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4.4,6 Eye Protection (Class 3b or Class 4). Eye protection devices which are speciRcally designed for protection against radiation from Class 3b lasers or laser systems should be administratively required and their use enforced when engineering or other procedural and admiui$trative controls are inadequate to eliminate potential exposure in excess of the appticable MPE (see 4.6). Eye protection devic€s which are specifically designed for protection against radiation from Class 4 lasers or laser systems shall be administratively required and their use enforced when engineering or other procedural and administrative controls are inadequate to eliminate potential exposure in excess of the applicable MPE (see 4.6). When long-term exposure to visible lasers is not intended, the applicable MPE used to establish the optical density requircment for eye protection may be based on a 0.25 second exposure (see 8-2). When viewing an extended source or the diffuse reflection of the beam from a Class 3b or Class 4 la,ser or laser system where intermediate viewing time is intended, e.g., optical alignment procedures, the applicable MPE should be based upon the maximum viewing time anticipated during any given 8 hour period. For example, a maximum viewing time of 600 seconds is applicable for most alignment procedures when viewing a diffusely reflecting target. If the extended source criteria (8.3) is not applicable due to a small beam size, then the exposure at the comea from a diffuse reflector may be estimated using the inverse square law relationship and the intrabeam MPE criteria shall apply. See B.4.4. 4.4.7 Spectators (Class 3b or Class 4). Spectators should not be permitted within a laser controlled area (see4.3.10 and 4.3.11) which contains a Class 3b laser or laser system and spectators shall not be permitted within a laser controlled area which contains a Class 4 laser or laser system unless: (l) appropriate supervisory approval has been obtained (2) the degree of hazard and avoidance procedure has been explained (3) appropriate protective measurcs are taken Laser demonstrations involving the general public shall be govemed by the requirements of 4.5. 4.4.8 Seryice Personnel (All Classes). Personnel who require access to Class 3b or Class 4 lasers or laser systems contained within a protecdve housing AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 2I36.I.I986 or protected area enclosure for the Purpose of service shall comply with the appropriate control measures of the enclosed or embedded laser or laser system. The service personnel shall have the education and training commensurate with the class of the laser or laser system contained within the pmtective housing. 4.5 Special Considerations 4.5.1 Laser Demonstrations Involving the G€neral Public. The following special control measures shall be employed for those situations where lasers or laser systems are used for demonstration, anistic display, entertainment or other related uses where the intended viewing group is the general public. Such demonstrations can be, but are not timited to, trade show demonstrations, artistic light performances, planetarium laser shows, discotheque lighting, stage tighting effects and similar special lighting effects that use lasers or laser systems emitting in the visible wavelength range (0.4 to 0.7 pm). For the purposes of this section, the applicable MPE may be detemined by using the classilication duration defined as the total combined operational time of the laser during the performance or demonshation within any single period of 3 x lOa seconds. 4.5.1.1 Operational Requir€ments - Gen' erat. Only Class I laser or laser systems shall be used for general public demonstration, display' or entertainment in unsupervised areas without additional rcquirements, lf unsupervised, the use of Class 2 and Class 3a lasers or laser systeDs shall be limited to installations which prcvent access to the direct or specularly reflected beams or where the accessible radiation is maintained at the distance requirements specified in 4.5.1.6. The use of Class 3b or Class 4 lasers or laser systems shall be permitted only under the following conditions: (l) When the laser operation is under the control of an experienced, trained operator (2) When the laser is operated in a superyised laser installation as specified in 4.5.1.7 (3) When the laser is operaaed in an unsupervised laser installation provided: (a) the LSO has assured that appropriate controls are incorporated which provide for an equivalent degree of protection to the general public: (b) a designated person, present at all times at the show or display, is responsible for t7
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 2I36.I-I986 the immediate termination of the laser equipment in the event of equipment malfunction, audience unruliness, or other unsafe conditions. For training of operators see Section 5. 4.5.1.2 Invisible Laser Emission Limitations. The general public shall not be exposed nor have access to laser radiation emission at wavelengths outside the visible range (0.4 to 0.7 pm) at levels exceeding the applicable MPE levels under any possible conditions of operation. 4,5.1.3 Optical Radlatlon Limlts for the General Public. Laser radiation in the location where the general public is normally allowed shall not exceed the applicable MPE levels during operation. hser radiation to be considered shall include reflections from all possible surfaces and scattering materials. 4.5.1.4 Operator and Performers. Alt operators, performers and employees shall be able lo perform their required functions without the need for exposure to laser radiation levels in excess of the applicable MPE level. 4,5.1.5 Scanning Devices. Scanning devices, including rotating minored balls, shall incorporate a means to prevent laser emission if scan failure or other failure resulting in a change in either scan velocity or amplitude would result in failure to fulfill the criteria given in 4.5.1.3 and 4.5.1.4. 4.5.1.6 Unsupervised Installaaions - Distanc€ R€quirements. If a laser demonstration using a Class 2. Class 3a, Class 3b or Class 4 laser does not operate at all limes under the direct supervision or conhol of an experienced, trained operator, the laser radiation levels to which access can be gained shall be limited by baniers, windows, or other means so as not to exceed the limits of the applicable MPE. This limitation applies at any point less than 6 m above any surface upon which a penon in the general public is permitted to stand and to any point less than 2.5 m in lateral separation from any position where a person in the general public is permitted to be present du ng the performance or display. See Figures 2c, 2d and 2e. 4.5.1.7 Supervis€d Laser Installations. Laser demonstrations which do not meet the criteria stated in 4.5.1.6 shall be operated at all times under the direct supervision or conrol of an experienced, trained operator who shall maintain constant surveillance of the laser display and terminate the laser emission in the event of equipment malfunction. audience unruliness or other unsafe conditions. 18 The operator shall have visual access to the entire area of concem. lf obstacles or size preclude visual access by the operator, then multiple obsewers shall be used, with a communication link to the operator, In such supervised installations accessible laser radiation shall be limited by baniers, windows or other means so as to not exceed the applicable MPE (see 4.5.1) at any point unless the following requirements arc mer: (l ) The accessible laser radiation is maintained a minimum distance of 3.0 m above any sudace upon which the general public would be able to stand during a performance. See Figure 2d. (2) The accessible laser radiation is maintained a minimum distance of 2.5 m in lateral separation from any position where the general public is permitted to be prcsent during the performance or demonstration. See Figure 2e. As a general practice, the largest practical venical and lateral separation distances should be employed wherever possible. However, if specific physical limitations of the space in which the lasers are to be used preclude compliance with the required minimum separations specified in (l) and (2), shorter separation distances may be utilized, provided that the LSO assures that altemative measurBs are established which assure an equivalent degree of protection to the general public. 4.5.1.8Beam Termination Requirements. All laser demonshation syslems shall be provided with a rcadily accessible means to effect immediate termination of the laser radiation. lf the demonstration does not require continuous supervision or operator control during its operation, there must be a designated person at all times at the show or display who is responsible for the immediate termination of the laser radiation in the event of equipment malfunction, audience unruliness or other unsafe cond.itions. 45,1.9 Maximum Power Limitations. The maximum output power of the laser shall be limited to the level required to pmduce the desired and intended effect within the limitations outlined in 4.5.1.1 through 4.5.1.8. 4.5.1,10 Posting of Warning Signs and l-ogm. If the laser installation fulfills all requirements as detailed in 4.5.1.1 through 4.5.1.9 - or as altematively provided by the LSO (see, for example, 4.5.1.7\ - then posting of area waming signs shall not be required.
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o APPENDIX ' 0,1+(200)(5 x t0-3) l.
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o o APPENDIX Step 3. Determine the
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APPENDIX Table Bl Typical Diffuse R
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I t APPENI)IX l--rxe6e---.1 Fig. B{
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o APPENDIX 't6 UJ (L d F x 9 J (r l
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APPENDIX 7lr SYMBOL AND BORDER. BLA
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APPENDIX D3. Safety Committee D3.l
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APPENDIX 82 Table Dl Recomrnended T
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APPENDIX been linked to working wit
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APPENDIX F2. Cryogenic Liquids Cryo
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APPENDIX simple heat flow models aP
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o APPENDIX Goldman, L., Rockwell, R
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Table l0 Control Measures for the F
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