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NOTES name’; but cf. HA Max. Balb. 2.11: hostis publicus Maximinus cum filio pereat, hostem publicum vos persequimini.) 108 Epit. 28.4: patre nobilissimo latronum ductore. E. Groag, s.v. Iulius no. 341 (Marinus), RE X, 1917, 670–72. PIR 2 I 407. Herz, ‘Latrocinium und Viehdiebstahl’ 230. 109 E.g., Strab. 7.5.12 p. 318 and. 7.6.1 p. 319; Liv. 38.46.6; 38.49.7 (Thracians); Strab. 11.7.1 p. 508; Amm. 16.10.20; 17.12.2 (Scythians and Sarmatians); Strab. 16.1.26 p. 747 (Arab Scenitae). 110 Lact. Mort. 19.6: sublatus nuper a pecoribus et silvis, statim scutarius, continuo protector, mox tribunus, postridie Caesar, accepit orientem calcandum et conterendum, quippe qui neque militiam neque rem publicam sciret, iam non pecorum, sed militum pastor. (Trans. Creed) 111 HA Quadr. Tyr. 12.1ff. Eutr. 9.17.1. Aur. Vict., Caes. 37.2. PIR P 739. PLRE I 745, s.v. Proculus 1. Kienast, Kaisertabelle (n. 90), 252f. Minor, Brigand 46f. 112 HA Quadr. Tyr. 12.1: domi nobilis sed maioribus latrocinantibus atque adeo pecore ac servis et iis rebus quas abduxerat dives. 113 Ibid. 12.5: ipse quoque latrociniis adsuetus, qui tamen armatam semper egerit vitam. 114 Ibid. 13.3: numquam aliter quam latrocinandi pugnans modo. 115 Ibid. 12.7. 116 K. Schneider, s.v. Latrunculorum ludus, RE XII, 1925, 980–4. 117 HA Quadr. Tyr. 13.2. Cf. also Paschoud, ‘Le tyran fantasmé’ (n. 91), 90f. 118 Cf. above, n. 87. 119 Aur. Vict. Caes. 39.26: His sane omnibus Illyricum patria fuit; qui, quamquam humanitatis parum, ruris tamen ac militiae miseriis imbuti, satis optimi rei publicae fuere. 120 Zos. 1.69f. Stein, s.v. Lydios, RE XIII, 1927, 2205. D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, vol. II, Princeton 1951, 1577. F. Paschoud, Zosime, Histoire Nouvelle I, Paris 1971, 60 and 175f. = note 98 to Zos. 1.69. F. Minor, Brigand 85f. Shaw, ‘Der Bandit’ 351. Cremna was investigated by the British Archaeological Institute at Ankara in 1985–87. The Roman siege works were discovered and these confirm the essentials of Zosimus’ account. On this see S. Mitchell, ‘The Siege of Cremna’ in D.H. French, C.S. Lightfoot, eds, The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire, Oxford 1989, 311–28, esp. 323–5. Idem, Cremna in Pisidia, London 1995, 177–218. 121 Zos. 1.69.1. Zosimus mistakenly calls Cremna a city in Lycia. 122 Zos. 1.69.2. 123 Zos. 1.69.3. 124 Zos. 1.69.4. 125 Zos. 1.70.1. 126 Zos. 1.70.2. 127 Zos. 1.70.3f. 128 Zos. 1.70.5. 129 Unrest and rebellion in Isauria: Strab. 12.6.2 p. 568. Dio 55.28.3 (ad 6). HA Tyr. Trig. 26 (ad 260/268: Trebellianus, see above). HA Prob. 16.5 (ad 276/282: Palfuerius, see below). Amm. 14.2 (ad 354); 19.13; 19.14.2. CIL III 6733 = ILS 740 (ad 359). Amm. 27.9.6f. (ad 368). Exp. Tot. Mund. 45. Peregr. Aeth. 23.4 (fourth/fifth century). MacMullen, Enemies 262f. Rougé, ‘L’Histoire Auguste et l’Isaurie’ (n. 97), 282ff. Syme, Ammianus (n. 90), 43ff. Minor, Brigand 82ff. K. Hopwood, ‘Consent and Control’ (n. 97). Idem, ‘Policing the Hinterland: Rough Cilicia and Isauria’, in S. Mitchell, ed., Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia. Proceedings of a colloquium held at University College, Swansea in April 1981, London 1983, 173–7. H. Hellenkemper, ‘Legionen im Bandenkrieg – Isaurien im 4. Jahrhundert’, in Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms, III. 13. Internationaler Limeskongreß, Aalen 1983, Stuttgart 1986, 625–34. Lewin, ‘Banditismo’ (n. 67), 175f. 197
BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE 130 Rougé, ‘L’Histoire Auguste et l’Isaurie’ (n. 97), esp. 301. Hellenkemper, ‘Legionen’ (n. 129). 131 HA Prob. 16.4–6; 19.8. Stein, s.v. Palfuerius, RE XVIII, 1949, 97. See generally the literature on Lydius, above n. 97. 132 Rougé, ‘L’Histoire Auguste et l’Isaurie’ (n. 97), 282–315. For a more detailed review of research see Paschoud, Zosime (n. 120), I 176 (= note 98 to Zos. 1.69f.). 133 Against the identification: Stein, s.v. Lydios, RE XIII, 1927, 2205. Idem., s.v. Palfuerius, RE XVIII, 1949, 97. Syme, Ammianus (n. 90), 49. Minor, Brigand 112f. n. 19. Mitchell, ‘The Siege of Cremna’ (n. 120), 313f. 134 HA Prob. 19.8. 135 Ibid. 16.5: facilius est ab istis locis <strong>latrones</strong> arceri quam tolli. 136 Ibid. 16.6: ne latrocinare umquam discerent. E. Ritterling, s.v. legio, RE XII, 1925, 1348, derives the three Isaurian legions of the Diocletianic period (Not. Dign. Or. 7, 56) from this measure. Hopwood, ‘Consent and Control’ (n. 97), 196, questions this on the grounds that there is no archaeological or epigraphic evidence for Probus’ settlement policy. But Hopwood’s interpretation of Probus’ measure – as anticipatory of Diocletianic-Constantinian reforms making military service hereditary (Cod. Theod. 7.21.1) – works only by assuming their historicity. 5 LEISTAI IN JUDAEA 1 For the province see S. Applebaum, ‘Judaea as a Roman Province: the Countryside as a Political and Economic Factor’, ANRW II 8, 1977, 355–96. On the political history of the regions see E. Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BC–AD 135), ed. and rev. by G. Vermes and F. Millar, vol. I, Edinburgh 1973, 243ff. D.R. Schwartz, Agrippa I. The Last King of Judaea, Tübingen 1990. Idem, Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity, Tübingen 1992. J.S. McLaren, Power and Politics in Palestine. The Jews and the Governing of Their Land, 100 BC–AD 70, Sheffield 1991. J.J. Price, Jerusalem under Siege. The Collapse of the Jewish State, 66–70 CE, Leiden 1992. 2 E.g., Jos. Bell. Iud. 2.9.2 (169–71): Pilate had Roman military standards bearing the imperial likeness brought to Jerusalem, thereby injuring the religious feelings of followers of a religion without images. 3 The full depth of the social conflict between rich and poor within Jewish society is shown in the dramatic burning by Sicarii of certificates of indebtedness held in the Temple archive at Jerusalem as one of the first incidents of the Jewish War: Jos. Bell. Iud. 2.17.6 (425–8). On this see M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea. The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome AD 66–70, Cambridge 1987, 57f. Cf. also P. Brunt, ‘Josephus on Social Conflicts in Roman Judaea’, in idem, Roman Imperial Themes, Oxford 1990, 282–8. 4 The power struggle between opposing groups within ‘the ruling class of Judaea’ as the original catalyst for conflict in the Jewish War was brought into the picture by Goodman, Ruling Class (n. 3). For the other causes and catalysts of the war, see Goodman’s review of the traditional factors, 5ff. (incompetence of Roman governors; demands of the imperial government; wounding of Jewish religious sensibilities by non-Jews; conflict at the confluence of many religions and cultures [see also the following note], concluding, 19: A plausible solution to the problem is to posit that an amalgam of all these causes was responsible: an event like the outbreak of war is not simple, and the disparate factors suggested may have interacted in quite complex ways. ( ...) It seems to me that elucidation of one further cause which has hitherto been ignored may provide, when taken together with 198
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