Trade and Employment From Myths to Facts - International Labour ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Trade and Employment: From Myths to Facts support small-business development and creation of networks of women business owners would also reduce the barriers to women’s business success. Fifth, trade policies must become gender sensitive. With respect to trade agreements, this means that the likely gender impacts of trade agreements must be assessed prior to their ratification, and policy must be formulated and implemented to avoid increasing gender inequalities or to mitigate existing gender inequalities. Van Staveren (2007) proposes a set of gender and trade indicators to gauge the responsiveness of gender outcomes to various trade variables in order to mainstream gender equality goals in trade agreements. 19 These indicators could be used to provide a baseline prior to the negotiation of a trade agreement, to assess gender impacts during the negotiations, and to make trade policy changes or adopt complementary policies as the agreement is being implemented. In addition, commitment to gender equity must be integrated in texts of trade agreements and various other documents pertaining to their implementation so as to maintain awareness of gender-equity goals and ensure progress towards their achievement. In general, if trade negotiations are development-centred, as envisioned by the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 8 (Develop a global partnership for development), they would provide the necessary conditions for gender-equitable development. To this end, trade negotiations must revisit the terms – the pace and extent – of agricultural trade liberalization in developing countries and build in protective measures in order to mitigate adverse impacts. The changes in rural production structures spearheaded by agricultural trade liberalization have serious well-being consequences over the long run. They create major social dislocations in rural areas of developing countries and can have wide-ranging implications for the EU and North American economies through the illegal international migration they fuel. In addition, it may be necessary to avoid rapid trade liberalization in order not to destroy a greater number of jobs in import-competing industries than the ones being generated by exports (Heintz, 2006). In sum, gender equity in a globally integrated context can be promoted within the framework of a macroeconomic policy environment that aims to generate employment and income security. Gender-equity policies, situated in this broader framework, would seek to address the bargaining power deficits of women workers and farmers and ensure the creation of decent jobs and income security. Investments in education, social services and infrastructure required by these gender-equity policies will promote both gender-equitable employment and economic growth. Reforms at the international level have to create the enabling framework for domestic policies as well as ensuring that trade liberalization proceeds in a manner that promotes secure livelihoods. 19 Constructing 11 elasticities, Van Staveren focuses on the effect of trade on gender equalities in income, employment, wages and unpaid domestic work, and uses this framework to evaluate gender impacts of the 2000 European Union trade agreement with Mercosur countries. 206
REFERENCES Chapter 5: Gender aspects of trade Adhikari, R.; Yamamoto, Y. 2006. “Sewing thoughts: How to realise human development gains in the post-quota world”, Tracking Report, Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Initiative (UNDP Regional Centre in Colombo). Albelda, R.; Drago, R.; Schulman, S. 2004. Unlevel playing fields: Understanding wage inequality and discrimination (Economic Affairs Bureau, second edition). Amengual, M. 2010. “Complementary labor regulation: The uncoordinated combination of state and private regulators in the Dominican Republic”, in World Development, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 405-414, Mar. Amengual, M.; Milberg, W. 2008. Economic development and working conditions in export processing zones: A survey of trends (ILO). Balakrishnan, R. 2001. The hidden assembly line: Gender dynamics in subcontracted work in a global economy (Kumarian Press). Barrientos, S. 2007. “Gender, codes of conduct, and labor standards in global production systems”, in N. Çağatay; I. van Staveren; D. Elson; C. Grown (eds): Feminist economics of trade (Routledge), pp. 239-256. Barrientos, S. et al. 1999. Women and agribusiness: Working miracles in the Chilean fruit export sector (Palgrave MacMillan). Baunsgaard, T.; Keen, M. 2005. “Tax revenue and (or?) trade liberalization”, IMF Working Paper No. WP05/112. Becker, G.S. 1971. The economics of discrimination (University of Chicago Press, second edition). Benería, L.; Feldman, S. 1992. Unequal burden: Economic crises, persistent poverty, and women’s work (Westview Press). Berik, G. 2000. “Mature export-led growth and gender wage inequality in Taiwan”, in Feminist Economics, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1-26, Nov. Berik, G. 2008. “Growth with gender inequity: Another look at East Asian development”, in G. Berik; Y. Rodgers; A. Zammit (eds): Social justice and gender equality: Rethinking development strategies and macroeconomic policies (Routledge). Berik, G.; Rodgers, Y. 2010. “Options for enforcing labour standards: Lessons from Bangladesh and Cambodia”, in Journal of International Development, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 56-85. Berik, G.; Rodgers, Y.; Zammit, A. 2008. Social justice and gender equality: Rethinking development strategies and macroeconomic policies (Routledge). Berik, G.; Rodgers, Y.; Zveglich, J. 2004. “International trade and gender wage discrimination: Evidence from East Asia”, in Review of Development Economics, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 237-254, May. Beviglia Zampetti, A.; Tran-Nguyen, A-H. 2004. Trade and gender: Opportunities and challenges for developing countries (United Nations). Bhattacharya, D.; Moazzem, G.M.; Rahman, M. 2008. Bangladesh’s apparel sector in post-MFA period: A benchmarking study on the ongoing restructuring process (Dhaka, Centre for Policy Dialogue). Bhattacharya, D.; Khatun, F.; Moazzem, K.G.; Rahman, M.; Shahrin, A. 2008. Gender and trade liberalization in Bangladesh: The case of the ready-made garments (Dhaka, Centre for Policy Dialogue). Black, S.E.; Brainerd, E. 2004. “Importing equality? The impact of globalization on gender discrimination”, in Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 540-559, Jul. 207
Page 1 and 2:
Trade and Employment From Myths to
Page 3 and 4:
Trade and Employment From Myths to
Page 5 and 6:
PREFACE Trade negotiations -bilater
Page 7 and 8:
Trade and Employment: From Myths to
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS EDITORS Ma
Page 13 and 14:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors wish t
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
NEW EVIDENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMEN
Page 37 and 38:
Chapter 2: New evidence on trade an
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Region Annualized percentage change
Page 43 and 44:
Region 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2.4.b: Long-run association
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
20 See Harrison and Rodriguez-Clare
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TRADE ON EM
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 3: Assessing the impact of
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
p * Chapter 3: Assessing the impact
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
APPPENDIX 3.A: TABLES Chapter 3: As
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
TRADE AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMY 4.1
Page 139 and 140:
Chapter 4: Trade and the informal e
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
For more than two decades, quantita
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 4: Trade and the informal e
Page 183 and 184: GENDER ASPECTS OF TRADE 5.1 INTRODU
Page 185 and 186: and income-earning opportunities ge
Page 187 and 188: Figure 5.1: Description of gender i
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 5: Gender aspects of trade
Page 209 and 210: A third view is that the type of jo
Page 217: Chapter 5: Gender aspects of trade
Page 225 and 226: Trade and Employment: From Myths to
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
show all

Trade and Employment From Myths to Facts - International Labour ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?