The Art of R Programming - Index of

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vi CONTENTS 8.2 Arithmetic and Boolean Operators and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 8.3 Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 9 R Functions 73 9.1 Functions Are Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 9.2 Return Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 9.3 Functions Have (Almost) No Side Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 9.3.1 Locals, Globals and Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 9.3.2 Writing to Globals Using the Superassignment Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 9.3.3 Strategy in Dealing with Lack of Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 9.4 Default Values for Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 9.5 Functions Defined Within Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 9.6 Writing Your Own Binary Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 9.7 Editing Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 10 Doing Math in R 81 10.1 Math Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 10.2 Functions for Statistical Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 10.3 Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 10.4 Linear Algebra Operations on Vectors and Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 10.5 Extended Example: A Function to Find the Sample Covariance Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 10.6 Extended Example: Finding Stationary Distributions of Markov Chains . . . . . . . . . . . 86 10.7 Set Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 10.8 Simulation Programming in R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 10.8.1 Built-In Random Variate Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 10.8.2 Obtaining the Same Random Stream in Repeated Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 10.9 Extended Example: a Combinatorial Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 11 Input/Output 91
CONTENTS vii 11.1 Reading from the Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 11.2 Printing to the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 11.3 Reading a Matrix or Data Frame From a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 11.4 Reading a File One Line at a Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 11.5 Writing to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 11.5.1 Writing a Table to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 11.5.2 Writing to a Text File Using cat() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 11.5.3 Writing a List to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 11.5.4 Writing to a File One Line at a Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 11.6 Directories, Access Permissions, Etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 11.7 Accessing Files on Remote Machines Via URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 11.8 Extended Example: Monitoring a Remote Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 12 Object-Oriented Programming 97 12.1 Managing Your Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 12.1.1 Listing Your Objects with the ls() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 12.1.2 Removing Specified Objects with the rm() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 12.1.3 Saving a Collection of Objects with the save() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 12.1.4 Listing the Characteristics of an Object with the names(), attributes() and class() Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 12.1.5 The exists() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 12.1.6 Accessing an Object Via Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 12.2 Generic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 12.3 Writing Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 12.3.1 Old-Style Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 12.3.2 Extended Example: A Class for Storing Upper-Triangular Matrices . . . . . . . . . 102 12.3.3 New-Style Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 12.4 Extended Example: a Procedure for Polynomial Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Page 1: The Art of R Programming Norman Mat
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46 CHAPTER 4. MATRICES The numbers
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48 CHAPTER 5. LISTS > jalt jalt [[
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50 CHAPTER 5. LISTS $union [1] TRUE
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52 CHAPTER 5. LISTS trace("f",brows
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54 CHAPTER 5. LISTS > lapply(list(1
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56 CHAPTER 6. DATA FRAMES Suppose t
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58 CHAPTER 6. DATA FRAMES 6.3 Exten
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60 CHAPTER 6. DATA FRAMES > z z X1
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62 CHAPTER 6. DATA FRAMES 3 12 yabc
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64 CHAPTER 7. FACTORS AND TABLES Th
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66 CHAPTER 7. FACTORS AND TABLES
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68 CHAPTER 8. R PROGRAMMING STRUCTU
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78 CHAPTER 9. R FUNCTIONS 9.5 Funct
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80 CHAPTER 9. R FUNCTIONS
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82 CHAPTER 10. DOING MATH IN R > in
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86 CHAPTER 10. DOING MATH IN R Sinc
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88 CHAPTER 10. DOING MATH IN R 10.7
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92 CHAPTER 11. INPUT/OUTPUT It’s
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94 CHAPTER 11. INPUT/OUTPUT 11.5.2
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96 CHAPTER 11. INPUT/OUTPUT > z z
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98 CHAPTER 12. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROG
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120 CHAPTER 13. GRAPHICS As with mo
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124 CHAPTER 13. GRAPHICS > curve((x
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130 CHAPTER 14. DEBUGGING browser()
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132 CHAPTER 14. DEBUGGING 14.4 The
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134 CHAPTER 14. DEBUGGING 14.6 Synt
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136 CHAPTER 15. WRITING FAST R CODE
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146 CHAPTER 16. INTERFACING R TO OT
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150 CHAPTER 17. PARALLEL R The firs
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152 CHAPTER 17. PARALLEL R increase
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156 CHAPTER 17. PARALLEL R } xlarge
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158 CHAPTER 17. PARALLEL R indicati
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160 CHAPTER 17. PARALLEL R [[2]] [1
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162 CHAPTER 17. PARALLEL R } return
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164 CHAPTER 17. PARALLEL R
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166 CHAPTER 18. STRING MANIPULATION
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168 CHAPTER 18. STRING MANIPULATION
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170 CHAPTER 19. INSTALLATION: R BAS
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172 CHAPTER 19. INSTALLATION: R BAS
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174 CHAPTER 20. USER INTERFACES (ht
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176 CHAPTER 21. TO LEARN MORE seq>
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178 CHAPTER 21. TO LEARN MORE • h
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