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years had awaited an opportunity to seek asylum in the US, ran past the North Korean guards between this building and the UNC Joint Duty Officer’s building, crossed the MDL and shouted to the UNC security guards “Help me, cover me!”. The guards ran ahead of him southwards. In serious violation of the September 6, 1976, agreement that divided the area into two separate security zones, three North Korean guards crossed the MDL, drew their pistols and fired two warning shots to stop the defector, who hid himself south of the Sunken Garden 150 metres from the MDL, but without any success. 274 Another 17 North Korean guards armed with illegal automatic rifles soon crossed the MDL. Since the UNC now used its Quick Reaction Force and mobilized more than ten guards from each guard post in self-defence, the first and last exchange of fire between the opposing security forces took place for 20-30 minutes. Three North Korean guards and one South Korean guard were killed. One US guard was slightly wounded and one North Korean seriously wounded. Matuzok could safely leave the area unhurt and was later granted political asylum in the US. According to Lee (2001b), the incident was believed to be accidental and not premeditated. 275 The defector’s long wish to seek asylum in 274_ At a Security Officers meeting held on June 9, 1982, the US Army Captain and UNC security officer David M. Owens charged that North Korean guards in the JSA “have displayed unprofessional and undisciplined behavior” in the past several weeks. The most serious violation took place on June 3. A KPA guard standing at the west end of the Sach’ôn Bridge pulled his pistol out of his holster and pointed it at a UNC guard who was performing routine duties at the UNC checkpoint at the east end of the bridge. The conduct “was a major violation of the Armistice Agreement.” The KPA/CPV security officer refused to accept photographic evidence. From The Korea Times, “UNC Charges: NK Guards Commit Misconduct in JSA,” June 10, 1982. Original quotation marks. 275_ Bailey, The Korean Armistice, p. 185; Kukpang chôngbo ponbu, op. cit., 1993, p. 350 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
the US make this assessment plausible. At this time, a few NNSC delegates were in its conference room. Since North Korea requested the Czech and Polish NNSC officers to immediately return to their respective camps, no representatives of these countries showed up any more that day. At 11.50 a.m., the North Korean Joint Duty Officer at Panmunjom called his UNC counterpart through the MAC hot-line to request a cease-fire and permission to accompany six officers across the MDL to evacuate the wounded guard. The UNC headquarters in Seoul approved the request and ordered a cease-fire: shooting ended at around 11.59 a.m. Thanks to efforts by Swedish and Swiss NNSC members and by officers from the UNC and KPA, the cease-fire was enforced. As after the axe murder in 1976, the mutual wish to reduce tension formed a “positive symmetry” for the NNSC to act upon. Around noon, eight unarmed KPA soldiers, including its Joint Duty Officer, crossed the MDL and brought the killed and wounded guards back. The soldiers were escorted by both North Korean and UNC Joint Duty Officers and a few Swiss NNSC officers. At 12.10 p.m., Swedish and Swiss officers went to the North’s staff building P’anmungak to find out whether any soldiers were missing. Gunfire 437; Lee, “Hanggong moham,” 1998(d), pp. 12-13: op. cit., 2001(b), pp. 112, 113: op. cit., 2004, p. 181; Mueller-Lhotska and Millett, Swiss Mission to Korea in the Change of Times 1953-1997, p. 70; Unell, Månadsrapport november 1984, Verk- samhetsöversikt: Bilaga 1, Underbil. 1:1: Incidenten i JSA 1984-11-23 (December 2, 1984), p. 1. When a Czech NNSC member asked for asylum in the South on October 30, 1981 and succeeded, it did not raise great attention. The illegal border crossing of a Chinese MAC member and his wife on July 29, 1989 was relatively uncomplicated but led to reproaches from the North based on alleged misuse of the negotiation premises in Panmunjom. After the NNSC had confirmed their will to seek asylum in the US, they were granted political asylum there (like the Czech). From Lee, op. cit., 2001(a), pp. 174-5; Mueller-Lhotska and Millett, ibid., pp. 69, 70. Continued Tension but Renewed Dialogue during the 1980s 351
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
Page 317 and 318: latter’s request addressed to the
Page 319 and 320: On August 21, work to cut down the
Page 321 and 322: and made an important contribution
Page 323 and 324: prevent the provocation. Our side w
Page 325 and 326: on August 28, the US repeated its d
Page 327 and 328: Why did the axe murder take place?
Page 329 and 330: According to Downs (1999), Presiden
Page 331 and 332: Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
Page 333 and 334: North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
Page 335 and 336: Korean War to protect them from Ame
Page 337 and 338: North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
Page 339 and 340: past 25 years had a restraining and
Page 341 and 342: quo formed a “positive symmetry
Page 343 and 344: Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
Page 345 and 346: loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
Page 347 and 348: areas from the rear of the northern
Page 349 and 350: in 1981 and accusations of war prep
Page 351 and 352: of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
Page 353 and 354: also been raised at two previous me
Page 355 and 356: secretary meeting held on March 23,
Page 357 and 358: ground forces which had crossed the
Page 359 and 360: vessel followed the boat that was e
Page 361 and 362: under UNC and South Korean control
Page 363 and 364: The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
Page 365 and 366: photographical and physical evidenc
Page 367: The North regarded the intrusion on
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Page 373 and 374: the name of the North Korean Red Cr
Page 375 and 376: NNSC conference room, as were the f
Page 377 and 378: In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
Page 379 and 380: Korea’s liberation from Japan in
Page 381 and 382: the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
Page 383: counterpart to provide humanitarian
Page 386 and 387: 6.1 Introduction Tension continued
Page 388 and 389: protest to the South Korean governm
Page 390 and 391: of terror by the amassing of armies
Page 392 and 393: and were authorized to have officia
Page 394 and 395: women were invited to Seoul to part
Page 396 and 397: 6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
Page 398 and 399: the military demarcation line speci
Page 400 and 401: 1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
Page 402 and 403: eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
Page 404 and 405: February 1998 were working contacts
Page 406 and 407: According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
Page 408 and 409: had invited North Korea to observe
Page 410 and 411: According to Lee (2001a), since 195
Page 412 and 413: were informally invited to P’yôn
Page 414 and 415: Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
Page 416 and 417: since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
Page 536 and 537:
8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
Page 552 and 553:
held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
Page 564 and 565:
(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
Page 566 and 567:
prevent unnecessary delays, the use
Page 568 and 569:
whom shall be appointed by the Comm
Page 570 and 571:
33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
Page 576 and 577:
hand them over to the Neutral Natio
Page 578 and 579:
and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
Page 580 and 581:
prisoners of war shall be delivered
Page 582 and 583:
Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
Page 588 and 589:
November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
Page 590 and 591:
April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
Page 592 and 593:
December 1 North Korea suggests a m
Page 594 and 595:
August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
Page 596 and 597:
armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
Page 600 and 601:
March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
Page 602 and 603:
584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 604 and 605:
June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
Page 606 and 607:
October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
Page 608 and 609:
August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
Page 610 and 611:
September 30 The “Freedom House
Page 612 and 613:
July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621:
December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
Page 622 and 623:
October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
Page 624 and 625:
1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
Page 626 and 627:
1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
Page 628 and 629:
March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
Page 630 and 631:
November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
Page 636 and 637:
August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
Page 638 and 639:
1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
Page 640 and 641:
North rejects the accusation. Augus
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
Page 656 and 657:
December 1991. October 1 South Kore
Page 658 and 659:
January 19 North Korea declares tha
Page 660 and 661:
April Both parties cease to supply
Page 662 and 663:
December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665:
March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 666 and 667:
November 14 At the MAC secretary me
Page 668 and 669:
June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
Page 672 and 673:
2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
Page 674 and 675:
December The US cuts off oil suppli
Page 676 and 677:
February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679:
November 7 At the NNSC consultation
Page 680 and 681:
August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683:
Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
Page 686 and 687:
e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
Page 688 and 689:
c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
Page 690 and 691:
Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
Page 692 and 693:
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
Page 694 and 695:
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 700 and 701:
Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
Page 704 and 705:
Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
Page 706 and 707:
No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
Page 708 and 709:
Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
Page 710 and 711:
Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
Page 712 and 713:
Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
Page 714 and 715:
Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
Page 717 and 718:
Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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