latrones - Get a Free Blog

NOTES
122 On poverty in Classical Antiquity see H. Kloft, ‘Gedanken zum Ptochós’, in
I. Weiler, ed., Soziale Randgruppen und Außenseiter im Altertum, Graz 1988, 81–106.
C. R. Whittaker, ‘Der Arme’, in A. Giardina, ed., Der Mensch der römischen Antike,
Frankfurt 1991, 305–36. J. Rougé, ‘Aspects de la pauvreté et de ses remèdes aux
IV e et V e siècles, in Atti dell’Accademia Romanistica Costantiniana, vol. VIII, Perugia
1990, 227–48.
123 Cf. A. Kneppe, ‘Die Gefährdung der securitas: Angst vor Angehörigen sozialer
Randgruppen der römischen Kaiserzeit am Beispiel von Philosophen, Astrologen,
Magiern, Schauspielern und Räubern’, in Weiler, Soziale Randgruppen (n. 122),
165–76.
124 Cf. Kneppe, securitas (n. 123), 165. H.U. Instinsky, Sicherheit als politisches Problem
des römischen Kaisertums, Baden-Baden 1952. Kneppe, Metus temporum (n. 103), 230.
2 GUERRILLA LEADERS AS LATRONES
1 For the following cf. Dyson, ‘Native Revolts’. Dyson, ‘Native Revolt Patterns’.
A. Gutsfeld, Römische Herrschaft und einheimischer Widerstand in Nordafrika, Stuttgart
1991. For moral resistance to Rome cf. now A. Demandt, Der Idealstaat. Die politischen
Theorien der Antike, Cologne 1993, 307ff. (Ch. XII: ‘Der geistige Widerstand gegen
Rom’).
2 Z.W. Rubinsohn, ‘The Viriatic War and Its Roman Repercussions’, RSA 11, 1981,
(161–204) 188: ‘Since Lusitania was – and is – a fertile country . . . , it is probable
that not an absolute lack of land suitable for agriculture, but rather the unequal
distribution of land caused the attempted exodus of the landless.’
3 J.S. Richardson, Hispaniae. Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218–82
BC, Cambridge 1986, 135f., based, inter alia, on Polyb. 32.13.6f. Cf. previously
Rubinsohn, ‘The Viriatic War’ (n. 2), 187.
4 App. Ib. 59.250.
5 App. Ib. 60.251–252. Val. Max. 9.6.2. Suet. Galba 3.4. H. Simon, Roms Kriege in
Spanien 154–133 v. Chr., Frankfurt-am-Main 1962, 60f.
6 Hobsbawm, Bandits 35: ‘First, the noble robber begins his career of outlawry not
by crime but as the victim of an injustice . . . Second, he “rights wrongs”.’
7 Eutr. 4.16.2: adsertor contra Romanos Hispaniae.
8 Tac. Ann. 2.88.2: liberator haud dubie Germaniae.
9 Cf. Simon, Roms Kriege in Spanien (n. 5), 95, n. 20. R.W. Bane, ‘The Development
of Roman Imperial Attitudes and the Iberian Wars’, Emerita 44, 1976, 409–20.
10 The following review of the sources is based on the detailed treatment of Rubinsohn,
‘The Viriatic War’ (n. 2), 163–71. See also H.G. Gundel, s.v. Viriatus, RE IX A,
1961, (203–30) 204f.
11 The most important sources for Viriatus are: App. Ib. 60–75. Diod. 33.1; 7; 19;
21a. Liv. Per. 52–4. Dio frg. 73; 77f. Flor. 1.33.15. Oros. 5.4.1. Eutr. 4.16. Frontin.
Strat. 2.5.7. A comprehensive collection of texts is to be found in A. Schulten:
Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae, vol. IV, ed. A. Schulten, P. Bosch Gimpera, L. Pericot,
Barcelona 1937, 107–35.
12 Rubinsohn, ‘The Viriatic War’ (n. 2), 172–80.
13 A. Schulten, ‘Viriatus’, Neue Jahrbücher für das Klassische Altertum 39, 1917, 209–
37. Gundel, ‘Viriatus’ (n. 10). Simon, Roms Kriege in Spanien (n. 5), 87ff. Richardson,
Hispaniae (n. 3), 126ff. See also A. Garcia y Bellido, ‘Bandas y guerillas en las
luchas con Roma’, Hispania 5, 1945, 547–604, and Dyson, ‘Native Revolt Patterns’
148–50.
14 Cf. Strab. 3.3.5f. p. 154.
15 Liv. Per. 52: primum ex pastore venator, ex venatore latro mox iusti quoque exercitus dux
factus. Flor. 1.33.15: ex venatore latro, ex latrone subito dux atque imperator. Anon. De
179