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In 1958, another crisis arose on February 16. A South Korean civilian airplane with 34 passengers was hijacked by five North Korean agents during a flight from Pusan to Seoul. At the 81st MAC meeting called by the KPA/CPV convened on February 24, the North argued that it was not a problem to be raised in the MAC but to be solved between the two states’ authorities. It maintained this position at the 82nd, 83rd and 84th meetings held on March 10, March 20 and July 2 respectively, the first requested by the KPA/CPV and the two latter by the UNC/MAC. The South requested a prompt return of the plane and the passengers. A return of the plane was also urged at the 82nd, 83rd and 84th meetings. After the plane reportedly had landed safely in P’yôngyang on February 17, 26 passengers were returned on March 6 through Panmunjom after the UNC had admitted a violation of the Armistice Agreement and provided a receipt (no. 20). Eight anticommunists were killed on suspicion of being spies. When the South raised the return of the plane on the anniversary of the hijacking, the North referred to its previous responses and considered the issue terminated. At the 85th meeting called by the KPA/CPV convened on July 14, the North accused the South of having violated the Armistice Agreement by establishing a “guided missile base” close to the DMZ and introducing brand-new weapons such as Honest John missiles and atomic artillery, obstructing peaceful re-unification. An immediate withdrawal of nuclear weapons was requested. The South responded that new weapons introduced after the cancellation of Paragraph 13 (d) would not be withdrawn since the North, by rearming, had violated the agreement. As at the 80th meeting, modernization of equipment was defended by arguing that it was necessary to maintain military 102 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
alance. In a missive letter from the KPA/CPV Senior Member to the NNSC, the base was regarded as “a hostile and provocative act from the UNC.” Hopefully, “the NNSC would pay attention to this armistice violation.” Subsequently, the Czechs and Poles wanted the NNSC to assert the agreement in some un-specified way. The Swedish and Swiss members argued that the NNSC should not discuss politics but that the MAC was the correct forum for raising such violations. 91 The UNC/MAC repeated its non-withdrawal of new weapons at the 91st MAC meeting called by the KPA/CPV held on December 19. The North accused the South of establishing a “guided missile base” by having introduced Matador missiles in mid-December to make South Korea an outpost for a regional nuclear war. The South protested that the North had obstructed the inspection teams’ work and after the armistice was signed had illegally introduced then non-existing fighter planes as well as weapons on a large scale. As long as Paragraph 13(d) was not observed, the South would not follow it either. The KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major General Kang Sang Ho, had pointed out in a letter to the NNSC that the introduction of missiles was particularly serious since it took place at a time when the Chinese People’s Volunteers (CPV) had just been withdrawn. On October 28, the withdrawal of around 200,000 CPVs was completed, but in accordance with the Armistice Agreement the Chinese MAC members remained in Kaesông. 91_ Edebäck, ibid., pp. 6, 8-9; Hapch’am chôngbo ponbu, op. cit., 1999, pp. 59-60, 61-2; Kim, “Hyujôn ihu ssangbang chôngjôn hyôpchông wiban,” in Hapch’am chôngbo ponbu, op. cit., 2006, p. 226; Kukpang chôngbo ponbu, op. cit., 1993, pp. 56-7, 58, 60-61; Lee, op. cit., 2001(a), p. 121; Mueller-Lhotska and Millett, op. cit., p. 41; Pak, “Pukhan-ûi hyujôn hyôpchông wiban sarye-mit t’onggye,” Pukhan (July 1995), p. 118; Pak, op. cit., 2003, p. 42; Reuterswärd, Rapport avseende verksamheten vid Svenska Övervakningskontingenten i Korea maj-oktober 1958 (Panmunjom, October 13, 1958), pp. 3, 5, 6. Original quotation marks. The Foundation of the MAC and the NNSC and the First Turbulent Years 103
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
Page 69 and 70: than at the plenary meetings. Howev
Page 71 and 72: ment rejected the proposal for pass
Page 73 and 74: the Korean issue should be transfer
Page 75 and 76: dispatched to investigate the incid
Page 77 and 78: At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
Page 79 and 80: Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
Page 81 and 82: According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
Page 83 and 84: 1953, was the first man to point ou
Page 85 and 86: Treaty that obligated the US to com
Page 87 and 88: were committed by North Korea and t
Page 89 and 90: without any harm to the armistice c
Page 91 and 92: ports of entry had reached a dead e
Page 93 and 94: earming South Korea in violation of
Page 95 and 96: the NNSC to work in North Korea and
Page 97 and 98: At the same time, the South Korean
Page 99 and 100: emaining teams became “subteams
Page 101 and 102: ment “... regulating the activiti
Page 103 and 104: violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
Page 105 and 106: The UNC/MAC representative maintain
Page 107 and 108: Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
Page 109 and 110: menting its provisions had become i
Page 111 and 112: to establish that the plane was arm
Page 113 and 114: The UNC informed the NNSC about its
Page 115 and 116: pointed out that the North abused t
Page 117 and 118: an informal meeting in the part of
Page 119: Swiss view was again that the issue
Page 123 and 124: NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
Page 125 and 126: Affairs that work was mainly routin
Page 127 and 128: 2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
Page 129 and 130: were also invited to get some orien
Page 131 and 132: negative peace. The defection from
Page 133 and 134: existence of a neutral commission w
Page 135: the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
Page 138 and 139: 3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
Page 140 and 141: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
Page 142 and 143: Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
Page 144 and 145: The military build-up repeatedly ca
Page 146 and 147: illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
Page 148 and 149: As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
Page 150 and 151: for about ten years but from the su
Page 152 and 153: When large-scale North Korean intru
Page 154 and 155: was foolish; the issue was an inter
Page 156 and 157: When the 227th meeting proposed by
Page 158 and 159: incidents had been fabricated by th
Page 160 and 161: data, that he was not a returning d
Page 162 and 163: on American and South Korean forces
Page 164 and 165: 14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
Page 166 and 167: number of killed South Koreans fell
Page 168 and 169: woman who sold eggs in the village.
Page 170 and 171:
October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
Page 178 and 179:
As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
Page 202 and 203:
lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
Page 216 and 217:
Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
Page 220 and 221:
According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
Page 244 and 245:
Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
Page 255 and 256:
Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
Page 257 and 258:
NNSC played during the crisis but i
Page 259 and 260:
The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
Page 263 and 264:
The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
Page 267 and 268:
On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
Page 281 and 282:
strengthened its war preparations b
Page 283 and 284:
military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
Page 289 and 290:
command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
Page 297 and 298:
North Korea admitted that it had su
Page 299 and 300:
none of the crew could be rescued.
Page 301 and 302:
then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
Page 305 and 306:
KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
Page 309 and 310:
maintained quiet discipline, but th
Page 311 and 312:
Assembly, Second Session, convened
Page 313 and 314:
tree should be pruned. That the tre
Page 315 and 316:
As a result of the axe murder, the
Page 317 and 318:
latter’s request addressed to the
Page 319 and 320:
On August 21, work to cut down the
Page 321 and 322:
and made an important contribution
Page 323 and 324:
prevent the provocation. Our side w
Page 325 and 326:
on August 28, the US repeated its d
Page 327 and 328:
Why did the axe murder take place?
Page 329 and 330:
According to Downs (1999), Presiden
Page 331 and 332:
Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
Page 337 and 338:
North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
Page 341 and 342:
quo formed a “positive symmetry
Page 343 and 344:
Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
Page 394 and 395:
women were invited to Seoul to part
Page 396 and 397:
6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
Page 430 and 431:
was regarded as a preparation for w
Page 432 and 433:
Armistice Agreement in accordance w
Page 434 and 435:
At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
Page 438 and 439:
characterized not only the MAC secr
Page 440 and 441:
claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
Page 450 and 451:
On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
Page 452 and 453:
On February 24, the South Korean Fo
Page 454 and 455:
oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
Page 456 and 457:
According to the Swedish officer Bo
Page 458 and 459:
Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
Page 460 and 461:
However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
Page 466 and 467:
As we have seen, North Korea had on
Page 468 and 469:
northern side when they were appreh
Page 470 and 471:
signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
Page 479 and 480:
settling serious incidents have hel
Page 481 and 482:
Korean governments began in 1972 to
Page 483 and 484:
from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
Page 493 and 494:
epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
Page 495 and 496:
were held because of the building o
Page 497 and 498:
In September, four meetings were he
Page 499 and 500:
In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
Page 503 and 504:
“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
Page 507 and 508:
In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
Page 525 and 526:
services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
Page 529 and 530:
“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
Page 546 and 547:
progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
Page 568 and 569:
whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
Page 576 and 577:
hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
Page 582 and 583:
Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
Page 612 and 613:
July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621:
December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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Page 650 and 651:
April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
Page 680 and 681:
August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683:
Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 700 and 701:
Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
Page 708 and 709:
Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
Page 710 and 711:
Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
Page 712 and 713:
Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
Page 714 and 715:
Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
Page 717 and 718:
Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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