slavery, slaves: avengers of masters (freedmen as avengers of patrons) 138, 145–51, 153, 161 captivi, prisoners-of-war 17, 77 ergastula 62, 67 erro, unlicensed leave 50 fugitivi 10, 19, 50–1, 57, 59, 65, 70, 104, 128–9, 131, 139, 154–5: <strong>latrones</strong> encourage slave flight 104; poor rations as motives for flight and banditry 9, 57–8, 116, 135 inheritance cases, resentment in 143, 149 Kaisareioi 116–17, 144 liberti 116–17, 154 loyalty to owners 143 physiognomy 147 recruitment into Roman army 125–6 servilis animus 144 servus latro 16 servus publicus 17 slave states: armies 62, 67, 70, 85; games, public 63, 67; Hellenistic models 61–2, 67, 71; organisation 63, 66; precious metals, supposed ban on 68; religion 66–7; royal names 61–2; royal symbols 61–2, 67, 115; social motivation of slave leaders 64 slave trade 60 22 slave wars 37, 40–1, 57–69, 137: 1st Sicilian 59–61; 2nd Sicilian 61–4; Spartacus 64–9; Sex. Pompeius 75 victims of <strong>latrones</strong> 30–1 social bandits see latro(nes), latrocinium Sostratos 22 65 sources, ancient, on banditry: historiography 5–8, 93–4, 110–11, 124–5, 133–6, 139, 140–1, 161, 164–5: latro as exemplum bonum 9, 35, 56, 117, 136; latro as exemplum malum 56, 117, 136; moralising function 9, 110; rejection of trivia 1, 5–6, 120 inscriptions 8, 24 legal documents 8, 15–17 novels 3, 7, 123 oral tradition 93, 120 papyri 8, 25, 32 philosophical and rhetorical works 6 Sparta 79 INDEX 229 *Spartacus 3, 37, 41, 54, 58, 64–9, 71, 84, 126, 163 stationes/burgi 21–2 *Sulla 47, 74, 111 Syria 23, 60 22 , 80, 91, 142, 144 *Tacfarinas, North African resistance leader under Tiberius, c. ad 17/24 3, 33–4, 37 31 , 41, 48–57, 69, 71, 104 107 , 126, 137, 163–5 Tacitus see crisis, perception of *Tarcondimotus, local dynast in Asia Minor, mid-1st cent. bc 78–80 Tarsus 77 Taurus mountains 79 technitae 113–14 *Tetrinius, bandit under Caligula, c. ad 37/41 15–16 theft see fur, furtum Theodosius I 83 Thermis, victim of <strong>latrones</strong> 30 *Tholomaius, Jewish resistance leader, ad 44/45 96 Thracia 37, 84 *Thyamis, bandit in Heliodorus 7 Tiberias 102 Tiberius 21, 53–5, 118–19, 121, 140–5, 160, 163; see also crisis, perception of *Tillorobos, bandit in Asia Minor, mid-2nd cent. ad 6 17 Titus 94, 101–3, 105–6, 153–4 *Trachinos, bandit in Heliodorus 7 Trajan 21 *Trebellianus, Isaurian usurper under Gallienus, c. ad 260/68 83 Trier, Treveri 24, 55, 131 *Troxoboris, rebel leader in Cilicia under Nero, c. ad 52 6 17 , 127 typology of bandits: by deed: avengers 3, 137–40, 162–3; bandits 3, 14–17, 162–3; rebels 3, 33–5, 58, 162–3; rivals 3, 72–6, 102, 109, 162–3 by perception: common, despised, bandits 3, 7, 41, 49–52, 56, 59, 71, 73, 89, 100–1, 124, 127, 133–6, 162–6; noble, admired, bandits 3, 7, 35, 41, 49, 51–2, 55–6, 59, 68, 71, 108, 113, 118, 124, 133–6, 144, 162–6 tyrannus 82–3, 89; see also origin: usurpers Tyre 101
BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Ulpianus, Domitius 116 usurpation, usurpers see origin: usurpers Valentinian I 28 Vatia Isauricus, P. Servilius 76 Vercingetorix 33–4, 41, 50 Vespasian 81, 142, 150, 152 Vetilius, C. 44 victims of bandits 24, 29–30, 113; statements 26–31 Vindex, C. Vesnius 128–9 *Viriatus, leader of Lusitanian revolt, c. 147/139 bc 3, 13, 33–47, 49, 51–2, 55–6, 65, 68, 71, 84, 108, 118, 137, 163–5 230 Vitellius 81, 140, 142, 150, 152 voluntarii 125 Vulcatius 20 war: bellum iustum 40; bellum-latrocinium see law; guerilla war see law; prisoners of war see slaves, slavery captivi; private war 79 women 30, 118 *Zamaris, Syrian leader, 10/6 bc 80 Zealots 94, 103, 105–6 *Zeniketes, Lycian leader, mid-1st cent. bc 76, 79
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