After the Flood in Pakistan 38 Berlin Geographical Papers - Freie ...

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Table 4.1: Elements of the Vulnerability and Capacities Index for rural Sindh 1 2 3 4 5 A composite vulnerabilities and capacities index for the household level in rural Sindh Vulnerability Capacity Material vulnerability 50 Income source: start value 12 • Start value represents 100% dependency on a local level productive asset (for example, fisheries, land, small shops). • Add 2 to the score if the income sources are unstable or have been lost during flood (for example, +2 daily labour). • Subtract 2 if the local income sources are stable and insensitive to local hazard. • Lower score by 1 for each additional income source reported. Educational attainment: start value 5 • Start value represents no member of the household being literate. • Lower score by 1 for every 5 years of schooling of the two most educated male household members. • Lower score by 2 for each female member’s 5 years of schooling. Assets: start value 8 • Start value represents no immediately fungible assets (e.g. farm implements, livestock, jewellery, savings, household items). • Lower score by 1 for possession of pukka house, income-generating tools, and small livestock, boat/fishing net, by 3 for cow, buffalo • Add 2 for loss of income-generating tools, livestock, boat/fishing net, house +2 • Add 2 for lack of fresh water supply +2 Exposure: start value 4 • Start value represents location in high likelihood impact area relative to the prime hazard (i.e. flood/drought area) • Lower the score by 1 for every level of decreased impact likelihood between household location and high impact likelihood area • Lower score by 1 for each instance of hazard mitigation (e.g. building of a house on higher plinth for floods). Dependency relationships 12 • Start value represents conditions of bonded labour/immersion in exploitative sharecropping systems • Add 3 when enduringly indebted to wholesalers for agricultural inputs or to shopkeepers for basic foodstuffs, without capacity to repay +3 • Lower by 12 for those who are not in bonded labour relations Source: modified for rural Sindh by the assessment team after Mustafa et al., 2011 12 -2 -1 per -1 per -2 per -1, or-2, or-3 per Institutional vulnerability 50 6 Social networks: start value • Start value represents no memberships in ethnic, caste, professional, or religious organisations. 10 • Lower score by 1 for each organisation a household member belongs to -1 per • Lower score by 1 for immersion in neighbourhood self help networks -1 per • For each CBO that has provided assistance in the past, lower the score by 1 -1 per 7 Extra-local kinship ties: start value • Start value represents no extra local kinship ties. 5 • Lower score by 2 for instance when extra-local family member provided refuge -2 per • Lower score by 2 for instance when extra-local family member provided material assistance -1 per 8 Infrastructure: start value • Start value represents lack of access to electricity, roads and healthcare. 16 • Lower score by 4 if household located near access to a sealed, all-weather road -4 or • Lower score by 2 if household located near a seasonal road. -2 • Lower score by 4 if household can access a local medical facility. -4 • Lower score by 2 if household has access to electricity. -2 9 Warning systems: start value • Start value represents lack of a warning system, or warning system that the household is not aware of or does not trust. 4 • Lower score by 4 if warning system exists and is trusted. -4 10 Earning members in a household: start value • Start value represents a household consisting of only one earning member. 5 • Add 5 to score if single-parent-headed household. +5 • Lower score by 1 for every additional earning member. -1 per • Lower score by 1 for household dependency rate higher than 20% -1 11 Membership of disadvantaged lower caste, religious or ethnic minority +5 Total vulnerability score - Total capacity score Combined vulnerability and capacity score ------ ------ Highest possible vulnerability and capacity score 100 -1 per -1 per -12
Looking at the index-values for the entire household sample depicted in Fig. 4.1, the problems encountered by most become rather obvious immediately. Levels of vulnerability are consistently high throughout the sample, and out of all interviewees in the eight villages only four showed negative VCI values and can be categorised as secure. Capacities fluctuate enormously, but tend to remain very low. Negative VCI values mostly relate to households that managed to maintain larger numbers of livestock, a finding that corresponds to earlier research on flood hazard in Pakistan where it was found that livestock represents a key asset for recovery in the aftermath of disaster (Mustafa 1998). Overall, the values for a majority in the sample fluctuate between 60 and 85, indicating consistently high levels of vulnerability and serious lack of sufficient capacities throughout (cf. Fig 4.2). Fig. 4.1: VCI values for the household sample interviewed in eight villages 13
Page 1 and 2: 38 Berlin Geographical Papers ZELF
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Page 6 and 7: living conditions, that reach the m
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents 1 Introduction -
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Fig. 1.1: Generic t
Page 13: List of acronyms ADB - Asian Develo
Page 16 and 17: mentation of development packages b
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 1.4: Pakistan overview and loc
Page 20 and 21: and man-made hazards are dominant.
Page 22 and 23: 3 Rapprochement of the field: resea
Page 24 and 25: The teams continued performing focu
Page 28 and 29: A major finding of the assessment t
Page 30 and 31: 5 Post-disaster assessment - distri
Page 32 and 33: As such it comes as no surprise tha
Page 34 and 35: away or even further, to Badin city
Page 36 and 37: Box 3: The household of Ali Bux - a
Page 38 and 39: Source: data recorded by ZELF team,
Page 40 and 41: consists of three overland wires bu
Page 42 and 43: mediocre quality - and the regularl
Page 44 and 45: 5.1.2.1 Levels of vulnerability in
Page 46 and 47: 5.1.2.2 Implications for developmen
Page 50 and 51: Box 7: Rajad Mallah: Coping with so
Page 52 and 53: their homelands in Thatta. Members
Page 54 and 55: make it possible again for the fish
Page 56 and 57: During their flight the people had
Page 58 and 59: Box 8: The economics of barfi produ
Page 60 and 61: Source: data recorded by ZELF team
Page 64 and 65: 5.2.2 Alloo Noonari - complete floo
Page 66 and 67: There is a village council that con
Page 68 and 69: Severe shortage of money prevents v
Page 70 and 71: 5.2.2.3 Shelter, drinking water and
Page 72 and 73: 5.2.3 Summary of findings: loss of
Page 74 and 75: Similar to the situation in Thatta
Page 76 and 77:
Data Sources: GeoEye satellite imag
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K.N. Shah assumes importance also f
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Box 15: Social water management and
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Potentials of changing the Sindhi c
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5.3.2.2 Local impacts of the flood
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For all households it can be establ
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to goods and services the villagers
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The flood crisis has aggravated the
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Source: data recorded by ZELF team,
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provides shelter to a number of hou
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Most people in the village are not
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These conditions require most house
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Box 22: Struggling with disaster Mo
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6 Conclusions: vulnerability assess
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perceived as an option, conditional
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Most effectively, the problem could
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7 References Arif Hasan (2009) The
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Berlin Geographical Papers Vol. 37
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