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the abbreviated reign of “neon” leon spinks

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OOPS 18<br />

demonizing AC at a festive little ga<strong>the</strong>ring for seventy-five invited guests.<br />

They met in a private lab at <strong>the</strong> Columbia College School <strong>of</strong> Mines in<br />

Manhattan, and Brown, without forewarning <strong>the</strong> audience <strong>of</strong> electricity<br />

experts and o<strong>the</strong>rs, dragged a seventy-six-pound, part Newfoundland<br />

dog onto <strong>the</strong> stage, muzzled and tied <strong>the</strong> creature, and placed it in a<br />

wooden cage with heavy copper wire woven through <strong>the</strong> bars. “Sensing<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir discomfort, Brown assured <strong>the</strong> audience that although <strong>the</strong> dog appeared<br />

friendly, he was actually a ‘desperate cur’ who had already bitten<br />

two people,” wrote author Richard Moran in Executioner’s Current:<br />

Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and <strong>the</strong> Invention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Electric<br />

Chair.<br />

The crowd wasn’t much comforted as Brown administered an increasingly<br />

powerful series <strong>of</strong> direct-current shocks to <strong>the</strong> frantic dog,<br />

which at one point tore <strong>of</strong>f his muzzle and nearly escaped from <strong>the</strong> cage.<br />

Brown’s point was that while <strong>the</strong> DC shocks had hurt <strong>the</strong> dog, <strong>the</strong>y hadn’t<br />

killed him. One witness reported that “many spectators left <strong>the</strong> room,<br />

unable to endure <strong>the</strong> revolting exhibition.” An animal lover in <strong>the</strong> audience<br />

suggested that <strong>the</strong> dog immediately be put out <strong>of</strong> its misery, and that<br />

was all <strong>the</strong> invitation Brown needed. He tied <strong>the</strong> dog down again, switched<br />

to alternating current, and, after assuring <strong>the</strong> group that <strong>the</strong> dog would<br />

experience far less pain with AC, promptly zapped it to death. The demonstration<br />

horrified <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>red crowd, with a newspaper reporter asking<br />

Brown to stop <strong>the</strong> “inhuman performance,” and a representative from<br />

<strong>the</strong> Society for <strong>the</strong> Prevention <strong>of</strong> Cruelty to Animals demanding that<br />

Brown use something o<strong>the</strong>r than animal torture to promote DC electricity<br />

over AC.<br />

Brown, and presumably his patron, Thomas Edison, didn’t take<br />

<strong>the</strong> hint. Four days later, Brown conducted a more elaborate demonstration<br />

for a crowd <strong>of</strong> about eight hundred people. This time he decided not<br />

to prolong <strong>the</strong> torture <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dogs. Using only AC electricity at what he felt<br />

were lethal voltages, he quickly dispatched two smallish dogs. But <strong>the</strong><br />

third, a friendly Irish setter–Newfoundland mix, struggled for more than

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