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EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BLACK ROMANCE AND THE LIBERTINE COUNTERCULTURE Siemek, A. 1981. La recherche morale et esthétique dans le roman de Crébillonfils, Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation Trousson, R. (ed.). 1993. Romans libertins du XVIIIe siècle, Paris: Ed. Robert Laffont van Sant, A. J. 1993. Eighteenth-Century Sensibility and the Novel. The Senses in Social Context, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press 71
CULTURAL TYPES AND THEIR DISCOURSE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH NOVELS MIHAELA CULEA University of Bacău, Romania Introduction The members of a cultural type are united by an ideological discourse which identifies them, characterizes them, voices their features, etc. If the producers of the discourse change, then the heterogeneous characteristics of the group come to the surface and the profound clashes will reveal a new perspective. We will therefore try to show the way in which the discourses of the cultural types presented here originate, define themselves in the culture of the age, and the way in which they are mirrored in literature, that is the way in which they are fictionalized by the eighteenth-century authors. Various cultural types are characterized by different ideologies, i.e. by different forms of social conscience which correspond to different class positions. (Tim O’Sullivan et al. 2001: 67) David Buchbinder (1991: 112–113) signals that the notion of ‘cultural discourse’ has been important in the works of Michel Foucault. Foucault’s theory draws on Marxist and structuralist theories in order to argue that the members of a culture are empowered to perceive and ‘think’ events and ideas only in terms of certain powerful discourses in the culture. For Foucault, the eighteenth century marks a turning point for modern culture, for, during this period, certain intellectual, ideological, political and social developments take place. Thus, social institutions like religion, education, medicine and the law impose structures of power and control which commit culture to regarding as right, natural and inevitable certain practices and modes of perception, and also confirm and strengthen the power of those institutions. People’s life is regulated and monitored by central power discourses. But there are also sites of resistance to the discourses of power; for example, in the eighteenth century, the discourse of the aristocrats or of the church finds strong resistance with the emergence of new approaches to life. The divine order is counteracted by the social order and the bourgeoisie imposes a new type of discourse. One can identify the discourse of power and authority in the discourse of the church, of the bourgeoisie, of bankers and businessmen, of the administrative body, of the scholar (here including explorers, men of letters and scientists) and of the politician. Next to it, there is the discourse of the marginalized, the dispossessed or the dominated: the discourse of the thief, of the servant, of the worker, of the woman, of the prisoner, of the outcast, or of the orphan. A system of daily existence coalesced by a significant order (signs, codes, texts, connecting forms) (Sebeok 2002: 190), culture reflects the qualitative life of the community (beliefs, attitudes, trends of thought), here including the power relations that underlie it, which find their expression in various customs and 72
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CULTURE, SUBCULTURE, COUNTERCULTURE
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GENERAL EDITORS: Michaela Praisler
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Doiniţa Milea On the Plurilinguist
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EDITORS’ NOTE The papers in the p
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PETRU IAMANDI National fandom reall
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PETRU IAMANDI NBC started broadcast
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PETRU IAMANDI those searching simpl
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MICHAELA PRAISLER, STELUŢA STAN ch
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MICHAELA PRAISLER, STELUŢA STAN ma
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Page 29 and 30: RUXANDA BONTILĂ language that was
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Page 41 and 42: ANCA MIHAELA DOBRINESCU oscillate b
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Page 45 and 46: THE POWER OF PLACE: THE POLITICS OF
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Page 75 and 76: MIHAELA CULEA fortune hunter, the r
Page 77 and 78: MIHAELA CULEA interference of women
Page 79 and 80: MIHAELA CULEA Europe on foot. Thus,
Page 81 and 82: MIHAELA CULEA her as if she were an
Page 83 and 84: ON THE PLURILINGUISTIC AND THE MULT
Page 85 and 86: DOINIŢA MILEA The transformation o
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Page 89 and 90: DOINIŢA MILEA revolutionary Vilniu
Page 91 and 92: THE FRUSTRATION OF THE JEWISH SPIRI
Page 93 and 94: ALINA BEATRICE CHEŞCĂ of somewhat
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Page 97 and 98: (PSEUDO-)MYTHS OF THE 20 TH CENTURY
Page 99 and 100: ANDREIA IRINA SUCIU enacting some p
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Page 111 and 112: A MYTH-ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL AND NO
Page 113 and 114: ALINA CRIHANĂ, DANIELA ŞORCARU su
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Page 121 and 122: THE WOUNDEDNESS OF SYLVIA PLATH’S
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ELENA CIOBANU answers waiting to be
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ELENA CIOBANU reference of such met
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ELENA CIOBANU Merleau Ponty, M. 199
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NICOLETA IFRIM, ISABELA MERILĂ den
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NICOLETA IFRIM, ISABELA MERILĂ the
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DANIELA ŢUCHEL meaning listed: “
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DANIELA ŢUCHEL Theme with variatio
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DANIELA ŢUCHEL have.” In like ma
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MARIANA NEAGU 1.3 Purpose In this p
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MARIANA NEAGU stories have been pas
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MARIANA NEAGU we will see later in
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MARIANA NEAGU Radden (2006) argues
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MARIANA NEAGU Lent, Advent and wint
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MARIANA NEAGU (8) Vremea trecea! An
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MARIANA NEAGU that they are structu
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MARIANA NEAGU environment, geopolit
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MARIANA NEAGU Gentner, D., Imai, M.
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GLOBALIZATION AND ITS METAPHORS IUL
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IULIANA LUNGU “To change markets
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EPONYMS: AN INSTANCE OF LINGUISTIC
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FLORIANA POPESCU, DANIELA ŞORCARU
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CAMELIA BEJAN petrify, scarify, sto
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CAMELIA BEJAN bewilderment, disappo
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CAMELIA BEJAN and it means ‘to wo
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CAMELIA BEJAN 2.2.2 Psychological n
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SMALL CULTURE AND VERNACULAR LANGUA
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ELENA CROITORU speech differing fro
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ELENA CROITORU - Na-vă de cheltuia
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ELENA CROITORU her! She very nearly
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TRANSLATING DRAMA: THE MAIN ISSUES
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IOAN - LUCIAN POPA the other, the t
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IOAN - LUCIAN POPA reception orient
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IOAN - LUCIAN POPA References: Aalt
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STELUŢA STAN, MICHAELA PRAISLER re
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STELUŢA STAN, MICHAELA PRAISLER de
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STELUŢA STAN, MICHAELA PRAISLER th
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STELUŢA STAN, MICHAELA PRAISLER 4
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ANITA STASULANE, JANIS PRIEDE more
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ANITA STASULANE, JANIS PRIEDE Howev
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ANITA STASULANE, JANIS PRIEDE Rēri
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ANITA STASULANE, JANIS PRIEDE /keme
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WALLOON AND FLEMISH PARADIGMS OF TH
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CARMEN ANDREI, IOANA MOHOR-IVAN Lou
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CARMEN ANDREI, IOANA MOHOR-IVAN Bru
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CARMEN ANDREI, IOANA MOHOR-IVAN loc
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CARMEN ANDREI, IOANA MOHOR-IVAN cre
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FREDERIK STIERNSTEDT, LINUS ANDERSS
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THE ORIGINS OF ROMANIAN HIP-HOP: SO
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DANIELA ŞORCARU Their next album,
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DANIELA ŞORCARU with TV stations o
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DANIELA ŞORCARU first appears live
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DANIELA ŞORCARU violent”. The ly
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DANIELA ŞORCARU Although the album
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DANIELA ŞORCARU In 2007 they settl
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LIGIA PÎRVU opposed by many other
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LIGIA PÎRVU famous people of this
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GABRIELA DIMA Rembrandt’s Lucreti
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APPROACHES TO THE CULTURE OF THE ED
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SIMONA ALECU external pressures hav
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SIMONA ALECU This is the reason why
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THE ROLE AND PLACE OF ECOLOGICAL ET
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VIORICA - TORII CACIUC and the Univ
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VIORICA - TORII CACIUC inscribe env
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IULIANA BARNA In the present paper,
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IULIANA BARNA cigarettes will be ex
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IULIANA BARNA References: Stanciu,
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