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On August 23, the American government announced that the North’s regret was “a positive step.” At the NNSC meeting held on August 24, the Swedish delegate urged the parties to maintain peace within the JSA and by all means prevent a recurrence. In every way, the NNSC’s important work had to be facilitated and the parties had to cooperate to reduce tension. The Swiss delegate supported his statement whereas the Czech and Polish refrained from saying anything. Since the North’s regret did not include an “assurance” for the safety of UNC personnel in the JSA as the UNC Commander had requested, at the 380th MAC meeting called by the UNC/MAC convened on August 25 the parties decided to resolve the issue through negotiations. Clearly, in line with the “game theory” there was an opportunity to get out of the zero-sum play so far experienced at meetings and create a win-win situation by negotiating. At this meeting, the UNC/MAC Senior Member remarked that the UNC considered Kim Il Sung’s expression of “regret” and remarks on joint efforts in the JSA to prevent future incidents as a positive but insufficient step. He also urged that those responsible should be punished and a recurrence prevented and demanded assurances for the safety of UNC personnel in the JSA. The KPA/CPV Senior Member replied that its position on the issue had been clearly expressed in the message of August 21 and repeated its key points. In order to prevent a recurrence of a similar incident, the JSA should be divided and security guards from both sides should not have entry to the other’s side. 243 At the 381st MAC meeting proposed by the UNC/MAC held exemplified] Chinese pressure recorded by Yoon on this occasion and during “Operation Paul Bunyan” are the only examples the author has found of China influencing North Korea’s actions. 243_ The North’s proposal was almost identical with that proposed by the UNC at the 306 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
on August 28, the US repeated its demands from August 25 but also declared that it would accept a division of the Panmunjom area if the KPA could guarantee that its four checkpoints in the South would be dissolved (there were no UNC checkpoints in the North). The demand to punish those responsible for the axe murder was repeated, but the North Korean view was that this had been included in the excuse. 244 On August 29, the UNC accepted the proposal from August 25. On September 6, both sides agreed to reorganize the Panmunjom area after six meetings had been held by the MAC Secretariat from August 31; the UNC and KPA forces would be divided. According to the report by Major General Lage Wernstedt, Head of the Swedish NNSC delegation, from September 1976 the Commission played an important role by “supervising” all six meetings held by the MAC Secretariat between August 31 and September 6. Supervision was carried out by members outside the meeting room. All meetings were held in a comparatively free atmosphere and the usual propaganda elements were completely absent. The only exception was the September 1 meeting when tension rose within a limited area and “reinforce- 306th MAC meeting held on October 17, 1970 (cf. p. 241). Following serious gang fights between guard forces on October 9 and 12, 1970, injuring many, the UNC at the meeting made a proposal to divide the JSA. The number of guards should follow the provisions of the Armistice Agreement: guards should not wear weapons, non-essential guard posts should be removed, contacts or talks between guards should not be permitted, visitors and workers on both sides should be prohibited on meeting days and guards should be separated by the MDL. North Korea refused the proposal replying that it would be sufficient just to take measures to guarantee security and order in the JSA: “What is required for the removal of tension in the JSA... is not a new agreement but strict adherence to the Armistice Agreement.” From Lee, op. cit., 2001(a), p. 70: op. cit., 2004, pp. 111-112. 244_ Downs, op. cit., p. 156; Försvarets Läromedelscentral, op. cit., p. 38; Hong, op. cit., 2003, pp. 69-70; Kukpang chôngbo ponbu, op. cit., 1993, pp. 195-6; Lee, ibid., 2004, p. 107. Original quotation marks. “Assurance” and “regret” are quoted from Lee, ibid., 2004. “Positive step” is quoted from Hong, ibid., 2003, p. 70. North-South Dialogue and Tension during the 1970s 307
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
Page 273 and 274: South Korea that were a battle for
Page 275 and 276: Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
Page 277 and 278: egarded as a stronger indication of
Page 279 and 280: workers carrying out routine work f
Page 281 and 282: strengthened its war preparations b
Page 283 and 284: military exercises. The South denie
Page 285 and 286: y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
Page 287 and 288: een brought into the JSA and reject
Page 289 and 290: command are responsible for enforci
Page 291 and 292: UNC control. North Korea asserted o
Page 293 and 294: that the UNC and South Korea should
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Page 297 and 298: North Korea admitted that it had su
Page 299 and 300: none of the crew could be rescued.
Page 301 and 302: then requested identification but s
Page 303 and 304: y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
Page 305 and 306: KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
Page 307 and 308: North Korea also proposed to hold t
Page 309 and 310: maintained quiet discipline, but th
Page 311 and 312: Assembly, Second Session, convened
Page 313 and 314: tree should be pruned. That the tre
Page 315 and 316: As a result of the axe murder, the
Page 317 and 318: latter’s request addressed to the
Page 319 and 320: On August 21, work to cut down the
Page 321 and 322: and made an important contribution
Page 323: prevent the provocation. Our side w
Page 327 and 328: Why did the axe murder take place?
Page 329 and 330: According to Downs (1999), Presiden
Page 331 and 332: Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
Page 333 and 334: North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
Page 335 and 336: Korean War to protect them from Ame
Page 337 and 338: North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
Page 339 and 340: past 25 years had a restraining and
Page 341 and 342: quo formed a “positive symmetry
Page 343 and 344: Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
Page 345 and 346: loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
Page 347 and 348: areas from the rear of the northern
Page 349 and 350: in 1981 and accusations of war prep
Page 351 and 352: of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
Page 353 and 354: also been raised at two previous me
Page 355 and 356: secretary meeting held on March 23,
Page 357 and 358: ground forces which had crossed the
Page 359 and 360: vessel followed the boat that was e
Page 361 and 362: under UNC and South Korean control
Page 363 and 364: The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
Page 365 and 366: photographical and physical evidenc
Page 367 and 368: The North regarded the intrusion on
Page 369 and 370: the US make this assessment plausib
Page 371 and 372: opportunity to introduce security-a
Page 373 and 374: the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
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Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
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[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
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Harrison, William. Military Armisti
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. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
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June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
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Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
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Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
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[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
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Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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