Organizational Change for Participatory Irrigation Management

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS INTRODUCTION The Seminar on Organizational Change for Participatory Irrigation Management, which was organized by the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and hosted by the Government of the Philippines, was held in Manila from 23 to 27 October 2000. The “Productivity and Development Center” of the Development Academy of the Philippines (PDC-DAP) implemented the program in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture. Sixteen participants from 13 member countries and five resource persons attended the seminar. Participants were from: Bangladesh, Republic of China, Fiji, India (2), Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines (2), Sri Lanka (2), Thailand and Vietnam and the resource persons were from: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); National Irrigation Administration, the Philippines; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Bangkok; and New Zealand. The objectives of the seminar were to: 1) assess recent developments in promoting participatory irrigation management and 2) discuss measures for more effectively managing organizational change for improved participatory irrigation management. The seminar consisted of presentation and discussion of resource papers as well as country papers, and field visits to the Sta. Maria River Irrigation System and San Benito Communal Irrigation System in the Laguna Province. The topics covered by the resource papers were: 1) Recent Developments in Irrigation Management in Asia and the Pacific; 2) Improving the Irrigation Service to Farmers: A Key Issue in Participatory Irrigation Management; 3) Participatory Irrigation Management in the Philippines: Issues and Constraints; 4) Role of Water Users Associations for Sustainable Irrigation Management; and 5) Requisites of Organizational Change for Improved Participatory Irrigation Management. The country papers, on the other hand, focused on the current situation of irrigation development in each of the countries participated, present organizational setup of irrigation administration, recent developments in promoting participatory irrigation management (PIM), and future prospects for PIM in respective member countries. The participants had an opportunity also to undertake field studies during field visits and, in a workshop setting, they identified issues and specific measures to enhance participatory irrigation management. The highlights of the Seminar are presented below. COUNTRY PAPERS The country papers and the follow-up debates and discussions revealed that all the participating countries have taken initiatives in PIM. The effort as well as the success, however, varies across countries, representing mainly the country-specific socio-political, economic, cultural and historical aspects as well as the differences across countries in relation to such factors as the “stage” of economic and irrigation development, characteristics of the organizational structures established for irrigation management – especially the government - 3 -
ureaucracies and farmer organizations (FOs) and the degree of external assistance. Hence, the following summary is organized in four parts: the current situation of irrigation development, organizational setup of irrigation administration, recent developments in PIM and future prospects. Current Situation of Irrigation Development Many countries in the region have had a long tradition of irrigation. And, in the recent past, water resources development has been assigned a significant priority in public investment strategies in many of the participating countries. Construction of large systems was the tradition in such efforts in many countries like Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand. This trend was reversed in Thailand and in the recent years the focus has been shifted towards smaller systems. The irrigation potential of India has increased by four folds between 1947 and 1997. In Bangladesh, on the other hand, the recent developments were mainly in groundwater utilization, especially through shallow tube-wells. Despite such huge development efforts in recent years, however, there are problems such as inefficiencies in operation, cost and time overruns, waste of water, water-logging, groundwater pollution and overexploitation, problems associated with pricing of water and financial losses. In Vietnam, upgrading and rehabilitation of irrigation system have contributed to increased food production in the recent past. In many countries, further expansion of area under irrigation is now constrained by several factors such as decline in donor funding, increased cost of new construction, and increased demand for meager budgets of governments of developing countries. In many countries in the region, the easiest and cheapest sources however already were exhausted. Consequently, the potential for expanding the area under irrigation has diminished rapidly. There are exceptions, however. For example, in the host country, Philippines, only 43 percent of the potential irrigable area is being used. In Iran too, only 7.8 million ha out of the potential irrigable area of 20 million ha has been developed. In India, it was reported that the potential created for surface water is about 75,853,000 ha whereas its utilization is only 43,897,000 ha. In general, irrigation still plays a significant role in the economies of most of the countries. The exceptions are the more advanced economies such as Japan, the Republic of Korea and the Republic of China. In Japan, even though agriculture accounts for two-thirds of the total water use, the role of irrigation in the economy has declined. The techniques of wet rice had been adopted since third century BC, and by about 17 century AD, it had become the basis of the economy and finance. However, the food self-sufficiency ratio, area of agricultural activity as well as proportion of population involved in agriculture had continuously decreased in the past three decades. In these developed economies, a substantial effort has been taken to consolidate land, improve land and water-related infrastructure and the current tendency is to establish advanced land and water use methods and decision support systems to enhance the productivity of these two important natural resources. The paper from the Republic of China provided an excellent description of such an effort. Malaysia has now taken initiatives in land consolidation and improving canals and other structures. Organizational Setup of Irrigation Administration It was revealed that in many countries, several Ministries, divisions of Ministries as well as a large number of government institutions are involved in irrigation, directly or indirectly. In Thailand for example, it was reported that 32 institutions are involved. The number varies across countries. For example, seven major national level departments deal with irrigation in - 4 -
Page 1 and 2: From: Organizational Change for Par
Page 3 and 4: Report of the APO Seminar on Organi
Page 5: FOREWORD The significant achievemen
Page 9 and 10: officials as well as farmers) about
Page 11 and 12: productivity, and agricultural perf
Page 13 and 14: Role of Water Users Associations fo
Page 15 and 16: oles: it may be diversified and div
Page 17 and 18: irrigation systems? - for example,
Page 19 and 20: 1.5 ha and there are 72 farmers. In
Page 21 and 22: 1. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IRRIGATIO
Page 23 and 24: In Phase I, Curve A - the marginal
Page 25 and 26: Mexico than in Asia. Government exp
Page 27 and 28: to well over 50 percent (Figure 3).
Page 29 and 30: increasing number of health and env
Page 31 and 32: Levine, Gilbert, Ko Hai Sheng and R
Page 33 and 34: This paper will present the legal f
Page 35 and 36: System Management Committees (SMCs)
Page 37 and 38: Planning Reflection Mobilization Ac
Page 39 and 40: (Irrigation Systems Improvement Pro
Page 41 and 42: Table 3. Results of the Survey on I
Page 43 and 44: Asst. Administrator Project Develop
Page 45 and 46: ecently completed foreign assisted
Page 47 and 48: d. Size of irrigated farm holding;
Page 49 and 50: started only in 1990 during the ins
Page 51 and 52: lectures without actual practice. M
Page 53 and 54: Defects in the construction of conv
Page 55 and 56: The FIO approach was also used in p
Page 57 and 58:
eplacement of steel gates, repair o
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Days (hours) Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs.
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creeks fed by the return flows from
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if total collection is 50-60 percen
Page 65 and 66:
emergency repairs during calamities
Page 67 and 68:
of tapping and developing new sourc
Page 69 and 70:
increased efficiency in O&M. While
Page 71 and 72:
Cases have been reported where coop
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improvements should bring in modifi
Page 75 and 76:
To attain self-reliance, local orga
Page 77 and 78:
catalyzing the development of local
Page 79 and 80:
Water Markets There are examples of
Page 81 and 82:
is open to any Malaysian citizen of
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dumping-level prices to private com
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P 2 = Planned diversification of cr
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Unfortunately, in certain countries
Page 89 and 90:
Tasks Related to Irrigation Managem
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Expected improvements in irrigation
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Dwivedi, R. C., 1996. "Role of Co-o
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1. BANGLADESH INTRODUCTION - 143 -
Page 97 and 98:
Dry Season Water Resources Gross dr
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Table 2. Irrigated Area by Irrigati
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And, a major strategy to increase f
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d) To bring institutional changes t
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Stakeholders Types of stakeholders:
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WUOs. Representatives of the LGIs.
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circumstances stated above, PIM wil
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2. REPUBLIC OF CHINA INTRODUCTION -
Page 113 and 114:
Meeting Affairs Committee President
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Taiwan is irrigated. Most of the pa
Page 117 and 118:
Table 5. Water Used by Agriculture
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- 167 - Figure 5. The Framework of
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Sugar Sugar remains fundamentally i
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(vii) Research policy, since the pr
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ii) More part-time farmers than ful
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Table 1. Plan-wise Position of Irri
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The details on some major irrigatio
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As a result the total live storage
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It is an informal farmers group wit
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The WRO of PWD has established 135
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logging, 3.06 million ha by soil sa
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7. It is essential to have an unifo
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Prihar, S. S., 1995. “Management
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At the time of independence, net ir
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- 193 - Table 1. Growth of Sector-w
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Table 4. Investment on Major and Me
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Surface and groundwater potential i
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Table 10. Productivity of Two Main
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Table 12. Extent of Water-logging S
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CHANGES IN POLICIES AND RELEVANT ST
Page 157 and 158:
2. Management of Groundwater While
Page 159 and 160:
For the orderly administration of t
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in India are States and hence irrig
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with a broad profile of the functio
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Artisan Guilds which were supposed
Page 167 and 168:
But due to very-very slow progress
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(i) Policy initiatives to effect or
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----------. Annual Reports, various
Page 173 and 174:
CURRENT SITUATION OF IRRIGATION DEV
Page 175 and 176:
Table 1. National Budget for Water
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Food security and sustaining self-s
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distributed to several agencies i.e
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FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR PIM IN INDONES
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7. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN INTRODU
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sector is about 38 percent. The mea
Page 187 and 188:
On the basis of the defined duties,
Page 189 and 190:
area of about 1,000 ha with the par
Page 191 and 192:
iii) Integrated planning on the bas
Page 193 and 194:
The final section is on the Nationa
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 2. Indus Basin Irrigation Sy
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During Rabi (winter) all the natura
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Malakand Circle Chief Engineer O&M
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courses along the newly constructed
Page 203 and 204:
would largely be confined to water
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9. PHILIPPINES - 253 - Enrique A. S
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there are inadequate number of fiel
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Presidential Decree (PD) No. 552 in
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Earlier Organizing and PIM Efforts
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clearing) in Type I and being remun
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Table 7. The Irrigation Management
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c. ISIP II Region NIS Service Area
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on a modal of very smallholding siz
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However, overall policy decisions,
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addition to handing over of O&M dut
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implemented to ensure farmer partic
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sector organizations including Maha
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farmers who had been the operators
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11. SRI LANKA (2) INTRODUCTION - 27
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Irrigation System Management before
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Figure 1 shows the current organiza
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3. Operations Under participatory m
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Under INMAS, an Institutional Devel
Page 241 and 242:
The performance of FOs in water dis
Page 243 and 244:
costs. The savings and the official
Page 245 and 246:
Table 1. Major River Basins in Thai
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Economic and Social Development Pla
Page 249 and 250:
Director General Senior Expert on I
Page 251 and 252:
does not address water resources ma
Page 253 and 254:
They typically adopt approaches, wh
Page 255 and 256:
Table 5. Proposed Plan for Implemen
Page 257 and 258:
farmers in water management”. Thi
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seasonal water requirements and sub
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Table 1. Steps to Transfer Manageme
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APO Seminar on Organizational Chang
Page 265 and 266:
Ms. Aquilina D. Mendoza Supervising
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Ms. Barbara R. Doctor Project Offic
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Organizational Change for Participatory Irrigation Management

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