From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approaches to Internal Displacement: Findings from 15 Countries Iraq / Abbas (at right), aged 7 years, runs to his mother Sabah A., aged 30, in the city of Erbil. This internally displaced family escaped from Mosul after Sabah’s brother was killed for working with the Peshmerga. Photo: UNHCR / W. Khuzaie / April 2009 158
Benchmark 11 Allocate Adequate Resources to the Problem Benchmark 1 Prevent Displacement and Minimize Its Adverse Effects Do the authorities prioritize internal displacement in allocating budgetary resources and in mobilizing international support? Governments have a responsibility to allocate sufficient funding to support programs to safeguard civilians against displacement, to assist and protect IDPs during displacement, and to create conditions that enable durable solutions. Without funds, none of those responsibilities can be effectively and fully implemented. When the financial resources of a country are insufficient to fulfill its national responsibilities, its government is expected to turn to international funders to support its efforts to address internal displacement (see also Benchmark 12 regarding cooperation with the international community.) The extent to which a government gives priority to funding for IDPs—whether through its national budget or in its requests to external donors—is an indication both of its awareness and of its commitment to internally displaced persons. In other words, a key question is whether governments are, as the saying goes, “putting their money where their mouth is.” Answering that question clearly and accurately can be challenging. It has proven to be more difficult to collect data on the financial resources that governments devote to address internal displacement than on any of the other benchmarks used in this study. A number of factors complicate data collection efforts. Information on a government’s budget and spending is not always made public, and statements by public officials on these issues tend to be general and often inconsistent. The multifaceted nature of internal displacement and thus of the government response required means that resources typically will be needed for a range of different sectors— for example, security, justice, humanitarian response, education, health, development, and so forth—each of which has its own budget line but rarely earmarks funds 159 specifically for IDPs. Even when there is a dedicated line in the national budget for IDP issues or when government officials have indicated their intention to allocate a certain level of funding to those issues, determining whether the funds were in fact allocated, disbursed and spent can be extremely difficult. Such issues, along with the variety of budget systems across different countries, make comparative analysis of IDP funding difficult. Another difficulty in assessing this benchmark is in the term “adequate resources.” Even if data were available on budgetary allocations for IDPs, it is difficult to assess what constitutes an “adequate allocation of resources.” Declaring, for example, that a government allocates X number of dollars per IDP would be misleading on several counts. IDPs living in different situations have different needs; an employed IDP living temporarily with a host family in Pakistan may not require the same amount of assistance as an IDP living in a camp who depends on assistance for survival. An adequate level of assistance for an elderly urban IDP in Georgia may be very different from that for a female-headed household in rural Colombia or the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In addition to being difficult, such direct comparisons among countries are not especially relevant because they do not take into account the availability of public services or the overall economic situation in the country, in particular the amount of resources that are available to the government. The focus therefore must be on the extent to which a government, within its existing resources, gives priority to spending on IDP issues. Here, the way that the resource issue is addressed within the framework of international human rights provides helpful guidance. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 2, states Each State Party undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights by all appropriate means.
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: As
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CONTENTS Acronyms .................
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ACRONYMS AIHRC Afghanistan Independ
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FOREWORD It is with great pleasure
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Given the large num
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It is a central tenet of internatio
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legislation relevant to IDPs. Still
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amend existing ones, in line with t
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Background and Aims of the Study In
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displacement persists for several y
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operationalizing the responsibiliti
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Therefore, it is not surprising tha
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Azerbaijani, Chinese, French, Portu
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National Initiatives In Iraq, IOM p
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of the country. 62 In addition, six
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in French and Spanish depending on
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serves only to supplant and absolve
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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approa
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Benchmark 1 Benchmark 1 Prevent Dis
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Benchmark 1 Prevent Displacement an
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Benchmark 2 Raise National Awarenes
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Conclusion Benchmark 2 Raise Nation
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Benchmark 3 Data Collection on Inte
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—Current location and location of
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its registration rolls intra-urban
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and profiling of three types of IDP
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the government of Afghanistan under
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Benchmark 4 Training on the Rights
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actions of DRC authorities and nong
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the provision of technical support
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Justice, National Cohesion and Cons
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February 2010; one outcome of the t
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Benchmark 5 Ensure a Legal Framewor
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Conclusion Benchmark 5 Ensure a Leg
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Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Benchmark 7 Designate an Institutio
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not necessarily influence such chan
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Institutional mandate and responsib
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this body include preparing “stra
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lead state agency may turn to other
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a division of functions being made
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Benchmark 8 Benchmark 8 Support NHR
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Benchmark 8 Support NHRIs to Integr
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Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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Kenya National Response to Internal
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Afghanistan Internal Displacement i
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Sri Lanka Gaps in the Government Re
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Domestic Financing Foreign financin
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This study seeks to shed light on h
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CHAPTER 3 Translating National Resp
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For each country case study, the ex
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5 6 Ensure a Legal Framework for Up
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9 9 a) Facilitate IDPs’ Participa
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12 Cooperate with International Com
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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