and

dairy-specific stock remedies separately.



Aftercare:

Clean hands, clean farm

Once the application is complete, proper

post-handling hygiene is essential.

“Decontamination is your responsibility,”

Dr Verdoorn stressed. “After removing PPE,

wash hands, arms, face, and neck thoroughly

for at least two minutes, and follow with a

cool shower.”

All PPE should be left on-site, washed,

and never taken home. Likewise, sprayers

should never be left filled overnight – instead,

any leftover mixture must be used and the

equipment rinsed thoroughly three times.

Recycle containers

Triple-rinsed pesticide containers can

be recycled and should never be reused

for food or water. Containers should be

sealed, labelled, and returned to the locked

chemical store, along with updated spray and

stock records.

CropLife SA’s container management

programme is part of its founding pillar of

stewardship. The programme’s objective is

to ensure that all empty plastic and other

pesticide containers (i.e. all packaging

materials) used in agriculture are triple-rinsed,

collected, and recycled by service providers

certified by CropLife SA.

Container management programmes deliver a

variety of benefits, including:

» Protecting the environment and operator

from unnecessary exposure.

» Safe and responsible disposal of all

spent packaging.

» Reducing solid waste and

maximising recycling.

» Using recycled material in the

manufacturing of new packaging.

Resource conservation impacts include:

» Saving energy by reducing the need to

burn fuel or extract oil.

» Preserving landfill space.

» Reducing carbon emissions.

Final thought

Safe chemical handling is not just a regulatory

requirement – it is the cornerstone of

responsible, sustainable dairy farming.

Correct procedures protect people, animals,

the environment, and the integrity of dairy

products in the marketplace.

For further guidance on the safe use of

chemicals, contact Dr Gerhard Verdoorn on

082 446 8946 or gerhard@croplife.co.za.


Milk urea

nitrogen

and bulk tank

sampling

by Japie van der Westhuizen

Practically, the variation in milk urea

nitrogen (MUN) measurements in a

dairy herd shows a large variation. The

standard deviation is estimated to be ± 4

MUN units (mg/dL). This means if the true

value, for example, is 14, two-thirds of the cows

will vary between values of 10 to 18.

Also keep in mind that somatic cell counts

have an even bigger standard deviation than

MUN values and, irrespective of that, we still

use somatic cell count as a critical mastitis

management tool.

The critical point is that these values

are only really useful if we consider the

measurements on individual cows or specific

groups of cows, such as comparing firstlactation

cows with older cows.

Herd (bulk tank) MUN values should

therefore be applied in the same way as herd

somatic cell counts when interpreting the

results. A single MUN value is therefore NOT

a reflection of any variation among feeding

groups, parity, breeds, days in milk, or the

relative contribution of each cow to the MUN

values in the bulk tank. As a single bulk tank

value simply reflects the average of the herd,

all these factors will contribute to incorrect

assumptions regarding management

interventions in the herd.

Figure 1 illustrates the importance of knowing

the MUN values of each individual cow.

Although the mean value in this herd (on the

test day) is within the acceptable norms, more

than 48% of the cows are in the higher danger

zone for MUN.



Figure 1 MUN values (average and

spread) for a whole herd on three

consecutive test days

Management reports from Logix Milk enable

farmers to create reports for groups of cows,

as illustrated in Figure 2, where the mean

and spread (variation) of MUN values in a

specific feeding group are investigated for

management and nutritional purposes.

Figure 2 MUN values (average and

spread) for specific feeding groups of

cows in the herd

Figure 2 provides an excellent example

of how separating MUN values of treatment

groups of cows gives the farmer and his

advisers a clearer picture of the situation in

the herd. Only specific feeding groups are

shown, which is possible only if the MUN

values of individual cows are available.

The MUN values of Group 2 is spot-on; the

challenge with high MUN values in the herd

therefore lies with the other feeding groups

(Groups 1 and 3). In these groups, the average

values may appear to be within the desirable

range, but a large proportion of cows still

exceed the recommended MUN levels.

This illustrates the real danger of making

general assumptions based on bulk tank

average values for MUN. While many cows

fall within the acceptable boundaries, this

is essentially only because they form part of

the whole herd. Cows fed differently show

unacceptably high MUN values, and they not

only face the risk of detrimental health effects

but also contribute to unnecessary costs and

reduced profit.

Dairy farmers and nutritional consultants

should use MUN values to determine whether:

» the feed ration is balanced;

» the ration on formulated paper, mixed and

fed (for each individual cow) is indeed the

same as what the cows are actually eating;

» the values used by the computer match

the ingredients that went into the ration;

» there are undetected equipment problems

that may have altered the ration; and

» each management group is fed optimally.

MUN testing and profitability

MUN levels that are too high or too low

rob dairy farmers of income and erode

profits. Overfeeding or underfeeding crude

protein, or feeding an unbalanced proteinto-carbohydrate

ratio, can decrease feed

efficiency, increase feed costs, and lower

milk production. Milk urea nitrogen analysis

can effectively be used to identify potential

problems in the feeding programme.

Research at Cornell University has

indicated a 10-to-1 return on the cost of MUN

testing. This reflects potential savings in

feed costs and fewer days open (improved

reproduction rate) if MUN testing results

in the reduction of unacceptably high

MUN levels through corrections to the

feeding programme.

Higher levels of MUN concentration point

to opportunities to improve the protein

feeding system in individual herds, and


especially in specific cow groups. Exactly

what needs to be done should be decided

in consultation with an animal scientist

specialising in dairy cow nutrition. High MUN

values may indicate that crude protein levels

are too high, rumen-fermentable non-fibre

carbohydrates (NFC) are too low, or that the

ratio of protein to NFC is not balanced.

In a comprehensive study involving 53

large dairy herds, it was determined that MUN

herd levels had a definite impact on feed cost

per cow per day (higher MUN equals higher

feed costs).

Conversely, herds with consistently low

MUN values tended to have lower income

over feed costs. The results of the study

demonstrate that milk urea measurements

offer a useful tool for monitoring the efficiency

of nitrogen utilisation in commercial dairy

herds. The findings also suggest that diets

should be balanced to achieve greater

efficiency of nitrogen utilisation, lower milk

urea concentrations, and reduced feed costs,

while still supporting high milk production.

This, in turn, improves income over feed costs.

There are many controlled studies that

show a clear correlation between high levels

of MUN and impaired reproduction.

Why should a farmer pay for MUN values

on individual cows when a bulk tank result is

much cheaper?

Milk urea testing has proved more

effective in situations where cows are

individually sampled. Milk urea nitrogen

analyses on individual cows have the

following advantages:

» They enable the dairy farmer to

troubleshoot within each ration, feeding

regime, or age (parity) group by using

MUN summaries.

» The distribution of MUN levels in a group

is precisely known, which is much more

valuable than a simple weighted average

from a bulk tank.

» Milk urea nitrogen measuring instruments

are rigorously tested for accuracy, and the

results from the laboratories used by SA

Stud Book can therefore be trusted.

» Milk urea nitrogen values can be used to

ensure the optimum levels based on breed,

parity, seasonality, time of sampling (e.g.

after feeding), production level, frequency

of milking, feeding group, and days in milk

of each cow.

» They provide the dairy farmer with the

most accurate information for determining

whether a ration is maximising protein

utilisation in each herd.

» Bulk tank samples are useful for gaining a

general picture of how the herd as a whole

is performing; however, they do not provide

sufficient management information, such

as which strings are high or low, or whether

a certain stage of lactation is out of line.

These issues can easily be masked in a

bulk tank sample, which will not indicate

where to look for a ration or group problem.

Averaging the results of individual cows or

groups of cows is therefore recommended

– something that is only possible with

individual sample testing.

Feeding factors that impact

MUN results

The key factor is to provide adequate rumenavailable

carbohydrates that supply the

energy necessary for rumen microbes to

convert ammonia into microbial protein. The

following feeding situations can lead to higher

MUN values in a dairy herd:

» Feeding too much total crude protein in

the ration may result in excess protein

being wasted.

» Feeding too much rumen-degraded

protein and/or soluble protein can

raise MUN levels, even if ration crude

protein was normal.

» If rumen acidosis occurs, microbial protein

growth will be inhibited and ammonia will

not be captured.

» Rations low in fermentable carbohydrate

(such as starch, sugar, or digestible fibre)

can reduce microbial growth, leading to

higher MUN values.


FEED FOR FAT

Feed RumenSmart

Increase milk fat

Decrease diet-induced milk fat depression

RumenSmart TM

HMTBa for Ruminants

RumenSmart TM

is a concentrated source of HMTBa

(84%) for use in dry applications. HMTBa is the

hydroxy analogue of methionine.

www.adisseo.com


Milk fat depression in dairy:

The role of unsaturated fatty

acid overload in decreasing

total milk fat

by Wilhelm Wolmarans (STSM Ruminants, Southern Africa)

Increased energy requirements of dairy

cows have been a hot topic in recent years,

with selection programmes focusing

on genetic improvement of production

traits such as milk yield in dairy cows.

Subsequently, plant selection and genetic

improvement in pasture cultivars have

also focused on developing more energy

dense and increased digestible grazing

cultivars. This, coupled with better grazing

management practices, has led to higher

production in pasture dairy cows but has

also led to a decrease in milk fat.

The higher energy consumption achieved

by pasture-grazing dairy cows is due to

the unsaturated fatty acid content being

mostly increased in the pasture. This may

seem contradictory, as we are feeding more

fats to cows, and yet they are producing

less milk fat.

The main reason for this drop in total milk

fat when feeding higher unsaturated fatty

acid levels is due to linoleic acid (C18:2),

an unsaturated fatty acid that is primarily

found in various plant-based materials such

as nuts, seeds, grass, sunflower, soybean,

canola, and maize.

Researchers have observed that unsaturated

fatty acids undergo a process called

biohydrogenation in the rumen to convert

unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty

acids. In the case of linoleic acid, it must be

converted to stearic acid (C18:0). During this

process of biohydrogenation, an overload

of unsaturated fatty acids can result in the

biohydrogenation process being altered to

give an undesired outcome (see diagram

below). Instead of producing cis-9, trans-11

CLA, the linoleic acid is converted into an

intermediate compound, trans-10, cis‐12

CLA, which escapes the rumen and is

directly absorbed in the small intestine and

transferred to the mammary gland, where

it negatively affects milk fat synthesis and

total milk fat content.

1. Increase C18

PUFA precursors

Linoleic acid

(cis-9, cis-12 18:2)

Rumenic acid

(cis-9, trans-12 CLA)

Vaccenic acid

(trans-11 18:1)

Stearic acid

(18:0)

2. Alter BH pathways

3. Alter

rates of BH

trans-10, cis-12 CLA

trans-10 18:1

Stearic acid

(18:0)


The accumulation of undesired trans-10 CLA

intermediates leaving the rumen can be

further amplified by:

9

9

9

9

Excess levels of

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Highly fermentable carbohydrates (e.g.

wheat and high moisture maize)

Diets low in neutral detergent fibre

Season – heat stress

9 Genetics

9

9

9

Stage of lactation

Production levels (milk fat depression

incidence is higher in highproducing

cows)

Slug feeding and factors negatively

affecting stable rumen fermentation

Solution to combat milk fat

decrease caused by unsaturated

fats in diets

Apart from reformulation of concentrates

to exclude or decrease raw materials

with high unsaturated fat at minimum

levels, Rumensmart Dry (V32918) can be

fed. This product is a methionine hydroxy

analogue (HMTBa) [2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)

butanoic acid].

In the case of pasture herds, where

pasture grazing makes up the bulk of the

ration and fat levels therefore cannot be

manipulated by reformulating the ration,

Rumensmart has been used successfully in

the South African market for several years.

While Rumensmart provides methionine

to cows, all of it is digested in the rumen

and not absorbed into the bloodstream.

However, it promotes beneficial rumen

microflora populations, which enhance the

biohydrogenation pathways and, in turn,

result in fewer trans-10 intermediaries being

formed. This increases milk fat synthesis

in the mammary gland and increases

total milk fat.

Feeding recommendations

Key factors to consider before using

Rumensmart to ensure that the milk fat

issue is diagnosed correctly and to achieve

more success with the product:

9

9

9

9

9

There need to be high levels of

unsaturated fatty acids in the diet – at

least 3% of dry matter in total diet.

There is a challenge to rumen health –

high starch/low NDF/or heat stress.

Pressure – lower milk fat than herd is

used to under normal circumstances.

Return on investment – if a herd does

not get paid or penalised for low milk

fat, Rumensmart will probably not give a

good return on investment.

Speak to your nutritionist and analyse

your pasture for total fat content and

fatty acid profile.

Feeding rate

9

9

Feed Rumensmart at 0,12% (0,10%

HMTBa) of dry matter intake in total

mixed ration herds.

Feed Rumensmart at 1 g for every

litre produced in pasture systems. For

instance, with a 20 L herd average

on a pasture system, feed 20 g per

cow per day.

For more information, kindly contact

your Adisseo representative:

Phillip Meiring (082 329 9985) or

Wilhelm Wolmarans (072 706 9400).


ALGEHELE

MELKHIGIËNE

Ons verskaf skoonmaak-in-plek stelsels, deeglike

skoonmaak - middels, ontsmettingsmiddels

en spesialis oplossings vir:

• Massatenks • Melkmasjiene

• Vervaardigingsaanlegte

011 708 0209

info@bransonchemicals.co.za

www.bransonchemicals.co.za


New findings

about the use of


SEXED SEMEN

There are many benefits to using sex-sorted

semen. Obviously, its use allows dairy producers

to lower the chance that bull calves will be born.

They can also improve genetics without exposing

their animals to potential new biosecurity threats

through the purchase of heifers from other farms.

In fact, the use of sex-sorted semen is

enabling genetic progress in dairy herds to

improve at a rate twice as fast as a decade

ago. It is crucial, therefore, that its adoption

continues to grow worldwide.

The government of India, for example, has

started funding the delivery of sex-sorted

semen doses to farmers of both cattle and

buffalo, as demand for milk in the country

continues to grow. Some 50 000 doses will be

delivered to farmers in India each year for the

next four years.

In North America, according to recent

research by Dr George Seidel of Colorado

State University and Dr JM DeJarnette of

Ohio-based Select Sires, sex-sorted semen is

rapidly approaching 30% of the total artificial

insemination market share.

But the cost (around double the price of

conventional semen) remains a barrier. Seidel

and DeJarnette note: “While cow conception

success rates have improved over time, the

primary cost of sexed semen continues to

be the indirect costs associated with lesser

conception rates, which are currently around

80% of those with conventional semen.”

Fresh sex-sorted semen, they add, rather

than frozen, boosts conception rates to

about 95% of the control level, but various

studies have found that fresh sex-sorted

semen provides no better results than frozen.

Dilutants may play a bigger role in the success

rate than is generally perceived.


To maximise conception, experts

recommend using proven inseminator

technology and handling frozen sex-sorted

semen with extreme care (thawing it correctly

and so on). And better conception rates

– making the cost of sex-sorted semen

more worthwhile – are generally obtained

with heifers and second pregnancies

versus older cows.

However, the verdict is still out about using

sex-sorted semen in the overall breeding

strategy, when to inseminate with sex-sorted

semen, and what insemination strategy to use.

Honing sex-sorting semen use

in breeding

On many dairy farms, sex-sorted semen is

increasingly being combined with beef semen

inseminations to maximise profits. When a

heifer is not desired from a particular cow,

beef semen produces calves with higher

slaughter value, while sex-sorted semen

increases the likelihood of heifer calves

and reduces the number of low-value dairy

bull calves.

A graduate student in the laboratory

of Dr Paul Fricke, a dairy reproductive

physiologist at the University of Wisconsin–

Madison, is analysing a large dataset covering

about one-third of the Holstein and Jersey

cows in the United States to examine how

conventional, sex-sorted and beef semen are

currently being allocated.

But how can producers decide on

the optimal number of sexed-semen

inseminations for their farms to ensure a

steady supply of replacement milking heifers?

With the right data, says De Vries – who

is currently researching this issue with

Ron Jackson at ST Genetics, a company

specialising in semen-sorting technology

– producers can better understand herd

dynamics. “Most dairies in Florida and across

the United States are using only sex-sorted

and beef semen. Because fertility rates are

good, we are producing more dairy heifer

calves than are needed,” he explains. “This is

due to the need for a buffer against stillbirths,

abortions, heifer non-complete, culling risks,

and variations in conception rate. As a result,

the number of replacement heifers continues

to grow over time.”

Producers need confidence that the

calculated proportions of sex-sorted and

beef semen will truly reflect their farm, says

De Vries. To achieve this, farm-specific

data are required, including conception

rates, abortions, stillbirths, and heifer noncompletion.

These figures are not easily

derived from farm records. Ideally, data

for individual heifers should also include

information on their dams and previous

generations.

When producers determine which heifers to

breed with sex-sorted rather than beef semen

to improve herd milk production, genomic

testing plays a key role. According to De Vries,

only about 10% of producers in Florida

currently use genomic testing because of its

cost. Most instead rely on lactation numbers

and breeding counts, while some consider a

cow’s production history. Farmers often look

at the performance of a heifer’s lineage, but

De Vries emphasises that genomic testing is

far more accurate.


When to inseminate

Recent research by Fricke and his colleagues

has examined insemination timing to

determine when sex-sorted semen achieves

the best conception rates. He explains that

precise timing is crucial because the sorting

process can slightly damage the semen.

Some studies have suggested that

conception rates with sex-sorted semen

improve when insemination occurs closer to

ovulation, but Fricke argues these studies

were flawed. His team, along with others,

tested this by inducing earlier without

changing insemination timing and found that

fertility decreased. Frick is therefore confident

that breeding later relative to ovulation offers

no advantage.

However, better conception rates can

result from breeding later in relation to

oestrus activity, he explains, because sexed

sperm have a shorter lifespan in the female

reproductive tract. He and his colleagues

have also found that the timing of ovulation

relative to the onset of oestrus activity varies

greatly variable among dairy cows.

“This is especially true for high-producing

cows, where the interval from the onset of

oestrus activity to ovulation lengthens as milk

production increases,” Fricke says. “Taken

together, this is why I recommend adhering to

the standard timing of artificial insemination

in a timed protocol, where ovulation is

controlled. It also explains why breeding later

may be advantageous for high-producing

cows inseminated to oestrus, since ovulation

in these animals occurs later relative to the

onset of activity.”


In a related study, Fricke's team evaluated

the fertility of Jersey cows inseminated

with either sex-sorted or conventional beef

semen following synchronised ovulation

or a synchronised oestrus. They presented

their findings at the American Dairy Science

Association annual meeting.

Meanwhile, scientists in Turkey compared

conception rates in Holstein heifers

inseminated with either sex-sorted or

conventional semen following oestrus

detection or timed artificial insemination.

Overall, they found pregnancy per

insemination was higher with oestrus

detection (61%) than with timed insemination

(54%), regardless of semen type. As expected,

pregnancy per insemination was about

20% higher with conventional semen than

with sex-sorted semen, irrespective of

insemination strategy.

This team concluded that sex-sorted semen

is more effective at increasing the number of

female dairy calves born to Holstein heifers

when combined with a protocol that ensures

reliable oestrus detection (such as the

five-day Cosynch + progesterone protocol).

However, further research is needed to

answer key questions:

» How can the use of sex-sorted semen

be optimised to achieve the best

fertility outcomes?

» Why does sex-sorted semen

yield lower conception rates than

conventional semen?


ARBEIDS-

KOLOM

deur Ansofie van der Walt

Werkgewer

vs werknemer

– wie dra die kostes?

Sekere finansiële bydraes word

deur wetgewing voorgeskryf en

is ononderhandelbaar. Hierdie

bydraes vorm deel van die kern

van die arbeidsverhouding tussen

die werkgewer en werknemer.

Dié bydraes is nie net ’n

nakomingsvereiste nie, maar

verseker ook beskerming vir

werknemers en stabiliteit vir werkgewers.

Drie van die belangrikste statutêre bydraes

waaraan werkgewers moet voldoen en/

of werknemers tot moet bydra sluit in;

werkloosheidsversekering, beroepsbeserings

en siektes en vaardigheidsontwikkeling.

Werkloosheidsversekering

Die eerste statutêre bydrae ingevolge Suid-

Afrikaanse arbeidswetgewing is die bydra tot

die Werkloosheidsversekeringsfonds (WVF,

beter bekend in Engels as “UIF”). Hierdie

fonds dien as ’n sosiale veiligheidsnet en

verskaf finansiële hulp aan werknemers

tydens sekere kwalifiserende periodes van

werkloosheid, siekte of kraamverlof.

Die werkloosheidsversekeringstelsel

in Suid-Afrika word deur die Wet op

Werkloosheidsversekering (Wet 63

van 2001 soos gewysig) en die Wet op

Werkloosheidsversekeringsbydraes (Wet 2

van 2002 soos gewysig) gereguleer. Hierdie

wette maak voorsiening vir die voordele

waarop bydraers kan aanspraak maak en die

oplegging en invordering van hierdie bydraes

tot die WVF.

Beide werkgewer en werknemer dra

gelyk by tot hierdie fonds. Elkeen betaal

een persent (1%) van die werknemer se

vergoeding. Die werkgewer moet dus

’n totale bydrae van twee persent (2%)

binne die voorgeskrewe tydperk aan die

fonds oorbetaal.

Tans is daar ’n maksimum inkomsteplafon

van R17 712.00 per maand of R212 544.00

per jaar met betrekking tot die wetgewing.

Die maksimum aftrekking per maand, vanaf

die werknemer se vergoeding vir die WVFbydrae,

sal dus tans tot en met R177.12 (wat

gelykstaande is aan 1% van R17 712.00) per

maand beloop.

Vir werknemers wat meer as hierdie bedrag

verdien, word die bydrae bereken deur die

maksimum inkomsteplafon bedrag te gebruik.



Beroepsbeserings en -siektes

’n Tweede wetlike verpligting is vergoeding

vir beroepsbeserings en -siektes, wat

gereguleer word deur die Wet op Vergoeding

vir Beroepsbeserings en -Siektes (Wet 130

van 1993 soos gewysig en beter bekend

in Engels as “COIDA”). Werkgewers

moet by die Vergoedingskommissaris

registreer en ’n jaarlikse risiko-gebaseerde

beoordeling ondergaan, waarvolgens die

Vergoedingskommissaris hul finansiële

bydrae bepaal.

Hierdie beoordeling word onder

andere gebaseer op ’n persentasie van

al die werknemers se jaarlikse verdienste

en weerspieël ook die aard van hul

bedrywighede, asook potensiële gevare

waaraan werknemers blootgestel kan word.

Deur hierdie stelsel ontvang werknemers wat

kwalifiserende werkplekbeserings of -siektes

ondervind, die nodige vergoeding, mediese

sorg en ondersteuning. Werkgewers moet ook

kennis neem dat die betaalbare assessering

die werkgewer se verantwoordelikheid

is en dat dit nie van werknemers verhaal

kan word nie.

Vaardigheidsontwikkeling

Derdens is die Wet op

Vaardigheidsontwikkeling (Wet 97 van 1998

soos gewysig) gelees saam met die Wet op

Vaardigheidsontwikkelingheffings (Wet 9

van 1999 soos gewysig). Die wetgewing op

vaardigheidsontwikkeling reguleer standaarde

vir opleiding en ontwikkeling in die werksplek

en het ten doel om werkgewers aan te

moedig om vaardigheidsontwikkeling te

bevorder deur die werksplek as ’n aktiewe

leeromgewing te gebruik.

Werkgewers met ’n jaarlikse loon- en

betaalstaat van meer as R500 000.00

en wat nie vrygestel is onder wetgewing

nie, moet registreer by die Suid-

Afrikaanse Inkomstediens om ’n

vaardigheidsontwikkelingsheffing (SDL)

betaal. Hierdie heffing is vasgestel op een

persent (1%) van die maandelikse betaalstaat.

Werkgewers moet ook kennis neem dat die

betaalbare assessering die werkgewer se

verantwoordelikheid is en dat dit nie van

werknemers verhaal kan word nie.

Werkgewers word aangeraai om

spesialisadvies in te win ten opsigte

van hul besighede sodat hulle hul volle

verantwoordelikhede kan verstaan en

verseker dat hulle aan die relevante

wetgewing voldoen.

Uiteindelik vorm hierdie statutêre bydraes

die fondament van ’n regverdige en wettige

arbeidsverhouding. Wanneer werkgewers hul

verpligtinge nakom en die nodige bydraes

tydig oorbetaal, verseker dit nie net beter

beskerming vir hulself nie, maar ook vir

die werknemers.

Die nakoming van statutêre bydraes is

nie bloot ’n administratiewe vereiste nie,

dit is ’n integrale deel van ’n regverdige en

volhoubare arbeidsverhouding. Wanneer

werkgewers hul verpligtinge nakom, verseker

dit nie net beskerming vir werknemers nie,

maar ook stabiliteit en risikovermindering vir

die onderneming self.

Vir meer inligting oor die relevante wetgewing

en hoe dit op jou besigheid van toepassing is,

besoek die volgende bronne:

» Wet op Werkloosheidsversekering (Wet

63 van 2001): South African Government

» Wet op Vaardigheidsontwikkeling

(Wet 97 van 1998):

LWO – Arbeidswetgewing Bronne


FINANCIAL

COLUMN

Is CASH still

in South Africa?

For generations, cash was the cornerstone of commerce in South

Africa. But a quiet revolution is reshaping how South Africans

pay. Increasingly, wallets are being replaced by smartphones,

contactless cards, and digital wallets as consumers embrace the

speed, convenience, and rewards that digital transactions provide.

Africa’s digital economy

is on the brink of exponential

“South

growth,” says Jason Sive,

chief executive officer at Mobicred and

RCS Digital Executive. He believes the

country is uniquely positioned to lead the

cashless retail movement, thanks to its

widespread smartphone penetration, fastgrowing

fintech sector, and expanding

e-commerce ecosystem.

The numbers don’t lie

Consumer behaviour already tells the story.

According to Discovery Bank and Visa’s

SpendTrend25 report, two-thirds of South

Africans say they use cash only a few times a

month – or not at all. Eight out of ten prefer

cards or digital payments whenever possible.

The reasons? Convenience, rewards, and

improved security. Digital transactions also

reduce the risks of carrying physical cash,

while opening the door to economic inclusion.

For Sive, this is no passing trend – it’s a

“strategic opportunity” that requires retailers,

credit providers, and fintech innovators to

accelerate the rollout of frictionless, cashless

payment options.



Confidence in digital payments is

growing even for higher-value purchases.

SpendTrend25 shows that:

» 93% of South Africans prefer digital

payments for purchases between

R100 and R3 000.

» 99% use digital for transactions

above R3 000.

» Cash is largely reserved for small, everyday

purchases of less than R100.

Banking on a digital future

Banks are already seeing the shift. Standard

Bank reports an 83% drop in cash deposits

since 2019, alongside a 200% surge in appbased

transactions. At the same time, South

Africa’s ATM network is shrinking rapidly.

In the past five years, the country has lost

more than 8 000 ATMs from the Big Four

banks alone.

Capitec is the exception, expanding its ATM

footprint to nearly 9 000 machines – though

it, too, encourages customers to migrate to

digital payments. The bank has announced

plans to roll out 800 new ATMs, noting that

lower-income groups still rely heavily on

cash. Yet, even here, the push is toward

digital solutions, which are not only safer

for customers but also give banks valuable

insights into spending patterns.

The rise of alternative

payment methods

As South Africans move online, the range

of payment methods has exploded.

Today, shoppers can choose from:

» Credit cards: A staple for online

purchases, offering fraud protection

and consumer rewards.

» Loyalty cards: Turning everyday

purchases into points and cashback.

» PayPal: Trusted globally for

secure cross-border shopping.

» Masterpass: Mastercard’s digital wallet

that stores payment and shipping details

in one place.

» Bank transfers: A card-free option

for those wary of sharing financial

details online.

» Direct debits: Favoured for recurring

payments like subscriptions.

» E-wallets: Mobile-first solutions such as

Apple Pay, Samsung Pay, and Google Pay,

with growing crypto integration through

services like BitPay.

» Prepaid cards: A flexible choice for

unbanked or underbanked consumers.

The road ahead

For now, cash still plays a role – particularly

among lower-income households and for

small purchases. But the writing is on the

wall: South Africa’s payment landscape

is changing, and fast. What was once a

matter of habit is becoming a matter of

choice, and consumers are overwhelmingly

choosing digital.

As fintech companies, banks, and retailers

continue to innovate, the question is not

whether South Africa will go cashless, but how

quickly. And when that day comes, the old

adage may need rewriting – because cash will

no longer be king.


Oos-Kaap spog met

EERSTE MPO

toesienerkwalifikasies

in dié provinsie

“Daar is vir seker ’n tekort aan geskoolde werknemers in die

melkbedryf. Mense wat die kennis en praktiese ondervinding

het om uiteindelik as bestuurders op melkplase aangestel te

kan word is baie skaars in ons land.” volgens Ronald Rapholo,

bestuurder by die Melkprodusente Organisasie (MPO)

se opleidingsinstituut.

Om hierdie tekort daadwerklik aan

te spreek het die MPO-instituut

’n suiwelberoepskwalifikasie

ontwikkel wat uit 13 essensiële modules

bestaan en op drie vlakke aangebied word

- die plaaswerker-, die toesighouer-en

die eenheidsbestuurdervlak. Die modules

kombineer 30% aanlyn teorie met 70%

praktiese toepassing.

Ons gesels met Alisa Schreuder en Lizemari

Louw, twee jong dames van Humansdorp wat

onlangs die MPO-toesighouerskwalifikasie

verwerf het. Beide was leerders aan die

Hoërskool Nico Malan, toe Anri Wolmarans,

streekbestuurder van die MPO in die

Oos-Kaap, ’n paar jaar gelede die graad

10’s van dié skool kom toespreek het oor

beroepsmoontlikhede in die suiwelbedryf.


NAVORSING EN OPLEIDING • RESEARCH AND TRAINING

Alisa en Lizemari was dadelik geïnteresseerd

na Anri se passievolle aanbieding en het in

2022, in hul graad 11-jaar, geregistreer vir die

MPO suiwelberoepskwalifikasie.

“Albei my twee Oupas het geboer, my pa

boer en so lank as wat kan onthou, wou ek ook

’n boer word.” sê Alisa Schreuder. “ Die teorie

van die 8 modules wat ek nou alreeds voltooi

het was vir my baie interessant , maar vir my

was die hoogtepunt om daardie kennis te kon

toepas op die melkplaas naby Oesterbaai

waar ek my prakties gedoen het.”

“Dit is harde werk waarvoor jy ’n passie

moet hê en deurentyd gefokus moet bly,

maar ek kan my in geen ander rigting voorstel

nie. Ek is alreeds ingeskryf vir die volgende

5 modules en glo dat ek dan binnekort, met

my kwalifikasie as bestuurder in die hand, ’n

voltydse betrekking op ’n melkplaas sal kry.”

Soos die geval met baie jongmense vandag,

het Lizemari Louw nie geweet watter rigting

om met haar loopbaan na matriek in te slaan

nie. Die dorpskind met ’n liefde vir diere het

op skool reeds deeltyds by Bull van Rensburg

op die plaas Groenwei begin werk. Sy het

gou besef dat sy op ’n melkplaas hoort

en het in haar graad 11 jaar vir die MPO se

suiwelberoepskwalifikasie ingeskryf.

Lizemari is sedert Januarie 2024 voltyds

in diens op Groenwei en dit beteken dat

sy ook daar was toe die bek-en-klou virus

verwoesting onder Bull se kudde gesaai het.

“Ons het lang ure en baie hard gewerk. Ek het

onder die hartseer omstandighede baie vinnig

baie geleer. Maar ’n mens doen maar wat

gedoen moet word en ek verstaan nadese

die noodsaaklikheid daarvan om behoorlike

biosekuriteitsmaatreëls toe te pas. Ons sal

nou geen voertuig deur die plaashekke laat

gaan sonder om dit behoorlik te saniteer

nie en beheer ook die toegang van mense

op die plaas.”

Kalfgrootmaak is Lizemari se passie maar

haar groot droom is om eendag haar eie

melkery te besit en daarom sal sy nie ophou

leer nie. Sy is alreeds besig met haar volgende

bestuursvlak-modules van die kursus.

Ek het beide gevra wat hulle dink die

rede is waarom dit nog net dames is wat die

opleiding tot toesighouersvlak voltooi het.

Hul het saamgestem dat die manne dalk

nie so gemotiveerd is om te leer na ’n dag

van harde arbeid nie maar het elkeen wat

ingeskryf aangemoedig om deur te druk en

die kwalifikasie tot op bestuursvlak te voltooi.

Die MPO suiwelberoepskwalifikasie

is geregistreer by die Suid-Afrikaanse

Kwalifikasie-owerheid (SAKO) en word deur

die Kwaliteitsraad vir Handel en Beroepe

(QCTO) gereguleer. ’n Mens moet net kan

lees en skryf vir toelating tot die eerste 5

modules om te kwalifiseer as melkplaaswerker.


Na voltooiing van die melkplaaswerkervlak

ontvang studente ’n gedeeltelike

kwalifikasie wat hulle in staat stel

om na die suiweltoesighouervlak

oor te gaan, en uiteindelik na die

suiweleenheidsbestuurdervlak.

Hierdie opleidingsbenadering bied aan

plaaswerkers wat oor geen vorige kwalifikasies

beskik nie, die geleentheid om progressiewe

beroepsgroei te bewerkstellig en uiteindelik ’n

beroepskwalifikasie te kan verwerf. Wanneer ’n

student egter met die suiweltoesighoudende

modules wil begin, is formele leerervaring

’n vereiste aangesien dié modules ’n meer

gekompliseerde en ingewikkelde weergawe

van die melkplaaswerkermodules is. Vir

diegene wat reeds ander relevante studies

voltooi het, kan die kwalifikasie deels verwerf

word deur erkenning van vorige voltooide

studies(RPL). Dit sluit die assessering van

vorige leerintervensies en werkservaring

in, gevolg deur ’n eksterne geïntegreerde

summatiewe assessering (EISA).

“Daar is talle opleidingsinstansies

en kolleges wat landboukwalifikasies

in Suid-Afrika aanbied, maar daar is ’n

tekort aan opleiding wat uiteindelik ’n

kundige, gebalanseerde persoon met

die nodige vaardighede en praktiese

ervaring oplewer wie uit die staanspoor

’n aanwins vir ’n melkplaas kan wees. Die

MPO suiwelberoepskwalifikasie vul daardie

leemte.” sê Ronald.

Hierdie unieke opleidingsgeleenthede is

slegs moontlik omdat MPO boere, hul plase

oopmaak en kennis deel sodat student die

baie belangrike praktiese-element van hul

kwalifikasie kan voltooi. Die bydrae van hierdie

boere om die volgende generasie melkboere

te help bou, is van onskatbare waarde. Vir

meer inligting oor hoe om betrokke te raak

by die MPO se praktiese suiwelprogram of

die MPO suiwelberoepskwalifikasie, kontak

Ronald Rapholo, die bestuurder van die MPO

opleidingsinstituut by ronald@mpo.co.za of

082 734 4433.

Alisa Schreuder

0510140295088

Lizemari Louw

0507011227083



RESEARCH

COLUMN

by Dr Heinz Meissner

BIOFILMS

in the milking

machine

Milk is an ideal medium for hosting a diverse

microbial community. The community includes

bacteria and yeasts of technological interest

for dairy products, such as lactic acid bacteria,

Corynebacteriaceae, Geotrichum candidum,

and Kluyveromyces lactis.

Contamination during the milk

production process and inadequate

hygiene practices can lead to the

presence of spoilage and pathogenic

microorganisms, including psychrotrophic

bacteria, spore-forming and thermoduric

bacteria, and pathogenic species. In

addition, cows with bacterial infections,

such as mastitis, can contribute to milk

contamination by pathogenic species such

as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp.,

Streptococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp.

Biofilms are complex microbial communities

that produce an extracellular matrix, primarily

composed of extracellular polymeric

substances (EPS), along with proteins,

carbohydrates, extracellular DNA, lipids,

and signalling molecules. This extracellular

matrix acts as a protective physical barrier,

restricting the diffusion of antimicrobial

agents and facilitating nutrient and waste

exchange. The development of biofilm

results from the successful attachment and

subsequent growth of microorganisms on a

surface. The transition from the planktonic

to biofilm mode is a dynamic, multistage

process influenced by environmental and

physiological factors, including nutrient

availability, cellular stress, and intercellular

communication mediated by quorum sensing

(a process by which bacteria communicate

and synchronise gene expression in response

to variations in cell density and species

composition). These environmental factors

can influence microbial interactions, leading

to changes in quorum sensing, thereby

optimising biofilm development. Additionally,

microbial metabolic activity and gene

expression are crucial, as they regulate the

production of EPS that form the biofilm matrix

and enhance microbial adhesion to surfaces.


NAVORSING EN OPLEIDING • RESEARCH AND TRAINING

Biofilms may consist of a single species

or multiple species and can form either

single layers or complex three-dimensional

structures. Time wise, biofilms can form

within several hours or over several weeks,

depending on environmental conditions.

Dynamic biofilm structures adapt to their

environment, with their formation significantly

influenced by hydrodynamics. Fluid shear, in

particular, plays a critical role in shaping the

physical characteristics of biofilms.

The milking machine is a complex system

composed of numerous pipelines and

components with varying geometries and

materials depending on their function

and therefore provides an environment

conducive to biofilm formation, with microbial

colonisation affecting both equipment

functionality and milk quality.

Milk composition plays a critical role, as

residues form conditioning films composed of

proteins, lipids, minerals, and carbohydrates

that promote bacterial adhesion and

biofilm development. These films are often

incompletely removed during cleaning,

resulting in persistent contamination.

Different components of milking machines,

such as teat cup liners, pipelines, and bulk

milk storage chambers, are prone to biofilm

formation due to undrained liquid. Stagnant

liquid (water or milk) in these areas create

conditions that promote microbial growth.

Experimental results demonstrated that

even stringent cleaning and disinfection

procedures cannot eliminate all

microorganisms. This is due to the complex

structural design of milking machines,

which hinders thorough cleaning, along

with intrinsic biofilm factors such as multiple

resistance mechanisms to disinfectants.

Numerous studies have examined the

effects of various chemical compounds on

biofilm elimination. Strong oxidising agents,

such as chlorine and peracetic acid, are

the most commonly used disinfectants

for biofilm control. However, chlorination

can lead to the formation of by-products,

such as trihalomethanes and halo acetic

acids, which pose risks to consumer health.

Additionally, biofilms exhibit significant

resistance to common chemical compounds

such as quaternary ammonium compounds

and chlorine, primarily due to the protective

EPS matrix and phenotypic adaptations of

bacterial cells. One promising alternative is

chlorine dioxide; however, biofilm thickness

remains a limiting factor in its effectiveness.

Another promising procedure is by using

electrolysed water, provided that the

sequential order of the procedure is followed.

Nevertheless, control and elimination of

biofilms through treatment are mostly only

partly effective.

Effective biofilm management requires a

comprehensive approach that integrates

machine design, optimised cleaning and

disinfection protocols, and proper farm

management practices. The interaction

between machine components, milk residues,

and microbial communities complicates

biofilm control, reinforcing the need for

precise and effective cleaning procedures.

Cleaning the milking machine remains

fundamental in biofilm management to

prevent the establishment of spoilage

and pathogenic flora. To achieve this,

hygienic equipment design and adherence

to cleaning recommendations from dairy

organisations and product suppliers

are essential.

Source

Desmousseaux, C., Guilbaud, M., Jard,

G., Tormo, H., Oulahal, N., Hanin, A.,

Bourdonnais, E., Jha, P.K. and Laithier, C.

(2025). Biofilms in the milking machine,

from laboratory scale to on-farm results.

Journal of Dairy Science.

[online] doi:https://doi.org/10.3168/

jds.2024-25352


FT-NIR SPECTROSCOPY

PRECISION IN EVERY DROP

Introducing the MOVE-T Liquid Dairy Analyzer

The new MOVE-T analyzer extends the benefits of FT-NIR

spectroscopy to a wide range of dairy needs, from raw milk to

liquid finished products, intermediates, and premixes.

w FT-NIR Technology: Highest precision and reliability with every measurement.

w Wearless Quartz Flow Cell: Offers maintenance-free durability.

w 2-in-1 Sample Handling: Facilitates efficient sample processing.

w Highest Standards: ISO 21543 compliant for reliable results every time.

Discover the MOVE-T: Our Compact Solution for Liquid Dairy Analysis

More information: www.bruker.com/MOVE or info.za@bruker.com

76 THE DAIRY MAIL • SEPTEMBER 2025 Innovation with Integrity

VERWERKING • PROCESSING

Safeguarding

the health

benefits of LIVE

MICROORGANISMS

More and more research

is unearthing the value of

microorganisms for their

health-giving properties. Live

microorganisms that provide health

benefits when consumed in adequate amounts

are known as probiotics. Bifidobacterium is one of the

groups of microorganisms classified as a probiotic.

Bifidobacterium are among the first

microbes to colonise the human

gastrointestinal tract. Evidence

suggests that these microbes have benefits

in supporting the immune system, improving

gut health, and may offer relief from

gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable

bowel syndrome.

Due to their purported health-promoting

properties, the health and food industries

have incorporated Bifidobacterium into

supplements and food products, commonly

dairy products such as yoghurt and kefir.

Bifidobacterium in the

production of food

To ensure the health benefits of

Bifidobacterium when added to food

products, as with other microbes, it is crucial

that the manufacturing process maintains

optimal conditions for the bacteria’s viability.

Factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen

levels, and application volumes are essential

aspects to monitor. Adverse conditions or

incorrectly applied volumes can reduce the

number of live Bifidobacterium in the product,

resulting in a loss of health benefits and noncompliance

with regulatory requirements.


Regulatory requirements

The Dairy and Imitation Dairy Regulations,

R.1510 of 2019, make the following specific

provision: “If a content claim is made in

the labelling of a yoghurt that refers to the

presence of a particular microorganism that

has been added to supplement the yoghurt

culture, it shall contain at least 10⁶ colonyforming

units per gram (CFU/g) of that

specified microorganism.”

Currently, the Labelling and Advertising of

Foodstuffs Regulations, R.146 of 2010, do not

make provisions for probiotic claims, including

references to Bifidobacterium, on food

product labels.

Monitoring of microbes

by analysis

Aside from ensuring that added

Bifidobacterium remains at the required

level of 10⁶ CFU/g throughout the product’s

shelf-life, as stipulated in the regulatory

requirements, it is equally important to

perform frequent hygiene monitoring of the

manufacturing environment.

Fermentation in the food manufacturing

process requires a suitable production

environment for microbes to thrive, as in

the case of yoghurts, kefir, and vegetable

spreads. However, the same conditions that

allow desirable microbes to flourish are also

equally favourable for harmful or spoilage

microorganisms. For this reason, equipment

and surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned and

sanitised, and the production environment

strictly controlled to prevent the introduction

of undesirable microbes.

Contamination with different bacteria may

result in the growth of undesirable microbes

in the manufacturing environment. This can

cause unwanted product characteristics,

including reduced levels of the intended

microbes, such as Bifidobacterium, as well as

product spoilage.

Non-routine advanced analytical

techniques, such as DNA sequencing,

provide accurate and reliable results for

microbial identification. This testing approach

is particularly valuable when troubleshooting

unexpected outcomes in product

manufacturing.

SciCorp’s testing services

SciCorp is registered with the Department

of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural

Development and holds accreditation from

the South African National Accreditation

System (SANAS) under the International

Organization for Standardization/International

Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/

IEC) 17025 standard. This accreditation

covers genetically modified organism

(GMO) testing, microbiological testing,

and molecular testing in food, feed, and

seed methods. The laboratory’s testing

portfolio includes International Seed Testing

Association (ISTA)-accredited physical seed

testing, molecular plant breeding support,

authenticity verification, GMO detection,

and comprehensive chemical and food

safety analyses.

In addition, SciCorp supplies a range of

products for clients’ in-house testing needs.

These include the Path-Chek® line for food

pathogens, lateral flow sticks for allergens and

mycotoxins, enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay (ELISA) and lateral flow strip (LFS) kits

for GMO testing, and Anchor germination

paper for seed testing.


MOO-VING WHEELS

CHANGAN

prepares to enter the

South African market

Changan will launch in South Africa in October 2025

with a five-strong model lineup, introducing budgetconscious

options as well as more hybrid and electric

vehicle (EV) models to our market. The Chinese

automaker’s vehicles will be imported into South Africa

by Saudi Arabian automotive distributor Jameel Motors.

Changan’s local range will comprise

the Alsvin sedan, the CS75 Pro, and

the Hunter 2.0 bakkie – all of which

employ internal combustion engines.

The Hunter Reev hybrid bakkie and the

all-electric Deepal S07 SUV represent

Changan’s new-energy offerings.

Alsvin

The Alsvin will likely be the most affordable

vehicle offered by Changan South Africa.

The sedan is available in other markets with

a 1.5 L four-cylinder engine, which can be

had with either a five-speed manual or a

five-speed dual-clutch transmission. The

naturally aspirated four-banger produces

78 kW and 125 Nm.


CS75 Pro

The CS75 Pro is powered by a 1.5 L

turbocharged four-cylinder petrol engine

that produces 138 kW and 300 Nm of torque,

and is paired with a seven-speed automatic

transmission. The CS75 Pro will be available in

a five-seater and seven-seater configurations

– the former and latter derivatives competing

against such models as the VW Tiguan

and Kia Sportage, and VW Tayron and

Ford Everest.

Hunter 2.0

The Hunter 4×4 bakkie is powered by a

2.0 L four-cylinder turbodiesel that churns

out 168 kW and 390 Nm. Power is sent to all

four corners via an eight-speed automatic

transmission.

Hunter Reev

The Hunter Reev (range-extended EV) bakkie,

also known as the Revo Hunter K50 in other

markets, is poised to be a direct competitor

of the BYD Shark. Power comes from a 2.0 L

turbopetrol engine, which is supplemented

by dual electric motors, front and rear, and fed

by a 31,18 kWh lithium-iron phosphate battery.

The Hunter Reev produces a combined

200 kW and 470 Nm, and offers a claimed EVonly

range of up to 180 km and a combined

worldwide harmonised light vehicles test

procedure (WLTP) range of 1 000 km.

Deepal S07

The all-electric Deepal S07 SUV will likely

serve as the automaker’s flagship model. The

Deepal is fitted with a 79,97 kWh battery that

offers a claimed WLTP range of up to 475 km.

The rear-wheel-drive sports utility vehicle’s

electric motor produces 160 kW and 320

Nm, allowing for a claimed 0–100 km/h sprint

in 7,9 seconds. The Deepal S07’s DC fastcharging

capability means the battery can

charge from 30 to 80% in roughly 35 minutes.



WE CARE ABOUT

YOUR CALVES

Curious how to reach an ADG of 1 kg?

We support you in achieving this growth

by focusing on 4 key topics. Because we

believe that an optimal calf rearing results

in healthy calves, high performing heifers

leading to a productive and healthy herd.

For a better life for both farmer and cows.

Colostrum

High quality whey proteins

High quality whey proteins for a quicker digestion. Whey

contributes to roughage and concentrate intake which

supports rumen development and prevention of weaning dip.

Housing

Calf milk

replacer

40% coconut oil

40% of spray dried fat is highly digestible coconut oil. This

contributes to 50% reduction of feacal disorders compared

to 20% or less coconut oil included. In addition coconut oil

has antimicrobial properties.

Colostrum

Hygiene

Good colostrum management results in more growth, better

health and higher milk yield in lactation (Faber et al., 2005).

Below the critical steps to take:

1. Milk the cow as soon as possible after birth of the calf.

2. Make sure the colostrum is obtained hygienic to keep

pathogenic cell count as low as possible.

3. Check colostrum quality with a refractometer (BRIX

meter).

4. Determine the number of liters the calf needs at

minimum with the help of the colostrum protocol.

5. Use a colostrum supplement if the quality is not

6. Supply 200 g IgG within 4 hours after birth + at least

15% of body weight within 24 hours.

7. Supply also colostrum on day 2.

8. Feed the colostrum at a temperature of 40˚C.

9. Save colostrum of good quality in freezer.

Calf milk replacer

A premium calf milk replacer is crucial for good calf rearing.

Kalvolac contributes to excellent growth and health by the

following unique ingredients:

IMAGRO®

Combination of pre-biotic (GOS), pro-biotic and organic acids

that has antimicrobial properties and contributes to optimal

infant nutrition.

Contributes to optimal fat digestion and reduction of feacal

disorders.

CAIR

Mix of herbs and essential oils that contributes to a healthy

respiratory tract.

• 33% less respiratory discomfort.

• 33% reduction of medicine use related to

respiratory health.

• 15% increase of concentrate intake.

• 10% growth in calves.

20% fat

Fat is important for the supply of energy for the young

animal.

Easy to use

Can be used directly after colostrum

and is suitable for all feeding systems.

Info and ordering

T: 021 932 2019 | www.lionelsvet.co.za

Kalvolac Cair | Reg.no: V29370 (Act 36/1947) | Registration holder: Lionel’s Veterinary Supplies (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 901, Sanlamhof, 7532

The Dairy Mail Sep 2025

Transform your PDFs into Flipbooks and boost your revenue!

Delete template?

Save as template ?