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African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(24), pp. 5100-5109, 28 June, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR DOI: 10.5897/AJMR12.085 ISSN 1996-0808 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Combined effect of NPK levels and foliar nutritional compounds on growth and yield parameters of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) Mona, E. Eleiwa 1 * Ibrahim, S. A. 2 and Manal, F. Mohamed 3 1 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. 2 Department of Plant nutrition, NRC, Giza, Egypt. 3 Department of Agronomy, NRC, Giza, Egypt. Accepted 7 February, 2012 Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of NPK levels and foliar nutritional compounds on growth yield, chemical constituents and nutrients content of potato plants grown in newly reclaimed soil. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Increasing the NPK levels significantly increased all the growth, and yield parameters (except for number of aerial stem, plant), photosynthetic pigments, chemical constituents of potato tuber at harvest, and macro and micronutrients in potato shoots and tubers. The highest values of the mentioned parameters were obtained by using the highest NPK (120:80:100) as compared with the other two NPK levels (Medium: 102:68:85 and low: 90: 60: 75). Foliar application with folifertile, Byfolane and fetrilon combi significantly increased growth and yield parameters, photosynthetic pigments, chemical constituents and nutrients content of shoots and tubers as compared with the control treatment. The highest effective treatment in this respect was folifertile followed by Byfolane and fetrilon combi in decreasing order. The interaction between NPK levels and foliar nutritional compounds significantly affected leaves number (LN)/plant, chl. b and chl. a + b, tuber yield, mono sugars, carbohydrate and L-ascorbic acid as well as p, Mn and Cu concentration in shoots, and N and Fe in tubers. The interaction did not significantly affect the other studied parameters. Key words: Foliar compounds, nutrients content, potato NPK chemical constituents, interactions. INTRODUCTION Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important and favorite vegetable crop grown in Egypt. Its economic importance arises from the fact that large amount of this crop is exported yearly. Potato is a staple food in the diet of the world's population and also being used as animal feed (Dancs et al., 2008). Although potato is considered as a starchy food, it is also included in the category of vegetables by its micronutrient content, Robert et al. (2006) suggested that consumption of cooked potatoes (consumed with skin) may enhance antioxidant defense and improve the lipid metabolism, these effects could be *Corresponding author. E-mail: sala201018@gmail.com. interesting for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Potato tubers have been successfully used for high-level production of recombinant antibodies accumulated up to 2% of total soluble tuber protein, also antibodies specific activity did not decrease during tuber storage (Artsaenko et al., 1998). Potatoes could be used as an important dietary source of the carotenoid zeaxanthin which accumulates in the human macula lutea and protects retinal cells from blue light damage. However, zeaxanthin intake from food sources is low. Increasing zeaxanthin in common food such as potatoes by traditional plant breeding or by genetic engineering could contribute to an increased intake of this carotenoid and, consequently, to a decreased risk of agerelated macular degeneration (Bub et al., 2008). Fertilization either mineral and/or organic and foliar
fertilizers considered the most important agricultural practices, which affects the growing period of plant foliage and tuber formation as well as the quality of produced yield (Gabr et al., 2001; Bekhit et al., 2005). The necessity of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for growth has been demonstrated by several investigators, since N supply was desirable for vegetative growth, dry matter accumulation as well as nutrients uptake by potato plants (El-Ghamriny and Saeed, 2007a). As P is a part of molecular structure of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), the energy transfer compounds, cell membranes and phosphoproteins so it has a great importance in physiological processes inside the plant, moreover, (p) has a role in plant life through energy storage and transfer, it acts as a linkage unit and has a vital metabolic role as an important structural component of wide varieties of biochemical materials including nucleic acids, coenzymes, phosphoproteins, phospholipid and sugar phosphates (Daniel et al., 1998). Furthermore, (k) is a mobile element in plant tissues and it plays an important role in photosynthesis through carbohydrate metabolism, osmotic regulation, nitrogen uptake and translocation of assimilates, also it has a role in physiological processes in plant respiration, transpiration, translocation of sugars and carbohydrates and enzyme transformation (Kelling et al., 1998). In this concern Kolbe et al., 1990) found that different NPK-ratios led to maximum yield and tuber quality of potato, they added that it is possible to demonstrate characteristic differences between the effect of N-fertilization and varied N-concentrations on tuber yield and composition. Nitrogen, p and k as macronutrients are commonly applied to soil. This method of application is usually accompanied with some losses through leaching. Excessive irrigation as well as the fixation of phosphorus are considered to be one of the growers mistakes which aggravate N, P and K losses from soil. In higher pH soil as that in Egyptian soils, it is known that micronutrients as well as some macronutrients may be limiting. Foliar products containing multi-nutrients may correct these deficiencies giving increases in growth and development. Foliar applications are often the most effective economical way to correct plant mineral deficiency (Kannan, 1986), especially when sink competition for carbohydrates between plant organs take place and nutrient uptake from the soil is restricted (Marschner, 1986). There are many compounds used in foliar fertilization products, chelated compounds made from natural organic materials may have advantages since they are more ecological safe and have more prolonged and efficient action. Agriculturally, a foliar application of nutrient solution is particularly useful when the uptake of nutrients from the soil is growth limiting (Swietlik and Faust, 1994). It was advisable in this investigation to study the effect of NPK levels and some foliar nutritional compounds on growth, yield and chemical composition of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cultivar Diamant) grown under the newly reclaimed soil conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleiwa et al. 5101 Field experiments were carried out in the experimental farm of Salah El-Din, El-Bostan, Nobaria, El-Behera Governorate which belongs to the National Research Center, Giza (Egypt). Some physical and chemical properties of the soil in the experimental sites were noted (Table 1). The experiment included 12 treatments which were the combination between three NPK levels and three foliar nutritional compounds, Folifertile, Byfolane and Fetrilon combi. The three NPK levels were high (120:80:100), medium (102:68:85) and low (90:60:75). The treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The NPK levels were randomly arranged in the main plots and the foliar nutritional compounds were randomly distributed in the sub plots. Chemical composition and concentration of the different nutritional compounds used in foliar feeding are presented (Table 2). Spraying with nutritional compounds were carried out six times by 15 days intervals during the growth period at rate of 400 L./Fed., control plants were sprayed with tap water. Other agricultural processes were followed according to normal practice in the region. Potato tubers were sown on January 15 th at 20 cm apart. The source of fertilizers was ammonium sulfate (20.6% N), triple superphosphate (37% P2O5) and potassium sulfate (48% K2O), respectively. One third of NPK fertilizers were added at the time of soil preparation along with farmyard manure at the rate of 40 m 3 /feddan. The two third of NPK were divided into six equal portions and added at 10 days intervals beginning one month after planting. Data recorded Growth parameters Random samples of five plants were taken from every plot at 90 days after planting, for measuring: stem length, number of areal stems/plant, number of leaves/plant, dry weight of roots/plant, dry weight of shoots/plant, total dry weight of roots and shoots. Photosynthetic pigment Disc sample from the fourth upper leaf of potato plants was randomly taken from every experimental unit, 90 days after planting, to determine chlorophyll a, b and chl. a + b also carotenoids and total pigments, according to the method described by Wetteslein (1957). Yield and its components At harvest time, 115 to 120 days after planting, following parameters were calculated: No. of tubers/plant, tuber yield/plant, average tuber weight and total yield (ton/fed.) Chemical composition and nutrients status at harvest Crude protein, mono sugars, starch, carbohydrate, total soluble solids (T.S.S) and ascorbic acid as well as macro and micronutrients in shoots and tubers were determined as described by, Cottenie et al. (1982), and A.O.A.C. (2000).
Page 1 and 2: African Journal of Microbiology Res
Page 3 and 4: Editors Prof. Dr. Stefan Schmidt Ap
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thuringiensis isolate S1 (Figure 6)
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African Journal of Microbiology Res
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Figure 1. The Kinetic of P. aerugin
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Figure 3. DNA-dosimeter determined
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Relative Fluorescence Unit Figure 4
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Conclusion The public health risk i
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general are members of the normal i
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Table 2. Distribution of Nosocomial
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and also to assess the influence of
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Table 1. List of decamers used in R
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Figure 2. RAPD profile of Fusarium
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Table 1. Biosurfactant production p
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Figure 3. The correlation of reduct
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To estimate the water content, stra
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Kraiem et al. 5183 Table 2. Effect
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log CFU/g log CFU/g log CFU/g 8.5 7
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delays to cooling and wrapping on s
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pilus (tcp) that is a subtle of pol
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protein. DISCUSSION 70 kda 60 kda 5
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Percentage repellency (%) Percentag
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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils
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Table 1. Primers used for PCR and s
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Table 3. Amino acid substitutions i
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composition in qnrB alleles. Althou
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Figure 1. Overview the Yongxing isl
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standard, XSLJ1, XSLJ2, XSLJ5, XSLJ
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Table 1. primer information: sequen
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conventional method. The reasons fo
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Figure 1. Comparison of amplificati
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Table 3. Fruiting-body formation an
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Yokoyama E, Yamagishi K, Hara A (20
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Table 1. Primer oligonucleotide seq
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Figure 2. Nucleotide and putative a
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Figure 6. Ghrelin expression induce
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Table 1. The SNPs related to the pr
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Figure 2. The phylogenetic trees of
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a c Rex DNA Tang et al. 5235 Figure
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Table 1. Gender and division wise d
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62% were genotype D, A (14%), C (6%
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Swimming time (s) 1000 800 600 400
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Hepatic glycogen (mg/g) Hemoglobin
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Table 4. Aminoglycoside resistance
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Young, and the Councils on Clinical
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oleaginous microorganisms have been
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Table 2. Actual and predicted value
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Table 4. Analysis of variance (ANOV
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Huang et al. 5273 Figure 3. Respons
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the Central Universities (Grant No.
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Figure 1. Mechanism of enzymatic co
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Enzymatic activity (U/mL) Enzymatic
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prunin so far. By using the HPLC me
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Figure 7. Enzymatic conversion of n
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vaccine, HBs-Ab is negative in all
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