Bibliography - International Lactation Consultant Association

Hypoglycemia and the Breastfeeding Newborn
Kathleen A. Marinelli, MD
Connecticut Children’s Medical Center 2012
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, Wight N, Marinelli KA. Clinical Protocol #1: Guidelines for Glucose Monitoring and Treatment of
Hypoglycemia in Breastfed Neonates Revision June, 2006. Breastfeeding Medicine 2006;1(3):178-184.
http://www.bfmed.org/Resources/Protocols.aspx
Adamkin DH and AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Clinical Report – Postnatal Glucose Homeostasis in Late-Pterm and Term
Infants. Pediatrics 2011; 127(3): 575-579.
Adejuyigbe EA, Fasubaa OB, Ajose OA, Onayade AA. Plasma glucose levels in exclusively breastfed newborns in the first 48 hours of
life in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Nutrition and Health 2001; 15:121-126.
Alkalay AL, Klein AH, Nagel RA, Sola A. Neonatal Non-Persistent Hypoglycemia. Neonatal Intensive Care 2001; 14(2):25-34.
Alkalay AL, Flores-Sarnat L, Sarnat HB, Moser FG, Simmons CF. Brain imaging findings in neonatal hypoglycemia: case report and
review of 23 cases. Clin Pediatr 2005; 44(9):783-790.
Alkalay AL, Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L, Simmons CF. Neurologic Aspects of Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Isr Med Assoc J 2005; 7:188-192.
Alkalay AL, Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L et al. Population Meta-Analysis of Low Plasma Glucose Thresholds in Full-Term Normal
Newborns. Am J Perinatol 2006; 23(2):115-9.
Alkalay AL, Flores-Sarnat L, Sarnat HB, Farber SJ, Simmons CF. Plasma Glucose Concentrations in profound Neonatal Hypoglycemia.
Clin Pediatr 2006; 45(6):550-558.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding, Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics
2012; 129(3): e827-841.
American Academy of Pediatrics & American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. Guidelines for Perinatal Care, 5th Ed. American
Academy of Pediatrics, 2002, pg 207
Anderson S. Shakya KN, Shrestha LN, Costello AM. Hypoglycaemia: a common problem among uncomplicated newborn infants in
Nepal. J Trop Pediatr 1993; 39(5):273-7.
Aylott M. The neonatal energy triangle. Part 1: metabolic adaptation. Paediatr Nurs 2006; 18(6):38-42.
Aynsley-Gren A. Glucose: a fuel for thought! J Paediatrics and Child Health 1991; 27:21-30.
Beardsall K, Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Ahluwalia J, Thompson M, Dungar DB. The continuous glucose monitoring sensor in neonatal intensive
care. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90:F307-F310.
Beardsall K. Measurement of glucose levels in the newborn. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86(5):263-267. K. Marinelli MD, IBCLC
Hypoglycemia Bibliography September 2012
Bhutta ZA, Darmstadt GL, Haws RA. Community-Based Interventions for Improving Perinatal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in
Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence. Pediatrics 2005 Feb; 115(2): Supplement pg 574-576.
Brand PLP, Molenaar NLD, Kaaijk C, Wierenga WS. Neurodevelopmental outcome of hypoglycemia in healthy, large for gestational
age, term newborns. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90:78-81.
Boluyt N, van Kempen A, Offringa M. Neurodevelopment After Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Systematic Review and Design of an
Optimal Future Study. Pediatrics 2006; 117(6):2231-2243.
Burns CM, Rutherford MA, Boardman JP, Cowan FM. Patterns of Cerebral Injury and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After
Symptomatic Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Pediatrics 2008; 122(1):65-74.
Cahill JB, Martin KL, Hulsey TC, Wagner CL. Incidence of hypoglycemia in term large for gestational age (LGA) infants as a function of
enteral feeding type. Abstract PL8, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Annual International Meeting, Nov 14-17, 2002, Vancouver,
BC, Canada.
Canadian Paediatric Society. Screening guidelines for newborns at risk for low blood glucose. Paediatr Child Health 2004;9(10):723-
729.
Chertok IRA, Raz I, Shoham I, Haddad H, Wiznitzer. Effects of early breastfeeding on neonatal glucose levels of term infants born to
women with gestational diabetes. J Hum Nutr and Dietetics 2009; 22:166-169.
Christensson K, Siles C, Moreno L, et al. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy full-term newborns cared for skinto-skin
or in a cot. Acta Pædiatr 1992;81:488-93.
Cole MD, Peevy K. Hypoglycemia in normal neonates appropriate for gestational age. J Perinatol 1994; 14(2):118-120.
Cordero L, Treuer SH, Landon MB, Gabbe SG. Management of Infants of Diabetic Mothers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:249-
254..
Cornblath M, Odell GB, Levin EY. Symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia associated with toxemia of pregnancy. J Pediatr 1959; 55:545-
62.
Cornblath M, Reisner SH. Blood glucose in the neonate and its clinical significance. NEJM 1965; 273:378-80.
Cornblath M, Schwartz R. Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Infancy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1976:156.
Cornblath M, Schwartz R, Aynsley-Green A, Lloyd JK. Hypoglycemia in infancy: the need for a rational definition. Pediatrics 1990;
85:834-7.
Cornblath M, Schwartz R. Hypoglycemia in the neonate. J Ped Endocrin 1993; 6:113-29.

Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF Aynsley-Green A, Ward-Platt MP, Schwartz R, Kalhan SC. Controversies regarding definition of
neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds. Pediatrics 2000;105:1141-5.
Cornblath M, Ichord R. Hypoglycemia in the Neonate. Sem Perinatol 2000; 24(2):136-149. K. Marinelli MD, IBCLC Hypoglycemia
Bibliography September 2012
Cowett RM, Loughead JL. Neonatal Glucose Metabolism: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hypoglycemia.
Neonatal Network 2002; 21(4):9-19.
Cowett RM, Farrag HM. Selected principles of perinatal-neonatal glucose metabolism. Sem in Neonatology 2004; 9:37-47.
Dalgic N, Ergenekon E, Soysal S, Koc E, Atalay Y, Gucuyener K. Transient Neonatal Hypoglycemia – Long-Term Effects on
Neurodevelopmental Outcome. J Pediatr Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2002; 15(2):319-324.
de Lonlay P, Giurgea I, Touati G, Saudubray J-M. neonatal hypoglycaemia: aetiologies. Seminars in Neonatology 2004; 9:49-58.
Dekelbab BH, Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia in Newborns and Infants. Adv Pediatr 2006; 53:5-22,
de L Costello AM, Pal DK, Manandhar DS, Rajbhandari S, Land JM, Patel N,. Neonatal hypoglycaemia in Nepal 2.Availability of
alternative fuels. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 82:F52-F58.
De Rooy L, Howden J. Nutritional factors that affect the postnatal metabolic adaptation of full-term small and large for gestational
age infants: wwwwww..ppeeddiiaattrriiccss..oorrgg//ccggii//ccoonntteenntt//ffuullll//110099//ee4422
Deshpande S, Ward Platt M. The investigation and management of neonatal hypoglycemia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2005;
10(4):351-361.
Diwakar KK, Sasidhar MV. Plasma glucose levels in term infants who are appropriate size for gestation and exclusively breast fed.
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002; 87:F46-F48.
Durand R, Hodges S, LaRock S et al. The Effect of Skin-to-Skin Breast-Feeding in the Immediate Recovery Period on Newborn
Thermoregulation and Blood Glucose Values. Neonatal Intensive Care 1997; March-April: 23-29.
Duvanel CB, Fawer CL, Cotting J, Hohlfeld P, Matthieu JM. Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and
psychomotor development in small-for-gestational age preterm infants. J Pediatr 1999; 134:492-498.
Eidelman AI. Hypoglycemia and the breastfed infant. Pediatric Clinics North America 2001;48:377-388.
Filan PM, Inder TE, Cameron FJ, Kean MJ, Hunt RW. Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Cerebral Injury. J Pediatr 2006; 148:552-555.
Garg M, Devaskar SU. Glucose Metabolism in the Late Preterm Infant. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33(4):853-870.
Greisen G, Pryds O. Neonatal hypoglycemia. Lancet 1989; 1:332-3.
Groenendaal F, Elferink-Stinkens PM. Hypoglycemia and seizures in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) full-term neonates. Acta Paediatr
2006; 95(7):874-876.
Gustafson J. Neonatal energy substrate production. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130:618-623.
Halamek LP, Benaron DA, Stevenson DK. Neonatal Hypoglycemia, Part I: Background and Definition. Clin Pediatrics 1997; 36:675-
680. K. Marinelli MD, IBCLC Hypoglycemia Bibliography September 2012
Halamek LP, Stevenson DK. Neonatal Hypoglycemia, Part II: Pathophysiology and Therapy. Clin Pediatrics 1997; 37:11-16.
Hamid MH, Chishti AL, Maqbool S. Clinical utility and accuracy of a blood glucose meter for the detection of neonatal hypoglycemia.
J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2004; 14(4):225-8.
Haninger NC, Farley CL. Screening for Hypoglycemia in Healthy Term Neonates: Effects on Breastfeeding. J Midwifery & Women’s
Health 2001; 46(5):292-301.
Harris DL, Battin MR, Weston PJ, Harding JE. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Newborn Babies at Risk of Hypoglycemia. J Pediatrics
2010; 157(2):198-202
Harris DL, Weston PJ, Williams CE, Pleasants AB, Battin MR, Spooner CG, Harding JE. Cot-Side Electroencephalography Monitoring is
Not Clinically Useful in the Detection of Mild Neonatal Hypoglycemia. J Pediatr 2011:159(5):755-760.
Hay WW, Raju TNK, Higgens RD, Kalhan SC, Devaskar SU. Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs for Understanding and Treating
Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Workshop Report from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
J Pediatr 2009; 155(5):612-617.
Haymond MW, Karl IE, Pagliara AS. Increased gluconeogenic substrates in the small-for-gestational-age infant. NEJM 1974; 291:322-
8.
Hawdon JM et al. Prediction of impaired metabolic adaptation by antenatal doppler studies in small-for-gestational age fetuses. Arch
Dis Child 1972; 68:262-8.
Hawdon JM, Ward Platt MP, Aynsley-Green A. Patterns of metabolic adaptation for preterm and term neonates in the first postnatal
week. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:357-65.
Hawdon JM, Ward Platt MP, Aynsley-Green A. Neonatal hypoglycemia - blood glucose monitoring and infant feeding. Midwifery
1993; 9: 3-6.
Hawdon JM, Ward Platt MP. Metabolic adaptation in small for gestational age infants.
Arch Dis Child 1993; 68:262-8.
Hawdon JM, Weddell A, Aynsley-Green A, Ward Platt MP. Hormonal and metabolic response to hypoglycaemia in small for
gestational age infants. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68:269-73.
Hawdon JM, Ward Platt MP, Aynsley-Green A: Prevention and management of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70:F60-
65.

Hawdon JM. Hypoglycemia and the neonatal brain. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158(Suppl 1):S9-S12.
Heck LJ, Erenberg A. Serum glucose levels in term neonates during the first 48 hours of life. J Pediatr 1987; 110:119-22.
Ho HT, Yeung WKY, Young BWY. Evaluation of “point-of-care” devices in the measurement of low blood glucose in neonatal practice.
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004; 89:F356-F359.
Holtrop PC. The Frequency of Hypoglycemia in Full-Term Large and Small for Gestational Age Newborns. Am J Perinatol 1993;
10(2):150-154.
Hoops D, Roberts P, Van Winkle E, Trauschke K, Mauton N, DeGhelder S, Scalise A, Jackson S, Cato D, Roth C, Jones A, Kautz M,
Whaley L. Should Routine Peripheral Blood Glucose Testing Be Done for All Newborns at Birth? MCN 2010; 35(1):264-270.
Hoseth E, Joergensen A, Ebbesen F, Moeller M. Blood glucose levels in a population of healthy, breastfed, term infants of
appropriate size for gestational age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000;83:F117-9.
Hume R, Burchell A, Williams FLR, Koh DKM. Glucose homeostasis in the newborn. Early Human Development 2005; 81:95-101.
Hussain K, Sharief N. The inaccuracy of venous and capillary blood glucose measurement using reagent strips in the newborn period
and the effect of haematocrit. Early Hum Dev 2000; 57(2):111-121.
Ishikawa N. Natural progress of blood glucose in full-term low-grade low-birthweight infants. Pediatrics International 2002; 44:583-
589.
Jain A, Aggarwal R, Sankar MJ, Agarwal R, Deorari AK, Paul VK. Hypoglycemia in the Newborn. Indian J Pediatr 2010; 77:1137-1142.
Johnson TS. Hypoglycemia and the Full-Term Newborn: How Well Does Birth Weight for Gestational Age Predict Risk? JOGNN 2003;
32(1):48-57.
Kalhan S, Peter-Wohl S. Hypoglycemia: What Is It For the Neonate? Am J Perinatol 2000; 17(1):11-18,
Kayiran SM, Gurakan B. Screening of blood glucose levels in healthy neonates. Singapore Med J 2010; 51(11): 853-855.
Karp TB, Scardino C, Butler LA. Glucose Metabolism in the Neonate: The Short and Sweet of IT. Neonatal Network 1995 Dec;
14(8):17-23.
Kinnala A, Rikalainen H, Lapinleimu H, Parkkola R, Kormano M, Kero P. Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasonography
Findings After neonatal Hypoglycemia. Pediatrics 1999; 103(4):724-729.
Koh THHG et al. Neural dysfunction during hypoglycemia. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63:1353-8.
Koivisto M, Blanco-Sequeiros M, Krause U. neonatal Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Hypoglycemia: A Follow-up Study of 151
Children. Develop Med Child Neurol 1972; 14:603-614.
Lawrence R. Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession, fourth edition. Mosby, New York, 1994.
Lucas A et al. Iatrogenic hyperinsulinism at birth. Lancet 1980; 1:144-5.
Lucas A, Bayes S, Bloom SR, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic and endocrine responses to a milk feed in six-day-old term infants:
differences between breast and cow’s milk formula feeding. Acta Paediatr Scand 1981; 70:195-200.
Lucas A, Morely R, Cole TJ. Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycemia. Br Med J 1988; 297:1304-8.
Martin S, Jensen R, Daly L, Jergenson C, Johnson MB, Buell T. Comparison of Two Methods of Bedside Blood Glucose Screening in the
NICU: Evaluation of Accuracy and Reliability. Neonatal Network 1997; 16(2):39-43
Marwah A, Gathwala G. Symptomatic hypoglycemia causing brain injury in a term breast fed newborn following early discharge.
Indian J Pediatr 2011; 78(12):1549-51.
McGowan JE. Commentary: Neonatal hypoglycemia. Fifty years later, the questions remain the same. NeoReviews 2004;5(9):e363-
364. Available at: www.neoreviews.org
McGowan JE, Perlman JM. Glucose management during and after intensive delivery room resuscitation. Clin Perinatol 2006;
33(1):183-96.
Mehta A. Prevention and management of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70:F54-F65.
Menni F, de Lonlay P, Sevin C, Touati G, Peigne C, Barbier V, Nihoul-Fekete C, Saudebray JM, Robert JJ. Neurologic Outcomes of 90
Neonates and Infants With Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia. Pediatrics 2001; 107(3):476-479.
Moore AM, Perlman M. Symptomatic Hypoglycemia in Otherwise Healthy, Breastfed Term Newborns. Pediatrics 1999; 103:837-839.
National Childbirth Trust. Hypoglycemia of the newborn: guidelines for appropriate blood glucose screening and treatment of
breast-fed and bottle-fed babies in the UK. Midwives 1997; 110:248-9.
Nicholl R. What is the normal range of blood glucose concentrations in healthy term newborns? Arch Dis Child 2003; 88:238-9.
Noerr B. State of the Science: Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Advances in Neonatal Care 2001; 1(1):4-21.
Pal DK, Manandhar DS, Rajbhandari S, Land JM, Patel N, de L Costello AM. Neonatal hypoglycaemia in Nepal 1. Prevalence and risk
factors. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 82:F46-F51.
Piper HG, Alexander, JL, Shukla A, Pigula F, Costello JM, Laussen PC, Jaksic T, Agus MS. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in
pediatric patients during and after cardiac surgery. Pediatrics 2006; 118(3):1176-1184.
Riordan J, Auerbach K. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation, second edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 1999.
Rozance PJ, Hay WW. Hypoglycemia in newborn infants: Features associated with adverse outcomes. Biol Neonate 2006; 90(2):74-
86.
Rozance PJ, Hay WW. Describing Hypoglycemia – Definition or operational threshold? Early Human Development 2012; 86:275-280.
Schaefer-Graf UM, Rossi R, Buhrer C, Siebert G, Kjos S, Dudenhausen JW, Vetter K. Rate and risk factors of hypoglycemia in large-forgestational-age
newborn infants of non-diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:913-917.

Schlebusch H, Niesen M, Sorger M, Paffenholtz I, Fahnenstich H. Blood glucose determinations in newborns: four instruments
compared. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1998; 18(1):41-8.
Sharief N, Hussein K. Comparison of two methods of assessment of whole blood glucose in the neonatal period. Acta Paediatr 1997;
86(11):1246-52.
Sinclair JC. Approaches to the definition of neonatal hypoglycemia. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1997; 39(Suppl 1):S17-S20.
Srinvasan G, Phildes RS, Cattamanchi G et al. Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new look. J Pediatr 1986; 109:114-17.
Sperling MA, Menon RK. Differential diagnosis and management of neonatal hypoglycemia. Pediatr Clin N Am 2004; 51:703-723.
Stanley CA, Baker L. The Causes of Neonatal Hypoglycemia, Editorial. NEJM 1999; 3040:1200-1201.
Sunehag AL, Haymond MW. Glucose extremes in newborn infants. Clin Perinatol 2002; 29:245-260.
Sweet DG, Hadden D, Halliday HL. The effect of early feeding on the neonatal blood glucose level at 1-hour of age. Early Hum Dev
1999; 55(1):63-66.
Swenne I, Ewald U, Gustafsson J, Sandberg E, Ostenson CG. Inter-relationship between serum concentrations of glucose, glucagon
and insulin during the first two days of life in healthy newborns. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83(9):915-919.
Wang YS, et al: Preliminary study on the blood glucose level in the exclusively breastfeeding newborn. J Trop Pediatr 1994; 40:187-8.
Yager JY, Heitjan DF, Towfighi J, Vannucci RC. Effect of insulin-induced and fasting hypoglycemia on perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain
damage. Pediatr Res 1992; 31: 138-42.
Yager JY. Hypoglycemic injury to the immature brain. Clin Perinatol 2002; 29:651-674.
Yamauchi Y: Hypoglycemia in healthy, full-term, breast-fed neonates during the early days of life: preliminary observation. Acta
Paediatr Japon 1997; 39 Suppl 1:544-47.
VanHowe RS, Storms MR. Blood Glucose Determinations in Large for Gestational age Infants. Am J Perinatology 2008;25(5):283-289.
Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ. Hypoglycemic brain injury. Semin Neonatol 2001; 6:147-155.
Wang ML, Dover DJ, Fleming MP, Catlin EA. Clinical Outcomes of Near-term Infants. Pediatrics 2004; 114(2): 372-376.
Williams AF. Hypoglycemia of the newborn: a review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997; 75:261-90 (Download from:
www.who.int/chd/pub/imci/bf/hypoglyc/hypoclyc.htm).
Williams AF. Neonatal hypoglycaemia: clinical and legal aspects. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 10(4):363-8.
Wight NE. Hypoglycemia in Breastfed Neonates. Breastfeeding Medicine 2006; 1(4):253-262.